Journal articles: 'Childcare policies'

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Sekeráková Búriková, Zuzana. "Paid home-based childcare in Slovakia: Informal markets and care loops." Journal of European Social Policy 29, no. 5 (December 2019): 653–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928719873834.

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Drawing on interviews conducted between 2013 and 2015 with childcare workers and their employers, this article focuses on the employment of paid home-based childcare in Slovakia, where local families prefer to employ local childcarers, rather than migrant childcarers. After a brief discussion of previous studies on home-based paid childcare and social policies, I introduce the concept of care loops and summarize family-oriented policies in Slovakia. I explain that relying on social networks and trust results in hiring local women rather than migrant childcarers. I then examine the motivations of working mothers for hiring childcare workers. I show how mothers use both structural (social policy) and cultural factors (ideals of motherhood and childrearing) to explain their childcare choices. I argue that hiring full-time childcare workers is both a way to fill the care gap and a response to a cultural preference for mother-like care for infants and toddlers. This cultural preference also results in hiring part-time childcare workers who are responsible for micromobilities of care and who help parents to manage care loops.

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Lawson, Deborah. "See-saw childcare policies." Early Years Educator 15, no. 1 (May 2013): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/eyed.2013.15.1.12a.

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Park, Kyung Ja, Ock Kyeung Hwang, and Hyuk Jun Moon. "Childcare Policies In Korea." Journal of Korean Child Care and Education 9, no. 5 (October 31, 2013): 513–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14698/jkcce.2013.9.5.513.

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Saraceno, Chiara. "Childcare needs and childcare policies: A multidimensional issue." Current Sociology 59, no. 1 (January 2011): 78–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011392110385971.

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Yerkes, Mara A., and Jana Javornik. "Creating capabilities: Childcare policies in comparative perspective." Journal of European Social Policy 29, no. 4 (November 28, 2018): 529–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928718808421.

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This article analyses childcare services in six countries, assessing this policy instrument’s potential to facilitate parents’ capabilities for arranging childcare in a way they have reason to value. It draws on Sen’s capability approach to conceptualize and assess childcare policy design across five key aspects of childcare provision (accessibility, availability, affordability, quality and flexibility) in a country-comparative perspective. The conceptualization of the multifaceted nature of childcare provides compelling insights into the complexity of comparing childcare services across countries. The ensuing analysis and comprehensive overview of national policies challenges the idea of a defamilialization policy cluster, which masks key distinctions between public and market service provision. The more nuanced conceptualization and operationalization of childcare policy design through the capability approach reveals parents’ real opportunities for arranging childcare and the varying effects of policy design across gender and class. In addition, it goes beyond implicit commodification assumptions and opens up space for parents’ potential desire for multiple care arrangement possibilities.

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Gao, Melody Ge, and Hangqing Ruan. "Work-Family Policies and Gender Inequalities in Childcare Time." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 8 (January 2022): 237802312211426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23780231221142677.

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Work-family policies are promoted to reduce gender inequalities in childcare time. However, the association between work-family policies and childcare time is complicated by the conditions of the policies and how mothers and fathers perform childcare. The authors examine whether three widely discussed work-family policies—paid parental leave, flextime, and flexplace—are associated with reduced gender differences in two dimensions of childcare time: solo versus shared care with a partner and basic versus developmental childcare activities. Using 2017–2018 Leave and Job Flexibilities Module of the American Time Use Survey, this study indicates that gender inequalities in childcare time decrease among parents who have access to paid parental leave or frequently use the flexplace policy, which provide both available time and direct exposure to childcare tasks. Policies with these characteristics also help close gender gaps in solo and basic childcare time that are vital in shaping gender inequalities in society.

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Simpson, Fiona. "Spotlight on childcare funding policies." Children and Young People Now 2021, no. 3 (March 2, 2021): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/cypn.2021.3.12a.

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Yoo, HaeMi. "Free Choices on the Childcare Policies." Society and Theory 15 (November 30, 2009): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.17209/st.2009.11.15.297.

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Näre, Lena, and Elisabeth Wide. "Local loops of care in the metropolitan region of Helsinki: A time-economy perspective." Journal of European Social Policy 29, no. 5 (December 2019): 600–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928719867788.

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Finland subsidizes caring for young children at home by several cash-for-care schemes. In 2001, it adopted a tax credit for domestic services, including care. This article adopts an everyday perspective to social policies to analyse how Finnish cash-for-care policies produce local care loops using a time-economy approach. It examines the increase in private services alongside public ones through an analysis of the organization of childcare in time and space, paying attention to the micro-mobilities and daily choreographies of care. Drawing on interviews with Finnish employers of privately employed childcarers, our results demonstrate that childcare policies and tax credits are central means through which childcare is increasingly being privatized. We argue that the notion of time as a scarce resource and the organization of care loops in a way that maximizes time available for wage labour and ‘quality time’ point towards the emergence of a classed time discipline. Time becomes a commodity with not only monetary value but also another inherent value, captured in the notion of ‘quality time with children’. Significantly, this quality time does not include time used for other reproductive labour tasks, such as cleaning or cooking.

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Yeon Seung Lee, 김현정, 최진령, and 이민영. "Recognition and importance of childcare teacher on childcare support policies in Busan." Korean Journal of Early Childhood Education 36, no. 6 (December 2016): 423–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18023/kjece.2016.36.6.018.

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Kenney, Erica L., Rebecca S. Mozaffarian, Wendy Ji, Kyla Tucker, Mary Kathryn Poole, Julia DeAngelo, Zinzi D. Bailey, Angie L. Cradock, Rebekka M. Lee, and Natasha Frost. "Moving from Policy to Practice for Early Childhood Obesity Prevention: A Nationwide Evaluation of State Implementation Strategies in Childcare." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16 (August 18, 2022): 10304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610304.

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Policies requiring childcare settings to promote healthy eating, physical activity, and limited screentime have the potential to improve young children’s health. However, policies may have limited impact without effective implementation strategies to promote policy adoption. In this mixed-methods study, we evaluated the type, quality, and dose of implementation strategies for state-level childcare licensing regulations focused on healthy eating, physical activity, or screentime using: (1) a survey of state licensing staff and technical assistance providers (n = 89) in 32 states; (2) a structured review of each state’s childcare licensing and training websites for childcare providers; and (3) in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 31 childcare licensing administrators and technical assistance providers across 17 states. Implementation strategies for supporting childcare providers in adopting healthy eating, physical activity, and screentime regulations vary substantially by state, in quantity and structure. Childcare programs’ financial challenges, staff turnover, and lack of adequate facilities were identified as key barriers to adoption. Access to federal food programs was seen as critical to implementing nutrition regulations. Implementation resources such as training and informational materials were rarely available in multiple languages or targeted to providers serving low-income or racially/ethnically diverse families. There is a substantial need for implementation supports for ensuring policies are successfully and equitably implemented in childcare.

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Ulybina, Olga. "Transnational agency and domestic policies: The case of childcare deinstitutionalization in Georgia." Global Social Policy 20, no. 3 (June 9, 2020): 333–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468018120926888.

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This article describes a policy adoption case study about deinstitutionalization of childcare in Georgia since independence. It highlights the evolving and non-homogeneous nature of transnational agency in the area of childcare deinstitutionalization, and offers insights into the complex relationship between transnational agency and national policymaking. The analysis draws on national policy documents, reports of United Nations agencies, the European Union, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and non-governmental organizations that contributed to the evolution of childcare deinstitutionalization in Georgia. We trace several developments: evolution of Georgian domestic policy versus the changing role of childcare deinstitutionalization in activities of various transnational actors. We find that Georgian childcare was shifting towards deinstitutionalization at the same time as global policy actors were developing their interventions in this policy area, showing how a lower middle-income country can develop its domestic social policies in conditions of an incoherent external environment.

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Hayes, Derren. "Briefing: Childcare funding dispute." Children and Young People Now 2021, no. 9 (September 2, 2021): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/cypn.2021.9.14.

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Bhatti, Alexandra, Cristina Carias, and Ya-Ting Chen. "1380. Current status of the legal landscape regarding Rotavirus Vaccination in the United States." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S699—S700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1562.

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Abstract Background In the US, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended routine rotavirus vaccination for all infants in 2006. Since then, rotavirus (RV) vaccination coverage (VC) has increased; however, RV VC is still below that of other routine childhood vaccines. All states require children to be vaccinated against certain communicable diseases as a condition for childcare attendance; other states require that children with diarrhea are excluded from childcare. Given the potential impact of these policies on VC, we sought to understand the legal landscape affecting rotavirus (RV) vaccination. Methods Legal epidemiological methods using Westlaw NEXT database were used to complete a systematic assessment of RV vaccination requirements for childcare entry and evaluate the ease at which non-medical exemptions are attained. These methods were also used to evaluate state diarrhea childcare exclusion policies. Results Six states require RV vaccination for childcare attendance: Wyoming (2018); Ohio and Rhode Island (2015); Idaho (2011); North Dakota (2008); and Pennsylvania (2002) (Figure 1). All 6 states permit non-medical exemption that allow children to be exempt from vaccination. Ohio, North Dakota, and Pennsylvania are the most lenient, only requiring parental signature to withdraw from vaccination; while Wyoming is the least lenient, requiring a signed notarized official document. Childcare diarrhea exclusion policies were found in 28 states. Rotavirus Vaccination Requirements for Childcare Entry by State as of 2019. Conclusion To date, a minority of states have implemented RV vaccination policies while more states have diarrhea exclusion policies. However, vaccination policies may play a role in increasing VC and consequently lower acute gastroenteritis and diarrhea burden. In 2017, the VC for the full series of RV vaccination was 73.2%. Four of the states that have RV state vaccination policies had higher state-wide vaccination coverages than the national average. Given the concern in reducing diarrhea transmission, as evidenced by the large number of diarrhea exclusion policies, and the potential impact of policies on higher VC which may result in greater protection and reduction in RV disease, considerations should be given to implementing such policies in more states. Disclosures Alexandra Bhatti, JD, MPH, Merck (Employee) Cristina Carias, PhD, Merck (Employee, Shareholder) Ya-Ting Chen, PhD, Merck & Co., Inc. (Employee, Shareholder)

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Farfan-Portet, Maria-Isabel, Jean Hindriks, and Vincent Lorant. "Progressivity of Childcare Tax Policies in Belgium." Recherches économiques de Louvain 74, no. 2 (2008): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rel.742.0143.

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LEWIS, JANE. "Childcare Policies and the Politics of Choice." Political Quarterly 79, no. 4 (December 11, 2008): 499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-923x.2008.00962.x.

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Borck, Rainald, and Katharina Wrohlich. "Preferences for childcare policies: Theory and evidence." European Journal of Political Economy 27, no. 3 (September 2011): 436–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2010.12.005.

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Park, Eon Ha. "Nordic childcare policies and their implications for South Korea: A documentary analysis." Social Work and Social Welfare 3, no. 1 (2021): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.25082/swsw.2021.01.002.

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Korea has experienced several decades of low to very low birth rates, contributing to an aging population and posing a threat to the nation’s economy. The government has unsuccessfully attempted to implement policies to develop and maintain childbirth and childcare that would mitigate the reduction of the productive workforce. Korean policy makers acknowledge the Nordic countries as the benchmark for the development and implementation of social welfare programs in this and other areas, but they have as yet been unable to achieve levels of success similar to these countries in reversing low fertility. Using documentary analysis, this study explores the nature and impact of childcare policies in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, and Korea to gain insights that can help optimize childcare policies in Korea. Based on Gilbert and Terrell’s social welfare policy analysis framework, which asks “who will benefit from this policy?,” “how will these benefits be delivered?,” and “how can necessary funding be accessed to provide benefits?”, the study examines and compares Nordic and Korean policy on childcare according to four main dimensions: (1) types of childcare policy, (2) target of support, (3) method of delivery, and (4) method of financial preparation. Based on this analysis, this study recommends that Korea adopt childcare policies that focus on defamiliarization, decommodification, gender integration, and a child-centered approach.

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Weckström, Sirpa. "Defamilialisation Policies and Attitudes and Behaviour Among Mothers in Twelve European Countries. Do results for Denmark, Finland and Sweden differ from the others?" Finnish Yearbook of Population Research 49 (December 31, 2014): 5–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.23979/fypr.48418.

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Diverse family leave and day care policies create varying monetary incentives for mothers to stay at home with their children. They also affect attitudes of mothers and this should influence childcare decisions. In this study, attitudes of mothers towards cutting down on paid work for the sake of family as well as their behaviour regarding childcare at home were studied in 12 European countries. Of special interest were Denmark, Finland and Sweden, three Nordic countries with a long tradition of childcare policies supporting mothers’ work participation. The data is based on the European Social Survey (ESS) Round 2, conducted in 2004 and 2005. The least familialistic attitudes were found in Sweden, Denmark and Finland. A coarse indicator for the effectiveness of childcare policy was devised and indicated that attitudes correlated with the policies in several countries. No correspondence was found between attitudes and average times spent with children at home. Regarding the Nordic countries (particularly Sweden and Finland), the contradictions observed were consistent with childcare policies that affect short- and long-term behaviour in opposite directions. In Finland, a familialistic attitude was relatively common among mothers whose youngest child was under 1-year-old.

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McNeil, Lori L. "Applying Institutional Ethnography to Childcare." Qualitative Sociology Review 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2008): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.4.1.06.

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This research applies institutional ethnography to childcare by employing participant observation, interviews and text examination at two childcare research sites. The initial focus of this work describes the daily happenings in childcare utilizing a grounded theory approach and makes connections between what happens in childcare and the structures and institutions that dictate those experiences. The construction of work was found to be a major contributor to childcare experiences. I conclude with an examination of U.S. childcare policy and suggestions for improving these policies and offerings.

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Love, Penelope, Melissa Walsh, and Karen J. Campbell. "Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Australian Trainee Childcare Educators Regarding Their Role in the Feeding Behaviours of Young Children." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10 (May 25, 2020): 3712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103712.

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Background: Early childhood (2–5 years) is acknowledged as a critical time for the establishment of healthy behaviours. The increasing number of children and amount of time spent in childcare provides strong rationale to explore the important role that childcare services and childcare educators play in influencing healthy eating behaviours of young children in their care. Methods: This study used a qualitative exploratory approach to describe the knowledge, attitudes and practices of Australian childcare trainee educators’ regarding their role in the feeding of young children. Results: All participants agreed that feeding of young children was an important part of their role, but described challenges to the promotion of healthy eating and the adoption of responsive child feeding practices. These included personal beliefs and experiences with food, the bi-directional nature of child feeding, conflicting parental requests and/or unsupportive centre-based policies and procedures. Conclusion: Training about responsive child feeding practices within the childcare sector should include all childcare staff; aim to enhance relational efficacy and communication skills with parents; and empower childcare staff to lead organisational change. To support this, childcare centres need to provide coherent centre-based healthy eating policies inclusive of healthy food provision and desirable feeding practices.

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Klika, J. Bart, Kathryn Maguire-Jack, Megan Feely, William Schneider, Garrett T. Pace, Whitney Rostad, Catherine A. Murphy, and Melissa T. Merrick. "Childcare Subsidy Enrollment Income Generosity and Child Maltreatment." Children 10, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children10010064.

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In the United States, childcare subsidies are available to low-income working parents to assist with the cost of childcare. The subsidies are provided as block grants to states, which allows for a great deal of flexibility in the specific policies guiding their distribution. Prior research has found a protective link between childcare subsidies and child maltreatment, but the variations in policies have been much less explored. The current study used longitudinal administrative child welfare data from 10 years (2009–2019) linked with state policies regarding the income eligibility requirements of states to examine the impact of these policies on child abuse and neglect among young children (0–5); early school-age children (6–12), and older children (13–17). Using multiple regression and controlling for state demographic characteristics, the study found that more generous policies surrounding income eligibility were related to lower rates of child abuse and neglect investigations at the state level.

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Souralová, Adéla. "Mother–grandmother contracts: Local care loops and the intergenerational transfer of childcare in the Czech Republic." Journal of European Social Policy 29, no. 5 (December 2019): 666–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928719873833.

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This article explores the local care loops in the Czech Republic, a country that experienced radical changes in family policies and in the organization of childcare after the fall of Communism in 1989. The aim of this article is to answer the following questions: What is the dominant pattern of childcare organization? What is the nature of the local care loops in the Czech Republic? How are these local care loops reproduced by current social policies? Where are their roots in the pre-1989 period? To answer these questions, the article investigates the local care loops and everyday mobilities of childcare in the Czech Republic. It draws upon secondary analysis of scholarly (sociological and anthropological) works that focus on childcare and its organization and of works that analyse relevant social policies. The article presents the following findings: local care loops in the Czech Republic are endogamous and matrilineal, they follow a gendered care contract between generations of women, and they are thus part of intergenerational solidarity. The analysis illuminates how the care loops are shaped by the social policies that affect care cultures in the Czech Republic.

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Torres, Lynn Sharon. "Institutionalized Childcare in Canada, Sweden, and Finland and Womenâ€™s Health: The Intersection of Welfare State with Cultural Beliefs." Critical Studies: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal 13, no. 1 (May 24, 2017): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.51357/cs.v13i1.130.

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This study considers how the role of culture and the structure of public policies relating to the care industry influence the choices both a society and women make regarding the provision and uptake of institutionalized childcare.Â This paper looks at how the welfare state and cultural beliefs of a society towards womenâ€™s roles in Canada, Sweden and Finland shapes these issues.Â Based on the welfare state models developed by Esping-Andersen (1990, 1999) and cultural models by Pfau-Effinger (2005) a three-way classification of family models is developed to consider the variations in uptake and attitude towards institutionalized childcare in Canada, Sweden and Finland.Â This paper finds it is not only public policy that influences the uptake of institutionalized childcare, but that culture is an important factor that is often overlooked.Â Based on the three types of care models I argue that the relationship between cultural values and institutional arrangements are multifactorial and conclude that culture is an important driving factor in the development and uptake of welfare state policies.Â

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Marhefka, Stephanie L., Vinita Sharma, Ellen J. Schafer, DeAnne Turner, Oluyemisi Falope, Adetola Louis-Jacques, Mary M. Wachira, Taylor Livingston, and Regina Maria Roig-Romero. "‘Why do we need a policy?’ Administrators’ perceptions on breast-feeding-friendly childcare." Public Health Nutrition 22, no. 3 (November 5, 2018): 553–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018002914.

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AbstractObjectiveMothers’ return to work and childcare providers’ support for feeding expressed human milk are associated with breast-feeding duration rates in the USA, where most infants are regularly under non-parental care. The objective of the present study was to explore Florida-based childcare centre administrators’ awareness and perceptions of the Florida Breastfeeding Friendly Childcare Initiative.DesignSemi-structured interviews were based on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research and analysed using applied thematic analysis.SettingChildcare centre administrators in Tampa Bay, FL, USA, interviewed in 2015.ParticipantsTwenty-eight childcare centre administrators: female (100 %) and Non-Hispanic White (61 %) with mean age of 50 years and 13 years of experience.ResultsMost administrators perceived potential implementation of the Florida Breastfeeding Friendly Childcare Initiative as simple and beneficial. Tension for change and a related construct (perceived consumer need for the initiative) were low, seemingly due to formula-feeding being normative. Perceived financial costs and relative priority varied. Some centres had facilitating structural characteristics, but none had formal breast-feeding policies.ConclusionsA cultural shift, facilitated by state and national breast-feeding-friendly childcare policies and regulations, may be important for increasing tension for change and thereby increasing access to breast-feeding-friendly childcare. Similar to efforts surrounding the rapid growth of the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative, national comprehensive evidence-based policies, regulations, metrics and technical assistance are needed to strengthen state-level breast-feeding-friendly childcare initiatives.

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Ruppanner, Leah, Stephanie Moller, and Liana Sayer. "Expensive Childcare and Short School Days = Lower Maternal Employment and More Time in Childcare? Evidence from the American Time Use Survey." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 5 (January 2019): 237802311986027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023119860277.

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This study investigates the relationship between maternal employment and state-to-state differences in childcare cost and mean school day length. Pairing state-level measures with an individual-level sample of prime working-age mothers from the American Time Use Survey (2005–2014; n = 37,993), we assess the multilevel and time-varying effects of childcare costs and school day length on maternal full-time and part-time employment and childcare time. We find mothers’ odds of full-time employment are lower and part-time employment higher in states with expensive childcare and shorter school days. Mothers spend more time caring for children in states where childcare is more expensive and as childcare costs increase. Our results suggest that expensive childcare and short school days are important barriers to maternal employment and, for childcare costs, result in greater investments in childcare time. Politicians engaged in national debates about federal childcare policies should look to existing state childcare structures for policy guidance.

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Simic, Marina, and Ivan Simic. "“Who Should Care about Our Children?”: Public Childcare Policy in Yugoslav Socialism and Its Serbian Aftermath." Journal of Family History 44, no. 2 (February 18, 2019): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363199019831402.

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This study explores public childcare policies in socialist Yugoslavia and their postsocialist transformation in Serbia. Focusing on gender regimes of the state provided childcare, we examine how they reflect ideology of availability of public childcare facilities—crèches and kindergartens. Basing our work on archival sources, interviews, and ethnographic material, we show that despite the socialist state’s ideology of gender equality, women continued to be primary caregivers, while the female kinship networks acted as an additional safety net due to unavailability of childcare facilities. This article reveals long-term patterns of childcare practices, only slightly altered with the fall of socialism.

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Tucker, Patricia, Molly Driediger, Leigh M. Vanderloo, Shauna M. Burke, Jennifer D. Irwin, Andrew M. Johnson, Jacob Shelley, and Brian W. Timmons. "Exploring the Feasibility and Effectiveness of a Childcare PhysicaL ActivitY (PLAY) Policy: Rationale and Protocol for a Pilot, Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 22 (November 11, 2019): 4400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224400.

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Background: Young children are prone to low levels of physical activity in childcare. This environment, inclusive of equipment, policies, and staff, has been identified as influencing young children’s activity behaviours. To date, no study has examined the feasibility and effectiveness of such policies in Canadian childcare centres, while the provision of physical activity policies in other countries has shown some promise for improving the activity levels of young children. As such, the primary objective of the Childcare PhysicaL ActivitY (PLAY) Policy study is to examine the feasibility of an evidence-based, stakeholder-informed, written physical activity and sedentary time policy for centre-based childcare (i.e., at the institutional level). The secondary objectives are to examine the impact of policy implementation on the physical activity levels and sedentary time of young children, subsequent environmental changes in childcare centres, and childcare providers’ self-efficacy to implement a physical activity policy. This study will examine both policy implementation and individual (behavioural) outcomes. Methods/Design: The Childcare PLAY Policy study, a pilot, cluster-randomized controlled trial, involves the random allocation of childcare centres to either the experimental (n = 4) or control (n = 4) group. Childcare centres in the experimental group will adopt a written physical activity policy for eight weeks (at which time they will be asked to stop enforcing the policy). Physical activity levels and sedentary time in childcare will be assessed via ActiGraph™ accelerometers with measurements at baseline (i.e., week 0), mid-intervention (i.e., week 4), immediately post-intervention (i.e., week 9), and at six-month follow-up. Policy implementation and feasibility will be assessed using surveys and interviews with childcare staff. The Environment and Policy Assessment and Observation Self-Report tool will capture potential changes to the childcare setting. Finally, childcare providers’ self-efficacy will be captured via a study-specific questionnaire. A nested evaluation of the impact of policy implementation on young children’s physical activity levels will be completed. A linear mixed effects models will be used to assess intervention effects on the primary and secondary outcomes. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis will be employed to assess the feasibility of policy implementation. Discussion: The Childcare PLAY Policy study aims to address the low levels of physical activity and high sedentary time observed in childcare centres by providing direction to childcare staff via a written set of evidence-informed standards to encourage young children’s activity and reduce sedentary time. The findings of this work will highlight specific aspects of the policy that worked and will inform modifications that may be needed to enhance scalability. Policy-based approaches to increasing physical activity affordances in childcare may inform future regulations and programming within this environment.

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Prentice, Susan, and Linda A. White. "Childcare deserts and distributional disadvantages: the legacies of split childcare policies and programmes in Canada." Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy 35, no. 1 (February 2019): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21699763.2018.1526700.

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AbstractEarly childhood education and care (ECEC) policies and services in Canada exhibit marked gaps in access, creating ‘childcare deserts’ and distributional disadvantages. Cognate family policies that support children and families, such as parental leave and child benefits, are also underdeveloped. This article examines the current state of ECEC services in Canada and the reasons behind the uncoordinated array of services and policy, namely, a liberal welfare state tradition that historically has encouraged private and market-based care, a comparatively decentralised federal system that militates against coordinated policy-making, and a welfare state built on gendered assumptions about care work. The article assesses recent government initiatives, including the federal 2017 Multilateral Framework on Early Learning and Child Care, concluding that existing federal and provincial initiatives have limited potential to bring about paradigmatic third-order change.

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Sainsbury, Diane. "Policy constructions, immigrants’ social rights and gender: The case of Swedish childcare policies." Journal of European Social Policy 29, no. 2 (April 26, 2018): 213–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928718762311.

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This article explores how policy constructions shape policy outcomes for immigrant women and men, focusing on two Swedish childcare policies: (1) parental leave and (2) childcare services. It sheds light on the dynamics between policy constructions and (1) the gender differentiation in immigrants’ social entitlements, (2) the gender differentiation in social entitlements of the Swedish-born population and (3) differences and similarities between the two. Among the major findings is that the universal construction of childcare services and parental insurance promotes parity in immigrant and Swedish-born parents’ utilization. Immigrant families have high enrolment rates in childcare programmes and their rates approach or equal those of non-immigrant families. In the case of parental benefits, over 40 percent of immigrant mothers would be ineligible without the universal construction, and a huge immigrant/ethnic divide in entitlement would exist. Second, a gender differentiation characterizes the claiming of parental benefits, and the differentiation is sharper for immigrant parents. Third, the ethnicity benefit differential is much wider for mothers’ parental leave benefits than for fathers’ benefits. Fourth, despite universal policy constructions, immigrants’ weaker attachment to the labour market affects their social rights, and the effect is greater for immigrant women.

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Zagel, Hannah, and Wim Van Lancker. "Family policies’ long-term effects on poverty: a comparative analysis of single and partnered mothers." Journal of European Social Policy 32, no. 2 (January 7, 2022): 166–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09589287211035690.

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This study investigates whether generous family policies at the transition to parenthood reduce single and partnered mothers’ economic disadvantages later in the life course. Previous research usually focused on the immediate effects of family policies and disregards potential longer-term effects. In this study, we suggest taking a life-course perspective to study the relationships between family policy and mothers’ poverty risks. We empirically investigate how investment in child benefits, childcare services and parental leave measures at the transition to parenthood are associated with poverty outcomes at later life stages and whether these associations hold over time. We draw on pooled EU-SILC data, and an original policy dataset based on OECD expenditure data for child benefits, childcare and parental leave from 1994 to 2015. We find that mothers’ observed increase in poverty over time is slower in countries with high levels of spending for childcare at the transition to parenthood than in lower spending countries. The gap between partnered and single mothers was also diminishing in contexts of high childcare expenditure. For the other two policies, we did not find these links. These results do lend support to the claim that childcare is a prime example of a social investment policy with returns later in the life course and represents a life-course policy that seems to be able to disrupt economic path dependencies. The results for the other two policies suggest, however, a limited potential of family policy spending at transition to parenthood to reduce the poverty gap between partnered and single mothers over the course of life.

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Filipovič Hrast, Maša t., and Tatjana Rakar. "Care Policy in Slovenia: Divergent Trends and Convergent Attitudes." Revija za socijalnu politiku 27, no. 3 (December 16, 2021): 303–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3935/rsp.v28i3.1802.

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Slovenia makes a compelling case for care policy analysis since it is marked by extreme dichotomy in care. Therefore, placing Slovenia on a continuum of care regimes ranging from defamilialised to familialised with respect to care is difficult, with care for children being highly defamilialised, and care for older people highly familialised. The country’s childcare policies build on a historically well-developed system of public childcare provision and generous leave policies, together with a well-developed social protection system targeting families. These have been retained and, in some cases, were expanded, still following the 2009 economic crisis, certain austerity measures were introduced. On the other hand, care policies for older people started to develop later and after the initial growth they relatively stagnated (especially the social homecare system). A comprehensive long-term care system has yet to be developed and become a subject of ongoing political debates. Further, unlike in childcare, the increasing role of private actors can be observed in this sector. In the article, we discuss these care policy developments in Slovenia in terms of the role of relevant actors (state, family, private actors) with an emphasis on the views of people regarding care, based on data gathered within an innovative method of democratic forums. The article reveals that the dichotomy of care policies, as well as the differing recent trends in family policies for children and care for older people, is not present in people’s attitudes and their preferences for the arrangement of such policies. Key words: care, social policy, Slovenia, older people, childcare, democratic forum, attitudes.

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Poole, Nicole, Brooke Dorsey-Holliman, Leisha Anderson, Sean O’Leary, and Chloe Glaros. "A qualitative study of parent and childcare leadership perspectives on attendance policies at childcare centers." Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology 2, S1 (May 16, 2022): s15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ash.2022.81.

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Background: Attendance policies for common pediatric illnesses vary widely across childcare centers despite nationally published guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated this problem, leading to economic loss from parental work absenteeism and excess medicalization of children with common illnesses. We sought to understand barriers to and recommendations for adopting best practices on attendance policies at Early Head Start and Head Start (EHS/HS) childcare centers. Methods: We conducted 19 semistructured qualitative interviews: 9 with childcare leadership and 10 with parents from EHS/HS childcare centers across Colorado. Interviews took place between April and December 2021. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded in ATLAS.ti using a priori and emergent coding strategies. Descriptive content analysis was used to identify central themes, which were iteratively revised by 2 authors. Results: We derived 7 convergent and 4 divergent themes from leadership and parents addressing attendance decisions. Overlapping themes on barriers to adopting best practices included difficulty assessing symptom severity, limited medical provider understanding of childcare requirements, parent employment pressures, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on exclusion durations. Leadership and parent perspectives differed on resources utilized, understanding of exclusionary symptoms, and role of medical providers in making attendance decisions. Overlapping themes on recommendations for best practices included access to registered nursing, concrete guidance on symptoms, and partnering with health departments. Leadership and parents agree that the COVID-19 pandemic led to increased guideline use in making attendance decisions and increased rates of excluding children from class for minor illness compared to prepandemic times. Both leadership and parents recommended consistency in exclusion practices, but leadership and parents identified medical providers and childcare leadership, respectively, as current sources of inconsistency. Salient findings showed variability in defining a fever by age from both leadership and parents. Conclusions: Coordination is needed between childcare centers, medical facilities, and health departments to improve attendance decisions for common pediatric illnesses. Future work should (1) develop concrete symptom guidance for parents with specific exclusion criteria (eg, via a decision aid), (2) assess the utility and feasibility of regular classroom access to registered nursing, and (3) advocate for employee protections to care for sick children at home.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

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McConnell-Nzunga, Jennifer, Louise C. Mâsse, E. Jean Buckler, Valerie Carson, Guy E. Faulkner, Erica Y. Lau, Heather A. McKay, Viviene A. Temple, Luke Wolfenden, and Patti-Jean Naylor. "Prevalence and Relationships among Physical Activity Policy, Environment, and Practices in Licensed Childcare Centers from a Manager and Staff Perspective." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (February 7, 2020): 1064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17031064.

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Physical activity (PA) is critical to early childhood health and development, and childcare is a key setting for establishing physically active play. In British Columbia (BC), a provincial standard for active play in childcare was enacted, identified here as the Active Play (AP) standard. Pragmatic constraints limit real-world data collection for evaluating policy impact. We explored whether information about policies, practices, and the environment varied when it was collected from managers or staff. Surveys were distributed to BC childcare centers before AP standard enactment to ascertain current PA and fundamental movement skill policies and practices. The full sample (n = 1037 from 625 facilities) and a subsample of paired managers and staff (n = 261 centers) were used to explore agreement across managers and staff in reported prevalence and relationships among indicators. The policy prevalence and relationships for active play and outdoor play variables were relatively similar for manager and staff data, although the matched data had modest agreement and less than optimal intraclass correlations. The prevalence of manager-reported PA policies ranged from 47% for screen-time limits to 77% for fundamental movement skill activities. The manager and staff data highlighted indoor and outdoor space as a primary factor in AP standard adherence. With reliance on sampling staff unfeasible, it appears that the manager data may adequately describe the policies and practices of childcare providers with some notable issues.

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Horák, Pavel, and Markéta Horáková. "Childcare policy in the Czech Republic and Norway: two countries, two paths with many possibilities." Central European Journal of Public Policy 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cejpp-2016-0035.

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Abstract The objective of this paper is to analyse and compare the design and governance of the contemporary childcare policy in the Czech Republic and Norway in relation to the situation of households with dependent children under school age. Following this, we review certain provisions of the childcare policies of the two countries, whose systems possessed certain similarities at the beginning of the 1990s, although they represent distinct types of welfare state. Our analysis reveals that the chief differences in childcare policy have persisted and adapted to the key features of the welfare regimes. The two countries’ central childcare policy values contrast with each other (equity and free choice in Norway vs. re-familisation and strong ‘family dependency’ among individuals in the Czech Republic) and exhibit differences in the structure and extent of policy measures, as well. Policies in both are less sensitive to the needs of children with specific needs (such as migrants in Norway or Roma children in the Czech Republic).

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Dev, Dipti A., Natalie Williams, Iheoma Iruka, Aileen S. Garcia, Yage Guo, Irina Patwardhan, Katrina Cummings, Zainab Rida, Emily Hulse, and Ami Sedani. "Improving the nutrition and screen time environment through self-assessment in family childcare homes in Nebraska." Public Health Nutrition 21, no. 13 (June 1, 2018): 2351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018001416.

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AbstractObjectiveTo determine if family childcare homes (FCCH) in Nebraska meet best practices for nutrition and screen time, and if focusing on nutrition and screen time policies and practices improves the FCCH environment.DesignA pre–post evaluation was conducted using the Go Nutrition and Physical Activity Self-Assessment for Childcare (Go NAP SACC).SettingFCCH in Nebraska, USA.SubjectsFCCH enrolled in the Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP; n 208) participated in a pre–post evaluation using Go NAP SACC.ResultsAt baseline, all FCCH met the minimum childcare standards for fifty-four of fifty-six practices in nutrition and screen time. After the intervention, FCCH demonstrated significant improvement in fourteen of the forty-four Child Nutrition items and eleven of the twelve Screen Time items. However, FCCH providers did not meet best practices at post-intervention. Lowest scores were found in serving meals family-style, promoting visible support for healthy eating, planned nutrition education and written policy on child nutrition. For screen time, lowest scores were reported on the availability of television, offering families education on screen time and having a written policy on screen time.ConclusionsFCCH in Nebraska were able to strengthen their policies and practices after utilizing Go NAP SACC. Continued professional development and participation in targeted interventions may assist programmes in sustaining improved practices and policies. Considering the varying standards and policies surrounding FCCH, future studies comparing the current findings with childcare centres and non-CACFP programmes are warranted.

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Faur, Eleonor. "Contrasting trends in gender and childcare in Argentina: Family policies between LGBT rights and maternalism." Current Sociology 66, no. 4 (April 23, 2018): 617–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011392118765250.

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This article analyses the stark contrast between the revolutionary shift in LGBT rights and the maternalistic shadow still cast over childcare-related family policies in Argentina. It analyses family law and recent developments in the recognition of women and the LGBT population as equal rights holders in the realm of the family. Then it examines family policies aimed at working parents with childcare responsibilities, exploring whether or not the enactment of the Egalitarian Marriage Act shifted the consideration of working mothers and fathers’ rights and obligations regarding childcare. Finally, it discusses the challenges in implementing policies that can disentangle the gender and social inequalities embedded in them. The author argues that different logics are found in different family regulations. Family laws introduced gender neutral language and equal parental responsibilities, but family policies still distinguish rights and responsibilities according to gender even after the postpartum period. These not only misrecognize the LGBT population, but they also reaffirm maternalistic assumptions that do not reflect the new family dynamic and recent legal advances. In addition, in the most unequal region of the world, reinforce a system of socioeconomic and gender inequalities.

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Marcondes, Mariana Mazzini, Marta Ferreira Santos Farah, and Mário Aquino Alves. "Frame, Política Pública e Transversalidade de Gênero: uma Análise da Política de Cuidado Infantil Brasileira durante o Giro à Esquerda (2003-2016)." Organizações & Sociedade 28, no. 98 (July 2021): 652–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1984-92302021v28n9808pt.

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Abstract Brazil was one of the countries that integrated Latin America’s left turn, a period in which social policies have become central. During the Labor Party’s Government (Partido dos Trabalhadores) (2013-2016), were developed institutional conditions to mainstream gender in public policies, which embraced the issue of the sexual division of labor. However, did it mean an effective reorientation of the childcare policy towards gender equality perspectives? This article aims to reflect upon this question, drawing on the gender mainstreaming concept. It is understood as a process of incorporation of feminist perspectives into the public policy framing, regarding the (re)definition of both the public problem and the course of state action. To do so, we carried out a qualitative study of gender mainstreaming on childcare policy (daycare centers and leaves), focusing on official discourses, mainly through documentary analysis. Based on the results analyzed, we identified the coexistence of two frames: “education and childcare rights” and “promotion of women's economic autonomy”. Since the first one has prevailed, we conclude that gender mainstreaming was marginal in the childcare policy, during the analyzed period.

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Marcondes, Mariana Mazzini, Marta Ferreira Santos Farah, and Mário Aquino Alves. "Public Policy Frames and Gender mainstreaming: an analysis of childcare policy in Brazil during the left turn (2003-2016)." Organizações & Sociedade 28, no. 98 (July 2021): 652–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1984-92302021v28n9808en.

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Abstract Brazil was one of the countries that integrated Latin America’s left turn, a period in which social policies have become central. During the Labor Party’s Government (Partido dos Trabalhadores) (2013-2016), were developed institutional conditions to mainstream gender in public policies, which embraced the issue of the sexual division of labor. However, did it mean an effective reorientation of the childcare policy towards gender equality perspectives? This article aims to reflect upon this question, drawing on the gender mainstreaming concept. It is understood as a process of incorporation of feminist perspectives into the public policy framing, regarding the (re)definition of both the public problem and the course of state action. To do so, we carried out a qualitative study of gender mainstreaming on childcare policy (daycare centers and leaves), focusing on official discourses, mainly through documentary analysis. Based on the results analyzed, we identified the coexistence of two frames: “education and childcare rights” and “promotion of women's economic autonomy”. Since the first one has prevailed, we conclude that gender mainstreaming was marginal in the childcare policy, during the analyzed period.

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Perišić, Natalija, and Marina Pantelić. "Care Triangle or Care Diamond? The Case of Childcare and Eldercare in Serbia." Revija za socijalnu politiku 27, no. 3 (December 16, 2021): 323–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3935/rsp.v28i3.1805.

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Overall changes in political, social and economic spheres in Serbia, along with ongoing demographic processes, have affected various policies and all aspects of people’s lives, including system(s) of care. While care became an important analytical concept and category of social policy analysis internationally, it has not been systematically applied in the analysis of the Serbian welfare state. Incorporation of care in welfare state analysis is much needed as its organisation in the national context reveals a lot about the nature of the welfare state, changes in its socio-institutional arrangements and, most importantly, the effects of provision. This article thus aims to outline the evolution of childcare and eldercare policies in Serbia over the last decade, employing the concept of the care diamond developed by Shahra Razavi, which allows examining the “architecture” through which the care is provided: families/ households, markets, the state and the voluntary sector. By analysing the prevalent care policy “architecture” for children and the elderly in Serbia and the roles of different sectors in that respect, as well as by identifying similarities and differences in the provision of childcare and eldercare in the national context, the article exposes developments and current state in childcare and eldercare provision in Serbia. The analysis indicates the profound role of the informal sphere in both care systems in Serbia, childcare and eldercare. Some differences between the two care domains could also be noted. These relate to the configuration of welfare sectors involved in care provision, revealing the modified shape of the care diamond in the case of childcare. That is, while all four sectors are involved in providing care in the case of eldercare forming an eldercare diamond, this is not the case with childcare. In the latter case, the voluntary, nonprofit sector does not exist as a care provider in Serbia, with childcare “architecture” having a shape of a care triangle. In light of this evidence, the role of families and the voluntary, nonprofit sector should be taken into account in future planning and funding of policies as well as in their implementation. Key words: care, childcare, eldercare, care diamond, policy, provision, Serbia

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Wallace, Claire. "Between state, market and family: Changing childcare policies in urban China and the implications for working mothers." International Sociology 35, no. 3 (December 4, 2019): 336–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268580919885282.

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The participation of women in Chinese society over past decades has been shaped by the shifting relationships between state, market and society as these have impacted on public and private spheres of life. The article looks at these relations from the point of view of the development of childcare policies for pre-school children by considering three main phases in the development of childcare policies in China. It then turns in more detail to the coping strategies available to working parents in contemporary times. It considers this in relation to new intersectionalities of gender, generation and income. Finally, the article looks forward to new policies to better enable the balance of work and care in the future.

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Hayes, Derren. "Election 2017: a battle to ensure children's policies gain attention." Children and Young People Now 2017, no. 9 (May 2, 2017): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/cypn.2017.9.8.

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Following Prime Minister Theresa May's election call, children's leaders are drawing up key policies. They say issues like school funding, free childcare and recruiting health visitors must not be drowned out by Brexit

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Lekhal, Ratib. "Do type of childcare and age of entry predict behavior problems during early childhood? Results from a large Norwegian longitudinal study." International Journal of Behavioral Development 36, no. 3 (March 20, 2012): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025411431409.

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Associations between type and age of entry into Norwegian universally-accessible childcare and children’s behavior problems at age 3 years were examined in this study. Data from 73,068 children in the large population-based, prospective Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) were used, and included information about childcare arrangements, behavior problems, and a variety of covariates. The results provided little support for childcare being related to children’s behavior problems at age 3 years when controlling for covariates. In fact, previous research has indicated that children may benefit from Norway’s childcare in other areas, such as language development. Results are discussed in relation to differences in countries' early childhood policies as a possible factor explaining discrepancies across studies.

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Risica, Patricia Markham, Jacqueline M. Karpowicz, Tayla von Ash, Kim M. Gans, Kristen Cooksey Cooksey-Stowers, and Alison Tovar. "Feeding and Activity Environments for Infants and Toddlers in Childcare Centers and Family Childcare Homes in Southeastern New England." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15 (August 6, 2022): 9702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159702.

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Few studies have documented the food and physical activity (PA) environments of childcare settings caring for children <24 months of age, although they may be key contributors to developing child PA and diet patterns. We used an adapted Environment and Policy Assessment and Observation tool to assess the food and activity environments for infants and toddlers in childcare centers (n = 21) and family childcare homes (FCCH) (n = 20) and explored differences by childcare type. Many similarities were found between childcare site types; however, centers used more recommended feeding practices than FCCH (e.g., 100% of center providers talked with toddlers about feelings of hunger or fullness compared to 18% of family childcare providers (FCCP), p < 0.01). Differences in non-recommended feeding practices (e.g., spoon feeding, bottle propping and encouraging unhealthy foods) were mixed between childcare types. Toddlers in centers spent more time playing at higher PA levels than those in FCCH (61 vs. 13 min, p < 0.001). Screen time was observed in FCCH, but not in centers. Differences between childcare types may indicate differential influences on infant and toddler feeding and PA behaviors, which could predict disparate obesity risk. Future research should further observe these behaviors in a larger sample of centers and FCCH to inform childcare interventions and policies.

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Thorpe, Karen, Prudence Millear, and Anne Petriwskyj. "Can a Childcare Practicum Encourage Degree Qualified Staff to Enter the Childcare Workforce?" Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood 13, no. 4 (January 1, 2012): 317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/ciec.2012.13.4.317.

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Concern to ensure that all children have access to high-quality educational experiences in the early years of life has instigated policies to increase the qualifications of staff in the childcare workforce, and in particular, to increase the number of degree qualified teachers. However, existing data suggests that employment in childcare is viewed less favourably than alternatives in the education sector by those undertaking Early Childhood Education degrees. For most, childcare is not a preferred place of employment. This study asked whether a practicum in a childcare setting would improve attitudes towards childcare and willingness to work in childcare settings. In a study of a cohort of Bachelor of Education (Early Childhood) students, measures of attitudes to childcare and willingness to work in childcare were taken before and after practicum. Additionally, students provided accounts of their practicum experiences. Results indicate a trend in which there was a group increase in positive attitudes and willingness to consider work in childcare, but considerable individual differences influenced by the quality of the practicum experience. The relationship with, and model provided by, centre directors and group leaders in the practicum class was identified as a key influencing factor. Results are discussed in term of models of pedagogical leadership.

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Penn, Helen. "Childcare Market Management: How the United Kingdom Government Has Reshaped its Role in Developing Early Childhood Education and Care." Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood 8, no. 3 (September 2007): 192–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/ciec.2007.8.3.192.

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This article reviews early education and care policies in the United Kingdom since 1997, when a Labour Government came to power, and sets them in the wider context of international changes. It argues that the Labour Government has, by intention and by default, supported the development of private sector, and especially corporate sector childcare. Corporate childcare has increased sevenfold in the period. The rapid scale of these changes has been ignored, or uncritically accepted, by most commentators. However, the Government's childcare policies have not had the anticipated result of increasing the numbers of mothers in the workforce, with the result that there is considerable oversupply of childcare provision. As a result, the private sector has experienced turmoil, as occupancy rates have fallen to an average of 77%, and the sector has become unprofitable. Within 2005–06 many nurseries closed, and there has been a consolidation of the remainder of the market. The private sector is now actively lobbying for more subsidies and a relaxation of regulations. The article concludes that, despite recent difficulties, trends towards private sector growth will continue and that research is urgently needed to investigate and document the changes.

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Morris, Katherine Ann, Jason Beckfield, and Clare Bambra. "Who benefits from social investment? The gendered effects of family and employment policies on cardiovascular disease in Europe." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 73, no. 3 (January 2, 2019): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-211283.

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BackgroundIn the context of fiscal austerity in many European welfare states, policy innovation often takes the form of ‘social investment’, a contested set of policies aimed at strengthening labour markets. Social investment policies include employment subsidies, skills training and job-finding services, early childhood education and childcare and parental leave. Given that such policies can influence gender equity in the labour market, we analysed the possible effects of such policies on gender health equity.MethodsUsing age-stratified and sex-stratified data from the Global Burden of Disease Study on cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality between 2005 and 2010, we estimated linear regression models of policy indicators on employment supports, childcare and parental leave with country fixed effects.FindingsWe found mixed effects of social investment for men versus women. Whereas government spending on early childhood education and childcare was associated with lower CVD mortality rates for both men and women equally, government spending on paid parental leave was more strongly associated with lower CVD mortality rates for women. Additionally, government spending on public employment services was associated with lower CVD mortality rates for men but was not significant for women, while government spending on employment training was associated with lower CVD mortality rates for women but was not significant for men.ConclusionsSocial investment policies were negatively associated with CVD mortality, but the ameliorative effects of specific policies were gendered. We discuss the implications of these results for the European social investment policy turn and for future research on gender health equity.

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Wang, Ye, and Xindong Zhao. "Grandparental Childcare and Second Birth in China: Evidence from a Dynamic Model and Empirical Study." Complexity 2021 (June 1, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6693853.

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The availability of nonparental childcare may be an important factor that influences reproductive decisions. While there is still a shortage of formal childcare service in China, grandparents are one primary source of childcare for their grandchildren. However, impact evaluations regarding the contribution of grandparenting on fertility level in China are still limited; the established evaluation results are not conclusive, especially for the birth of the second child. In this paper, we provide a theoretical justification and an empirical study of the influence of grandparental childcare on the second birth. By introducing a dynamic general equilibrium (DGE) model, this study proves that intergenerational childcare plays a critical role in both boosting the fertility level and maintaining its positive tendency. Drawing on the nationally representative data from the China Migrants Dynamic Survey in 2016, we estimate the treatment effects of grandparental childcare for the first child on the second birth with the Propensity Score Matching method. After controlling the self-selection bias, the results show that intergenerational childcare can positively affect the second birth. Sensitivity analysis results show the relative robustness of our empirical estimates to potential hidden bias attributed to unobserved variables. We also draw policy implications from the analysis, calling for government policies not only to promote sustainable and healthy development of the childcare industry but also to support family life, especially grandparental childcare.

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Flynn, Lindsay. "Childcare markets and maternal employment: A typology." Journal of European Social Policy 27, no. 3 (February 5, 2017): 260–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928716685689.

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How does the structure of a country’s childcare market influence maternal employment? Childcare markets vary across countries, leading mothers to rely on various forms of care depending on what is available to them in both the public (state-provided) and private (non-state) childcare markets. Maternal employment is higher in countries that combine comprehensive childcare policies with an available and affordable private care market. When aspects of either the public or private market are lacking, the employment of mothers, and especially mothers with young children, is lower. This article proposes a fourfold classification scheme based on the type of ‘penalty’ that women experience in the labour market as mothers. It then links each penalty to distinct policy structures of childcare markets and shows that the four penalties are visible at both the country and individual level. By articulating how public and private care markets work in concert to shape maternal employment, this article adds to a literature that to date has focused primarily on the role of public childcare in reconciling work and family.

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Szelewa, Dorota. "Invention–Institutionalization–Implementation: The Origins of Childcare Policies in Poland." Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 26, no. 1 (April 2, 2018): 139–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxy009.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Childcare policies'

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