Relevant bibliographies by topics / Child Welfare Movement

Academic literature on the topic 'Child Welfare Movement'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Child Welfare Movement"

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LaFrance, Jean, and Betty Bastien. "Here be dragons! Reconciling Indigenous and Western knowledge to improve Aboriginal child welfare." First Peoples Child & Family Review 3, no. 1 (May 21, 2020): 105–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1069530ar.

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The authors discuss the factors regarding the reconciliation movement in reconciling Indigenous and Western Knowledge to improve child welfare practice with respect to Aboriginal peoples. In particular, a current initiative undertaken in collaboration with various First Nation communities in Alberta involved with the “Making Our Hearts Sing” Initiative is highlighted. This initiative aimed to build on collaboration among child welfare stakeholders and Aboriginal communities to examine issues relating to child welfare that would be more in keeping with traditional Aboriginal worldviews that could, at the same time, contribute to reconciliation, healing and increased community capacity.
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Meckel, Richard A. "Protecting the Innocents: Age Segregation and the Early Child Welfare Movement." Social Service Review 59, no. 3 (September 1985): 455–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/644311.

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Schmid, Jeanette, and Marina Morgenshtern. "IN HISTORY’S SHADOW: CHILD WELFARE DISCOURSES REGARDING INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES IN THE CANADIAN SOCIAL WORK JOURNAL." International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies 13, no. 1 (April 21, 2022): 145–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs131202220662.

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This article reviews all items in the Canadian Social Work journal over its almost 90-year history that relate to child welfare practice in an Indigenous context. We review the journal contents as a way of understanding the profession’s voice, noting that a journal’s discursive practice reflects disciplinary discourse and that this journal positioned itself as a platform for social work debates. Our analysis contributes also to the truth-telling and accountability of social workers. While around 10% of the 1500 journal articles focused on child welfare practice, only 9 of these 152 articles addressed child welfare practice with Indigenous children and families. Our discourse analysis highlights that there was contemporaneous silence regarding social work complicity in the residential schools movement, the Sixties Scoop, and the current Millennium Scoop. In the 1980s, sustained critique around the role of social work in perpetuating colonization began to emerge. The journal, though, left child protection discourse unexamined and thus overlooked its role in maintaining dominant Canadian child welfare practice. We suggest that White supremacy and settler colonial discourses support the dominance of the child protection discourse, and that part of decolonizing child welfare practice relates to revealing and resisting these discourses and generating alternative decolonized discourses.
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STEWART, JOHN. "The scientific claims of British child guidance, 1918–45." British Journal for the History of Science 42, no. 3 (January 30, 2009): 407–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087408001908.

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AbstractThis article examines the British child guidance movement's claim to scientific status and what it sought to gain by the wider acceptance of such a claim. The period covered is from the movement's origins in the 1920s to the end of the Second World War, by which point it had been incorporated into the welfare state. This was also an era when science commanded high intellectual and cultural status. Child guidance was a form of psychiatric medicine that addressed the emotional and psychological difficulties that any child might experience. It thus saw itself as a form of preventive medicine and as a component of the international movement for mental hygiene. Child guidance was organized around the clinic and employed the knowledge and skills of three distinct professions: psychiatrists, psychologists and psychiatric social workers. Its claim to scientific status was underpinned by the movement's clinical and organizational approach and in turn derived from developments in the laboratory sciences and in academic medicine. There were, however, those even within the movement itself who challenged child guidance's purported scientific status. Such objections notwithstanding, it is suggested here that at least in its own terms the claim was justified, particularly because of the type of psychiatric approach which child guidance employed, based as it was on a form of medical holism.
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Blackstock, Cindy. "Should Governments be Above the Law? The Canadian Human Rights Tribunal on First Nations Child Welfare." Children Australia 40, no. 2 (June 2015): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2015.6.

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Many child welfare statutes protect children when caregivers jeopardise their safety and best interests, but what if the risk is sourced in government child welfare policy or practice? Instead of including provisions to hold governments accountable for placing children in harm's way, governments and their agents are largely protected against any systemic maltreatment claims made against them. This paper describes a precedent-setting case before the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal attempting to hold the Canadian federal government accountable for its systemic failure to ensure that First Nations children are protected from maltreatment linked to inequitable federal child welfare funding on reserves. The case is a rare example using an independent judicial mechanism with the authority to make binding orders against the government and enveloping the proceedings in a public education and engagement movement. Implications of the case for child rights in Canada and abroad are discussed.
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ACHDUT, NETTA, and HAYA STIER. "Welfare-use Accumulation and Chronic Dependency in Israel: The Role of Structural Factors." Journal of Social Policy 49, no. 1 (December 19, 2018): 81–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279418000843.

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AbstractContemporary welfare policies in many Western countries limit public assistance for the long-term unemployed and spur rapid movement into the labour market. These policies have substantially changed the trade-offs of employment and welfare-use behaviour, making employment far more attractive than welfare dependency. Despite this new reality, many welfare recipients circulate in and out of the welfare system and the low-wage labour market or become disconnected from both work and welfare. Drawing on longitudinal administrative data of single Israeli mothers who received Income Support Benefit in 2003, this study focuses on the role of structural factors, including local labour market conditions and local availability of subsidised child-care, in explaining the intensity of welfare receipt over a 51-month period. The results indicate notable diversity in welfare-use accumulation. Some mothers were classified as short- to mid-termer recipients while others showed a much more intensive use, and about a third were classified as chronically dependent. Local labour market conditions and their change over time played an important part in explaining welfare accumulation, while local child-care availability had no effect. Implications for policy are discussed.
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Hermon, Sandhya Rao, and Rose Chahla. "A longitudinal study of stress and satisfaction among child welfare workers." Journal of Social Work 19, no. 2 (February 20, 2018): 192–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468017318757557.

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Summary Stress and satisfaction have long been topics of research and interest in public child welfare, particularly in relation to their links with retention. Fewer studies have focused on specific facets of stress and satisfaction among public child welfare workers. In this sample of 160 retained specially-trained former students, sources of stress and satisfaction were examined three and five years after the conclusion of the students’ work obligation. Findings With regard to stress, paired t-tests revealed that while workload stress increased from Year 3 to Year 5, child-related stress went down. The same downward movement was also noted for the work–life flexibility aspect of job satisfaction from Years 3 to 5. Additionally, regression analyses indicated that higher workload stress at Year 3 was predictive of diminished satisfaction with client relationships. Applications The findings suggest that even among retained staff, workload stress can be caustic, diminishing job satisfaction with client relationships. Implications for public child welfare agencies, and the importance of going beyond retention as a final measure for worker success are explored.
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Wadsworth, James E., and Tamera L. Marko. "Children of the Pátria: Representations of Childhood and Welfare State Ideologies at the 1922 Rio de Janeiro International Centennial Exposition." Americas 58, no. 1 (July 2001): 65–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2001.0088.

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The child does not only belong to the family .... Child rearing is no longer purely a question of family order, it embraces a multitude of interests for the social order .... The problem of childhood is the greatest national dilemma.Brazilian hygienist Dr. Alfredo Ferreira de Magalhães proclaimed his view of child welfare to an elite audience of medical, legal, political, military, and business leaders during the opening ceremonies at the 1922 First Brazilian Congress for the Protection of Childhood held in Rio de Janeiro. For the first time in Brazil, children had become a distinct focus of teachers, lawyers, military leaders, politicians, police, priests, judges, journalists, and novelists who struggled to incorporate liberal and positivistic ideas into public policies and institutions. Members of all classes of Brazilian society had cared for children and had lamented high rates of infant mortality well before the turn of the century. The 1920s movement, however, differed significantly from previous approaches to child welfare in Brazil. This was the first time that elites from such a wide variety of professions and positions of power insisted that the state assume responsibility for funding, implementing, and enforcing child welfare legislation and institutions.
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Saha, Ranjana. "Motherhood on display: The child welfare exhibition in colonial Calcutta, 1920." Indian Economic & Social History Review 58, no. 2 (April 2021): 249–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019464621999308.

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This article focuses on the Health and Child Welfare Exhibition held in colonial Calcutta in 1920. Despite a few scholarly references, however, there has been no detailed study till date. The vicereines of India launched child welfare exhibitions motivated by the transnational exhibitory baby health week propaganda initiative to curb infant mortality. These exhibitions were also locally organised and collaborative in nature with an urgent nationalist appeal. The study critically engages with select Exhibition lectures about so-called ‘clean’ midwifery and ‘scientific’ motherhood given by famous Bengali medical practitioners and other prominent professionals, predominantly men and a few women. These drew intimate sociobiological connections between the problems of ‘dirty’ midwifery, ritual pollution, improper confinement, insanitary childbirth, insufficient lactation and the excessive maternal and infant deaths in Calcutta. The central argument is that these public lectures primarily focused on the very making of the ‘ideal’ Indian nursing mother, often imagined as the traditional yet modern bhadramahila mother figure, for rejuvenating community and national health and vigour. Correspondingly, it highlights the transnational resonance of famous Frederic Truby King’s ‘mothercraft’ popularised as childcare by the clock. The paper is, therefore, guided by the twin purposes of filling the gap in our knowledge about child welfare exhibitions in colonial India and illuminating extant scholarship on the global infant welfare movement.
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Lindenmeyer, Kriste. "The U.S. Children's Bureau and Infant Mortality in the Progressive Era." Journal of Education 177, no. 3 (October 1995): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002205749517700305.

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Early in the twentieth century, a growing child welfare movement led to the establishment of the first federal agency in the world, the U.S. Children's Bureau, designated to investigate and report on the circumstances of children. Appointed in 1912, the agency's first director, Julia Lathrop, focused on infant mortality, beginning with a year's study in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. The work stimulated a national effort to “save babies.” The Bureau's efforts led to the Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921, which funded educational and diagnostic work to lower the nation's high infant mortality rate. But this type of effort was short-lived. The article describes the course of the agency's work in the Progressive Era and evaluates its effect on current child welfare policy, a key area in the ongoing controversy over “welfare reform” and the role of the federal government in the provision of human services.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Child Welfare Movement"

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Bergman, Helena. "Att fostra till föräldraskap : barnavårdsmän, genuspolitik och välfärdsstat 1900-1950." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Historiska institutionen, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-80876.

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The dissertation explores the Swedish child welfare officer system (barnavårdsmannainstitutionen) using gender as an analytical tool. The child welfare officer system was a public program designed to support single mothers and monitor the welfare of children born out of wedlock. The study concentrates on the first half of the 20th century, and particularly covers the introduction of this system in 1917/18 and the changes it underwent in 1938, after an income maintenance law (bidragsförskott) for children of unwed mothers was introduced. In 1917, Sweden was one of the first countries in Europe to introduce legislation that formalized men’s obligations towards children born out of wedlock. Consequently, state officials, called child welfare officers, were required to perform mandatory investigations of paternity. Their task was also to make sure that fathers provided economic support and mothers carried out sufficient care. The 1938 income maintenance law was one of the social policy initiatives of the 1930s. Single mothers were assured payment from the state for child support and the child welfare officers then sought to reclaim the money from the absent father. The history of the child welfare officer system is used as a case to investigate the power dynamics of gender and class, and the relationship between the state, the social work professionals and the individual citizen, concurrent with the birth of the Swedish welfare state. The political debates, the institutional arrangements and the practices connected to this policy area have been analyzed. Thus, politicians, social workers and unwed mothers and fathers are all brought into focus. An analytical point of departure is that the welfare state ”does gender”, i.e. that the welfare state regulates and directs the relation between men and women. However, the state is also treated as a complex and changeable entity, where state and welfare policy also functions as a means to change gender relations. Thus, the study argues that the introduction of the child welfare officer system opened up a new public arena for women – as politicians, social workers and as mothers – in which they were able to renegotiate the meaning of gender and their relation to the state. Prevalent ideas of gender were questioned and challenged in the public sphere of politics and labor as well as in the private sphere of the family. The study consists of a number of empirical chapters in which this social bureaucracy is scrutinized from various perspectives. The child welfare officer system is analyzed both on a national and local level. The latter is done through a case study of the local work in Stockholm. Gender was a vital component to all these levels.
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Marissal, Claudine. "La protection sanitaire du jeune enfant en Belgique, 1890-1940: question sociale, enjeux politiques et dimension sexuée." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210609.

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À la fin du 19ème siècle s'organise progressivement en Belgique un vaste mouvement de lutte contre la mortalité infantile. Des médecins et des femmes philanthropes créent des oeuvres, les consultations de nourrissons, qui visent à apprendre aux mères à soigner leurs enfants suivant les nouveaux préceptes de l'hygiène. Durant la Première Guerre mondiale, elles connaissent un formidable essor et finissent par couvrir le pays. Après la guerre, le principe de la protection sanitaire du jeune enfant est inscrit dans la loi et un organisme est spécialement créé à cet effet :l'Oeuvre nationale de l'enfance (ONE). L'ONE, qui dépend directement du Gouvernement, contrôle et finance durant l'entre-deux-guerres plus d'un millier d'oeuvres de l'enfance. À la veille de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, près de la moité des enfants âgés de moins d'un an, accompagnés de leur mère, y sont suivis de manière plus ou moins prolongée. Ces oeuvres participent à un vaste mouvement d'éducation maternelle et d'assignation des femmes à la sphère reproductive et domestique, tout en favorisant la médicalisation de la grossesse et de l'accouchement.

Cette thèse étudie le mouvement de protection sanitaire du jeune enfant et la médicalisation de la maternité dans une perspective de genre. À travers une analyse des discours de ses promoteurs et des principes d'organisation des oeuvres, elle montre combien les enjeux politiques, sociaux, démographiques et sexués ont durablement influencé l'organisation de la protection infantile et maternelle. Elle apporte de nouvelles réflexions sur la dimension sociale de l'éducation maternelle. Elle met par ailleurs en exergue le rôle essentiel joué par les femmes, aux côtés des médecins, dans la gestion des oeuvres de l'enfance et analyse le statut et les relations de pouvoir qui se sont tissées entre les médecins, les dames patronnesses, les travailleuses sociales et les représentants de l'État. Les investissements sociaux féminins sont analysés sous l'angle de leur autonomie, de leur visibilité et de leur portée émancipatrice. Ce faisant, cette thèse montre de quelle manière les œuvres de l'enfance ont favorisé, de manière assez paradoxale, une transgression des modèles sexués en favorisant un questionnement sur la condition maternelle et l'intervention des femmes dans la sphère publique et politique.
Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Azong, Jecynta A. "Economic policy, childcare and the unpaid economy : exploring gender equality in Scotland." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/22827.

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The research undertaken represents an in-depth study of gender and economics from a multi-disciplinary perspective. By drawing on economic, social policy and political science literature it makes an original contribution to the disciplines of economics and feminist economics by advancing ideas on a feminist theory of policy change and institutional design. Equally, the study develops a framework for a multi-method approach to feminist research with applied policy focus by establishing a pragmatic feminist research paradigm. By espousing multiple research philosophies, it extends understanding of gender differences in policy outcomes by connecting theories from feminist economics, feminist historical institutionalism and ideational processes. Jointly funded by the Economic and Social Research Council UK and the Scottish Government, this project attempts to answer three key questions: What is the relative position of men and women in the Scottish economy and how do childcare responsibilities influence these? Which institutions, structures and processes have been instrumental in embedding gender in Scottish economic policy? To what extent and how is the Scottish Government’s approach to economic policy gendered? Quantitative analysis reveals persistently disproportionate differences in men and women’s position in the labour market. Women remain over-represented in part-time employment and in the public sector in the 10years under investigation. Using panel data, the multinomial logistic regression estimation of patterns in labour market transitions equally reveal disproportionate gendered patterns, with families with dependent children 0-4years at a disadvantage to those without. Qualitative analysis indicates that these differences are partly explained by the fact that the unpaid economy still remains invisible to policymakers despite changes in the institutional design, policy processes and the approach to equality policymaking undertaken in Scotland. Unpaid childcare work is not represented as policy relevant and the way gender, equality and gender equality are conceptualised within institutional sites and on political agendas pose various challenges for policy development on unpaid childcare work and gender equality in general. Additionally, policymakers in Scotland do not integrate both the paid and unpaid economies in economic policy formulation since social policy and economic policy are designed separately. The study also establishes that the range of institutions and actors that make-up the institutional setting for regulating and promoting equality, influence how equality issues are treated within a national context. In Scotland, equality regulating institutions such as parliament, the Scottish Government, equality commission and the law are instrumental variables in determining the range of equality issues that are embedded in an equality infrastructure and the extent to which equality issues, including gender, are consequently embedded in public policy and government budgets. Significantly despite meeting all the attributes of an equality issue, unpaid care is not classified as a protected characteristic in the Equality legislation. These institutions can ameliorate, sustain or perpetuate the delivery of unequitable policy outcomes for men and women in the mutually dependent paid and unpaid economy. Thus, economic, social and political institutions are not independent from one another but are interrelated in complex ways that subsequently have material consequences on men and women in society. In summary, there are interlinkages between the law, labour market, the unpaid economy, the welfare state and gendered political institutions such that policy or institutional change in one will be dependent on or trigger change in another. These institutions are gendered, but are also interlinked and underpin the gender structure of other institutions to the extent that the gendered norms and ideas embedded in one institution, for example legislation or political institutions, structure the gendered dimensions of the labour market, welfare state, and the unpaid economy. By shedding light on institutional and political forces that regulate equality in addition to macroeconomic forces, the analysis reveals the important role of institutions, policy actors and their ideas as instrumental forces which constantly define, redefine and reconstruct the labour market experiences of men and women with significant material consequences.
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Jarnecke, Meaghan L. "Mobilizing Children to Aid the War Effort: Advancing Progressive Aims Through the Work of the Child Welfare Committee of the Indiana Woman's Council of National Defense and the Children's Bureau during World War One." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/20367.

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
This thesis examines the motivations of the Woman’s Council of National Defense. It will examine how women in Indiana and Illinois organized their state and local councils of defense as they embraced home-front mobilization efforts. It will also show that Hoosier women, like women across the United States, became involved in World War One home-front mobilization, in part, to prove their responsibility to the government in order to make an irrefutable claim for suffrage. As a result of extensive home-front mobilization efforts by women, the government was able to fulfill its own agenda of creating a comprehensive record of its citizens, thus guaranteeing a roster of citizens eligible for future wartime mobilization. By examining the Child Welfare Committee and the Children’s Year in a broad view, this thesis supports the assertions of historians like Robert G. Barrows, William J. Breen, and Lynn Dumenil, who have shown how Progressive-minded women advanced Progressive reforms by embracing the war effort and using it to their own advantage.
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Books on the topic "Child Welfare Movement"

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International programme on the elimination of child labour (IPEC) and International Labour Office, eds. The worldwide movement against child labour: Progress and future directions. Geneva: International Labour Office, 2007.

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author, Franklin Jennifer Bradley, ed. Make it zero: The movement to safeguard every child. Chicago, IL: Moody Publishers, 2015.

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Kelso, J. J. Early history of the humane and children's aid movement in Ontario, 1886-1893. Toronto: L.K. Cameron, 1994.

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Knutsson, Karl Eric. Supporting the movement for children's rights and development in South Africa. [Johannesburg] (PO Box 10332, Johannesburg 2000): UNICEF South Africa, 1998.

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War is good for babies and other young children: A history of the infant and child welfare movement in England, 1898-1918. London: Tavistock Publications, 1987.

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Donnelly, Anne Cohn. An international movement to end child abuse: The story of ISPCAN. Carol Stream, Ill. (25 West Geneva Rd., Suite L2C, Carol Stream 60188): International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN), 2002.

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1940-, Gilbert Neil, ed. With the best of intentions: The child sexual abuse prevention movement. New York: Guilford Press, 1991.

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Coleman, Sydney H. Humane society leaders in America: With a sketch of the early history of the humane movement in England. Albany, N.Y: American Humane Association, 1987.

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Tyyskä, Vappu. The politics of caring and the welfare state: The impact of the women's movement on child care policy in Canada and Finland, 1960-1990. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, 1995.

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The story of an epoch-making movement. New York: Garland Pub., 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Child Welfare Movement"

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Copp, Terry. "The Child Welfare Movement in Montreal to 1920." In Social Welfare 1850–1950, 45–59. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10343-0_3.

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Tobis, David. "Parents organizing a grassroots movement to reform child welfare." In The Routledge Handbook of Critical Social Work, 278–88. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge international handbooks: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351264402-25.

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Dettlaff, Alan J. "Social work and the movement to abolish the child welfare system." In The Routledge Handbook of International Critical Social Work, 275–88. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003211969-22.

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Wood, Betsy. "Child Labor Abolitionists." In Upon the Altar of Work, 85–112. University of Illinois Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043444.003.0005.

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The national movement to abolish child labor, led by reformer Owen Lovejoy, entered its peak political and cultural phase at the height of the Progressive Era. This chapter reveals that the movement’s embrace of federal authority became increasingly religious in nature as it joined forces with the Social Gospel movement. Pointedly, this turn paid particular attention to girls in the age of Mueller v. Oregon and the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire. This approach led to many victories, including the Keating-Owen Act of 1916. During World War I, however, the movement shifted as it joined forces with the American toy industry and modern child welfare campaign, setting the stage for the rise of a consumerist ethos and a secular bureaucratic approach to child welfare.
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Hyslop, Ian Kelvin. "Origins of child protection in Aotearoa." In A Political History of Child Protection, 22–40. Policy Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447353171.003.0002.

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This chapter looks into the origins of child protection in Aotearoa. It starts with the position of social work, which targets the working-class poor in the provision of services and interventions. However, social work focusing on deficits in individual and family conduct instead of structural inequalities is believed to perform a political function to reinforce liberal orthodoxy. Socialist ideology contributes to the historical development of the anglophone society, including the shape of social work in child welfare. The chapter also mentions the impact of the eugenics movement on social work as poor women were the obvious targets for social workers.
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Byford, Andy. "Introduction." In Science of the Child in Late Imperial and Early Soviet Russia, 1–40. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825050.003.0001.

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The book’s introduction sets out the historical, social, cultural, and political background, linking the rise of child science in Russia and elsewhere with processes of rapid modernization characteristic of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The chapter begins by relating the emergence of the sciences of the child at this particular historical juncture to the expansion of the professional middle classes, highlighting the role that the concept of development played in the latter’s social self-understanding, which in turn helped shape the ideologies of the rising welfare/warfare states. The historical roots of the child study movement are identified in an evolving post-Enlightenment biopolitics of childhood. The chapter stresses the normative nature of the sciences of child development and outlines the different kinds of norms that came to shape this field’s interests and priorities. Next, the chapter dwells on the multidisciplinary and inter-professional character of child science, elaborating how this both influenced and problematized its mobilization and self-identification as a movement. Also highlighted is the transnational nature of this movement. An analysis of the positioning of Russians within it is followed by a discussion of the path that child science took in the Soviet Union in the interwar era. The concluding section is a review of extant historiography on Russo-Soviet child science and a brief outline of the content and approach of the present study.
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Norrie, Kenneth McK. "The Legal Process before 1968: The Juvenile Court." In A History of Scottish Child Protection Law, 115–44. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474444170.003.0005.

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This chapter explores the world-wide movement at the turn of the 20th century towards specialist juvenile courts to deal with children who commit offences. Following the lead of the juvenile court movement in the USA and Australia, the Children Act 1908 set up juvenile courts in both Scotland and England, though in Scotland these courts quickly acquired jurisdiction over both young offenders and children in need of care and protection. Originally little more than a separate set of procedural rules to be followed in the sheriff court dealing with children, an effort was made in the Children and Young Persons (Scotland) Acts 1932 and 1937 to give better effect to the idea of a separate court presided over by specialist judges. Though never nation-wide, these new, enhanced, juvenile courts took on many of the characteristics that were later adopted by the children’s hearing system, including the processes to be followed, the involvement of the children, the requirement to look at the child’s wider environmental circumstances (including the child’s welfare), and the outcomes available to the court.
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Eno, Felicia. "Exploring the Socio-Religious Implications of the Subset of Child Harvesting in Ibibioland." In Handbook of Research on Present and Future Paradigms in Human Trafficking, 333–45. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9282-3.ch021.

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The exploitative and illegal movement of persons constitutes one of the social vices that plague the world today. Human trafficking manifests in multifarious subsets such as sex trafficking, body part harvesting, and so on. These elements of culture can either promote human growth or undermine it. The prevalence of the phenomenon of child harvesting has brought the phrase “baby factories” into Nigerian culture. However, this study, adopting the descriptive method of research, takes a tilt towards articulating the phenomenon in order to identify the socio-religious implications on Ibibio culture. The negative cultural attitude towards adopted children and discrimination of adopted children discourage couples from legal adoption. The researcher recommends that the Ministry of Health should intensify monitoring and evaluation of traditional birth attendants operating in Akwa Ibom State, while pregnant girls and women who cannot care for their children should be drawn into the welfare plan of the Ministry of Women Affairs and Social Welfare.
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Rosemblatt, Karin Alejandra. "Mexican Indigenismo and the International Fraternity of Science." In Science and Politics of Race in Mexico and the United States, 1910-1950, 29–59. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469636405.003.0002.

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Mexican racial science developed in close relation to foreign scholars and institutions including Corrado Gini of Italy, a proponent of Latin eugenics, Franz Boas, the Carnegie Institution in Washington, the international eugenics movement, and the Pan-American child welfare movement. Along with the mobilization of rural peoples during the Mexican Revolution, growing international interest in Mexico and the international eugenics movement galvanized Mexican indigenismo, the state-sponsored movement championing the nation’s indigenous heritage. This chapter focuses on Manuel Gamio, who founded Mexico’s Dirección de Antropología and worked in the powerful Secretaría de Educación Pública (SEP). Gamio conveyed Mexican social science abroad and foreign social science to Mexico. He attempted to create a social science that was both “Mexican” and modern, but found it hard to delineate a modernity that could accommodate Mexico’s demographic heterogeneity. Gamio creatively reconciled Mexico’s demographic characteristics with liberal universalism and scientific rationality, yet still suffered the intellectual imperialism and condescension of his U.S. counterparts.
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10

Rymph, Catherine E. "Conclusion." In Raising Government Children. University of North Carolina Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469635644.003.0009.

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The conclusion briefly summarizes some of the developments in foster care in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, including the rise of the permanency movement, the passage of the 1980 Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act, and the 1997 Adoption and Safe Families Act, each of which shaped the development of foster care, particularly in the areas of subsidized adoption and easier paths to Termination of Parental Rights (TPR). The conclusion also argues that society’s reluctance to adequately support low income birth mothers and low paid foster mothers is part of a broader ambivalence about careworkers in general.
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