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Berzenski, Sara R. "Distinct emotion regulation skills explain psychopathology and problems in social relationships following childhood emotional abuse and neglect." Development and Psychopathology 31, no. 02 (March 22, 2018): 483–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579418000020.
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AbstractEfforts to differentiate between the developmental sequelae of childhood emotional abuse and childhood emotional neglect are critical to both research and practice efforts. As an oft-identified mechanism of the effects of child maltreatment on later adjustment, emotion dysregulation represents a key potential pathway. The present study explored a higher order factor model of specific emotion regulation skills, and the extent to which these skill sets would indicate distinct developmental pathways from unique emotional maltreatment experiences to multidomain adjustment. A sample of 500 ethnoracially diverse college students reported on their experiences. A two-factor model of emotion regulation skills based on subscales of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale was revealed. Significant indirect effects of childhood emotional abuse on psychopathology and problems in social relationships were found through response-focused difficulties in emotion regulation, whereas a significant indirect effect of childhood emotional neglect on problems in social relationships was found through antecedent-focused difficulties in emotion regulation. These results are consistent with theoretical models and empirical evidence suggesting differential effects of childhood emotional abuse and emotional neglect, and provide an important indication for developing targeted interventions focusing on specific higher order emotion dysregulation skill clusters.
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F. N., Mbutitia, and Adeli S. M. "Building Resilience: The Invisible Childhood Emotional Neglect." Children and Teenagers 3, no. 2 (November 26, 2020): p93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ct.v3n2p93.
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Early Emotional Maltreatment (EEM) is a major risk factor for impairments in social functioning and mental health. EEM is one of the emotional neglects and it constitutes a major public health concern with devastating consequences to the individual and society as a whole. Based on this background the study adopted a qualitative approach and data was collected using unstructured interviews. The sample consisted participants from different social economic backgrounds aged between 10 to 46 years old. The study findings established that the emotional neglect occurs as parental rejection, feeling unloved, violence in the family, discrimination, emotionally unavailable parents, discovering the existence of a step family, separation/divorce just to mention a few. The EEM manifest in the individual’s daily life though unconsciously as anger outburst, resentment/hatred, bitterness, poor relations with the peers and parents, low self-confidence, cannot handle criticism, rebellion, poor academic performance, loneliness, mistrust, fear, feelings of inadequacy, drug and substance abuse and in extreme cases hopelessness, depression and suicidal tendencies. The study recommends empowerment of the children to accept themselves, express their thoughts and feelings, and create awareness among parents and caregivers to be responsive to children’s thoughts and feelings therefore promote holistic growth.
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Dereli İman, Esra. "The relationship between adolescents’ childhood trauma experiences and empathetic tendency, social problem solving." Pegem Eğitim ve Öğretim Dergisi 5, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 235–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14527/pegegog.2015.013.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate whether high school students’ childhood trauma experiences differ based on individual differences, and whether childhood trauma experiences of adolescents predict empathic tendency and social problem solving. In this study, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Adolescent KA-Sİ Empathic Tendency Scale, and Social Problem Solving Inventory were used. Adolescents’ physical abuse, emotional abuse-neglect, and sexual abuse sub-dimensions of childhood trauma experience scores significantly differed based on gender. Adolescents’ physical abuse, emotional abuse-neglect sub dimensions of childhood trauma experience scores significantly differed based on father education-level, number of siblings and income- level of family. Adolescents’ emotional abuse-neglect sub dimension of childhood trauma experiences scores significantly differed based on mother education-level. Also physical abuse, emotional abuse-neglect sub dimensions of childhood trauma experiences predicted cognitive empathy whereas emotional abuse-neglect, sexual abuse sub dimensions of childhood trauma experiences predicted emotional empathy. The results also indicate that adolescents’ emotional abuse-neglect sub dimensions of childhood trauma experiences predicted sub dimensions of social problem solving.
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McClure, Margaret M., and Megan Parmenter. "Childhood Trauma, Trait Anxiety, and Anxious Attachment as Predictors of Intimate Partner Violence in College Students." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 23-24 (August 24, 2017): 6067–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517721894.
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The current study investigates the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV), childhood trauma, trait anxiety, depression, and anxious attachment in college students. Ninety-three male and 161 female undergraduate students at Fairfield University, ranging in age from 17 to 23, with a mean age of 18.8 years, participated. Participants completed five self-report inventories: The Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory (CADRI), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Adult Attachment Scale (AAS). IPV perpetration in college dating relationships was related to childhood emotional and physical abuse, emotional and physical neglect, and trait anxiety. IPV victimization in college dating relationships was related to childhood emotional and physical abuse, childhood emotional and physical neglect, and an anxious attachment style. IPV perpetration and victimization were also significantly correlated with one another. Subscale analyses suggest that childhood emotional abuse was related to being both the perpetrator and victim of verbal or emotional abuse in dating relationships. Childhood physical abuse, physical neglect, and emotional abuse were related to both perpetration and victimization of physical IPV. Threatening behavior perpetration in dating relationships was related to childhood emotional abuse, emotional neglect, physical abuse, and physical neglect; however, being the victim of threatening behavior was only related to childhood emotional abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect, not childhood physical abuse. These results support the relationship between childhood trauma and dating violence in college students. They also support a role for anxiety in IPV, although trait anxiety was related to perpetration and an anxious attachment style was correlated with IPV victimization. In addition, they suggest that different experiences of childhood trauma may relate to different aspects of IPV in college dating relationships.
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Jung, Gye Hyun, and Min Hyang Park. "The Moderating Effect of Interpersonal Skills on the Relationship between Childhood Emotional Trauma and Depression in Nursing Students." Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education 25, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5977/jkasne.2019.25.2.263.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the moderating effect of interpersonal skills on the relationship between childhood emotional trauma and depression. Methods: From June to July, 2017, a convenience sample of 226 nursing students was recruited. Research data were collected through self-report questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Results: 68.1% (154) respondents experienced emotional abuse, and 48.1% (110) emotional neglect in childhood emotional trauma. The average depression score was 10.76. There were 54.4% (123), 34.5% (78), 12.8% (29), and 7.1% (16) of respondents with mild, moderate, and severe depression, respectively. The average interpersonal skills score was 3.59. There was a significant correlation between childhood emotional trauma (emotional abuse, emotional neglect), interpersonal skills and depression. And the moderating effect of interpersonal skills on the relationship between childhood emotional neglect and depression was significant. Conclusion: Interpersonal skills play a role as a moderating variable influencing the relationship between emotional neglect of childhood emotional trauma and depression, and also reduce the effects of childhood emotional trauma on depression. When developing a depression prevention program for nursing college students, such programs should consider strategies to reduce the negative effects of childhood emotional trauma and to improve interpersonal skills.
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Turgeon, Jessica, Annie Bérubé, Caroline Blais, Annie Lemieux, and Amélie Fournier. "Recognition of children’s emotional facial expressions among mothers reporting a history of childhood maltreatment." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 29, 2020): e0243083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243083.
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Several studies have shown that child maltreatment is associated with both positive and negative effects on the recognition of facial emotions. Research has provided little evidence of a relation between maltreatment during childhood and young adults’ ability to recognize facial displays of emotion in children, an essential skill for a sensitive parental response. In this study, we examined the consequences of different forms of maltreatment experienced in childhood on emotion recognition during parenthood. Participants included sixty-three mothers of children aged 2 to 5 years. Retrospective self-reports of childhood maltreatment were assessed using the short form of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Emotion recognition was measured using a morphed facial emotion identification task of all six basic emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise). A Path Analysis via Structural Equation Model revealed that a history of physical abuse is related to a decreased ability to recognize both fear and sadness in children, whereas emotional abuse and sexual abuse are related to a decreased ability to recognize anger in children. In addition, emotional neglect is associated with an increased ability to recognize anger, whereas physical neglect is associated with less accuracy in recognizing happiness in children’s facial emotional expressions. These findings have important clinical implications and expand current understanding of the consequences of childhood maltreatment on parents’ ability to detect children’s needs.
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Pederson, Cathy L., and Josephine F. Wilson. "Childhood Emotional Neglect Related to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Body Mass Index in Adult Women." Psychological Reports 105, no. 1 (August 2009): 111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.105.1.111-126.
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The relationships among the severity of childhood abuse and neglect, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and adult obesity were investigated. 207 women ( M age = 26.5 yr., SD = 6.7) completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Millon Clinician Multiaxial Inventory, and a demographic questionnaire. Analyses of variance indicated that women who reported moderate-to-extreme emotional neglect ( n = 71) had significantly higher PTSD scores and increased BMI compared to women who reported low emotional neglect ( n = 84). Women who reported severe sexual or emotional abuse also had higher PTSD scores, but no relationship was found with BMI when other factors were controlled. Although PTSD scores and self-reported severity of childhood emotional neglect were strongly correlated ( r206 = .61, p < .001), PTSD was not found to be a mediating factor in obesity in women who reported childhood emotional neglect, although depression was.
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Bonevski, Dimitar, and Antoni Novotni. "Child abuse in panic disorder." Medical review 61, no. 3-4 (2008): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0804169b.
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Introduction Numerous authors associate child abuse with serious long-term consequences to the general and psychological well-being in particular. Clinical research to date reveals strong correlation between childhood abuse and neglect and anxiety disorders, especially panic disorder. Material and Methods This study was conducted in order to assess the level of emotional, physical and sexual childhood abuse as well as the physical and emotional childhood neglect in 40 adult patients suffering from panic disorder, diagnosed in accordance with the 10th International Classification of Disorders diagnostic criteria, compared with the control group of 40 healthy test subjects without a history of psychiatric disorders, using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. The severity of the clinical manifestation in patients with panic disorder was assessed using the Panic Disorder Severity Scale. Results and Discussion There were no significant differences between the groups as to the level of sexual abuse and physical neglect, whereas in the group of patients with panic disorder, the level of physical and emotional abuse was significantly higher, with emphasis on emotional neglect. With regards to the correlation between the severity of the clinical manifestation in patients with panic disorder and the severity of suffered abuse and neglect in childhood age, significant correlation was found in the physical and emotional abuse as well as emotional neglect. There was no significant correlation in the aspect of the physical neglect and sexual abuse. Conclusion Our research underlines the importance of childhood physical abuse, and especially emotional abuse and emotional neglect in the occurrence of panic disorder later in life.
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Rajkumar, Ravi Philip. "The Impact of Childhood Adversity on the Clinical Features of Schizophrenia." Schizophrenia Research and Treatment 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/532082.
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Introduction. Recent research has drawn attention to the link between childhood maltreatment and schizophrenia. Child abuse and neglect may have an impact on symptoms and physical health in these patients. This association has not been studied to date in India.Materials and Methods. Clinically stable patients with schizophrenia (n=62) were assessed for childhood adversity using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. The association of specific forms of adversity with symptomatology and associated variables was examined.Results. Emotional abuse was reported by 56.5% patients and physical abuse by 33.9%; scores for childhood neglect were also high. Persecutory delusions were linked to physical abuse, while anxiety was linked to emotional neglect and depression to emotional abuse and childhood neglect. Physical abuse was linked to elevated systolic blood pressure, while emotional abuse and neglect in women were linked to being overweight.Conclusions. Childhood adversity is common in schizophrenia and appears to be associated with a specific symptom profile. Certain components of the metabolic syndrome also appear to be related to childhood adversity. These results are subject to certain limitations as they are derived from remitted patients, and no control group was used for measures of childhood adversity.
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Watson, Stuart, Roy Chilton, Helen Fairchild, and Peter Whewell. "Association between Childhood Trauma and Dissociation Among Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 40, no. 5 (May 2006): 478–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01825.x.
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Objective: To examine the relationship between childhood trauma and dissociative experience in adulthood in patients with borderline personality disorder. Method: Dissociative experiences scale scores and subscale scores for the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire were correlated in 139 patients. Patients were dichotomized into high or low dissociators using the Median Dissociative Experiences Scale score as the cut-off. Results: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Subscale scores for emotional and physical abuse and emotional neglect but not sexual abuse correlated significantly with Dissociative Experiences Scale scores. High dissociators reported significantly greater levels of emotional abuse, physical abuse, emotional neglect and physical neglect but not sexual abuse than low dissociators. Conclusion: Patients with borderline personality disorder therefore demonstrated levels of dissociation that increased with levels of childhood trauma, supporting the hypothesis that traumatic childhood experiences engender dissociative symptoms later in life. Emotional abuse and neglect may be at least as important as physical and sexual abuse in the development of dissociative symptoms.
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Webermann, Aliya R., and Christopher M. Murphy. "Childhood Trauma and Dissociative Intimate Partner Violence." Violence Against Women 25, no. 2 (April 17, 2018): 148–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801218766628.
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The present study assesses childhood abuse/neglect as a predictor of dissociative intimate partner violence (IPV) among 118 partner-abusive men. One third (36%) endorsed dissociative IPV, most commonly losing control (18%), surroundings seeming unreal (16%), feeling someone other than oneself is aggressing (16%), and seeing oneself from a distance aggressing (10%). Childhood physical abuse/neglect predicted IPV-specific derealization/depersonalization, aggressive self-states, and flashbacks to past violence. Childhood emotional abuse/neglect predicted derealization/depersonalization, blackouts, and flashbacks. Childhood sexual abuse uniquely predicted amnesia. Other potential traumas did not predict dissociative IPV, suggesting dissociative IPV is influenced by trauma-based emotion dysregulation wherein childhood abuse/neglect survivors disconnect from their abusive behavior.
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Di Giacomo, E., F. Pescatore, F. Colmegna, F. Di Carlo, and M. Clerici. "Abuse During Childhood and Burnout." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.2009.
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BackgroundChildhood maltreatment is the most important risk factor for the onset of psychiatric disorders. Revictimization is really frequent as well as substance or alcohol abuse, often linked to self-treatment. Accordingly, our pilot study aims to analyze possible implication of childhood maltreatment on resilience and burnout.MethodsPatients admitted to outpatients psychiatric department in a six month period (1st January 2015–30th June 2015) complaining low to moderate anxiety or depression have been administered childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ) and Maslach burnout inventory.ResultsCTQ results in 71 (87%) Emotional Neglect (EN), 2 (2.4%) Sexual Abuse (SA) and 2 (2.4%) Physical Abuse (PA). Twenty-one showed high emotional exhaustion, 21 high depersonalization, 9 moderate personal accomplishment while 1 showed low personal accomplishment. None of the patients who suffered child sexual abuse shows depersonalization or personal accomplishment difficulties linked to burnout. Patients negative to CTQ show respectively moderate emotional exhaustion (M = 20 ± 20.15), moderate depersonalization (11 ± 9.42) and high personal accomplishment (17 ± 12.38). Patients who suffered emotional neglect show the poorest profile at Maslach, particularly regarding emotional exhaustion. ANOVA reaches statistical significance among the 3 groups of detected abuse (EN, SA, PA) in personal accomplishment (P = 0.013) confirmed at POST HOC between EN and SA (P = 0.0004).ConclusionThe results obtained in this pilot study highlight two important considerations. First, it seems urgent to stress the huge prevalence of emotional neglect among those referred to psychiatric outpatient department due to moderate anxiety or depression complain. Moreover, emotional neglect appears to be the most compromised factor of burnout, especially if compared to sexual abuse.
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Sansone, Randy A., Hassan Dakroub, Michele Pole, and Melissa Butler. "Childhood Trauma and Employment Disability." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 35, no. 4 (December 2005): 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/3xur-1pwj-0dt3-bjfj.
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Introduction: While the relationship between childhood trauma and employment disability has undergone very limited study, existing data suggest a possible correlation. Method: In this study of 91 outpatients in an internal medicine setting, we surveyed participants and inquired about their childhood histories of sexual, physical, and emotional abuse, of physical neglect, and of witnessing violence. We also asked whether participants had ever been on employment disability, either psychiatric or non-psychiatric, and the length of that disability. Results: Being or having been on disability was significantly related to childhood histories of emotional abuse, physical neglect, and witnessing violence. Being or having been on psychiatric disability was significantly related to childhood emotional abuse and physical neglect while being on non-psychiatric medical disability was significantly related to witnessing violence. The percent of one's lifetime on disability was significantly related to physical and emotional abuse as well as witnessing violence. Conclusions: Maltreatment in childhood appears to have a relationship to employment disability in adulthood. The authors discuss the implications of these findings.
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Stigger, Rafaelle Stark, Clarissa de Souza Ribeiro Martins, Mariana Bonati de Matos, Jéssica Puchalski Trettim, Gabriela Kurz da Cunha, Carolina Coelho Scholl, Mariana Pereira Ramos, et al. "Is maternal exposure to childhood trauma associated with maternal-fetal attachment?" Interpersona: An International Journal on Personal Relationships 14, no. 2 (December 22, 2020): 200–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.v14i2.3983.
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Adults with childhood maltreatment history can face a difficult experience in transitioning to parenthood. Women with a history of emotional neglect in childhood tend to experience problematic attachment. The study's aim was to evaluate the relationship between childhood trauma and maternal-fetal attachment in pregnant women in a population-based study in Southern Brazil. This is a longitudinal study with pregnant women who were interviewed in two moments: before 24-weeks of pregnancy and 60 days after the first interview. We used the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and the Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale. The mean of maternal-fetal attachment in the general sample was 99.8 (± 10.8). The mean of emotional neglect was 8.9 (± 4.7); physical neglect 6.7 (± 2.8); sexual abuse 5.9 (± 3.0); physical abuse 6.8 (± 3.1) and emotional abuse 8.0 (± 4.1). After adjusted analysis, we found that pregnant women who suffered emotional neglect had 0.4 points less on the average on the maternal-fetal attachment, β = -0.4, CI 95% [-0.6, -0.2], and pregnant women who suffered emotional abuse had 0.2 points less on the average on the maternal-fetal attachment, β = -0.2, CI 95% [-0.5, -0.0]. Only emotional neglect and emotional abuse were associated with maternal-fetal attachment. This study showed that a history of childhood trauma can have a negative impact during the prenatal period, and can impair maternal-fetal attachment. The data found can assist health professionals in identifying factors that can protect and contribute to pregnant women who were victims of childhood trauma to face the transition to parenthood in the best possible way.
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Al-Modallal, Hanan, Hasan Al-Omari, Shaher Hamaideh, and Tariq Shehab. "Childhood Domestic Violence as an Ancestor for Adulthood Mental Health Problems: Experiences of Jordanian Women." Family Journal 28, no. 4 (March 18, 2020): 390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066480720909845.
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This study was conducted to explore the relationship between women’s history of experiencing different types of abuse during childhood and development of mental health problems in adulthood. A convenience sample of 409 women recruited from health care centers in Jordan provided data for the study. One-way between-groups multivariate analysis of variance was implemented. Results indicated absence of statistically significant differences in mental health problems between physically abused and sexually abused women compared to their counterparts. Further, a statistically significant difference in mental health was found between women who experienced emotional abuse and childhood neglect compared to their counterparts (Wilks’ lambda for emotional abuse = .914, p < .0001; Wilks’ lambda for childhood neglect = .83, p < .0001). Between-groups comparisons using Bonferroni adjustment indicated that all dependent variables (depression, anxiety, stress, and self-esteem) differed significantly between emotionally and nonemotionally abused women and between neglected and nonneglected women. It was concluded that not all childhood abuse experiences lead to long-term impacts on women’s mental health. However, mental health consequences of childhood abuse may alter women’s obligations toward family, children, and home. Therefore, efforts directed toward assessing women’s history of childhood abuse are very important especially for those who are starting a marital relationship.
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Bierer, Linda M., Rachel Yehuda, James Schmeidler, Vivian Mitropoulou, Antonia S. New, Jeremy M. Silverman, and Larry J. Siever. "Abuse and Neglect in Childhood: Relationship to Personality Disorder Diagnoses." CNS Spectrums 8, no. 10 (October 2003): 737–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900019118.
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ABSTRACTBackground:Childhood history of abuse and neglect has been associated with personality disorders and has been observed in subjects with lifetime histories of suicidality and self-injury. Most of these findings have been generated from inpatient clinical samples.Methods:This study evaluated self-rated indices of sustained childhood abuse and neglect in an outpatient sample of well-characterized personality disorder subjects (n=182) to determine the relative associations of childhood trauma indices to specific personality disorder diagnoses or clusters and to lifetime history of suicide attempts or gestures. Subjects met criteria for ~2.5 Axis II diagnoses and 24% reported past suicide attempts. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire was administered to assess five dimensions of childhood trauma exposure (emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and emotional and physical neglect). Logistic regression was employed to evaluate salient predictors among the trauma measures for each cluster, personality disorder, and history of attempted suicide and self-harm. All analyses controlled for gender distribution.Results:Seventy-eight percent of subjects met dichotomous criteria for some form of childhood trauma; a majority reported emotional abuse and neglect. The dichotomized criterion for global trauma severity was predictive of cluster B, borderline, and antisocial personality disorder diagnoses. Trauma scores were positively associated with cluster A, negatively with cluster C, but were not significantly associated with cluster B diagnoses. Among the specific diagnoses comprising cluster A, paranoid disorder alone was predicted by sexual, physical, and emotional abuse. Within cluster B, only antisocial personality disorder showed significant associations with trauma scores, with specific prediction by sexual and physical abuse. For borderline personality disorder, there were gender interactions for individual predictors, with emotional abuse being the only significant trauma predictor, and only in men. History of suicide gestures was associated with emotional abuse in the entire sample and in women only; self-mutilatory behavior was associated with emotional abuse in men.Conclusion:These results suggest that childhood emotional abuse and neglect are broadly represented among personality disorders, and associated with indices of clinical severity among patients with borderline personality disorder. Childhood sexual and physical abuse are highlighted as predictors of both paranoid and antisocial personality disorders. These results help qualify prior observations of the association of childhood sexual abuse with borderline personality disorder.
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Mrizak, J., A. Arous, R. Trabelsi, A. Aissa, H. Ben Ammar, and Z. El Hechmi. "The association between childhood trauma and facial emotion recognition in patients with stable schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1334.
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IntroductionThe impairment of facial emotion recognition (FER) among patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) is a significant feature of the illness. Childhood trauma (CT) is reported with a high prevalence in SCZ and is considered one of its risk factors.ObjectivesTo investigate the relationship between FER and CT in SCZ.MethodsFifty-eight outpatients with stable SCZ completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire retrospectively assessing five types of childhood trauma (emotional, physical and sexual abuse, and emotional and physical neglect). They also completed a newly developed and validated FER task constructed from photographs of the face of a famous Tunisian actress and evaluating the ability to correctly identify Ekman's six basic facial emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, fear and surprise).ResultsPatients with higher scores of CT performed significantly worse in FER task. Our results suggest that the presence of sexual abuse is specifically correlated to a poor identification of anger (P = 0.02) and disgust (P = 0.03) while the presence of emotional abuse and physical neglect are correlated to a poor identification of happiness and sadness.ConclusionsCT may represent one of the causes of the FER deficits in schizophrenia. Further studies are necessary to confirm the link between specific kinds of childhood trauma and deficits in the recognition of discrete emotions.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Puetz, Vanessa Bianca, Essi Viding, Mattia Indi Gerin, Jean-Baptiste Pingault, Arjun Sethi, Annchen R. Knodt, Spenser R. Radtke, Bart D. Brigidi, Ahmad R. Hariri, and Eamon McCrory. "Investigating patterns of neural response associated with childhood abuse v. childhood neglect." Psychological Medicine 50, no. 8 (June 13, 2019): 1398–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329171900134x.
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AbstractBackgroundChildhood maltreatment is robustly associated with increased risk of poor mental health outcome and changes in brain function. The authors investigated whether childhood experience of abuse (e.g. physical, emotional and sexual abuse) and neglect (physical and emotional deprivation) was differentially associated with neural reactivity to threat.MethodsParticipants were drawn from an existing study and allocated to one of four groups based on self-report of childhood maltreatment experience: individuals with childhood abuse experiences (n = 70); individuals with childhood neglect experiences (n = 87); individuals with combined experience of childhood abuse and neglect (n = 50); and non-maltreated individuals (n = 207) propensity score matched (PSM) on gender, age, IQ, psychopathology and SES. Neural reactivity to facial cues signalling threat was compared across groups, allowing the differential effects associated with particular forms of maltreatment experience to be isolated.ResultsBrain imaging analyses indicated that while childhood abuse was associated with heightened localised threat reactivity in ventral amygdala, experiences of neglect were associated with heightened reactivity in a distributed cortical fronto-parietal network supporting complex social and cognitive processing as well as in the dorsal amygdala. Unexpectedly, combined experiences of abuse and neglect were associated with hypo-activation in several higher-order cortical regions as well as the amygdala.ConclusionsDifferent forms of childhood maltreatment exert differential effects in neural threat reactivity: while the effects of abuse are more focal, the effects of neglect and combined experiences of abuse are more distributed. These findings are relevant for understanding the range of psychiatric outcomes following childhood maltreatment and have implications for intervention.
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Afifi, Tracie O., Christine A. Henriksen, Gordon J. G. Asmundson, and Jitender Sareen. "Childhood Maltreatment and Substance Use Disorders among Men and Women in a Nationally Representative Sample." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 57, no. 11 (November 2012): 677–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674371205701105.
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Objective: To examine the association between a history of 5 types of childhood maltreatment (that is, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect) and several substance use disorders (SUDs), including alcohol, sedatives, tranquilizers, opioids, amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, heroin, and nicotine, in a nationally representative US adult sex-stratified sample. Method: Data were drawn from the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a nationally representative US sample of adults aged 20 years and older (n = 34 653). Logistic regression models were conducted to understand the relations between 5 types of childhood maltreatment and SUDs separately among men and women after adjusting for sociodemographic variables and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) Axis I and II mental disorders. Results: All 5 types of childhood maltreatment were associated with increased odds of all individual SUDs among men and women after adjusting for sociodemographic variables, with the exception of physical neglect and heroin abuse or dependence, emotional neglect, and amphetamines and cocaine abuse or dependence among men (adjusted odds ratio range 1.3 to 4.7). After further adjustment for other DSM Axis I and II mental disorders, the relations between childhood maltreatment and SUDs were attenuated, but many remained statistically significant. Differences in the patterns of findings were noted for men and women for sexual abuse and emotional neglect. Conclusions: This research provides evidence of the robust nature of the relations between many types of childhood maltreatment and many individual SUDs. The prevention of childhood maltreatment may help to reduce SUDs in the general population.
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Rehan, Wail, Jan Antfolk, Ada Johansson, Merike Aminoff, N. Kenneth Sandnabba, Lars Westberg, and Pekka Santtila. "Gene–Environment Correlation Between the Dopamine Transporter Gene (DAT1) Polymorphism and Childhood Experiences of Abuse." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 13 (January 3, 2016): 2059–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515622299.
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In the present study, we investigated the possible gene–environment correlation between the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) polymorphism and childhood experiences of abuse and neglect. Genetic information was obtained from 1,442 male and 2,178 female twins and their siblings drawn from a Finnish population-based sample. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire was used to measure the childhood experiences of abuse and neglect. In men, the DAT1 polymorphism was associated with having experienced sexual abuse in childhood, such that men with the 9R9R genotype reported less sexual abuse experiences than men with the 9R10R or the 10R10R genotypes. In women, there was an association between the DAT1 polymorphism and childhood experiences of emotional abuse, such that women with the 9R9R genotype reported less emotional abuse experiences than women with the 9R10R or 10R10R genotypes. No other associations between the DAT1 polymorphism and childhood experiences of abuse and neglect were found. In sum, the results suggested that some genetic components might predispose children to experience childhood abuse and neglect. Possible reasons for this association were discussed.
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Rosen, Leora N., and Lee Martin. "Childhood Maltreatment History as a Risk Factor for Sexual Harassment Among U.S. Army Soldiers." Violence and Victims 13, no. 3 (January 1998): 269–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.13.3.269.
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Four different types of childhood maltreatment were examined as predictors of unwanted sexual experiences and acknowledged sexual harassment among male and female active duty soldiers in the United States Army. Predictor variables included childhood sexual abuse, physical-emotional abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect. Three types of unwanted sexual experiences in the workplace were examined as outcome variables: gender harassment, unwanted sexual attention, and coercion. Both sexual and physical-emotional abuse during childhood were found to be predictors of unwanted sexual experiences and of acknowledged sexual harassment in the workplace. Among female soldiers, the most severe type of unwanted experience—coercion—was predicted only by childhood physical-emotional abuse. Among male soldiers childhood sexual abuse was the strongest predictor of coercion. A greater variety of types of childhood maltreatment predicted sexual harassment outcomes for male soldiers. Childhood maltreatment and adult sexual harassment were predictors of psychological well-being for soldiers of both genders.
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Baglivio, Michael T., Kevin T. Wolff, Nathan Epps, and Randy Nelson. "Predicting Adverse Childhood Experiences." Crime & Delinquency 63, no. 2 (July 9, 2016): 166–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128715570628.
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Few studies have examined multilevel effects of neighborhood context on childhood maltreatment. Less work has analyzed these effects with juvenile offenders, and no prior work has examined context effects of childhood maltreatment through the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) framework. ACEs include 10 indictors: emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect, domestic violence toward the youth’s mother, household substance abuse, household mental illness, parental separation/divorce, and household member with a history of jail/imprisonment. Effects of concentrated disadvantage and affluence on ACE scores are examined in a statewide sample of more than 59,000 juvenile offenders, controlling for salient individual (including family and parenting) measures and demographics. Both disadvantage and affluence affect ACE exposure. Implications for research and policy are discussed.
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Sansone, Randy A., Michael W. Wiederman, and Jamie S. McLean. "The Relationship between Childhood Trauma and Medically Self-Sabotaging Behaviors among Psychiatric Inpatients." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 38, no. 4 (December 2008): 469–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/pm.38.4.f.
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Objective: This study was designed to explore the relationship between five forms of childhood trauma and medically self-sabotaging behaviors (i.e., the intentional induction, exaggeration, and/or exacerbation of medical symptoms). Method: Using a cross-sectional sample of convenience, 120 psychiatric inpatients were surveyed about childhood sexual, physical, and emotional abuses, the witnessing of violence, and physical neglect, as well as 19 medically self-sabotaging behaviors (i.e., intentional behaviors that represent attempts to sabotage medical care). Results: As expected, in this sample there were high prevalence rates of trauma (62.5% emotional abuse, 58.3% witnessing of violence, 46.7% physical abuse, 37.5% sexual abuse, 28.3% physical neglect). Simple correlations demonstrated statistically significant relationships between sexual abuse and physical neglect and medically self-sabotaging behaviors. Using multiple regression analysis, only physical neglect remained a unique predictor of medically self-sabotaging behaviors. Conclusions: These findings indicate that among psychiatric inpatients there appears to be a relationship between physical neglect in childhood and the generation of medically self-sabotaging behaviors in adulthood. Perhaps physical neglect in childhood contributes to the generation of somatic behaviors in adulthood for the purpose of eliciting caring responses from others.
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Li, Xianbin, Tony Xing Tan, Qijing Bo, Zhen Mao, Feng Li, Fan He, Fang Dong, Xin Ma, and Chuanyue Wang. "Clinical Course and Clinical Features in MDD Patients: General and Specific Role of Subtypes of Childhood Trauma." Counseling Psychologist 49, no. 5 (March 29, 2021): 650–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000021995936.
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Our study focused on childhood emotional neglect and several forms of abuse (i.e., physical, sexual, and emotional) and the diagnosis and clinical courses of disease in Chinese adults with major depressive disorder (MDD), including MDD with anxiety, with suicidality, and with other presentations. MDD and other clinical presentations were determined with the American Psychiatric Association’s (2000) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV) and subtypes of trauma were assessed with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (95 patients and 94 comparisons). Patients with MDD and suicidality scored higher on childhood emotional abuse and neglect than other MDD patients. Both emotional abuse and physical abuse correlated with a younger age of onset and more relapses of MDD. General linear modeling also showed that controlling for demographic variables, emotional and physical abuse predicted more MDD relapses. Overall, childhood trauma was correlated with a MDD diagnosis, the role of specific types of trauma in the clinical courses of MDD varied.
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Bender, Marnette, Sarah Cook, and Nadine Kaslow. "Social Support as a Mediator of Revictimization of Low-Income African American Women." Violence and Victims 18, no. 4 (August 2003): 419–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vivi.2003.18.4.419.
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Mediating effects of social support on the link between childhood maltreatment and adult intimate partner violence (IPV) were explored in a sample of 362 low-income, African American women. We examined relations between childhood maltreatment experiences (total maltreatment, sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect) and adult maltreatment (physical IPV and nonphysical IPV). Results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed small, but significant, effects. Further, social support mediated revictimization. Social support fully mediated relations in which the form of childhood maltreatment was different than the form of adult IPV (e.g., the relation between childhood sexual abuse and adult nonphysical IPV), but only partially mediated the relations in which the form of childhood maltreatment was similar to adult IPV (e.g., the relation between childhood emotional abuse and adult nonphysical IPV). Implications for clinical interventions for women with intimate partner violence experiences are discussed.
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Wang, Geng-Fu, Liu Jiang, Lu-Han Wang, Guo-Yun Hu, Yu Fang, Shan-Shan Yuan, Xiu-Xiu Wang, and Pu-Yu Su. "Examining Childhood Maltreatment and School Bullying Among Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study From Anhui Province in China." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 5 (May 3, 2016): 980–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516647000.
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Although a body of research has established the relationship between childhood maltreatment and bullying in Western culture backgrounds, few studies have examined the association between childhood maltreatment experiences and bullying in China. Moreover, to date, the relationship between multiple types of childhood maltreatment and cyber bullying is poorly understood. This study examined the association between multiple types of childhood maltreatment (physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect) and multiple forms of school bullying (physical, verbal, relational, and cyber). A cross-sectional study using three-stage random cluster-sampling approach was conducted in Tongling, Chuzhou, and Fuyang, in Anhui Province. Self-reported questionnaires were completed by 5,726 middle school students to assess their school bullying involvement and childhood maltreatment experiences. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between each single type of childhood maltreatment and each single form of school bullying. Each type of childhood maltreatment was associated with increased risk for involvement in each form of bullying as bullies, victims, and bully-victims. Specifically, both childhood physical neglect and emotional neglect were associated with increased risk for involvement in each form of school bullying. Each type of childhood maltreatment was associated with involvement in cyber bullying. Students who experienced multiple types of childhood maltreatment seem to report more forms of school bullying. Furthermore, multiple forms of school bullying caused the co-occurrence of several forms of school bullying. Our results indicated a significant association between school bullying and childhood maltreatment among adolescents. Interventions to reduce school bullying encompassing prevention toward childhood maltreatment might get better results in China.
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Odacı, Hatice, and Çiğdem Berber Çelik. "The Role of Traumatic Childhood Experiences in Predicting a Disposition to Risk-Taking and Aggression in Turkish University Students." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 9-10 (April 3, 2017): 1998–2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517696862.
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The purpose of this research was to determine whether or not traumatic childhood experiences in childhood predict a disposition to risk-taking and aggression among university students. The participants consisted of 851 students: 477 (56.1%) females and 374 (43.9%) males attending various faculties at the Karadeniz Technical University in Turkey. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Adolescent Risk-Taking Scale, Aggression Questionnaire, and Personal Information Form were used for data collection. The analysis results revealed a positive correlation between traumatic experiences (physical, sexual, emotional maltreatment, and emotional neglect) and risk-taking and aggression. Physical and sexual abuse and gender are significant predictors of risk-taking. Physical abuse and gender are some of the predictors of aggression. Another finding from the study is that physical and emotional abuse and emotional neglect vary by gender. This study concludes that exposure to traumatic experiences in childhood prepares the foundation for negative behaviors in adulthood.
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Hipwell, Alison E., Irene Tung, Jessie Northrup, and Kate Keenan. "Transgenerational associations between maternal childhood stress exposure and profiles of infant emotional reactivity." Development and Psychopathology 31, no. 3 (April 26, 2019): 887–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579419000324.
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AbstractChildhood exposure to stress can induce prolonged negative effects on health, which in turn confer risks for the next generation, but greater specificity is needed to inform intervention. A first step is to measure individual differences in emotional reactivity to stress early in life in ways that can account for heterogeneity in child exposure. The present study tested the hypothesis that mothers’ childhood exposure to stress would be differentially associated with patterns of positive and negative emotional reactivity in their offspring, suggesting transmission of stress response across generations. Participants were 268 young mothers (age 14–23 years) followed longitudinally since childhood, and their infants aged 3–9 months. Latent class analysis of infant emotions expressed before and during the still-face paradigm yielded five subgroups that varied in valence, intensity, and reactivity. After accounting for sociodemographic factors, infant temperament, and postpartum depression, multinomial regression models showed that, relative to an emotionally regulated still-face response, infants showing low negative reactivity were more likely to have mothers exposed to childhood emotional abuse, and infants showing high and increasing negative reactivity were more likely to have mothers exposed to childhood emotional neglect. Mechanisms by which early maternal stress exposure influences emotional reactivity in offspring are discussed.
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Wilson, R. S., P. A. Boyle, S. R. Levine, L. Yu, S. E. Anagnos, A. S. Buchman, J. A. Schneider, and D. A. Bennett. "Emotional neglect in childhood and cerebral infarction in older age." Neurology 79, no. 15 (September 19, 2012): 1534–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0b013e31826e25bd.
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Mrizak, J., R. Trabelsi, A. Arous, A. Aissa, H. Ben Ammar, and Z. El Hechmi. "Correlation between childhood trauma and cognitive impairment in patients with schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2161.
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IntroductionAbusive childhood experiences are claimed to be more prevalent in people with schizophrenia (SCZ) than in the general population. The exposure to childhood trauma can have adverse effects on cognitive function.ObjectivesTo investigate whether there is a relationship between childhood trauma (CT) and cognitive functioning in patients with SCZ.MethodsFifty-eight outpatients with stable SCZ were recruited. The participants completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire retrospectively assessing five types of childhood trauma (emotional, physical and sexual abuse, and emotional and physical neglect). They also completed a neurocognitive battery comprising the following tests: the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test–Revised (HVLT-R), the Letter Digit Substitution Test (LDST), the Stroop Test (ST), the “Double Barrage” of Zazzo (DBZ), the Modified Card Sorting Test (MCST), the Verbal Fluency (VF), the Trail Making Test-Part A (TMT-A) and the Digit Span (DS).ResultsThe patients with a history of physical abuse (P = 0.03) or emotional neglect (P = 0.07) performed worse at the delayed recall of the HVLT-R. A history of emotional neglect was also correlated to a significantly worse performance in theTMT-A (P < 0.0001), while physical abuse was correlated to worse DS (P = 0.015). High emotional abuse scores were significantly correlated to poorer efficiency in DBZ (P = 0.025).ConclusionsThe results need replication, but underline the necessity of investigating biological and psychosocial mechanisms underlying these subjects’ cognitive impairment.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Talmon, Anat, Michal Horovitz, Nitzan Shabat, Orna Shechter Haramati, and Karni Ginzburg. "“Neglected moms” - The implications of emotional neglect in childhood for the transition to motherhood." Child Abuse & Neglect 88 (February 2019): 445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.12.021.
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Rokita, Karolina, Maria Dauvermann, Laurena Holleran, David Mothersill, Jessica Holland, Laura Costello, Caroline Cullen, et al. "M4. CHILDHOOD TRAUMA, BRAIN STRUCTURE AND EMOTION RECOGNITION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA AND HEALTHY ADULTS: A MODERATED MEDIATION ANALYSIS." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa030.316.
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Abstract Background While traumatic childhood experiences have been frequently associated with adverse effects on social cognitive abilities, specifically emotion recognition, in individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) and to some degree in healthy adults also (Rokita et al., 2018), the neural mechanisms for this association remain unclear. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to explore the impact of childhood trauma on brain structures that are particularly sensitive to stress and are involved in emotion recognition processes (i.e. amygdala, hippocampus, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)) (Cancel et al., 2019). We also investigated whether volumetric changes in these brain regions mediate the association between childhood trauma and performance on an emotion recognition task. Methods We investigated 46 patients with SZ (mean age=43.74; SD=10.94; 12 females and 34 males) and 112 healthy adults (mean age=40.13; SD=12.46; 31 females and 81 males). All participants underwent an MRI scan and completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) (Bernstein et al., 2003), which assesses the experience of trauma in childhood, including emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect and physical neglect. Emotion recognition was measured with the total score on the Emotion Recognition Task (ERT) implemented in the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) (Robbins et al., 1994). Mediation analyses were conducted to explore the direct and indirect effects of childhood trauma on emotion recognition via volumetric changes in the amygdala, hippocampus and the ACC as mediators. Results We found that patients with SZ had significantly higher scores on physical neglect (PN; p=.018) and cumulative childhood trauma (p=.049) compared to healthy participants. Patients also had significantly smaller hippocampus (p=.001), but not amygdala (p=.453) or ACC (p=.893), and performed worse on the ERT task (p<.001), compared to the healthy group. PN was significantly negatively associated with the total score on the ERT task (r=-.321, p<.001) and a smaller volume of the left ACC (r=-.161, p=.046) in all participants. Reduced volumes of the left and entire ACC appeared to mediate the association between PN and ERT task in healthy adults (β=-1.183, SE=.687, 95% [-2.701: -.079]; β=-1.176, SE=.738, 95% [-2.872: -.0162], respectively). In the patient group, only the direct association between PN and the ERT score was significant (β= -11.657, SE=3.843, 95% CI [-19.251: -4.064], p=.003). Discussion Our findings provide further evidence for the detrimental impact of childhood trauma, specifically physical neglect, on volumetric changes in the ACC region in both patients with SZ and healthy adults. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show that the ACC region may be a potential neural mediator in the association between physical neglect and the ability to recognise emotions. These findings highlight the need to develop early interventions (e.g. parenting programs) in order to minimise the occurrence of childhood adversities, hence preventing from their detrimental effects on brain structure and function in both clinical and non-clinical populations.
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Chilton, Mariana, Molly Knowles, Jenny Rabinowich, and Kimberly T. Arnold. "The relationship between childhood adversity and food insecurity: ‘It’s like a bird nesting in your head’." Public Health Nutrition 18, no. 14 (January 22, 2015): 2643–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980014003036.
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AbstractObjectiveAdverse childhood experiences, including abuse, neglect and household instability, affect lifelong health and economic potential. The present study investigates how adverse childhood experiences are associated with food insecurity by exploring caregivers’ perceptions of the impact of their childhood adversity on educational attainment, employment and mental health.DesignSemi-structured audio-recorded in-person interviews that included (i) quantitative measures of maternal and child health, adverse childhood experiences (range: 0–10) and food security using the US Household Food Security Survey Module; and (ii) qualitative audio-recorded investigations of experiences with abuse, neglect, violence and hunger over participants’ lifetimes.SettingHouseholds in Philadelphia, PA, USA.SubjectsThirty-one mothers of children <4 years old who reported low or very low household food security.ResultsTwenty-one caregivers (68 %) reported four or more adverse childhood experiences, and this severity was significantly associated with reports of very low food security (Fisher’s exact P=0·021). Mothers reporting emotional and physical abuse were more likely to report very low food security (Fisher’s exact P=0·032). Qualitatively, participants described the impact of childhood adverse experiences with emotional and physical abuse/neglect, and household substance abuse, on their emotional health, school performance and ability to maintain employment. In turn, these experiences negatively affected their ability to protect their children from food insecurity.ConclusionsThe associations between mothers’ adverse experiences in childhood and reports of current household food security should inspire researchers, advocates and policy makers to comprehensively address family hardship through greater attention to the emotional health of caregivers. Programmes meant to address nutritional deprivation and financial hardship should include trauma-informed approaches that integrate behavioural interventions.
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Arous, A., R. Trabelsi, J. Mrizak, A. Aissa, H. Ben Ammar, and Z. El Hechmi. "The association between childhood trauma and empathy in patients with stable schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): s241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.606.
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IntroductionEmpathy, which refers to the ability to understand and share the thoughts and feelings of others, has emerged as an important topic in the field of social neuroscience. It is one of the most understudied dimensions of social cognition in schizophrenia (SCZ).ObjectivesTo investigate the relationship between cognitive and affective empathy and CT in SCZ.MethodsFifty-eight outpatients with stable SCZ completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire retrospectively assessing five types of childhood trauma (emotional, physical and sexual abuse, and emotional and physical neglect). They also completed the Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE) comprising five subscales intended to assess cognitive and affective components of empathy.ResultsPatients with a history of sexual abuse better emotion contagion scores (P = 0.048) which means that develop more easily self-oriented emotional state matching the affective states of others. Patients with a history of emotional neglect or/and in denial of CT had higher scores in perspective taking score (P = 0.017). Perspective taking assesses the extent to which respondents can take another's perspective or see things from another's point-of-view.ConclusionsInvestigating psychosocial mechanisms, specifically the role of CT, underlying the development of empathic capacities is important since empathy can represent a treatment-target.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Dubo, Elyse D., Mary C. Zanarini, Ruth E. Lewis, and Amy A. Williams. "Childhood Antecedents of Self-Destructiveness in Borderline Personality Disorder." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 42, no. 1 (February 1997): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379704200110.
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Objective: To assess the relationship between lifetime patterns of self-destructive behaviour and various parameters of childhood abuse and neglect in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) compared with other personality disorder (OPD) controls. Method: The subjects were 42 inpatients with the diagnosis of BPD and 17 OPD controls. Lifetime patterns of self-destructive behaviour were assessed using the Lifetime Borderline Symptom Index. Childhood experiences were assessed using a semistructured interview by raters who were blind to diagnosis. Results: Chronic self-destructive behaviour discriminated patients with BPD from OPD controls. In the borderline group, parental sexual abuse was significantly related to suicidal behaviour and both parental sexual abuse and emotional neglect were significantly related to self-mutilation. Conclusion: Both parental sexual abuse and emotional neglect appear to play a role in the etiology of self-destructive behaviour in BPD. The results highlight the importance of considering the effects of sexual abuse within its environmental context and suggest that the etiology of borderline symptoms is likely multifactorial.
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Auslander, Wendy, Sarah Myers Tlapek, Jennifer Threlfall, Tonya Edmond, and Jerry Dunn. "Mental Health Pathways Linking Childhood Maltreatment to Interpersonal Revictimization During Adolescence for Girls in the Child Welfare System." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 7 (November 29, 2015): 1169–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515614561.
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This study compares the association of histories of childhood emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and physical neglect with revictimization among adolescent girls, and investigates the role of posttraumatic stress and symptoms of depression as mediators. Participants were 234 girls aged 12 to 19 years, who have been involved with the child welfare system in a Midwestern urban area. Data were collected from baseline surveys of a trauma-focused group program to which the participants were referred. The majority of participants were youths of color (75%) who were primarily African American (70%), and the remaining participants were White, non-Hispanic (25%). Data were collected through surveys that assessed histories of child abuse and neglect, symptoms of posttraumatic stress and depression, and experiences of physical, verbal, and relational revictimization in the last 3 months. All types of abuse and neglect were significantly associated with higher frequencies of revictimization and higher levels of posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms. Parallel mediation analyses demonstrated that both posttraumatic stress and depression fully mediated the relationships between emotional abuse and revictimization, and sexual abuse and revictimization. Physical abuse was fully mediated by posttraumatic stress, but not by depression. Results also indicated that neither posttraumatic stress nor depression were mediators for the relationship between neglect and revictimization. There were similar pathways to revictimization in adolescents from emotional and sexual abuse through posttraumatic stress and depression. Evidence is mounting for the deleterious effects of emotional abuse. There is evidence that treatment of both posttraumatic stress and depression in emotionally and sexually abused adolescents involved in child welfare is warranted to prevent future revictimization.
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de Araújo, R. M. F., and D. R. Lara. "More than words: The association of childhood emotional abuse and suicidal behavior." European Psychiatry 37 (September 2016): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.04.002.
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AbstractBackgroundAll types of abuse and neglect have been associated with suicide attempts. However, the association between the level of each type of childhood trauma and suicidal behavior severity (including the progression from ideation to attempts), adjusting for their co-occurrence, is not yet clear.MethodsWe used a cross-sectional web-based survey collected from the Brazilian Internet Study on Temperament and Psychopathology (BRAINSTEP) to investigate the isolated effects of each type of childhood trauma on suicidal behavior severity. The sample consisted of 71,429 self-selected volunteers assessed with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and the following key question: “Have you ever thought about or attempted to kill yourself?” (Suicidal Behavior Questionnaire, SBQ-17).ResultsAfter adjusting for demographic variables, and childhood trauma subtypes, severe emotional abuse (EA) was associated with suicidal ideation and attempts, mainly for serious suicide attempts (OR, 22.71; 95% CI, 2.32–222.05). We found associations of smaller magnitude for severe emotional neglect (EN) with serious suicide attempts, and for severe physical neglect (PN) and sexual abuse (SA) with attempts without really meaning to die. No meaningful trend for physical abuse (PA) was found. Using as reference group ideators, EA was associated with serious suicide attempts, with a peak at the 95th percentile (OR, 4.39; 95% CI, 2.04–9.41). We found associations of smaller magnitude for PN and SA, and no meaningful trend for EN and PA.ConclusionsSuicidal behavior was strongly associated with emotional abuse in childhood, even when compared with ideators, suggesting that it is a relevant factor for the progression from ideation to attempts.
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Petrikova, Martina, Natalia Kascakova, Jana Furstova, Jozef Hasto, and Peter Tavel. "Validation and Adaptation of the Slovak Version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (March 2, 2021): 2440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052440.
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Background: Previous research has shown a strong relationship between childhood trauma and worsened physical and mental health. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) is a commonly used tool assessing early traumatic experiences. The aim of this study was to verify the psychometric properties of the Slovak version of the CTQ. Methods: Data were collected on a representative Slovak sample (N = 1018, mean age 46.24 years, 48.7% of men). The dimensional structure of the CTQ was tested by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA); convergent validity was assessed using the Adverse Childhood Questionnaire (ACE-IQ). Results: CFA confirmed the standard 5-factor CTQ model. The subscales of the CTQ and the ACE-IQ questionnaires showed moderate to high correlations. The internal consistency of the scale was found to be acceptable. Emotional neglect (EN) was reported in 48.1%, physical neglect (PN) in 35.8%, emotional abuse in 15.8%, physical abuse (PA) in 11.0%, and sexual abuse (SA) in 9.1% of the Slovak population, according to the scoring, when even low abuse or neglect is assessed as trauma. Conclusion: The CTQ questionnaire fulfilled the validation criteria and appeared to be a suitable method for assessing retrospectively reported childhood trauma experiences in the Slovak population.
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Hellou, Raneen, Winfried Häuser, Inbal Brenner, Dan Buskila, Giris Jacob, Ori Elkayam, Valerie Aloush, and Jacob N. Ablin. "Self-Reported Childhood Maltreatment and Traumatic Events among Israeli Patients Suffering from Fibromyalgia and Rheumatoid Arthritis." Pain Research and Management 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3865249.
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Objective. The association between Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) and childhood maltreatment and adversity has frequently been proposed but limited data exists regarding the transcultural nature of this association. Methods. 75 Israeli FMS patients and 23 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) patients were compared. Childhood maltreatment was assessed by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and potential depressive and anxiety disorders were assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-4. FMS severity was assessed by the Widespread Pain Index (WPI), the Symptom Severity Score (SSS), and the FIQ. PTSD was diagnosed according to the DSM IV. RA severity was assessed by the RA Disease Activity Index. Health status was assessed by the SF-36. Results. Similar to reports in other countries, high levels of self-reported childhood adversity were reported by Israeli FMS patients. PTSD was significantly more common among FMS patients compared with RA patients, as well as childhood emotional abuse and physical and emotional neglect. Levels of depression and anxiety were significantly higher among FMS patients. Conclusion. The study demonstrated the cross cultural association between FMS and childhood maltreatment, including neglect, emotional abuse, and PTSD. Significant differences were demonstrated between FMS patients and patients suffering from RA, a model of an inflammatory chronic rheumatic disease.
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Pahl, Kristine M., and Paula M. Barrett. "The Development of Social–Emotional Competence in Preschool-Aged Children: An Introduction to the Fun FRIENDS Program." Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling 17, no. 1 (July 1, 2007): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/ajgc.17.1.81.
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AbstractThe development of social–emotional competence is of key importance during early childhood, particularly during the preschool years. We too often believe that early childhood education should focus on the promotion of academic skills to increase intelligence and, therefore, neglect the importance of social and emotional learning. Children who are socially and emotionally well adjusted do better at school, have increased confidence, have good relationships, take on and persist at challenging tasks and communicate well. The school setting is the optimal environment to implement interventions focused on increasing social–emotional competence. This article examines the importance of developing social–emotional competence during the early years of life and discusses universal intervention approaches within the classroom. A particular universal intervention program — The Fun FRIENDS program (Barrett, 2007) — aimed at increasing social–emotional competence is described in detail. The Fun FRIENDS program is a developmentally tailored, downward extension of the preexisting, evidence-based FRIENDS for Life program (Barrett 2004; 2005).
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Scott, Katie. "Adverse childhood experiences." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 14, no. 1 (October 22, 2020): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738020964498.
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Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are events during childhood that are stressful and may impact upon mental and physical health having effects in childhood and future adulthood. Examples of ACEs include abuse (physical, emotional, sexual); neglect; living in a household with domestic violence, substance or alcohol misuse, or criminal behaviour; or living with a caregiver with mental illness. A history of ACEs is not routinely sought in UK healthcare. As a result opportunities to prevent and modify the negative effects of adverse childhood events are missed.
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Tian, Xin, Guangya Yang, Linling Jiang, Runxu Yang, Hailiang Ran, Fujia Xie, Xiufeng Xu, Jin Lu, and Yuanyuan Xiao. "Resilience is inversely associated with self-harm behaviors among Chinese adolescents with childhood maltreatment." PeerJ 8 (September 8, 2020): e9800. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9800.
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Background Abundant studies have identified the association between childhood maltreatment and self-harm (SH), but little has been discussed with regard to the role of resilience in SH behaviors of adolescents who had experienced childhood maltreatment. In this study, we investigated if resilience, as well as its five dimensions, could present negative associations with presence, repetition, and severity of SH among maltreated and neglected adolescents in China. Methods A cross-sectional survey including 2,084 maltreated teenagers aged from 10 to 17 years was conducted in southwest China Yunnan province. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), The Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents (RSCA), and the Modified version of Adolescents Self-Harm Scale (MASHS) were adopted to measure childhood maltreatment experiences, psychological resilience, and SH behaviors of the respondents, respectively. Binary univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were employed to discuss the associations between resilience and occurrence, repetition, severity of SH. Results Among the participants who met the criteria of CTQ, the prevalence rates of SH were 63.83%, 73.94%, 71.50%, 55.53%, and 58.21% for physical abuse (PA), emotional abuse (EA), sexual abuse (SA), physical neglect (PN), and emotional neglect (EN). Final regression model demonstrated that resilience was in general inversely associated with SH, repeated SH, and severe SH for all types of childhood maltreatment, with adjusted odds ratios (aORs) ranging from 0.29 (95% CI: 0.19-0.44) to 0.46 (95% CI: 0.26-0.81). Of the five dimensions of resilience, emotion regulation served as the strongest associated factor of SH among abused youths, regardless of maltreatment types. Besides, compared with those who had lower level of goal concentration and interpersonal assistance, subjects with higher resilience level reported significantly decreased risks of SH occurrence, SH repetition, and more severe SH, in adolescents who had experienced EA and PN. Conclusions Resilience showed inverse association with childhood maltreatment related SH in Chinese adolescents. These findings preliminarily indicated that interventions targeting on building up resilience, especially enhancing emotion regulation ability, improving goal concentration, and consolidating interpersonal assistance, could be effective in reducing SH risk, repetition, and severity in maltreated Chinese teenagers.
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Glaesmer, Heide, Philipp Kuwert, Elmar Braehler, and Marie Kaiser. "Childhood maltreatment in children born of occupation after WWII in Germany and its association with mental disorders." International Psychogeriatrics 29, no. 7 (April 4, 2017): 1147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610217000369.
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ABSTRACTBackground:Children born of war are a common phenomenon of conflict. In the aftermath of World War II, more than 200,000 German occupation children (GOC) were fathered by occupation soldiers and born to local women. GOC often grew up under difficult conditions and showed high prevalence rates of mental disorders even decades later.Methods:Experiences of childhood maltreatment and their association with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), depression, and somatization in GOC (N = 146) are investigated and compared with a representative birth-cohort-matched sample (BCMS) from the German general population (N = 920).Results:Outcomes show significantly higher prevalence rates of emotional abuse/neglect, physical, and sexual abuse in GOC compared to BCMS. All five subtypes of childhood maltreatment increase the risk of PTSD and somatoform syndrome; depressive syndromes are associated with emotional abuse/neglect and physical abuse. GOC were at high risk of childhood maltreatment.Conclusions:Findings underline the complex, long-term impact of developmental conditions and childhood maltreatment on mental disorders even decades later.
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Fenton, M. C., T. Geier, K. Keyes, A. E. Skodol, B. F. Grant, and D. S. Hasin. "Combined role of childhood maltreatment, family history, and gender in the risk for alcohol dependence." Psychological Medicine 43, no. 5 (August 10, 2012): 1045–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291712001729.
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BackgroundStudies of the relationship between childhood maltreatment and alcohol dependence have not controlled comprehensively for potential confounding by co-occurring maltreatments and other childhood trauma, or determined whether parental history of alcohol disorders operates synergistically with gender and maltreatment to produce alcohol dependence. We addressed these issues using national data.MethodFace-to-face surveys of 27 712 adult participants in a national survey.ResultsChildhood physical, emotional and sexual abuse, and physical neglect were associated with alcohol dependence (p<0.001), controlling for demographics, co-occurring maltreatments and other childhood trauma. Attributable proportions (APs) due to interaction between each maltreatment and parental history revealed significant synergistic relationships for physical abuse in the entire sample, and for sexual abuse and emotional neglect in women (APs, 0.21, 0.31, 0.26 respectively), indicating that the odds of alcohol dependence given both parental history and these maltreatments were significantly higher than the additive effect of each alone (p<0.05).ConclusionsChildhood maltreatments independently increased the risk of alcohol dependence. Importantly, results suggest a synergistic role of parental alcoholism: the effect of physical abuse on alcohol dependence may depend on parental history, while the effects of sexual abuse and emotional neglect may depend on parental history among women. Findings underscore the importance of early identification and prevention, particularly among those with a family history, and could guide genetic research and intervention development, e.g. programs to reduce the burden of childhood maltreatment may benefit from addressing the negative long-term effects of maltreatments, including potential alcohol problems, across a broad range of childhood environments.
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Bach, Suelen de Lima, Mariane Acosta Lopez Molina, Karen Jansen, Ricardo Azevedo da Silva, and Luciano Dias de Mattos Souza. "Suicide risk and childhood trauma in individuals diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder." Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 40, no. 3 (August 23, 2018): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2017-0101.
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Abstract Introduction Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) develops after exposure to a potentially traumatic event. Its clinical condition may lead to the development of risk behaviors, and its early detection is a relevant aspect to be considered. The aim of this study was to assess the association between childhood trauma and suicide risk in individuals with PTSD. Method This was a cross-sectional study conducted with individuals aged 18 to 60 years who were evaluated at a mental health research outpatient clinic. PTSD diagnosis and suicide risk identification were performed using specific modules of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI-Plus). The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) was used to evaluate traumatic events in childhood. Results Of the 917 individuals evaluated, 55 were diagnosed with PTSD. The suicide risk prevalence in individuals with PTSD was 63.6%. Emotional neglect and emotional abuse scores tended to be higher in the suicide risk group (p<0.2). Conclusion Our findings showed a higher prevalence of suicide risk in individuals with PTSD and support the hypothesis that the investigation of childhood traumatic experiences, especially emotional neglect and abuse, may help in the early detection of suicide risk in individuals with PTSD.
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Heitkemper, Margaret M., Kevin C. Cain, Robert L. Burr, Sang-Eun Jun, and Monica E. Jarrett. "Is Childhood Abuse or Neglect Associated With Symptom Reports and Physiological Measures in Women With Irritable Bowel Syndrome?" Biological Research For Nursing 13, no. 4 (December 30, 2010): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800410393274.
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Purpose. Early childhood traumatic experiences (e.g., abuse or neglect) may contribute to sleep disturbances as well as to other indicators of arousal in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). This study compared women with IBS positive for a history of childhood abuse and/or neglect to women with IBS without this history on daily gastrointestinal (GI), sleep, somatic, and psychological symptom distress, polysomnographic sleep, urine catecholamines (CAs) and cortisol, and nocturnal heart rate variability (HRV). Methods. Adult women with IBS recruited from the community were divided into two groups: 21 with abuse/neglect and 19 without abuse/neglect based on responses to the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ; physical, emotional, sexual abuse, or neglect). Women were interviewed, maintained a 30-day symptom diary, and slept in a sleep laboratory. Polysomnographic and nocturnal HRV data were obtained. First-voided urine samples were assayed for cortisol and CA levels. Results. Women with IBS positive for abuse/neglect history were older than women without this history. Among GI symptoms, only heartburn and nausea were significantly higher in women with abuse/neglect. Sleep, somatic, and psychological symptoms were significantly higher in women in the abuse/neglect group. With the exception of percentage of time in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, there were few differences in sleep-stage variables and urine hormone levels. Mean heart rate interval and the natural log of the standard deviation of RR intervals for the entire sleep interval (Ln SDNN) values were lower in those who experienced childhood abuse/neglect. Conclusion. Women with IBS who self-report childhood abuse/neglect are more likely to report disturbed sleep, somatic symptoms, and psychological distress. Women with IBS should be screened for adverse childhood events including abuse/neglect.
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Touchette, E., S. Servot, R. Lemieux, and N. Berthelot. "0859 Types Of Childhood Maltreatment And Sleep Regulation During Pregnancy." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.855.
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Abstract Introduction Pregnant women with history of childhood maltreatment would have around 2-fold increased odds of poor subjective sleep in comparison to pregnant women without history of trauma (Gelaye et al., 2015). Our aim was to evaluate whether different types of childhood maltreatment were associated with poorer subjective and objective sleep regulation during the second trimester of pregnancy. Methods Sleep regulation between 18-20 weeks of gestation was assessed in a sample of 55 expectant mothers, including 31 women exposed to childhood maltreatment. Three measures of sleep were administered: 7-day actigraph measures (Mini-Mitter/Respironics), 7-day sleep diary and the completion of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Childhood maltreatment was assessed using the Chilhood Trauma Questionnaire. Generalized linear regression models were used to examine the associations between sleep measures and types of childhood maltreatment after adjusting for confounding variables (e.g., maternal age, maternal wellbeing, education attainment and family income). Results Among the 31 participants with history of childhood maltreatment, 71% (n=22) reported emotional abuse, 26% (n=8) physical abuse, 39% (n=12) sexual abuse, 42% (n=13) emotional neglect and 65% (n=20) physical neglect. Pregnant women with childhood emotional abuse had around 2.8 higher score on PSQI in comparison to pregnant women without childhood emotional abuse (P<0.003). For objective sleep measures, pregnant women with childhood sexual abuse had around 1 hour less of nocturnal sleep (P<0.004), 30 minutes more nocturnal awakenings (P<0.03) and 6% less of sleep efficiency (P<0.01) compared with pregnant women without childhood sexual abuse. Conclusion Emotional abuse during childhood was associated with poorer perceived sleep quality during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy while childhood sexual abuse was particularly associated with objective measures of sleep regulation. Future larger studies are needed to confirm the impact of the different types of childhood maltreatment on maternal sleep quality during pregnancy. Support Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC, 2018-2020, Canada)
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Sahoo, Shalini, and Paul Sacco. "ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES AND ALCOHOL-IMPAIRED DRIVING IN LATER LIFE." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2549.
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Abstract Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are associated with a range of negative behavioral health outcomes in adulthood. Those with ACEs may use alcohol as a component of long-term coping, increasing risk of alcohol-impaired driving. Associations between ACEs and alcohol-impaired driving are relatively understudied. Using the 2012/2013 data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), logistic regression models examined the relationship between five types of ACEs (e.g. child abuse and neglect) and lifetime alcohol-impaired driving among a representative sample of American adults aged between 18 to 90 years (N = 36,309). ACEs were positively associated with lifetime alcohol-impaired driving for adults under age 50 (witnessed intimate partner violence (OR = 1.624, p < 0.001), physical abuse (OR = 1.723, p < 0.001), sexual abuse (OR = 1.651, p < 0.001), physical neglect (OR = 1.571, p < 0.001), and emotional neglect, (P > 0.05). We found similar positive associations between ACEs and impaired driving among adults aged 50 and over (witnessed intimate partner violence (OR = 1.398, p < 0.05), physical abuse (OR = 1.751, p < 0.001), sexual abuse (OR = 1.690, p < 0.001), physical neglect (OR = 1.455, p < 0.001), and emotional neglect, p > 0.05). Among adults under age 50, ACEs were associated with past-year alcohol-impaired driving, but this relationship was not seen in adults aged 50 and over. Findings suggest that the effect of ACEs on alcohol-impaired driving is in younger adulthood when alcohol use and driving occur most.
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Loureiro, Camila, Corsi-Zuelli Fabiana, Fachim Helene Aparecida, Shuhama Rosana, Menezes Paulo Rossi, Dalton F. Caroline, Del-Ben Cristina Marta, Gavin P. Reynolds, and Louzada-Junior Paulo. "S8. GRIN1 PROMOTER METHYLATION CHANGES IN BLOOD OF EARLY-ONSET PSYCHOTIC PATIENTS AND UNAFFECTED SIBLINGS WITH CHILDHOOD TRAUMA." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S32—S33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa031.074.
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Abstract Background Childhood trauma may lead to impairments in brain development and increases risk at psychiatric disorders. Evidence also suggests that childhood trauma may affect DNA methylation patterns consequently influencing gene expression (Tomassi et al., 2017). Some of this linking may be correlated with N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction, which plays a major role of central aspects of cognitive and negative features of schizophrenia (Lakhan et al., 2013). Specifically, the GRIN1 gene codes the biologically relevant NMDAR subunit involved in the synaptic plasticity which is expressed in a broad of non-neuronal cells (Hogan-Cann et al., 2016). Aims: We investigated DNA methylation in the promoter region of GRIN1 and LINE-1 methylation in first-episode psychosis patients (FEP), their unaffected siblings and community-based controls with and without childhood trauma. We also tested for correlations between GRIN1 methylation and NR1 concentrations in peripheral blood. Methods This study is a part of the epidemiological investigation that estimated the incidence of psychosis and the role of environmental and biological factors in psychosis aetiology in the catchment area of Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, from 1st April 2012 to 31st March 2015. The genomic DNA was extracted from blood of 60 FEP patients, 30 of their unaffected siblings and 60 age- and sex-matched community-based controls. Diagnosis and clinical characteristics were assessed using the DSM-IV (First et al., 1997; Del-Ben et al., 2001) and history of childhood trauma was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (Grassi-Oliverira et al., 2006). The genomic DNA was bisulfite converted and pyrosequencing was used to determine methylation levels in three CpGs sites of the GRIN1 gene and of LINE-1, as a measure of global methylation. NR1 plasma concentrations were measured using ELISA (MyBioSource, San Diego, USA). Data were analyzed using General Linear Model with post-hoc Bonferroni correction and Pearson’s correlations. Results Individuals, independent of groups, who had experienced childhood trauma presented higher levels of GRIN1 methylation than those without trauma (CpG1: p=0.004; CpG3: p=0.009). Moreover, individuals with physical neglect demonstrated GRIN1 hypermethylation in comparison to individuals without trauma (CpG1: p=0.027; CpG3: p=0.006). Specifically, siblings with emotional neglect presented increased GRIN1 methylation levels at CpG1 when compared with FEP patients and controls with emotional neglect (p=0.028; p=0.001, respectively) and in relation to siblings without trauma (p=0.004). Siblings with physical neglect also showed increased GRIN1 methylation levels at CpG1 when compared to FEP patients and controls with physical neglect (p=0.010; p=0.003, respectively) and in relation to siblings without physical neglect (p=0.001). Furthermore, FEP patients with emotional neglect showed increased GRIN1 methylation at CpG3 when compared to FEP patients without emotional neglect (p=0.010). No differences were observed in the LINE-1 methylation between individuals with or without childhood trauma. Discussion This is the first study demonstrating the association between DNA methylation in GRIN1 and childhood trauma in FEP patients, their unaffected siblings and community-based controls. In addition, the interaction between DNA methylation changes in GRIN1 and childhood trauma may be a predict factor of susceptibility for siblings. All these findings suggest evidence for NMDAR dysfunction in response to trauma, contributing the understanding of some of the epigenetics mechanisms by which early life stress affects the glutamatergic system.
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Grant, Kellie, and Fred Gravestock. "Speech and language impairment: A neglected issue for abused and neglected children." Children Australia 28, no. 4 (2003): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200005757.
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Speech and language impairment in the context of children who have experienced abuse and neglect is not well documented, with only a handful of controlled studies and research reviews on the relationships between maltreatment and children's communication development. More prevalent in the literature are reports on the deleterious effects of child abuse and neglect on overall childhood development, purporting effects on cognitive, affective, social and neurological development. However, the growth of communication skills is integral to a child's early development and is closely related to cognitive and social-emotional development. The experience of abuse and/or neglect has profound implications for a child's developing communication, supporting the inclusion of speech pathology in approaches to working with children and families in abusive and neglectful environments. This article reviews the literature on the relationship between communication development and childhood abuse and neglect. Data collected during the course of speech pathology intervention for abused and neglected children attending the Abused Child Trust's (Queensland) counselling service is also presented in order to highlight the need for the inclusion of this therapeutic modality in managing the developmental needs of this population of children.