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1
Thompson, Anne E., and Carole A. Kaplan. "Childhood Emotional Abuse." British Journal of Psychiatry 168, no. 2 (February 1996): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.168.2.143.
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BackgroundThe assessment and management of childhood emotional abuse is of increasing importance in psychiatric practice. At present there are no consensus views about the definition of emotional abuse and information from research is limited.MethodInformation about emotional abuse from the medical, psychological, social science and legal literature is summarised. Definitions and proposed mechanisms of damage are discussed. Current research data and an overview of childhood and adult sequelae are presented. Proposals for clinical and medico-legal practice are made.ResultsTheoretical models of emotional abuse and its consequences are derived from theories of childhood psychological development. Empirical research is beginning to show that emotional abuse may have a profound effect on aspects of psychological development in children.ConclusionsThe developmental theories and methods of assessment well established in psychiatry are useful approaches to the clinical assessment and further understanding of emotional abuse.
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Madu, S. N. "Prevalence of Child Psychological, Physical, Emotional, and Ritualistic Abuse among High School Students in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa." Psychological Reports 89, no. 2 (October 2001): 431–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2001.89.2.431.
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Based on self-reports the prevalence during childhood of psychological, physical, emotional, and ritualistic abuse among 559 high school students in Standards 7, 8, 9, and 10 of three high schools in the Mpumalanga Province of South Africa was examined. The questionnaire asked for the demographic information and experiences of psychological, physical, and emotional abuse by their parents or adult caretakers as well as ritualistic abusive experiences before they were 17 years of age plus an estimate of self-perceived abuse during childhood and an overall rating of their own childhood. Analysis showed the self-reported prevalence rates to be as follows: 70.7% psychologically abused (but 14.4% for extreme cases), 27.0% physically abused, 35.3% emotionally abused, and 10.0% ritualistically abused. 13.4% of those who reported themselves as psychologically abused, 20.7% of the physically abused, 19.3% of the emotionally abused, and 35.8% of the ritualistically abused perceive themselves as not abused in any form during childhood. Yet, of the psychologically abused 23.4%, of the physically abused 18.2%, of the emotionally abused 22.0%, and of the ritualistically abused 28.3% rated their childhood as ‘very unhappy’. It appears these various forms of abuse are experienced by the participants as widespread, suggesting that a much more serious problem may exist than has been recognised. More research into those forms of child abuse in this Province and elsewhere is needed for a clear appreciation of the problems and the effects of such abuse in children's behavior.
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Jung, Hyunzee, Todd I. Herrenkohl, Jungeun Olivia Lee, J. Bart Klika, and Martie L. Skinner. "Effects of Physical and Emotional Child Abuse and Its Chronicity on Crime Into Adulthood." Violence and Victims 30, no. 6 (2015): 1004–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-14-00071.
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Analyses tested hypotheses that pertain to direct and indirect effects of parent-reported physical and emotional abuse on later self-reported criminal behavior in a sample of 356 adults of a longitudinal study of more than 30 years. Childhood antisocial behavior was included in analyses as a potential mediator. Physical abuse only predicted adult crime indirectly through childhood antisocial behavior, whereas emotional abuse predicted adult outcome both directly and indirectly. Chronicity of physical abuse was indirectly related to later crime in a subsample test for those who had been physically abused (n = 318), whereas chronicity of emotional abuse was neither directly nor indirectly related to adult crime in a test of those who had been emotionally abused (n = 225). Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
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Pederson, Cathy L., Daniel R. Vanhorn, Josephine F. Wilson, Lisa M. Martorano, Jana M. Venema, and Sarah M. Kennedy. "Childhood Abuse Related to Nicotine, Illicit and Prescription Drug use by Women: Pilot Study." Psychological Reports 103, no. 2 (October 2008): 459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.103.2.459-466.
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A sample of 811 women ages 18 to 59 ( M = 26.0, SD=6.5) responded to an advertisement by telephone. Inquiries were made about childhood abuse status and adult use of alcohol, nicotine, and prescription and illicit drugs. Significant associations were noted for reported sexual, physical, and emotional childhood abuse with use of nicotine, marijuana, and antidepressants in adulthood. Reported childhood physical and emotional abuses were also significantly associated with use of cocaine and anxiolytics, and sexual abuse with antipsychotic use in adulthood. Only childhood emotional abuse was associated with the use of sleeping pills. Number of types of abuse was significantly related with use of nicotine, marijuana, cocaine, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and anxiolytics. Alcohol use was not related to any type of abuse. The long-term effects of childhood emotional abuse may be just as severe as physical or sexual abuse.
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Al-Modallal, Hanan, Hasan Al-Omari, Shaher Hamaideh, and Tariq Shehab. "Childhood Domestic Violence as an Ancestor for Adulthood Mental Health Problems: Experiences of Jordanian Women." Family Journal 28, no. 4 (March 18, 2020): 390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066480720909845.
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This study was conducted to explore the relationship between women’s history of experiencing different types of abuse during childhood and development of mental health problems in adulthood. A convenience sample of 409 women recruited from health care centers in Jordan provided data for the study. One-way between-groups multivariate analysis of variance was implemented. Results indicated absence of statistically significant differences in mental health problems between physically abused and sexually abused women compared to their counterparts. Further, a statistically significant difference in mental health was found between women who experienced emotional abuse and childhood neglect compared to their counterparts (Wilks’ lambda for emotional abuse = .914, p < .0001; Wilks’ lambda for childhood neglect = .83, p < .0001). Between-groups comparisons using Bonferroni adjustment indicated that all dependent variables (depression, anxiety, stress, and self-esteem) differed significantly between emotionally and nonemotionally abused women and between neglected and nonneglected women. It was concluded that not all childhood abuse experiences lead to long-term impacts on women’s mental health. However, mental health consequences of childhood abuse may alter women’s obligations toward family, children, and home. Therefore, efforts directed toward assessing women’s history of childhood abuse are very important especially for those who are starting a marital relationship.
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Berzenski, Sara R. "Distinct emotion regulation skills explain psychopathology and problems in social relationships following childhood emotional abuse and neglect." Development and Psychopathology 31, no. 02 (March 22, 2018): 483–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579418000020.
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AbstractEfforts to differentiate between the developmental sequelae of childhood emotional abuse and childhood emotional neglect are critical to both research and practice efforts. As an oft-identified mechanism of the effects of child maltreatment on later adjustment, emotion dysregulation represents a key potential pathway. The present study explored a higher order factor model of specific emotion regulation skills, and the extent to which these skill sets would indicate distinct developmental pathways from unique emotional maltreatment experiences to multidomain adjustment. A sample of 500 ethnoracially diverse college students reported on their experiences. A two-factor model of emotion regulation skills based on subscales of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale was revealed. Significant indirect effects of childhood emotional abuse on psychopathology and problems in social relationships were found through response-focused difficulties in emotion regulation, whereas a significant indirect effect of childhood emotional neglect on problems in social relationships was found through antecedent-focused difficulties in emotion regulation. These results are consistent with theoretical models and empirical evidence suggesting differential effects of childhood emotional abuse and emotional neglect, and provide an important indication for developing targeted interventions focusing on specific higher order emotion dysregulation skill clusters.
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Dereli İman, Esra. "The relationship between adolescents’ childhood trauma experiences and empathetic tendency, social problem solving." Pegem Eğitim ve Öğretim Dergisi 5, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 235–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14527/pegegog.2015.013.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate whether high school students’ childhood trauma experiences differ based on individual differences, and whether childhood trauma experiences of adolescents predict empathic tendency and social problem solving. In this study, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Adolescent KA-Sİ Empathic Tendency Scale, and Social Problem Solving Inventory were used. Adolescents’ physical abuse, emotional abuse-neglect, and sexual abuse sub-dimensions of childhood trauma experience scores significantly differed based on gender. Adolescents’ physical abuse, emotional abuse-neglect sub dimensions of childhood trauma experience scores significantly differed based on father education-level, number of siblings and income- level of family. Adolescents’ emotional abuse-neglect sub dimension of childhood trauma experiences scores significantly differed based on mother education-level. Also physical abuse, emotional abuse-neglect sub dimensions of childhood trauma experiences predicted cognitive empathy whereas emotional abuse-neglect, sexual abuse sub dimensions of childhood trauma experiences predicted emotional empathy. The results also indicate that adolescents’ emotional abuse-neglect sub dimensions of childhood trauma experiences predicted sub dimensions of social problem solving.
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Buist, Anne. "Childhood Abuse, Parenting and Postpartum Depression." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 32, no. 4 (August 1998): 479–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679809068320.
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Objective: While the potential negative effects on children of maternal depression has been documented, the influence of a maternal history of childhood abuse on child development is unclear. This study, the first stage of a 3–year follow-up study, looks at childhood abuse in women with depression in the postpartum period. Method: Fifty-six women admitted with postpartum depressive disorders were assessed with respect to their wellbeing, relationships and infant interaction. Twenty-eight women had a history of sexual abuse before the age of 16, nine physical/ emotional abuse and 19 had no history of abuse. Results: The mother-infant relationship was seen to be impaired in the sexually abused group (p = 0.007). The significance increased when all abused women were compared to controls (p = 0.001). In addition, abuse was associated with more severe depression on the Beck Depression Inventory (p = 0.046), and a trend to higher anxiety and longer lengths of stay (p = 0.05 for physical abuse). Partners rated themselves as being more skilled and confident parents. Conclusions: The effect of childhood abuse was indistinguishable between emotional and physical abuse in postpartum depressed women. The most significant effect was a deleterious one on the mother-infant relationship in those women with a history of abuse.
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Turgeon, Jessica, Annie Bérubé, Caroline Blais, Annie Lemieux, and Amélie Fournier. "Recognition of children’s emotional facial expressions among mothers reporting a history of childhood maltreatment." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 29, 2020): e0243083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243083.
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Several studies have shown that child maltreatment is associated with both positive and negative effects on the recognition of facial emotions. Research has provided little evidence of a relation between maltreatment during childhood and young adults’ ability to recognize facial displays of emotion in children, an essential skill for a sensitive parental response. In this study, we examined the consequences of different forms of maltreatment experienced in childhood on emotion recognition during parenthood. Participants included sixty-three mothers of children aged 2 to 5 years. Retrospective self-reports of childhood maltreatment were assessed using the short form of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Emotion recognition was measured using a morphed facial emotion identification task of all six basic emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise). A Path Analysis via Structural Equation Model revealed that a history of physical abuse is related to a decreased ability to recognize both fear and sadness in children, whereas emotional abuse and sexual abuse are related to a decreased ability to recognize anger in children. In addition, emotional neglect is associated with an increased ability to recognize anger, whereas physical neglect is associated with less accuracy in recognizing happiness in children’s facial emotional expressions. These findings have important clinical implications and expand current understanding of the consequences of childhood maltreatment on parents’ ability to detect children’s needs.
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McClure, Margaret M., and Megan Parmenter. "Childhood Trauma, Trait Anxiety, and Anxious Attachment as Predictors of Intimate Partner Violence in College Students." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 23-24 (August 24, 2017): 6067–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517721894.
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The current study investigates the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV), childhood trauma, trait anxiety, depression, and anxious attachment in college students. Ninety-three male and 161 female undergraduate students at Fairfield University, ranging in age from 17 to 23, with a mean age of 18.8 years, participated. Participants completed five self-report inventories: The Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory (CADRI), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Adult Attachment Scale (AAS). IPV perpetration in college dating relationships was related to childhood emotional and physical abuse, emotional and physical neglect, and trait anxiety. IPV victimization in college dating relationships was related to childhood emotional and physical abuse, childhood emotional and physical neglect, and an anxious attachment style. IPV perpetration and victimization were also significantly correlated with one another. Subscale analyses suggest that childhood emotional abuse was related to being both the perpetrator and victim of verbal or emotional abuse in dating relationships. Childhood physical abuse, physical neglect, and emotional abuse were related to both perpetration and victimization of physical IPV. Threatening behavior perpetration in dating relationships was related to childhood emotional abuse, emotional neglect, physical abuse, and physical neglect; however, being the victim of threatening behavior was only related to childhood emotional abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect, not childhood physical abuse. These results support the relationship between childhood trauma and dating violence in college students. They also support a role for anxiety in IPV, although trait anxiety was related to perpetration and an anxious attachment style was correlated with IPV victimization. In addition, they suggest that different experiences of childhood trauma may relate to different aspects of IPV in college dating relationships.
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Liu, Chuqi, Xiaodan Chen, Pingfang Song, Aitao Lu, Lu Wang, Xinyi Zhang, Zirong Huang, and Dongping Zheng. "Relationship Between Childhood Emotional Abuse and Self-Esteem: A Dual Mediation Model of Attachment." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 46, no. 5 (May 1, 2018): 793–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.6655.
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We tested the hypothesis that childhood emotional abuse would be positively associated with fearful attachment, whereas it would be negatively associated with secure attachment and self-esteem, with attachment mediating the linkage between childhood emotional abuse and self-esteem. Chinese college students (N = 554) completed measures of childhood emotional abuse, secure/fearful attachment, and self-esteem. Dual mediation analysis based on 5,000 bootstrap samples showed that childhood emotional abuse affected self-esteem through both secure attachment and fearful attachment, with the indirect effect through secure attachment being stronger relative to that through fearful attachment. However, the direct effect of childhood emotional abuse on self-esteem was nonsignificant. The association patterns among childhood emotional abuse, secure/fearful attachment, and self-esteem show the need for more focus on developing children's secure attachment style to shape their positive self-esteem later in life.
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Di Giacomo, E., F. Pescatore, F. Colmegna, F. Di Carlo, and M. Clerici. "Abuse During Childhood and Burnout." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.2009.
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BackgroundChildhood maltreatment is the most important risk factor for the onset of psychiatric disorders. Revictimization is really frequent as well as substance or alcohol abuse, often linked to self-treatment. Accordingly, our pilot study aims to analyze possible implication of childhood maltreatment on resilience and burnout.MethodsPatients admitted to outpatients psychiatric department in a six month period (1st January 2015–30th June 2015) complaining low to moderate anxiety or depression have been administered childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ) and Maslach burnout inventory.ResultsCTQ results in 71 (87%) Emotional Neglect (EN), 2 (2.4%) Sexual Abuse (SA) and 2 (2.4%) Physical Abuse (PA). Twenty-one showed high emotional exhaustion, 21 high depersonalization, 9 moderate personal accomplishment while 1 showed low personal accomplishment. None of the patients who suffered child sexual abuse shows depersonalization or personal accomplishment difficulties linked to burnout. Patients negative to CTQ show respectively moderate emotional exhaustion (M = 20 ± 20.15), moderate depersonalization (11 ± 9.42) and high personal accomplishment (17 ± 12.38). Patients who suffered emotional neglect show the poorest profile at Maslach, particularly regarding emotional exhaustion. ANOVA reaches statistical significance among the 3 groups of detected abuse (EN, SA, PA) in personal accomplishment (P = 0.013) confirmed at POST HOC between EN and SA (P = 0.0004).ConclusionThe results obtained in this pilot study highlight two important considerations. First, it seems urgent to stress the huge prevalence of emotional neglect among those referred to psychiatric outpatient department due to moderate anxiety or depression complain. Moreover, emotional neglect appears to be the most compromised factor of burnout, especially if compared to sexual abuse.
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Kent, Angela, and Glenn Waller. "Childhood emotional abuse and eating psychopathology." Clinical Psychology Review 20, no. 7 (October 2000): 887–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00018-5.
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Splete, Heidi. "Childhood Emotional Abuse Predicts Pathological Worry." Internal Medicine News 39, no. 5 (March 2006): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1097-8690(06)73078-5.
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Chiu, Gretchen R., Karen E. Lutfey, Heather J. Litman, Carol L. Link, Susan A. Hall, and John B. McKinlay. "Prevalence and Overlap of Childhood and Adult Physical, Sexual, and Emotional Abuse: A Descriptive Analysis of Results From the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) Survey." Violence and Victims 28, no. 3 (2013): 381–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.11-043.
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Abuse is associated with a wide variety of health problems, yet comprehensive population-based data are scant. Existing literature focuses on a single type of abuse, population, or lifestage. Using a racially/ethnically diverse community-based sample, we document the prevalence of physical, emotional, and sexual abuse by lifestage and gender; assess variation in abuse by sociodemographics; establish overlap of abuses; and examine childhood abuse relationships with abuse in adulthood. Prevalence of abuse ranges from 15% to 27%; women report more adulthood emotional abuse and lifetime sexual abuse than men; reports of abuse can vary by race/ethnicity and poverty status, particularly in women; there is overlap between types of abuse; and a history of childhood abuse is associated with a greater risk of abuse as an adult.
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Karim, Rabiul, Suchona Rahman, Hafijur Rahman, Tanzima Zohra Habib, Sadequl Arefin, and Katarina Swahnberg. "Does childhood experience of family victimization influence adulthood refusal of wife abuse? Evidence from rural Bangladesh." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 3, 2021): e0252600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252600.
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This study examined how different forms of childhood family victimization are associated with the attitudinal (not actual action) refusal of wife abuse among women and men in rural Bangladesh. It included 1,929 randomly selected married women and men. Of the sample, 31.3% (Men = 49.3%, Women = 13.5%) attitudinally refused overall wife abuse, 38.5% (Men = 53.2%, Women = 23.8%) refused emotional abuse, 67.0% (Men = 82.5%, Women = 51.6%) refused physical abuse, 78.0% (Men = 88.6%, Women = 67.4%) refused abuse on wife’s disobeying family obligations, and 32.3% (Men = 50.3%, Women = 14.6%) refused abuse on challenging male authority. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that the odds ratio (ORs) of the attitudinal refusal of overall wife abuse were 1.75 (p = .041) for the childhood non-victims of emotional abuse and 2.31 (p < .001) for the victims of mild emotional abuse, compared to the victims of severe emotional abuse. On the other hand, the ORs of the overall refusal of abuse were 1.84 (p = .031) for the non-victims of physical abuse and 1.29 (p = .465) for the victims of mild physical abuse, compared to the childhood victims of severe physical abuse. Data further revealed that the childhood non-victimization of physical abuse increased all types of attitudinal refusal of wife abuse, e.g., emotional abuse, physical abuse, abuse on disobeying family obligations, and abuse on challenging male authority. Compared to the childhood experiences of severe emotional abuse, data also indicated that childhood exposure to mild emotional abuse might increase the attitudinal refusal of wife abuse on a few issues, e.g., abuse on disobeying family obligations, abuse on challenging male authority, and physical abuse. It appeared that childhood experiences of family victimization greatly influence different types of attitudinal refusal of wife abuse. We argue that the issue of childhood victimization should be brought to the forefront in the discourse. We recommend that state machinery and social welfare agencies should expend significant efforts to stop child abuse within the family and in other areas of society in rural Bangladesh.
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Kamimura, Akiko, Vikas Ganta, Kyl Myers, and Tomi Thomas. "Intimate Partner Violence, Childhood Abuse, and In-Law Abuse Among Women Utilizing Community Health Services in Gujarat, India." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 32, no. 24 (September 7, 2015): 3778–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515603973.
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Previous studies in India suggest high prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV), childhood abuse, and abuse from in-laws. Yet few studies examined IPV, childhood abuse, and abuse from in-laws together. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between IPV, childhood abuse, and abuse from in-laws, and types of abuse (physical, sexual, and emotional abuse) among women utilizing community health services for the economically disadvantaged in India. This study contributes to expanding the literature on abuse experience and providing knowledge for developing intervention programs and research projects to improve health and safety of economically disadvantaged women. The data were collected from women aged 18 years old or older at 18 community health centers that are primarily for the economically disadvantaged in Gujarat, India, in October and November 2013. Of the 219 women who completed a self-administered survey, 167 participants, who had ever been married and indicated whether they had been abused by their spouse or not, were included in analysis. More than 60% of the participants experienced IPV, childhood abuse, and/or abuse from in-laws, often with multiple types of abuse. Physical abuse is a major issue for IPV, childhood abuse, and in-law abuse. Emotional abuse potentially happens along with physical and/or sexual abuse. Abuse from in-laws requires greater attention because all types of abuse from in-laws were associated with IPV. Community health centers should provide abuse prevention and intervention programs that have involvement of family members as well as women who are at risk of being abused.
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Bonevski, Dimitar, and Antoni Novotni. "Child abuse in panic disorder." Medical review 61, no. 3-4 (2008): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0804169b.
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Introduction Numerous authors associate child abuse with serious long-term consequences to the general and psychological well-being in particular. Clinical research to date reveals strong correlation between childhood abuse and neglect and anxiety disorders, especially panic disorder. Material and Methods This study was conducted in order to assess the level of emotional, physical and sexual childhood abuse as well as the physical and emotional childhood neglect in 40 adult patients suffering from panic disorder, diagnosed in accordance with the 10th International Classification of Disorders diagnostic criteria, compared with the control group of 40 healthy test subjects without a history of psychiatric disorders, using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. The severity of the clinical manifestation in patients with panic disorder was assessed using the Panic Disorder Severity Scale. Results and Discussion There were no significant differences between the groups as to the level of sexual abuse and physical neglect, whereas in the group of patients with panic disorder, the level of physical and emotional abuse was significantly higher, with emphasis on emotional neglect. With regards to the correlation between the severity of the clinical manifestation in patients with panic disorder and the severity of suffered abuse and neglect in childhood age, significant correlation was found in the physical and emotional abuse as well as emotional neglect. There was no significant correlation in the aspect of the physical neglect and sexual abuse. Conclusion Our research underlines the importance of childhood physical abuse, and especially emotional abuse and emotional neglect in the occurrence of panic disorder later in life.
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Roe-Sepowitz, Dominique E. "Juvenile Entry Into Prostitution." Violence Against Women 18, no. 5 (May 2012): 562–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801212453140.
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This study seeks to assess the nature and extent of childhood emotional abuse among adult women in a residential prostitution-exiting program. Regression analyses were conducted to assess the unique role of childhood emotional abuse in the prediction of age of entry into prostitution. Childhood emotional abuse, a history of running away during childhood, and participating in survival-based exchanges of sex were significantly associated with the commercial sexual exploitation of girls younger than age 18, while childhood emotional abuse contributed to predicting a younger age of entry. Results are discussed regarding policy, prevention, and future research.
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Watson, Stuart, Roy Chilton, Helen Fairchild, and Peter Whewell. "Association between Childhood Trauma and Dissociation Among Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 40, no. 5 (May 2006): 478–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01825.x.
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Objective: To examine the relationship between childhood trauma and dissociative experience in adulthood in patients with borderline personality disorder. Method: Dissociative experiences scale scores and subscale scores for the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire were correlated in 139 patients. Patients were dichotomized into high or low dissociators using the Median Dissociative Experiences Scale score as the cut-off. Results: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Subscale scores for emotional and physical abuse and emotional neglect but not sexual abuse correlated significantly with Dissociative Experiences Scale scores. High dissociators reported significantly greater levels of emotional abuse, physical abuse, emotional neglect and physical neglect but not sexual abuse than low dissociators. Conclusion: Patients with borderline personality disorder therefore demonstrated levels of dissociation that increased with levels of childhood trauma, supporting the hypothesis that traumatic childhood experiences engender dissociative symptoms later in life. Emotional abuse and neglect may be at least as important as physical and sexual abuse in the development of dissociative symptoms.
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Kong, Jooyoung, and Scott D. Easton. "Re-experiencing Violence Across the Life Course: Histories of Childhood Maltreatment and Elder Abuse Victimization." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 74, no. 5 (March 26, 2018): 853–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby035.
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Abstract Objectives This study primarily examines the associations between histories of childhood maltreatment (i.e., neglect, emotional, physical, and sexual abuse) and elder abuse victimization and explores whether gender moderates the associations. Methods We conducted a secondary data analysis of 5,968 older adults (mean age = 71 years) based on data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (2010–2011). Using retrospective self-reports of childhood and current (past 12 months) victimization experiences, logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate the effects of early-life adversities on the likelihood of elder abuse victimization. Results Results indicate that childhood emotional abuse and childhood sexual abuse (CSA) were associated with greater risk of being abused as older adults, after controlling for childhood and adult background factors. We also found that the effect of CSA on elder abuse victimization was weaker for women than men. Discussion Findings suggest that the phenomenon of revictimization may occur not only in early and middle adulthood, but also in late life. To advance our understanding of victimization across the life course, future research on root causes of elder abuse should include histories of child abuse.
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Rajkumar, Ravi Philip. "The Impact of Childhood Adversity on the Clinical Features of Schizophrenia." Schizophrenia Research and Treatment 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/532082.
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Introduction. Recent research has drawn attention to the link between childhood maltreatment and schizophrenia. Child abuse and neglect may have an impact on symptoms and physical health in these patients. This association has not been studied to date in India.Materials and Methods. Clinically stable patients with schizophrenia (n=62) were assessed for childhood adversity using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. The association of specific forms of adversity with symptomatology and associated variables was examined.Results. Emotional abuse was reported by 56.5% patients and physical abuse by 33.9%; scores for childhood neglect were also high. Persecutory delusions were linked to physical abuse, while anxiety was linked to emotional neglect and depression to emotional abuse and childhood neglect. Physical abuse was linked to elevated systolic blood pressure, while emotional abuse and neglect in women were linked to being overweight.Conclusions. Childhood adversity is common in schizophrenia and appears to be associated with a specific symptom profile. Certain components of the metabolic syndrome also appear to be related to childhood adversity. These results are subject to certain limitations as they are derived from remitted patients, and no control group was used for measures of childhood adversity.
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Rosen, Leora N., and Lee Martin. "Childhood Maltreatment History as a Risk Factor for Sexual Harassment Among U.S. Army Soldiers." Violence and Victims 13, no. 3 (January 1998): 269–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.13.3.269.
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Four different types of childhood maltreatment were examined as predictors of unwanted sexual experiences and acknowledged sexual harassment among male and female active duty soldiers in the United States Army. Predictor variables included childhood sexual abuse, physical-emotional abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect. Three types of unwanted sexual experiences in the workplace were examined as outcome variables: gender harassment, unwanted sexual attention, and coercion. Both sexual and physical-emotional abuse during childhood were found to be predictors of unwanted sexual experiences and of acknowledged sexual harassment in the workplace. Among female soldiers, the most severe type of unwanted experience—coercion—was predicted only by childhood physical-emotional abuse. Among male soldiers childhood sexual abuse was the strongest predictor of coercion. A greater variety of types of childhood maltreatment predicted sexual harassment outcomes for male soldiers. Childhood maltreatment and adult sexual harassment were predictors of psychological well-being for soldiers of both genders.
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Emirtekin, Emrah, Sabah Balta, Kagan Kircaburun, and Mark D. Griffiths. "Childhood Emotional Abuse and Cyberbullying Perpetration Among Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Trait Mindfulness." International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 18, no. 6 (January 23, 2019): 1548–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-0055-5.
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AbstractPreliminary studies have indicated that childhood emotional maltreatment (i.e., abuse and neglect) can be associated with higher cyberbullying perpetration (CBP) among university students. The purpose of the present study was to test the direct and indirect effects of childhood emotional abuse (CEA) on CBP via trait mindfulness and trait emotional intelligence (TEI). A total of 470 adolescent students participated in the study and completed a questionnaire comprising measures of the aforementioned variables. Path analysis showed that trait mindfulness, but not TEI, was a partial mediator between CEA and CBP among the total sample, males, and females. Results indicated that there were other factors that explain the relationship between CEA and CBP in addition to lower mindfulness. These findings suggest that developing mindfulness-based intervention programs for adolescents who have been emotionally abused as a child may reduce their engagement in cyberbullying. This study is the first to document the direct role of CEA on CBP and indirect via trait mindfulness among adolescents.
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Webermann, Aliya R., and Christopher M. Murphy. "Childhood Trauma and Dissociative Intimate Partner Violence." Violence Against Women 25, no. 2 (April 17, 2018): 148–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801218766628.
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The present study assesses childhood abuse/neglect as a predictor of dissociative intimate partner violence (IPV) among 118 partner-abusive men. One third (36%) endorsed dissociative IPV, most commonly losing control (18%), surroundings seeming unreal (16%), feeling someone other than oneself is aggressing (16%), and seeing oneself from a distance aggressing (10%). Childhood physical abuse/neglect predicted IPV-specific derealization/depersonalization, aggressive self-states, and flashbacks to past violence. Childhood emotional abuse/neglect predicted derealization/depersonalization, blackouts, and flashbacks. Childhood sexual abuse uniquely predicted amnesia. Other potential traumas did not predict dissociative IPV, suggesting dissociative IPV is influenced by trauma-based emotion dysregulation wherein childhood abuse/neglect survivors disconnect from their abusive behavior.
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Devasthali, G., K. Jangam, T. Ka, A. Raj, and M. Kesavan. "Childhood abuse in adult women with unipolar depression seeking treatment at a tertiary care centre in India, compared to healthy women." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S408—S409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1476.
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IntroductionChildhood abuse has been reported as a precursor and maintaining factors for adult psychiatric disorders. Childhood physical abuse, neglect and sexual abuse have been independently reported in women with depression. There is a serious dearth of literature on the incidence of childhood abuse among women with depression from India.Objectives & aimsWe investigated and compared the incidence of childhood abuse (overall) – physical, emotional and sexual (individual components)- among women seeking treatment for unipolar depression (UD) compared to healthy women (HW).MethodsWe compared the data of women diagnosed with UD (n = 134) from a larger pool of women seeking treatment for psychiatric disorders from our hospital (n = 609) with HW (n = 100) for the purpose of this study. The participants were screened using the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and for childhood abuse using the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool - Retrospective (ICAST)-R. The incidence of childhood abuse between the two groups was compared using the Chi-squared test.ResultsThe UD women have significantly more childhood emotional abuse than HW (69.5% vs 30.5%; χ2 = 4.819, P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups on overall abuse, physical or sexual abuse (all P > 0.16).ConclusionsConsistent with world literature, significantly more childhood emotional abuse was seen among Indian women with UD compared to HW. It is likely that that repeated emotional abuse in childhood leads to negative attributions among children, later getting generalised to life events resulting in depression in adulthood.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Mrizak, J., A. Arous, R. Trabelsi, A. Aissa, H. Ben Ammar, and Z. El Hechmi. "The association between childhood trauma and facial emotion recognition in patients with stable schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1334.
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IntroductionThe impairment of facial emotion recognition (FER) among patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) is a significant feature of the illness. Childhood trauma (CT) is reported with a high prevalence in SCZ and is considered one of its risk factors.ObjectivesTo investigate the relationship between FER and CT in SCZ.MethodsFifty-eight outpatients with stable SCZ completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire retrospectively assessing five types of childhood trauma (emotional, physical and sexual abuse, and emotional and physical neglect). They also completed a newly developed and validated FER task constructed from photographs of the face of a famous Tunisian actress and evaluating the ability to correctly identify Ekman's six basic facial emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, fear and surprise).ResultsPatients with higher scores of CT performed significantly worse in FER task. Our results suggest that the presence of sexual abuse is specifically correlated to a poor identification of anger (P = 0.02) and disgust (P = 0.03) while the presence of emotional abuse and physical neglect are correlated to a poor identification of happiness and sadness.ConclusionsCT may represent one of the causes of the FER deficits in schizophrenia. Further studies are necessary to confirm the link between specific kinds of childhood trauma and deficits in the recognition of discrete emotions.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Bierer, Linda M., Rachel Yehuda, James Schmeidler, Vivian Mitropoulou, Antonia S. New, Jeremy M. Silverman, and Larry J. Siever. "Abuse and Neglect in Childhood: Relationship to Personality Disorder Diagnoses." CNS Spectrums 8, no. 10 (October 2003): 737–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900019118.
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ABSTRACTBackground:Childhood history of abuse and neglect has been associated with personality disorders and has been observed in subjects with lifetime histories of suicidality and self-injury. Most of these findings have been generated from inpatient clinical samples.Methods:This study evaluated self-rated indices of sustained childhood abuse and neglect in an outpatient sample of well-characterized personality disorder subjects (n=182) to determine the relative associations of childhood trauma indices to specific personality disorder diagnoses or clusters and to lifetime history of suicide attempts or gestures. Subjects met criteria for ~2.5 Axis II diagnoses and 24% reported past suicide attempts. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire was administered to assess five dimensions of childhood trauma exposure (emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and emotional and physical neglect). Logistic regression was employed to evaluate salient predictors among the trauma measures for each cluster, personality disorder, and history of attempted suicide and self-harm. All analyses controlled for gender distribution.Results:Seventy-eight percent of subjects met dichotomous criteria for some form of childhood trauma; a majority reported emotional abuse and neglect. The dichotomized criterion for global trauma severity was predictive of cluster B, borderline, and antisocial personality disorder diagnoses. Trauma scores were positively associated with cluster A, negatively with cluster C, but were not significantly associated with cluster B diagnoses. Among the specific diagnoses comprising cluster A, paranoid disorder alone was predicted by sexual, physical, and emotional abuse. Within cluster B, only antisocial personality disorder showed significant associations with trauma scores, with specific prediction by sexual and physical abuse. For borderline personality disorder, there were gender interactions for individual predictors, with emotional abuse being the only significant trauma predictor, and only in men. History of suicide gestures was associated with emotional abuse in the entire sample and in women only; self-mutilatory behavior was associated with emotional abuse in men.Conclusion:These results suggest that childhood emotional abuse and neglect are broadly represented among personality disorders, and associated with indices of clinical severity among patients with borderline personality disorder. Childhood sexual and physical abuse are highlighted as predictors of both paranoid and antisocial personality disorders. These results help qualify prior observations of the association of childhood sexual abuse with borderline personality disorder.
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Knopf, Alison. "Childhood emotional abuse linked to adult psychopathology." Brown University Child and Adolescent Behavior Letter 36, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbl.30442.
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Sansone, Randy A., Hassan Dakroub, Michele Pole, and Melissa Butler. "Childhood Trauma and Employment Disability." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 35, no. 4 (December 2005): 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/3xur-1pwj-0dt3-bjfj.
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Introduction: While the relationship between childhood trauma and employment disability has undergone very limited study, existing data suggest a possible correlation. Method: In this study of 91 outpatients in an internal medicine setting, we surveyed participants and inquired about their childhood histories of sexual, physical, and emotional abuse, of physical neglect, and of witnessing violence. We also asked whether participants had ever been on employment disability, either psychiatric or non-psychiatric, and the length of that disability. Results: Being or having been on disability was significantly related to childhood histories of emotional abuse, physical neglect, and witnessing violence. Being or having been on psychiatric disability was significantly related to childhood emotional abuse and physical neglect while being on non-psychiatric medical disability was significantly related to witnessing violence. The percent of one's lifetime on disability was significantly related to physical and emotional abuse as well as witnessing violence. Conclusions: Maltreatment in childhood appears to have a relationship to employment disability in adulthood. The authors discuss the implications of these findings.
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Li, Xianbin, Tony Xing Tan, Qijing Bo, Zhen Mao, Feng Li, Fan He, Fang Dong, Xin Ma, and Chuanyue Wang. "Clinical Course and Clinical Features in MDD Patients: General and Specific Role of Subtypes of Childhood Trauma." Counseling Psychologist 49, no. 5 (March 29, 2021): 650–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000021995936.
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Our study focused on childhood emotional neglect and several forms of abuse (i.e., physical, sexual, and emotional) and the diagnosis and clinical courses of disease in Chinese adults with major depressive disorder (MDD), including MDD with anxiety, with suicidality, and with other presentations. MDD and other clinical presentations were determined with the American Psychiatric Association’s (2000) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV) and subtypes of trauma were assessed with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (95 patients and 94 comparisons). Patients with MDD and suicidality scored higher on childhood emotional abuse and neglect than other MDD patients. Both emotional abuse and physical abuse correlated with a younger age of onset and more relapses of MDD. General linear modeling also showed that controlling for demographic variables, emotional and physical abuse predicted more MDD relapses. Overall, childhood trauma was correlated with a MDD diagnosis, the role of specific types of trauma in the clinical courses of MDD varied.
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Auslander, Wendy, Sarah Myers Tlapek, Jennifer Threlfall, Tonya Edmond, and Jerry Dunn. "Mental Health Pathways Linking Childhood Maltreatment to Interpersonal Revictimization During Adolescence for Girls in the Child Welfare System." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 7 (November 29, 2015): 1169–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515614561.
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This study compares the association of histories of childhood emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and physical neglect with revictimization among adolescent girls, and investigates the role of posttraumatic stress and symptoms of depression as mediators. Participants were 234 girls aged 12 to 19 years, who have been involved with the child welfare system in a Midwestern urban area. Data were collected from baseline surveys of a trauma-focused group program to which the participants were referred. The majority of participants were youths of color (75%) who were primarily African American (70%), and the remaining participants were White, non-Hispanic (25%). Data were collected through surveys that assessed histories of child abuse and neglect, symptoms of posttraumatic stress and depression, and experiences of physical, verbal, and relational revictimization in the last 3 months. All types of abuse and neglect were significantly associated with higher frequencies of revictimization and higher levels of posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms. Parallel mediation analyses demonstrated that both posttraumatic stress and depression fully mediated the relationships between emotional abuse and revictimization, and sexual abuse and revictimization. Physical abuse was fully mediated by posttraumatic stress, but not by depression. Results also indicated that neither posttraumatic stress nor depression were mediators for the relationship between neglect and revictimization. There were similar pathways to revictimization in adolescents from emotional and sexual abuse through posttraumatic stress and depression. Evidence is mounting for the deleterious effects of emotional abuse. There is evidence that treatment of both posttraumatic stress and depression in emotionally and sexually abused adolescents involved in child welfare is warranted to prevent future revictimization.
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Touchette, E., S. Servot, R. Lemieux, and N. Berthelot. "0859 Types Of Childhood Maltreatment And Sleep Regulation During Pregnancy." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.855.
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Abstract Introduction Pregnant women with history of childhood maltreatment would have around 2-fold increased odds of poor subjective sleep in comparison to pregnant women without history of trauma (Gelaye et al., 2015). Our aim was to evaluate whether different types of childhood maltreatment were associated with poorer subjective and objective sleep regulation during the second trimester of pregnancy. Methods Sleep regulation between 18-20 weeks of gestation was assessed in a sample of 55 expectant mothers, including 31 women exposed to childhood maltreatment. Three measures of sleep were administered: 7-day actigraph measures (Mini-Mitter/Respironics), 7-day sleep diary and the completion of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Childhood maltreatment was assessed using the Chilhood Trauma Questionnaire. Generalized linear regression models were used to examine the associations between sleep measures and types of childhood maltreatment after adjusting for confounding variables (e.g., maternal age, maternal wellbeing, education attainment and family income). Results Among the 31 participants with history of childhood maltreatment, 71% (n=22) reported emotional abuse, 26% (n=8) physical abuse, 39% (n=12) sexual abuse, 42% (n=13) emotional neglect and 65% (n=20) physical neglect. Pregnant women with childhood emotional abuse had around 2.8 higher score on PSQI in comparison to pregnant women without childhood emotional abuse (P<0.003). For objective sleep measures, pregnant women with childhood sexual abuse had around 1 hour less of nocturnal sleep (P<0.004), 30 minutes more nocturnal awakenings (P<0.03) and 6% less of sleep efficiency (P<0.01) compared with pregnant women without childhood sexual abuse. Conclusion Emotional abuse during childhood was associated with poorer perceived sleep quality during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy while childhood sexual abuse was particularly associated with objective measures of sleep regulation. Future larger studies are needed to confirm the impact of the different types of childhood maltreatment on maternal sleep quality during pregnancy. Support Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC, 2018-2020, Canada)
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Bender, Marnette, Sarah Cook, and Nadine Kaslow. "Social Support as a Mediator of Revictimization of Low-Income African American Women." Violence and Victims 18, no. 4 (August 2003): 419–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vivi.2003.18.4.419.
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Mediating effects of social support on the link between childhood maltreatment and adult intimate partner violence (IPV) were explored in a sample of 362 low-income, African American women. We examined relations between childhood maltreatment experiences (total maltreatment, sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect) and adult maltreatment (physical IPV and nonphysical IPV). Results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed small, but significant, effects. Further, social support mediated revictimization. Social support fully mediated relations in which the form of childhood maltreatment was different than the form of adult IPV (e.g., the relation between childhood sexual abuse and adult nonphysical IPV), but only partially mediated the relations in which the form of childhood maltreatment was similar to adult IPV (e.g., the relation between childhood emotional abuse and adult nonphysical IPV). Implications for clinical interventions for women with intimate partner violence experiences are discussed.
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Baglivio, Michael T., Kevin T. Wolff, Nathan Epps, and Randy Nelson. "Predicting Adverse Childhood Experiences." Crime & Delinquency 63, no. 2 (July 9, 2016): 166–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128715570628.
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Few studies have examined multilevel effects of neighborhood context on childhood maltreatment. Less work has analyzed these effects with juvenile offenders, and no prior work has examined context effects of childhood maltreatment through the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) framework. ACEs include 10 indictors: emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect, domestic violence toward the youth’s mother, household substance abuse, household mental illness, parental separation/divorce, and household member with a history of jail/imprisonment. Effects of concentrated disadvantage and affluence on ACE scores are examined in a statewide sample of more than 59,000 juvenile offenders, controlling for salient individual (including family and parenting) measures and demographics. Both disadvantage and affluence affect ACE exposure. Implications for research and policy are discussed.
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Brenner, Inbal, and Galit Ben-Amitay. "Sexual Revictimization: The Impact of Attachment Anxiety, Accumulated Trauma, and Response to Childhood Sexual Abuse Disclosure." Violence and Victims 30, no. 1 (2015): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-13-00098.
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It has been proposed that a complexity of personal, interpersonal, and environmental factors is related to sexual revictimization among childhood sexual abuse survivors. In this study, we investigated the relations between attachment dimensions, exposure to accumulated childhood traumas, reaction to childhood sexual abuse disclosure, and adult sexual revictimization. Participants were 60 Israeli women with histories of childhood sexual abuse. Seventy percent of the women reported adult sexual revictimization. Revictimization was related to higher attachment anxiety but not to higher attachment avoidance. Revictimization was also related to emotional and physical child abuse but not to emotional and physical child neglect. Revictimization rates were higher among women who had received negative environmental responses following childhood sexual abuse disclosure than among women who had received supportive reactions and those who had not disclosed childhood sexual abuse at all. Findings were significant even after controlling for severity of childhood sexual abuse. The findings emphasize the role of various contextual-interpersonal factors on revictimization vulnerability among the survivors of childhood sexual abuse.
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Currie, Cheryl L., Erin K. Higa, and Lisa-Marie Swanepoel. "Socioeconomic Status Moderates the Impact of Emotional but not Physical Childhood Abuse on Women’s Sleep." Adversity and Resilience Science 2, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42844-021-00035-9.
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AbstractA recent systematic review highlighted associations between childhood abuse and adult sleep quality, and the need for research focused specifically on women and the role of moderating variables. The objectives of the present study were (1) to assess the impact of frequent physical and emotional child abuse on adult sleep among women; and (2) to assess the role that childhood socioeconomic status (SES) could play in moderating these associations. In-person data were collected from women living in a mid-sized city in western Canada in 2019–2020 (N = 185; M age = 40 years). Sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Physical and emotional abuse experienced often or very often in childhood were assessed using single items (yes or no). Childhood SES was assessed by a single item and dichotomized at the sample median. Linear regression models examined associations between each form of abuse and continuous adult sleep quality score adjusted for covariates. Statistically significant interactions were stratified and examined by child SES group. Frequent physical and emotional childhood abuse were each associated with clinically and statistically significant increases in past-month sleep problem scores among women in adjusted models. This association was moderated by childhood SES for emotional child abuse, but not physical child abuse. Findings suggest that growing up in an upper-middle to upper SES household may buffer the adverse impact of frequent emotional child abuse on later adult sleep, but may not promote resilience in the context of frequent physical child abuse.
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Daalman, K., K. M. J. Diederen, E. M. Derks, R. van Lutterveld, R. S. Kahn, and Iris E. C. Sommer. "Childhood trauma and auditory verbal hallucinations." Psychological Medicine 42, no. 12 (April 16, 2012): 2475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291712000761.
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BackgroundHallucinations have consistently been associated with traumatic experiences during childhood. This association appears strongest between physical and sexual abuse and auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH). It remains unclear whether traumatic experiences mainly colour the content of AVH or whether childhood trauma triggers the vulnerability to experience hallucinations in general. In order to investigate the association between hallucinations, childhood trauma and the emotional content of hallucinations, experienced trauma and phenomenology of AVH were investigated in non-psychotic individuals and in patients with a psychotic disorder who hear voices.MethodA total of 127 non-psychotic individuals with frequent AVH, 124 healthy controls and 100 psychotic patients with AVH were assessed for childhood trauma. Prevalence of childhood trauma was compared between groups and the relation between characteristics of voices, especially emotional valence of content, and childhood trauma was investigated.ResultsBoth non-psychotic individuals with AVH and patients with a psychotic disorder and AVH experienced more sexual and emotional abuse compared with the healthy controls. No difference in the prevalence of traumatic experiences could be observed between the two groups experiencing AVH. In addition, no type of childhood trauma could distinguish between positive or negative emotional valence of the voices and associated distress. No correlations were found between sexual abuse and emotional abuse and other AVH characteristics.ConclusionsThese results suggest that sexual and emotional trauma during childhood render a person more vulnerable to experience AVH in general, which can be either positive voices without associated distress or negative voices as part of a psychotic disorder.
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Rehan, Wail, Jan Antfolk, Ada Johansson, Merike Aminoff, N. Kenneth Sandnabba, Lars Westberg, and Pekka Santtila. "Gene–Environment Correlation Between the Dopamine Transporter Gene (DAT1) Polymorphism and Childhood Experiences of Abuse." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 13 (January 3, 2016): 2059–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515622299.
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In the present study, we investigated the possible gene–environment correlation between the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) polymorphism and childhood experiences of abuse and neglect. Genetic information was obtained from 1,442 male and 2,178 female twins and their siblings drawn from a Finnish population-based sample. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire was used to measure the childhood experiences of abuse and neglect. In men, the DAT1 polymorphism was associated with having experienced sexual abuse in childhood, such that men with the 9R9R genotype reported less sexual abuse experiences than men with the 9R10R or the 10R10R genotypes. In women, there was an association between the DAT1 polymorphism and childhood experiences of emotional abuse, such that women with the 9R9R genotype reported less emotional abuse experiences than women with the 9R10R or 10R10R genotypes. No other associations between the DAT1 polymorphism and childhood experiences of abuse and neglect were found. In sum, the results suggested that some genetic components might predispose children to experience childhood abuse and neglect. Possible reasons for this association were discussed.
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Feldman, Candace H., Susan Malspeis, Cianna Leatherwood, Laura Kubzansky, Karen H. Costenbader, and Andrea L. Roberts. "Association of Childhood Abuse with Incident Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Adulthood in a Longitudinal Cohort of Women." Journal of Rheumatology 46, no. 12 (May 15, 2019): 1589–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.190009.
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Objective.Exposure to severe stressors may alter immune function and augment inflammation and cytokine release, increasing risk of autoimmune disease. We examined whether childhood abuse was associated with a heightened risk of incident systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).Methods.Data were drawn from the Nurses’ Health Study II, a cohort of US female nurses enrolled in 1989, followed with biennial questionnaires. We measured childhood physical and emotional abuse with the Physical and Emotional Abuse Subscale of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and sexual abuse with the Sexual Maltreatment Scale of the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale, both administered in 2001. We identified incident SLE (≥ 4 American College of Rheumatology 1997 classification criteria) through 2015. We used multivariable Cox regression models to evaluate the association between childhood abuse and SLE, accounting for potential confounders (e.g., parental education, occupation, home ownership) and mediators [e.g., depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)].Results.Among 67,516 women, there were 94 cases of incident SLE. In adjusted models, exposure to the highest versus lowest physical and emotional abuse was associated with 2.57 times greater risk of SLE (95% CI 1.30–5.12). We found that 17% (p < 0.0001) of SLE risk associated with abuse could be explained by depression and 23% (p < 0.0001) by PTSD. We did not observe a statistically significant association with sexual abuse (HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.40–1.77, highest vs lowest exposure).Conclusion.We observed significantly increased risk of SLE among women who had experienced childhood physical and emotional abuse compared with women who had not. Exposure to childhood adversity may contribute to development of SLE.
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Stigger, Rafaelle Stark, Clarissa de Souza Ribeiro Martins, Mariana Bonati de Matos, Jéssica Puchalski Trettim, Gabriela Kurz da Cunha, Carolina Coelho Scholl, Mariana Pereira Ramos, et al. "Is maternal exposure to childhood trauma associated with maternal-fetal attachment?" Interpersona: An International Journal on Personal Relationships 14, no. 2 (December 22, 2020): 200–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.v14i2.3983.
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Adults with childhood maltreatment history can face a difficult experience in transitioning to parenthood. Women with a history of emotional neglect in childhood tend to experience problematic attachment. The study's aim was to evaluate the relationship between childhood trauma and maternal-fetal attachment in pregnant women in a population-based study in Southern Brazil. This is a longitudinal study with pregnant women who were interviewed in two moments: before 24-weeks of pregnancy and 60 days after the first interview. We used the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and the Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale. The mean of maternal-fetal attachment in the general sample was 99.8 (± 10.8). The mean of emotional neglect was 8.9 (± 4.7); physical neglect 6.7 (± 2.8); sexual abuse 5.9 (± 3.0); physical abuse 6.8 (± 3.1) and emotional abuse 8.0 (± 4.1). After adjusted analysis, we found that pregnant women who suffered emotional neglect had 0.4 points less on the average on the maternal-fetal attachment, β = -0.4, CI 95% [-0.6, -0.2], and pregnant women who suffered emotional abuse had 0.2 points less on the average on the maternal-fetal attachment, β = -0.2, CI 95% [-0.5, -0.0]. Only emotional neglect and emotional abuse were associated with maternal-fetal attachment. This study showed that a history of childhood trauma can have a negative impact during the prenatal period, and can impair maternal-fetal attachment. The data found can assist health professionals in identifying factors that can protect and contribute to pregnant women who were victims of childhood trauma to face the transition to parenthood in the best possible way.
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Sansone, Randy A., Michael W. Wiederman, and Jamie S. McLean. "The Relationship between Childhood Trauma and Medically Self-Sabotaging Behaviors among Psychiatric Inpatients." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 38, no. 4 (December 2008): 469–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/pm.38.4.f.
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Objective: This study was designed to explore the relationship between five forms of childhood trauma and medically self-sabotaging behaviors (i.e., the intentional induction, exaggeration, and/or exacerbation of medical symptoms). Method: Using a cross-sectional sample of convenience, 120 psychiatric inpatients were surveyed about childhood sexual, physical, and emotional abuses, the witnessing of violence, and physical neglect, as well as 19 medically self-sabotaging behaviors (i.e., intentional behaviors that represent attempts to sabotage medical care). Results: As expected, in this sample there were high prevalence rates of trauma (62.5% emotional abuse, 58.3% witnessing of violence, 46.7% physical abuse, 37.5% sexual abuse, 28.3% physical neglect). Simple correlations demonstrated statistically significant relationships between sexual abuse and physical neglect and medically self-sabotaging behaviors. Using multiple regression analysis, only physical neglect remained a unique predictor of medically self-sabotaging behaviors. Conclusions: These findings indicate that among psychiatric inpatients there appears to be a relationship between physical neglect in childhood and the generation of medically self-sabotaging behaviors in adulthood. Perhaps physical neglect in childhood contributes to the generation of somatic behaviors in adulthood for the purpose of eliciting caring responses from others.
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Laforte, Stéphanie, Caroline Dugal, Claude Bélanger, and Natacha Godbout. "Childhood emotional abuse and posttraumatic stress symptoms in women: the mediating role of mindfulness." Journal of Interpersonal Relations, Intergroup Relations and Identity 10 (2017): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33921/hbdy2203.
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More than one-third of adults report having experienced emotional abuse in childhood, which is one of the most common interpersonal traumas. Although survivors of interpersonal trauma are at risk of developing post-traumatic stress symptoms, few studies have specifically examined the links between childhood emotional abuse and symptoms of post-traumatic stress in adulthood. Recent studies highlight the role of mindfulness as a key variable in understanding how interpersonal traumas can be associated with long-term post-traumatic stress symptoms (Godbout, Dion, & Bigras, 2016). The purpose of this study is to examine the mediating role of mindfulness in the relationship between emotional abuse in childhood and post- traumatic stress symptoms. The sample consisted of 354 women from the community who responded to self -reported online questionnaires. The results of multiple regression analyses show that the relationship between emotional abuse in childhood and symptoms of post-traumatic stress is explained by a decrease in mindfulness capacities. Overall, the results highlight the role of mindfulness as a mechanism partially explaining the impacts of interpersonal traumas in childhood.
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Macpherson, Catriona. "Childhood abuse uncovered in a palliative care audit." Palliative and Supportive Care 7, no. 4 (November 26, 2009): 481–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478951509990484.
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AbstractObjective:This article aims to highlight potentially high levels of childhood sexual abuse within Cancer and Palliative Care Service users.Methods:During a routine audit, data was collated to quantify a perceived high level of disclosure of pre-existing psychological trauma within the palliative care caseload of a Macmillan Children and Families Therapist. Families comprised adults (generally parents or step-parents), one of whom was terminally ill or recently deceased who had direct responsibility for children and young people aged under 20 years old. Each family had at least two members using the service for advice, emotional support or counselling.Results:A childhood sexual abuse rate of 33% for women and 10% for men was revealed. Of 59 families, 49% had one or more members who had experienced childhood sexual abuse. In addition a further 9% of adults had experienced severe physical and emotional abuse in childhood. Many families had faced multiple trauma.Significance of results:Palliative care clinicians have access to detailed personal and family history during a highly vulnerable transition. While confidentiality is paramount it is essential to develop better data collection methods and raise the profile of childhood sexual abuse as a major contributing factor to morbidity. A whole family assessment is crucial to ensure child protection and emotional care for children facing the loss and subsequently bereaved of a parent or a carer. Clinicians must be able to offer a range of approaches which provide distressed patients with a history of childhood abuse some sense of emotional containment at the end of life, a challenge which cannot be overstated.
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Jung, Gye Hyun, and Min Hyang Park. "The Moderating Effect of Interpersonal Skills on the Relationship between Childhood Emotional Trauma and Depression in Nursing Students." Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education 25, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5977/jkasne.2019.25.2.263.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the moderating effect of interpersonal skills on the relationship between childhood emotional trauma and depression. Methods: From June to July, 2017, a convenience sample of 226 nursing students was recruited. Research data were collected through self-report questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Results: 68.1% (154) respondents experienced emotional abuse, and 48.1% (110) emotional neglect in childhood emotional trauma. The average depression score was 10.76. There were 54.4% (123), 34.5% (78), 12.8% (29), and 7.1% (16) of respondents with mild, moderate, and severe depression, respectively. The average interpersonal skills score was 3.59. There was a significant correlation between childhood emotional trauma (emotional abuse, emotional neglect), interpersonal skills and depression. And the moderating effect of interpersonal skills on the relationship between childhood emotional neglect and depression was significant. Conclusion: Interpersonal skills play a role as a moderating variable influencing the relationship between emotional neglect of childhood emotional trauma and depression, and also reduce the effects of childhood emotional trauma on depression. When developing a depression prevention program for nursing college students, such programs should consider strategies to reduce the negative effects of childhood emotional trauma and to improve interpersonal skills.
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Tyler, Kimberly A. "Social and emotional outcomes of childhood sexual abuse." Aggression and Violent Behavior 7, no. 6 (November 2002): 567–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-1789(01)00047-7.
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Doyle, Celia. "Surviving and Coping with Emotional Abuse in Childhood." Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 6, no. 3 (July 2001): 387–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359104501006003008.
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Odacı, Hatice, and Çiğdem Berber Çelik. "The Role of Traumatic Childhood Experiences in Predicting a Disposition to Risk-Taking and Aggression in Turkish University Students." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 9-10 (April 3, 2017): 1998–2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517696862.
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The purpose of this research was to determine whether or not traumatic childhood experiences in childhood predict a disposition to risk-taking and aggression among university students. The participants consisted of 851 students: 477 (56.1%) females and 374 (43.9%) males attending various faculties at the Karadeniz Technical University in Turkey. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Adolescent Risk-Taking Scale, Aggression Questionnaire, and Personal Information Form were used for data collection. The analysis results revealed a positive correlation between traumatic experiences (physical, sexual, emotional maltreatment, and emotional neglect) and risk-taking and aggression. Physical and sexual abuse and gender are significant predictors of risk-taking. Physical abuse and gender are some of the predictors of aggression. Another finding from the study is that physical and emotional abuse and emotional neglect vary by gender. This study concludes that exposure to traumatic experiences in childhood prepares the foundation for negative behaviors in adulthood.
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Puetz, Vanessa Bianca, Essi Viding, Mattia Indi Gerin, Jean-Baptiste Pingault, Arjun Sethi, Annchen R. Knodt, Spenser R. Radtke, Bart D. Brigidi, Ahmad R. Hariri, and Eamon McCrory. "Investigating patterns of neural response associated with childhood abuse v. childhood neglect." Psychological Medicine 50, no. 8 (June 13, 2019): 1398–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329171900134x.
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AbstractBackgroundChildhood maltreatment is robustly associated with increased risk of poor mental health outcome and changes in brain function. The authors investigated whether childhood experience of abuse (e.g. physical, emotional and sexual abuse) and neglect (physical and emotional deprivation) was differentially associated with neural reactivity to threat.MethodsParticipants were drawn from an existing study and allocated to one of four groups based on self-report of childhood maltreatment experience: individuals with childhood abuse experiences (n = 70); individuals with childhood neglect experiences (n = 87); individuals with combined experience of childhood abuse and neglect (n = 50); and non-maltreated individuals (n = 207) propensity score matched (PSM) on gender, age, IQ, psychopathology and SES. Neural reactivity to facial cues signalling threat was compared across groups, allowing the differential effects associated with particular forms of maltreatment experience to be isolated.ResultsBrain imaging analyses indicated that while childhood abuse was associated with heightened localised threat reactivity in ventral amygdala, experiences of neglect were associated with heightened reactivity in a distributed cortical fronto-parietal network supporting complex social and cognitive processing as well as in the dorsal amygdala. Unexpectedly, combined experiences of abuse and neglect were associated with hypo-activation in several higher-order cortical regions as well as the amygdala.ConclusionsDifferent forms of childhood maltreatment exert differential effects in neural threat reactivity: while the effects of abuse are more focal, the effects of neglect and combined experiences of abuse are more distributed. These findings are relevant for understanding the range of psychiatric outcomes following childhood maltreatment and have implications for intervention.
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Lopez-Castroman, J., I. Jaussent, S. Beziat, S. Guillaume, E. Baca-Garcia, C. Genty, E. Olié, and P. Courtet. "Increased severity of suicidal behavior in impulsive aggressive patients exposed to familial adversities." Psychological Medicine 44, no. 14 (March 26, 2014): 3059–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291714000646.
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BackgroundThe mechanisms by which childhood abuse and family history of suicidal behavior (FHS) lead to an increased risk of suicidal behavior are still unknown. Impulsive aggression may play an intermediate role. We investigated whether greater scores for aggression and impulsivity might be associated with the effects of FHS and/or childhood abuse on the severity of suicidal behavior.MethodWe examined the scores of three scales measuring impulsive aggression in a sample of 696 suicide attempters. We compared the highest and lowest scores with regard to reports of childhood abuse and FHS using adjusted multinomial regression models. Genetic polymorphisms of the serotonergic system known to be associated with impulsive aggression were also analyzed.ResultsPatients with high impulsive aggressive scores showed significant differences in sociodemographic, clinical and suicidal features compared with patients with low impulsive aggressive scores. Adjusted results showed that combinations of some types of childhood abuse and FHS, particularly emotional abuse and emotional neglect, are associated with high impulsivity and hostility scores. The SS genotype of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) was associated with high levels of impulsivity when the subjects reported emotional abuse [odds ratio (OR) 5.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.75–17.5] or physical abuse (OR 5.03, 95% CI 1.50–16.9) in their childhood.ConclusionsOur results support the role of impulsive aggression as one of the links that may connect childhood abuse and FHS with severity of suicidal behavior.