Academic literature on the topic 'Childhood Emotional Neglect'

AbstractEfforts to differentiate between the developmental sequelae of childhood emotional abuse and childhood emotional neglect are critical to both research and practice efforts. As an oft-identified mechanism of the effects of child maltreatment on later adjustment, emotion dysregulation represents a key potential pathway. The present study explored a higher order factor model of specific emotion regulation skills, and the extent to which these skill sets would indicate distinct developmental pathways from unique emotional maltreatment experiences to multidomain adjustment. A sample of 500 ethnoracially diverse college students reported on their experiences. A two-factor model of emotion regulation skills based on subscales of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale was revealed. Significant indirect effects of childhood emotional abuse on psychopathology and problems in social relationships were found through response-focused difficulties in emotion regulation, whereas a significant indirect effect of childhood emotional neglect on problems in social relationships was found through antecedent-focused difficulties in emotion regulation. These results are consistent with theoretical models and empirical evidence suggesting differential effects of childhood emotional abuse and emotional neglect, and provide an important indication for developing targeted interventions focusing on specific higher order emotion dysregulation skill clusters.

Early Emotional Maltreatment (EEM) is a major risk factor for impairments in social functioning and mental health. EEM is one of the emotional neglects and it constitutes a major public health concern with devastating consequences to the individual and society as a whole. Based on this background the study adopted a qualitative approach and data was collected using unstructured interviews. The sample consisted participants from different social economic backgrounds aged between 10 to 46 years old. The study findings established that the emotional neglect occurs as parental rejection, feeling unloved, violence in the family, discrimination, emotionally unavailable parents, discovering the existence of a step family, separation/divorce just to mention a few. The EEM manifest in the individual’s daily life though unconsciously as anger outburst, resentment/hatred, bitterness, poor relations with the peers and parents, low self-confidence, cannot handle criticism, rebellion, poor academic performance, loneliness, mistrust, fear, feelings of inadequacy, drug and substance abuse and in extreme cases hopelessness, depression and suicidal tendencies. The study recommends empowerment of the children to accept themselves, express their thoughts and feelings, and create awareness among parents and caregivers to be responsive to children’s thoughts and feelings therefore promote holistic growth.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether high school students’ childhood trauma experiences differ based on individual differences, and whether childhood trauma experiences of adolescents predict empathic tendency and social problem solving. In this study, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Adolescent KA-Sİ Empathic Tendency Scale, and Social Problem Solving Inventory were used. Adolescents’ physical abuse, emotional abuse-neglect, and sexual abuse sub-dimensions of childhood trauma experience scores significantly differed based on gender. Adolescents’ physical abuse, emotional abuse-neglect sub dimensions of childhood trauma experience scores significantly differed based on father education-level, number of siblings and income- level of family. Adolescents’ emotional abuse-neglect sub dimension of childhood trauma experiences scores significantly differed based on mother education-level. Also physical abuse, emotional abuse-neglect sub dimensions of childhood trauma experiences predicted cognitive empathy whereas emotional abuse-neglect, sexual abuse sub dimensions of childhood trauma experiences predicted emotional empathy. The results also indicate that adolescents’ emotional abuse-neglect sub dimensions of childhood trauma experiences predicted sub dimensions of social problem solving.

The current study investigates the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV), childhood trauma, trait anxiety, depression, and anxious attachment in college students. Ninety-three male and 161 female undergraduate students at Fairfield University, ranging in age from 17 to 23, with a mean age of 18.8 years, participated. Participants completed five self-report inventories: The Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory (CADRI), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Adult Attachment Scale (AAS). IPV perpetration in college dating relationships was related to childhood emotional and physical abuse, emotional and physical neglect, and trait anxiety. IPV victimization in college dating relationships was related to childhood emotional and physical abuse, childhood emotional and physical neglect, and an anxious attachment style. IPV perpetration and victimization were also significantly correlated with one another. Subscale analyses suggest that childhood emotional abuse was related to being both the perpetrator and victim of verbal or emotional abuse in dating relationships. Childhood physical abuse, physical neglect, and emotional abuse were related to both perpetration and victimization of physical IPV. Threatening behavior perpetration in dating relationships was related to childhood emotional abuse, emotional neglect, physical abuse, and physical neglect; however, being the victim of threatening behavior was only related to childhood emotional abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect, not childhood physical abuse. These results support the relationship between childhood trauma and dating violence in college students. They also support a role for anxiety in IPV, although trait anxiety was related to perpetration and an anxious attachment style was correlated with IPV victimization. In addition, they suggest that different experiences of childhood trauma may relate to different aspects of IPV in college dating relationships.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the moderating effect of interpersonal skills on the relationship between childhood emotional trauma and depression. Methods: From June to July, 2017, a convenience sample of 226 nursing students was recruited. Research data were collected through self-report questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Results: 68.1% (154) respondents experienced emotional abuse, and 48.1% (110) emotional neglect in childhood emotional trauma. The average depression score was 10.76. There were 54.4% (123), 34.5% (78), 12.8% (29), and 7.1% (16) of respondents with mild, moderate, and severe depression, respectively. The average interpersonal skills score was 3.59. There was a significant correlation between childhood emotional trauma (emotional abuse, emotional neglect), interpersonal skills and depression. And the moderating effect of interpersonal skills on the relationship between childhood emotional neglect and depression was significant. Conclusion: Interpersonal skills play a role as a moderating variable influencing the relationship between emotional neglect of childhood emotional trauma and depression, and also reduce the effects of childhood emotional trauma on depression. When developing a depression prevention program for nursing college students, such programs should consider strategies to reduce the negative effects of childhood emotional trauma and to improve interpersonal skills.

Several studies have shown that child maltreatment is associated with both positive and negative effects on the recognition of facial emotions. Research has provided little evidence of a relation between maltreatment during childhood and young adults’ ability to recognize facial displays of emotion in children, an essential skill for a sensitive parental response. In this study, we examined the consequences of different forms of maltreatment experienced in childhood on emotion recognition during parenthood. Participants included sixty-three mothers of children aged 2 to 5 years. Retrospective self-reports of childhood maltreatment were assessed using the short form of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Emotion recognition was measured using a morphed facial emotion identification task of all six basic emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise). A Path Analysis via Structural Equation Model revealed that a history of physical abuse is related to a decreased ability to recognize both fear and sadness in children, whereas emotional abuse and sexual abuse are related to a decreased ability to recognize anger in children. In addition, emotional neglect is associated with an increased ability to recognize anger, whereas physical neglect is associated with less accuracy in recognizing happiness in children’s facial emotional expressions. These findings have important clinical implications and expand current understanding of the consequences of childhood maltreatment on parents’ ability to detect children’s needs.

The relationships among the severity of childhood abuse and neglect, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and adult obesity were investigated. 207 women ( M age = 26.5 yr., SD = 6.7) completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Millon Clinician Multiaxial Inventory, and a demographic questionnaire. Analyses of variance indicated that women who reported moderate-to-extreme emotional neglect ( n = 71) had significantly higher PTSD scores and increased BMI compared to women who reported low emotional neglect ( n = 84). Women who reported severe sexual or emotional abuse also had higher PTSD scores, but no relationship was found with BMI when other factors were controlled. Although PTSD scores and self-reported severity of childhood emotional neglect were strongly correlated ( r206 = .61, p < .001), PTSD was not found to be a mediating factor in obesity in women who reported childhood emotional neglect, although depression was.

Introduction Numerous authors associate child abuse with serious long-term consequences to the general and psychological well-being in particular. Clinical research to date reveals strong correlation between childhood abuse and neglect and anxiety disorders, especially panic disorder. Material and Methods This study was conducted in order to assess the level of emotional, physical and sexual childhood abuse as well as the physical and emotional childhood neglect in 40 adult patients suffering from panic disorder, diagnosed in accordance with the 10th International Classification of Disorders diagnostic criteria, compared with the control group of 40 healthy test subjects without a history of psychiatric disorders, using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. The severity of the clinical manifestation in patients with panic disorder was assessed using the Panic Disorder Severity Scale. Results and Discussion There were no significant differences between the groups as to the level of sexual abuse and physical neglect, whereas in the group of patients with panic disorder, the level of physical and emotional abuse was significantly higher, with emphasis on emotional neglect. With regards to the correlation between the severity of the clinical manifestation in patients with panic disorder and the severity of suffered abuse and neglect in childhood age, significant correlation was found in the physical and emotional abuse as well as emotional neglect. There was no significant correlation in the aspect of the physical neglect and sexual abuse. Conclusion Our research underlines the importance of childhood physical abuse, and especially emotional abuse and emotional neglect in the occurrence of panic disorder later in life.

Introduction. Recent research has drawn attention to the link between childhood maltreatment and schizophrenia. Child abuse and neglect may have an impact on symptoms and physical health in these patients. This association has not been studied to date in India.Materials and Methods. Clinically stable patients with schizophrenia (n=62) were assessed for childhood adversity using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. The association of specific forms of adversity with symptomatology and associated variables was examined.Results. Emotional abuse was reported by 56.5% patients and physical abuse by 33.9%; scores for childhood neglect were also high. Persecutory delusions were linked to physical abuse, while anxiety was linked to emotional neglect and depression to emotional abuse and childhood neglect. Physical abuse was linked to elevated systolic blood pressure, while emotional abuse and neglect in women were linked to being overweight.Conclusions. Childhood adversity is common in schizophrenia and appears to be associated with a specific symptom profile. Certain components of the metabolic syndrome also appear to be related to childhood adversity. These results are subject to certain limitations as they are derived from remitted patients, and no control group was used for measures of childhood adversity.

Objective: To examine the relationship between childhood trauma and dissociative experience in adulthood in patients with borderline personality disorder. Method: Dissociative experiences scale scores and subscale scores for the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire were correlated in 139 patients. Patients were dichotomized into high or low dissociators using the Median Dissociative Experiences Scale score as the cut-off. Results: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Subscale scores for emotional and physical abuse and emotional neglect but not sexual abuse correlated significantly with Dissociative Experiences Scale scores. High dissociators reported significantly greater levels of emotional abuse, physical abuse, emotional neglect and physical neglect but not sexual abuse than low dissociators. Conclusion: Patients with borderline personality disorder therefore demonstrated levels of dissociation that increased with levels of childhood trauma, supporting the hypothesis that traumatic childhood experiences engender dissociative symptoms later in life. Emotional abuse and neglect may be at least as important as physical and sexual abuse in the development of dissociative symptoms.

Emotional impairment can lead to emotional disorders or dysfunction. Childhood abuse or neglect can be used to predict disorders and dysfunction. Missing from the literature was research exploring a direct relationship between a history of abuse or neglect and future emotional impairment. This quasi-experimental study served to examine whether histories of childhood abuse or neglect can be used to predict future emotional impairment using the Mayer and Salovey model of emotional functioning. A community sample of 138 adults from rural Wyoming completed retrospective reports of childhood trauma and current measures of emotional functioning, and 42% of the sample reported a history of childhood emotional abuse. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated childhood emotional abuse was not a valid predictor of impaired emotional functioning, while the covariates of physical neglect and sexual abuse were significant predictors. A history of childhood physical neglect could be used to predict lower measures in emotional understanding and global emotional functioning, while sexual abuse in males could be used to predict lower measures in emotional regulation and global emotional functioning. The new knowledge that childhood abuse or neglect can impair emotional functioning during adulthood provides a pathway for researchers to further explore the detrimental impact of childhood abuse and neglect on emotional functioning during the developmental years. In addition, for those individuals with a history of childhood abuse or neglect, positive social change may stem from gains in emotional understanding, emotional regulation, and global emotional functioning through improved interventions, preventative methods, and efficacious treatments.

Objectives: To determine if emotion regulation mediates the link between emotional maltreatment and disordered eating behaviour in a community sample of adolescents. Design and method: Participants were 222 secondary school pupils (aged 14-18 years) from a state high school in a rural area in Scotland. Standardised questionnaire measures were used to gather data on history of emotional abuse and neglect using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), emotion regulation strategies using the Regulation of Emotions Questionnaire (REQ) and subclinical disordered eating behaviour using the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) and the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ). Pearson correlation and multiple mediation analyses were conducted to determine significant relationships and to identify whether dysfunctional emotion regulation was a mediator of the relationship between emotional maltreatment and disordered eating behaviour. Results: Multiple mediation analyses found both emotional abuse and emotional neglect to have a significant direct relationship with EAT-26 total score and DEBQ restraint scores - mediated by internal dysfunctional emotion regulation (with external dysfunctional emotion regulation also being a significant mediator in the analysis with emotional neglect and EAT-26 total). The direct relationship between emotional abuse/neglect and DEBQ emotional eating scores was non-significant, although a specific indirect effect through internal dysfunctional emotion regulation was observed. Conclusions: To the best of the author‟s knowledge, this is the first study which has looked at history of emotional maltreatment and disordered eating behaviour focussing on the influence of emotion regulation in particular. Results were indicative of significant indirect effects between emotional abuse and neglect and all measures of disordered eating through internal dysfunctional emotion regulation. Findings suggest the role of emotion regulation warrants further study in the research on childhood maltreatment and disordered eating behaviour.

This study investigated the relationship between maternal childhood experience of emotional abuse (CEA) and/or emotional neglect (CEN) and subsequent second-generation parenting outcomes. A systematic review of the literature was carried out, with twelve studies included for review. Evidence was found of a relationship between maternal experience of CEA/CEN and a negative impact on the subsequent parent-child relationship and parenting behaviours; including greater dysfunctional parent-child interactions, lower empathy, greater psychological control, greater child maltreatment potential and punitiveness. Evidence in relation to the impact on parenting competence was less robust. For practitioners, these findings highlight the importance of considering maternal childhood experiences when working with parents and when attempting to make sense of children's difficulties. Methodological weaknesses were highlighted and recommendations for future research made. Secondly, a cross-sectional study was carried out which explored whether early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) mediated the relationship between maternal CEA/CEN and attributions of perceived control over failure (PCF) in child care-giving interactions. Mothers (N=111) completed five self-report questionnaires in relation to the above. Multiple mediation analyses using bias corrected bootstrapping were carried out. In line with expectations, significant relationships were found between both CEA and CEN and EMSs. CEN also demonstrated both a direct and indirect effect on PCF score, via the EMSs Social Isolation/Alienation. However, the indirect effect was in the opposite direction to that predicted. No other indirect effects were found. CEA demonstrated neither a direct effect on PCF, nor an indirect effect via any of the EMSs. Results are discussed in the context of current research.

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship between Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) symptoms and childhood experiences, and to explore the role of Early Maladaptive Schemas and core beliefs as variables possibly mediating this relationship. Previous research with clinical samples has established a strong link between childhood maltreatment and adult BPD (& other PD) symptoms in clinical samples. However, difficulties with these studies limit the specificity of results. For example, BPD has been shown to be highly comorbid with other axis I and axis II psychiatric conditions. Given that studies examining the relationship between BPD and childhood maltreatment generally fail to control for these comorbid conditions, the specificity of their results must be questioned. Furthermore, it has been well established that childhood familial environment is strongly related to childhood maltreatment. Again studies examining the relationship between BPD and childhood maltreatment have generally failed to concurrently assess childhood familial environments, hence opening the possibility that the relationship between BPD and childhood maltreatment may be due to family functioning rather than childhood maltreatment per se. Finally, studies linking childhood maltreatment with adult BPD have primarily utilized clinical samples. However, the primary use of clinical samples to examine the aetiology of disorders in this context ignores the vast literature showing adequate psychological functio ning for the majority of individuals exposed to childhood maltreatment. Hence, the primary aim of the current study was to examine the relationship between childhood maltreatment and adult BPD symptoms in a primarily non-clinical sample whilst statistically controlling for commonly comorbid axis I and axis II symptomatology and concurrently measuring childhood familial functioning. It was a secondary aim of the current study to examine the mediating effects of beliefs on the relationship between childhood factors (i.e., childhood maltreatment & childhood familial functioning) and adult BPD symptomatology. That is, cognitive-behavioural theorists argue that personality disorders may be triggered by adverse childhood experiences leading to maladaptive beliefs (or schemas) related to the self, others, and the world, and it is these beliefs which lead to the behavioural disturbances evident in personality disorders. One hundred and eighty-five primarily non-clinical participants completed questionnaires measuring a variety of axis I and axis II symptoms, early maladaptive schemas and core beliefs, as well as retrospective reports of family functioning and childhood maltreatment. Results showed a significant relationship between childhood factors and adult BPD symptomatology. For example, the largest correlation between BPD symptoms and a childhood factor was .27 (for childhood emotional abuse). Furthermore, early maladaptive schemas and core beliefs were found to mediate the relationship between childhood factors and adult BPD symptomatology thus supporting cognitive-behavioural theories of personality disorders. However, early maladaptive schemas and core beliefs were also found to mediate the relationship between childhood factors and other Axis I and Axis II symptoms. Hence, it was concluded that while there was some support for a cognitive mediation hypothesis for BPD symptoms, future research is needed in exploring the specificity of the cognitive mediation hypothesis for BPD.

Introdução: A dor pélvica crônica é uma condição clínica de elevada prevalência, cuja compreensão da fisiopatologia envolvida, ainda é parcial. A IASP (International Association for Study of Pain) define DPC como: dor crônica ou persistente percebida em estruturas relacionadas à pelve (sistema digestório, urinário, genital, miofascial ou neurológico), frequentemente associada com consequências emocionais, sexuais, comportamentais e cognitivas negativas, assim como com sintomas sugestivos de disfunções daqueles sistemas. Incluem-se tanto dor cíclica, como dismenorreia, quanto acíclica. Do ponto de vista temporal, considera-se crônica, via de regra, quando a duração é igual ou superior a seis meses (http://www.iasp-pain.org/files/Content/ContentFolders/Publications2/ClassificationofChronicPain/Part_II-F.pdf; acessado em 13 de novembro de 2014). Está associada a diversas comorbidades e impacto conjugal, social e econômico desfavorável. Embora sugestivo, não temos dados objetivos de países em desenvolvimento sobre a associação de maus tratos sofridos na infância com dor pélvica crônica e sua relação com sintomas de ansiedade e depressão. Objetivos: Investigar a prevalência de maus tratos na infância em mulheres com dor pélvica crônica e sua correlação com os transtornos do humor. Casuísticas e Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo do tipo transversal, no qual foram incluídas 77 mulheres com DPC atendidas consecutivamente em um ambulatório especializado de dor pélvica crônica. Optamos também por avaliar um grupo de 77 mulheres saudáveis atendidas no ambulatório de ginecologia geral. Utilizamos o Questionário Sobre Traumas na Infância (QUESI) para avaliar a prevalência de maus tratos gerais e específicos, enquanto que os escores de risco para ansiedade e depressão foram obtidos pela Escala de Medida de Ansiedade e Depressão Hospitalar (HAD) e a intensidade de dor foi avaliada a partir da Escala Analógica Visual (EVA). A análise estatística dos dados se deu pelo teste DAgostino para averiguar se as variáveis contínuas apresentavam distribuição normal. Optamos por avaliarmos a diferença entre os grupos através do teste de Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) e a análise de diferenças entre proporções utilizamos o teste Qui-Quadrado. Para atingir o objetivo foi proposto uma análise de correspondência múltipla Foi utilizado a plataforma multivariada para avaliar a correlação entre o QUESI e os escores de ansiedade e depressão com estimativa de robustez para não considerar eventuais outliers. Resultados: A prevalência de maus tratos na infância foram 77,9% e 64,9%, respectivamente para mulheres com e sem DPC (p = 0.05). Em relação a exposição a 3 e/ou 4 eventos múltiplos de maus tratos na infância, obtivemos as seguintes prevalências para as mulheres com e sem DPC, respectivamente: 23,4% e 15,6% (p= 0.05); 18,2% e 10,4% (p= 0.03). A prevalência de abuso sexual, abuso físico, abuso emocional, negligência física e negligência emocional, respectivamente para mulheres com DPC e saudáveis, foram: 29,9% e 20,8% (p= 0.19); 45,4% e 31,2% (p= 0.07); 48% e 35,1% (p= 0.10); 58,4% e 44,1% (p= 0.08) e 58,4% e 41,5% (p= 0.04). Somente o subtipo negligência emocional apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa. A prevalência de sintomas significativos de ansiedade e depressão nos grupos com dor e controle foram respectivamente: 55,8% (43/77) e 40,2% (31/77) (p= 0.05); 45,4% (35/77) e 23,4% (18/77) (p= <0.01). Quando correlacionamos os dados obtidos nos instrumentos QUESI e HAD no grupo de DPC e controle, observamos uma correlação positiva entre elas, porém não identificamos a mesma correlação nos subtipos abuso sexual (HAD-D) e negligência física (HAD-A) no grupo controle. A análise de correspondência múltipla mostra uma correspondência entre presença de dor pélvica crônica e raça (cor não branca) e escolaridade abaixo de 10 anos; e correspondência entre sintomas significativos de ansiedade e depressão com múltiplos maus tratos (mais que dois ou três) e, especificamente com negligência emocional, abuso emocional, abuso físico e abuso sexual. Conclusões: Mulheres com DPC apresentam índices de negligência emocional maiores que o grupo de mulheres saudáveis e maiores indices de risco de transtornos de humor específicos quando correlacionados ambos instrumentos. Pacientes com DPC apresetaram sintomas de depressão e ausência de atividade laboral remunerada que se associam de modo independente, sendo fatores de riscos que podem levar, à longo prazo, o desenvolvimento de DPC na população feminina.
Background: Chronic pelvic pain is a clinical condition of high prevalence, whose understanding of the pathophysiology involved, is still partial. IASP (International Association for the Study of Pain) define CPP as chronic or persistent pain perceived in the pelvis related structures (digestive system, urinary, genital, myofascial or neurological), often associated with emotional, sexual, behavioral and cognitive negative consequences, as well as with symptoms suggestive of dysfunction of those systems. Include both cyclic pain, such as dysmenorrhoea, the acyclic. The time point of view, it is considered chronic, as a rule, when the duration is less than six months (http://www.iasp-pain.org/files/Content/ContentFolders/Publications2/ClassificationofChronicPain/Part_II-F.pdf; accessed on November 13, 2014). Is associated with several comorbidities and marital impact, social and economic unfavorable. Although suggestive, we have no objective data from developing countries on the involvement of abuse suffered in childhood with chronic pelvic pain and its association with symptoms of anxiety and depression. Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of child maltreatment in women with chronic pelvic pain and its correlation with mood disorders. Patients and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study, in which were included 77 women with CPP seen consecutively in an outpatient clinic for chronic pelvic pain. We chose also evaluate a group of 77 healthy women attended the general gynecology outpatient clinic. We use the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (QUESI) to assess the prevalence of poor general and specific treatment, while the risk scores for anxiety and depression were obtained by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Rating Scale (HAD) and pain intensity was evaluated from the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Statistical analysis of data was by D\'Agostino test to see if continuous variables normally distributed. We chose to evaluate the difference between the groups using the Wilcoxon test (Mann-Whitney) test and the analysis of differences between proportions used the chi-square test. To achieve the goal has been proposed a multiple correspondence analysis. We used multivariate platform to evaluate the correlation between the QUESI and the scores of anxiety and depression with robustness estimated not to consider any outliers. Results: The prevalence of childhood maltreatment were 77.9% and 64.9% respectively for women with and without CPP (p = 0.05). Regarding exposure to 3 and / or 4 multiple events of childhood maltreatment, we obtained the following rates for women with and without CPP, respectively: 23.4% and 15.6% (p = 0.05); 18.2% and 10.4% (P = 0.03). The prevalence of sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect and emotional neglect, respectively for women with CPP and healthy, were 29.9% and 20.8% (p = 0.19); 45.4% and 31.2% (p = 0.07); 48% and 35.1% (p = 0.10); 58.4% and 44.1% (p = 0.08) and 58.4% and 41.5% (P = 0.04). Only the emotional neglect subtype showed a statistically significant difference. The prevalence of significant symptoms of anxiety and depression in groups with pain control and were, respectively, 55.8% (43/77) and 40.2% (31/77) (p = 0:05); 45.4% (35/77) and 23.4% (18/77) (p = <0.01). When we correlate the data from the instruments QUESI and HAD in CPS and control groups, we observed a positive correlation between them, but did not identify the same correlation in subtypes sexual abuse (HAD-D) and physical neglect (HAD-A) in the control group. Multiple correspondence analysis shows a correlation between the presence of chronic pelvic pain and race (non-white) and schooling below 10 years; and correspondence between significant symptoms of anxiety and depression with multiple abuse (more than two or three) and specifically with emotional neglect, emotional abuse, physical abuse and sexual abuse. Conclusions: Women with CPP have higher emotional neglect rates that the group of healthy women and higher indices of risk specific mood disorders when correlated both instruments. Patients with CPP show symptoms of depression and lack of paid work activity that are associated independently, and risk factors that can lead in the long run, the CPP development in the female population.

Impairments in aspects of social cognition have been found in children who have experienced maltreatment; however, the long-term impact of childhood maltreatment on social cognition is less well understood. This study examined areas of social cognition that may be associated with poor psychological, social, and emotional outcomes in adults who have experienced intra-familial childhood maltreatment. In a sample of university students (N = 68), childhood maltreatment was associated with social cognitive impairment in two models of emotional intelligence (EI), trait EI and ability EI, and advanced theory of mind (ToM). Higher frequency and severity of specific subtypes of childhood maltreatment predicted lower trait EI, ability EI, and ToM. In particular, neglect predicted lower ToM and ability EI scores. Psychological abuse alone predicted lower trait EI while physical abuse was not a significant predictor for any of the social-cognitive variables. Further, the data showed maternal vs. paternal maltreatment predicted specific social cognitive outcomes. Understanding the relationship between social cognitive deficits and intra-familial maltreatment may guide clinical and community assessment and treatment approaches, as well as provide information on the pervasive and continuing impact of childhood maltreatment.
February 2017

碩士
大葉大學
教育專業發展研究所
107
The main purpose of this study was to explore the role and association of important variables such as adolescent childhood emotional neglect and resilience related factors. The specific purpose is to test the predictive effects of different background variables and experience variables, and the impact of childhood emotional neglect on adolescent resilience. This study adopts the questionnaire survey method. The official samples are taken from high school students and middle school students in New Taipei City and Taoyuan City, Taiwan. There are 406 high school students and middle school students, including 218 boys and 188 girls. This study uses two scales as the testing tools, including the "Childhood Emotional Neglect Scale" and "Adolescent Resilience Scale ". After finishing the collection of data, the statistical software SPSS 20.0 was applied to process item analysis, independent sample t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple stepwise regression analysis.This study was achieved the following results: First, the national high school of background change has some significant differences in the factors such as adolescent childhood emotional neglect and resilience. Second, childhood emotional neglect is partially related to adolescent resilience. Third, childhood emotional neglect has some significant predictive power on adolescent resilience. This study provides recommendations for school counseling and future researchers for reference by teenagers, parents, school teachers, and educational administrators.

Text in English
The rationale for the study was to investigate the symbiotic connection of trauma and addiction. The focus is on childhood trauma and the turn to addictive practices to quell the memories and experiences endured as children. Chapter One discusses the methodology regarding the approach of the study and includes an introductory literature review of the phenomena. Additional literature is included in the ensuing chapters. A personal account of the motivation behind the research is chronicled in Chapter Two. In this chapter, I share with the readers my personal experiences around trauma and addiction in my family of origin. The notion of the blending of trauma and addiction is the focus of Chapter Three. It includes the approach to treatment of trauma and addiction as well as addiction counsellor training in the South African context. The storied lives of the participants and their experiences of trauma and addiction are encapsulated in Chapter Four. Finally, Chapter Five rounds off the study with the analyses of the narratives of the unique individuals who contributed to this research undertaking.
Psychology
M.A. (Psychology)

This book explores an important and neglected dimension of the history of the family in Elizabethan and Stuart England. It demonstrates the importance of sibling relationships, across all levels of society, and investigates their nature both in childhood and throughout adult life. While close bonds and bitter rivalries between siblings have always existed, many aspects of the relationship reflect the particular circumstances and values of the period and place. How far did parents favour the firstborn, and sons over daughters? How did this influence relationships between children? The practice of primogeniture, widespread among the gentry and middling sort, raised the important issue of reciprocal rights and responsibilities between heirs and siblings. Contemporaries largely agreed on ideals, but in practice primogeniture proved highly contentious. Disgruntled younger brothers feature prominently in both contemporary drama and the historical record. The high levels of mortality and remarriage led to many families containing half-siblings or step-siblings, creating further problems of adjustment for both adults and children. The Reformation also created new problems of religious discord, which sometimes divided parents from children and siblings from each other. All these issues are explored thematically in Part 1. Part II investigates them further through a series of vivid sibling case studies, drawing on autobiographical evidence and letters. Familiar figures such as Samuel Pepys appear in a new light, while other chapters explore the intense emotional lives of Dorothy Osborne and her brother; and the families of a Lancashire tradesman, a Plymouth surgeon, and a Somerset excise collector.

There are five main types of childhood trauma: physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect. Since childhood trauma can affect the child’s health and well-being even long after the trauma has occurred, it is essential for social workers to be able to categorize the trauma to develop better interventions that will help prevent long-term traumatic effects. However, it is also important to understand the three major manifestations a trauma can take form of in children. Childhood trauma can cause, influence, or exacerbate how people cope with mental illness. It can increase the risk of developing risky, addictive, or criminogenic behavior like substance abuse later in life. Trauma can also harmfully affect a child’s development, resulting in negative life outcomes. Social workers need to be able to implement trauma-informed care programs while also making use of the findings about the relationship between neuroscience and childhood trauma for further practice.

Childhood trauma is as American as apple pie. The statistics are sobering. In 2018, more than 673,000 children were victims of abuse or neglect. This chapter will explore adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in detail, relating how these past experiences could affect current student behavior. A case study will be used to illustrate the issues that teachers face in their classrooms. Research shows that trauma affects the brain and subsequently how people act and/or react. Emotional regulation, behavioral control, and cognitive processes that are affected by trauma will be explored. Further, this chapter will raise the issues of racial disproportionality in identification and labeling of behavioral disorders and recommendations for special education among students who may have been exposed to trauma. Lastly, recommendations for best practice will be outlined to support educators in the field.

Adolescence, the second decade of life, is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood marked by rapid changes, which are physical, social, and psychological in nature. Of the 12 million girls born in India every year, 1.5 million girls die before the age of one and one out of every four does not live to celebrate her fifteenth birthday due to gender discrimination and gross neglect. This can be linked to neglect of females as infants, as children, as adolescents, and as mothers. Impaired mental and emotional health is a precursor or consequence of many health-risk behaviors such as physical, sexual, social, or emotional abuse. These dilemmas arise out of everyday issues like peer influence, dating identity, emerging sexuality, independence, separation, identity crises, anxiety, and responsibility as well as more serious ones like violent behavior, experimental sex, teenage suicides, and other health-related disorders.

At baseline, borderline patients reported higher rates of adult rape and physical assault by a partner than Axis II comparison subjects. Four risk factors were found to significantly predict whether borderline patients had an adult history of being a victim of physical and/or sexual violence before their index admission: female gender, a substance use disorder that began before the age of 18, childhood sexual abuse, and emotional withdrawal by a caretaker (a form of neglect). At six-year and 10-year follow-up, borderline patients reported higher rates of being verbally, emotionally, physically, and sexually abused or assaulted than did Axis II comparison subjects. However, each of these forms of abuse declined significantly over time. The clinical implications of these prevalence and predictive findings are discussed.

The black and Latina women who migrate to the coal region leave behind traumatic histories—stories of early childhood abuse and neglect, poverty, extreme neighborhood violence, and drug abuse. Upon arrival, these women face accusations that they are unfit mothers, have poor work ethics, and are undeserving of government aid. They nonetheless fight to get a fleeting shot at opportunities for their children that they themselves never had. These women encounter multiple predatory institutions waiting to take advantage of their optimism. Through small, everyday acts of civic engagement, they hold the police, their neighbors, local businesses, and schools accountable for their loved ones’ futures. Living a life of emotional turmoil, relationship flux, racial hostility, and poverty, however, leaves these women emotionally raw, deeply distrustful, and physically depleted. They can devote themselves only to their immediate kinship circles, determined to heal themselves on their own.

This chapter provides an extended case example of a 21 session treatment of a patient with TFPP. Pablo, a 27-year-old mixed Latino male Army Veteran who served in Afghanistan, presented with generalized anxiety, severe separation anxiety, and PTSD. In addition to his severe anxiety, panic attacks, hypervigilance, nightmares, and intrusive memories, Pablo complained of being in a “fog.” Symptoms began when a Humvee exploded next to Pablo. The therapist noted the patient’s description of feeling “trapped in a foxhole” with his painful memories of abuse and neglect in childhood and anger in current relationships. The therapist helped Pablo understand that he directed this anger toward himself, seeing himself as bad or inadequate, accepting his attackers’ view of him. The therapist linked the emotional impact of the Humvee explosion to a familiar set of anxieties and concerns following certain childhood experiences, and helped Pablo see how the pain of his early relationships and losses shaped his current fears and relationship choices. In the course of TFPP, Pablo became more comfortable expressing his anger and fears about his childhood, his military trauma and his current relationships. Symptoms and defenses and their origins and meanings were understood in the context of the relationship Pablo’s with his therapist (the transference). At termination Pablo was significantly improved; he no longer met DSM criteria for PTSD or other anxiety disorders. He felt much less affected by the “fog” and more capable of addressing problems in his life and moving forward with his goals and desires.

This chapter offers a wide overview of the most prominent findings regarding child sexual abuse (CSA), and suggestions for providing support and intervening appropriately in schools. Studies show that one out of 8 adults was sexually abused during childhood or teenage years, which confirms that CSA is a widespread type of maltreatment. CSA is a substantial risk factor in the development of a host of short and long-term negative consequences, including school-related problems and mental health difficulties. Intervention strategies are now well established in the field, along with school-based prevention programs that have been shown to be effective in increasing student’s knowledge on CSA and self-protection skills, although there is little evidence that primary prevention programs do prevent CSA from occurring in the first place. This chapter will highlight research findings that speak to teachers’ knowledge and perceived ability to intervene among CSA victims, and to the disclosure processes in the context of school settings. For a more comprehensive understanding of child maltreatment and the range of educational supports, readers are encouraged to also review Chapters 14 (neglect) and 15 (physical and emotional abuse).

Adverse experiences in childhood include negative events directed toward the child, including abuse, mistreatment, or neglect, as well as indirect events such as family conflict, parental distress, and community disadvantage. All these events can disrupt normative development and may lead to maladaptive sexual outcomes in emerging adulthood. This chapter explores the links between experiences of childhood adversity and maladaptive sexual outcomes in emerging adulthood, including engagement in high-risk sexual activities and negative sexual health outcomes. Underlying processes that have been theorized to account for these effects are discussed, especially the role of cumulative stress and emotion dysregulation. The implications of the research findings for promoting sexual health are considered, and future research directions are proposed.

Each year an estimated one billion children (one out of two children worldwide) suffer some form of physical, sexual or psychological violence or neglect (Hillis, Mercy, Amobi, & Kress, 2016). Being a victim of violence in childhood has lifelong impacts on education, health, and well-being. Exposure to violence can lead to poor academic performance due to cognitive, emotional, and social problems (WHO, 2019). The right of the child to freedom from all forms of violence is affirmed by the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, in its General Comment No. 13 (UNCRC, 2011). Moreover, the Sustainable Development Goals contain a clear call to eliminate violence against children, most explicitly in Target 16.2 (UN, 2015). Many efforts have been made globally to achieve these goals. Schools have been identified as one of the crucial contexts for conducting violence prevention efforts. They offer an important space where children, teachers and educators can learn and adopt pro-social behaviors that can contribute to preventing violence (WHO, et al., 2016). Teachers can play a key role, helping to build a “violence-free world” (UNESCO, WHO, UNICEF, End Violence Against Children, 2020), both by promoting positive relationships and by identifying signs of violence early. In fact, while international strategies provide a necessary framework for the promotion and protection of children's rights, it is the people who can make a difference in the prevention and detection of violence against children (Biffi, 2018). Based on these premises, the paper will focus on how teacher training can help prevent, report and address violence against children. Teachers are often not trained on this: some of them know the contents, but have doubts about how to deal with certain situations. Teachers should learn what to do with students who have gone through a traumatic experience because children choose someone who can see and recognize them (Miller, 1979, En. transl. 1995; Miller, 1980, En. transl. 1983). To be able to really recognize the child, a training course with teachers is necessary, to raise awareness and help them see the signals that children send (The Alliance for Child Protection in Humanitarian Action, End Violence Against Children, UNICEF, WHO, 2020). This paper, through literature and presentation of a training course with teachers in Italy, will offer a pedagogical reflection on teacher training in the prevention, reporting and addressing of violence against children, in order to start building a common shared strategy.