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Journal articles on the topic 'Child sexual abuse Australia Investigation'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Leach, Chelsea, Martine B. Powell, Stefanie J. Sharman, and Jeromy Anglim. "The Relationship Between Children’s Age and Disclosures of Sexual Abuse During Forensic Interviews." Child Maltreatment 22, no. 1 (October 26, 2016): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077559516675723.

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Children’s disclosures of sexual abuse during forensic interviews are fundamental to the investigation of cases. Research examining the relationship between age and disclosure has shown mixed results; the aim of the current study was to clarify and extend our knowledge by modeling linear, quadratic, and interaction effects of age on disclosure. Child sexual abuse reports made by children, their caregivers, or mandated reporters over a 12-month period to police in one state of Australia were examined. Of the 527 children (age range 3–16 years) offered a forensic interview, 81% disclosed abuse during it. The other 19% did not disclose or refused the interview. Age had both linear and quadratic effects, whereby disclosure increased with age until 11 years, after which disclosure decreased with age to 16 years. The effect of age on disclosure was moderated by five variables: abuse severity, the child–suspect relationship, suspects’ violence histories, delay of report to police, and children’s previous disclosures. Particular groups of children had lower likelihoods of disclosing abuse in forensic interviews than others, such as adolescents who alleged abuse against suspects with histories of violent offending. By identifying these groups, targeted strategies may be developed to help increase their disclosure rates.

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2

Tourigny, Marc, and Chantal Lavergne. "Incidence de l abus et la négligence envers les enfants : recension des écrits." Criminologie 33, no. 1 (October 2, 2002): 47–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/004730ar.

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Abstract The mistreatment of children has become a major social concern. The suffering of children occurs in a variety of forms: sexual, physical or emotional abuse, and negligence. Studies that examine the incidence of child mistreatment have become an indispensable tool in documenting its extent, as well as its diverse forms, the characteristics of its victims and their abusers, and their environments. Such knowledge is essential to forming social policies, organizing services, and developing interventions and clinical practices adapted to the needs of families affected by this problem. The purpose of this article is to update current knowledge with regard to the incidence of child mistreatment. Specifically, it intends to determine rates of specific forms of mistreatment, to examine the evolution of such rates in recent years, and to identify important methodological shortcomings of studies in this area in order to identify challenges that must be met to obtain a reliable measurement of the extent of child mistreatment. Four methods of data collection were used to locate publications presenting rates of incidence: a bibliographical search among major data banks, a review of current literature, research among the web-sites of relevant organizations, and personal contacts with researchers working in this field. Literature was selected according to specific criteria for inclusion; 24 relevant publications were identified, a number of which present incidence rates based on a number of data banks and covering several years. The results demonstrate a significant variation in incidence rates, not only the rates of reported mistreatment (prior to investigation by child protection services) but also the rates of confirmed mistreatment following assessment. Reporting rates varied from 5 to 72 children per 1000 in the community; the child victim rates varied from 2 to 110 children per 1000. More than half of the situations of mistreatment consisted of negligence, followed by physical abuse (about 20 %), sexual abuse (about 10 %) and emotional abuse (about 6 %). An examination of regional rates also demonstrated significant differences. In general, the rates of reported as well as confirmed incidents in the United States were two to three times higher than those in Australia or Quebec, but only minimally higher than rates in Ontario. Rates of negligence and sexual or physical abuse followed the same pattern, while rates of emotional abuse were divergent. Differences among rates may to some extent be explained by regional differences, but methodological differences among studies are also important. Studies based on data from child protection agencies report much lower rates than studies based on data collected from professionals working with abused children in the community. Finally, rates of reported incidents of child mistreatment and rates of confirmed reports have increased significantly during the last twenty years. According to child protection services' data, rates seem to have stabilized since the beginning of the 1990s. According to data provided by community professionals however, the rate of child mistreatment has increased consistently during this period, whatever the form of abuse considered. The discussion of results examines three aspects: first, factors that may explain significant rate variations; second, the stability of rates reported by child protection services compared with the consistent rate increase reported by community professionals; and finally, current methodological shortcomings and means of improving future research.

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3

Cashmore, Judith, Alan Taylor, and Patrick Parkinson. "Fourteen-Year Trends in the Criminal Justice Response to Child Sexual Abuse Reports in New South Wales." Child Maltreatment 25, no. 1 (June 5, 2019): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077559519853042.

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This study of attrition compares the prosecution of child sexual offenses reported while the complainant was still a child with those in which the report was delayed into adulthood; it also compares matters involving adult and young (under 18 years) suspects/defendants. It is based on an analysis of police and court administrative data in New South Wales, Australia over a 14-year period (2003–2016). Only one in five (21.6%) proceeded beyond the investigation stage. Criminal proceedings were more likely to commence when the alleged victim was 7–12 years old at the time of the incident, when the suspect was an adult and at least 10 years older than the victim, and also when the report to police was made when the victim was an adult. Just over half (55.5%) of the matters finalized in court resulted in a conviction. Cases in the higher courts were less likely to be dismissed and more likely to feature guilty pleas and convictions at trial than cases in the lower courts. The overall estimate is that only 12% of offenses reported to police resulted in a conviction, at a relatively stable rate over 14 years. These findings are consistent with those of comparable studies.

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4

Meddin, Barbara J. "The Future of Decision Making in Child Welfare Practice: The Development of an Explicit Criteria Model for Decision Making." Children Australia 9, no. 4 (1985): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0312897000007451.

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AbstractThe paper examines the impact that a decision making model can have on child placement decisions. Using a pre and post test design with three different conditions, the research investigated the ability to increase the consistency of the placement decision by the use of a decision making model that includes explicit criteria.The study found that consistency of decision making was enhanced by the provision of the decision making model and that consistency could be further enhanced by the provision of training in the model. Implications for training of new workers and reduction of worker stress and burnout are discussed.The incident of child abuse and neglect continues to rise. The National Centre on Child Abuse and Neglect estimates that approximately one million children will be abused or neglected this year in the United States. In the State of Illinois alone, during fiscal year 1981 nearly 80,000 reports of abuse or neglect were received. Almost 50% of those reports were found to be actual cases of abuse or neglect.Whether the incident in Australia of child abuse and neglect is increasing or not is difficult to assess, since currently there is no standardised way of collecting data. However, from all indicators a similar increase is indeed occurring. Boss in his book, “On the Side of the Child”, reports that the number of cases seen by the Western Australian Department of Community Welfare has steadily increased. This is corroborated by statistics compiled by that State’s Advisory and Consultative Committee in Child Abuse (ACCCA). Their Statistical Information Report for July-December 1983 indicates an 86% increase in reports of sexual abuse and 12.5% increase in physical abuse. In Queensland the number of child abuse and/or neglect case investigations went from 1 095 in 1981 to 1 631 in 1982 – an increase of more than one third. In Tasmania between 1980 to 1982 the number of reports increased by nearly one-third, from 228-302. The Montrose Child Protection and Family Crisis Unit of the Department of Youth and Community Services in New South Wales report similar increases.On almost a daily basis, social workers are called upon to make far reaching decisions that have the potential to be a life consequential both for the child who is the victim of abuse and/or neglect and that child’s family. Because these decisions, especially the placement decision, have such great ramifications, social workers should be expected to make decisions with great care, consideration and consistency. This may be due, in part because agencies have been slow to explicate, empirically validate, and systematically apply decision making criteria that assist workers in making case decisions.While research indicates that criteria do exist and are used by child welfare workers, the research also indicates that they are not used in any systematic fashion. The result is that idiosyncratic decisions are invited and the potential spectre of gross inequities in the delivery of social services exists. Unless asystematic, consensually based decision making model is used that explicates both the decisions that need to be made along with a specific set of criteria for making these decisions, it is impossible for the child welfare agency to guarantee a minimum level of service delivery.

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5

Losung, Riana K., Tara De Paoli, Mark Kebbell, and Amanda Bond. "The Role of Empathy in Professional Quality of Life: a Study on Australian Police Officers Working in Sexual Assault and Child Abuse Investigation." Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology 36, no. 3 (July 29, 2021): 616–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11896-021-09468-5.

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6

Roffee, James A. "Rhetoric, Aboriginal Australians and the Northern Territory Intervention: A Socio-legal Investigation into Pre-legislative Argumentation." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v5i1.285.

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Presented within this article is a systematic discourse analysis of the arguments used by the then Australian Prime Minister and also the Minister for Indigenous Affairs in explaining and justifying the extensive and contentious intervention by the federal government into remote Northern Territory Aboriginal communities. The methods used within this article extend the socio-legal toolbox, providing a contextually appropriate, interdisciplinary methodology that analyses the speech act’s rhetorical properties. Although many academics use sound-bites of pre-legislative speech in order to support their claims, this analysis is concerned with investigating the contents of the speech acts in order to understand how the Prime Minister’s and Minister for Indigenous Affairs’ argumentations sought to achieve consensus to facilitate the enactment of legislation. Those seeking to understand legislative endeavours, policy makers and speech actors will find that paying structured attention to the rhetorical properties of speech acts yields opportunities to strengthen their insight. The analysis here indicates three features in the argumentation: the duality in the Prime Minister’s and Minister’s use of the Northern Territory Government’s Little Children are Sacred report; the failure to sufficiently detail the linkages between the Intervention and the measures combatting child sexual abuse; and the omission of recognition of Aboriginal agency and consultation.

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7

Blake, Garth. "The Anglican Diocese of Grafton's Response to Child Sexual Abuse at the North Coast Children's Home." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 18, no. 2 (April 15, 2016): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x16000090.

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In January 2013 the Australian Government established the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse. The terms of reference require the Royal Commission to inquire as what should be done to eliminate or reduce impediments that currently exist for responding appropriately to child sexual abuse and related matters in institutional contexts, including addressing failures in, and impediments to, reporting, investigating and responding to allegations and incidents of abuse. Further, the Commission is directed to focus on systemic issues and to be informed by an understanding of individual cases. In November 2013 the Royal Commission held a public hearing into the Anglican Diocese of Grafton's response to child sexual abuse at the North Coast Children's Home and in October 2014 published its Report.

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8

Woiwod, Dayna M., and Deborah A. Connolly. "Continuous Child Sexual Abuse." Criminal Justice Review 42, no. 2 (May 22, 2017): 206–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734016817704700.

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Due to calls for reform of legislation that accounts for the difficulties complainants of repeated child sexual abuse (CSA) face when asked to particularize individual acts, jurisdictions in the United States and Australia have adopted continuous CSA statutes. Continuous CSA statutes allow for reduced particularity of individual instances when abuse is repeated. In this article, we discuss particularization requirements and how they are adapted in current jurisdictions in the United States and Australia with continuous CSA statutes. We then discuss the relevant research on children’s memory for repeated events and frequency to discuss how current and future research can inform the criteria for the charge. Our goal in this article is to inspire thoughtful discussion of continuous CSA legislation, and how current and future psychological research can advance the criteria for the charge. As more jurisdictions consider adopting these statutes, it would be helpful for psychologists and legal professionals to work toward developing a consensus on the criteria for the charge that balances both the victim’s capabilities to particularize repeated CSA and various rights of the accused.

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9

Lamb, Michael E. "The Investigation of Child Sexual Abuse." Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 3, no. 4 (January 25, 1995): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j070v03n04_06.

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10

Lee, Hyun Joo, Hye Jung Han, Ji Hee Kim, Hye Sun Lee, and In Sil Lee. "Clinical investigation of child sexual abuse." Korean Journal of Pediatrics 50, no. 1 (2007): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2007.50.1.20.

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11

Papalia, Nina, James R. P. Ogloff, Margaret Cutajar, and Paul E. Mullen. "Child Sexual Abuse and Criminal Offending: Gender-Specific Effects and the Role of Abuse Characteristics and Other Adverse Outcomes." Child Maltreatment 23, no. 4 (July 8, 2018): 399–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077559518785779.

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This study sought to enhance knowledge of the link between child sexual abuse (CSA) and long-term criminality by investigating gender-specific effects and the role of index sexual abuse characteristics, revictimization, and serious mental health problems. An Australian sample of 2,759 documented cases of sexual abuse and 2,677 community controls were linked to statewide police records and public mental health service databases, with a follow-up period of 13–44 years. Four key findings emerged from the analysis: (1) CSA victims were more likely than controls to engage in all types of criminal behaviors including violent, sexual, and other offending; (2) gender moderated the relationship between CSA and criminal offending, with stronger associations found among females for general and violent offending, and among males for sexual offending; (3) certain features of the index sexual abuse (i.e., developmental period, number of perpetrators, relation to perpetrator), further victimization experiences, and the development of serious mental health problems were all associated with an increased likelihood of criminal behavior among CSA victims; (4) CSA victims who engaged in criminal offending were more likely to present with cumulative risks than victims not engaging in criminal offending. Implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed.

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12

Briggs, Freda. "Child sexual abuse and the legal system." Children Australia 32, no. 2 (2007): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200011512.

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When Australia signed the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1990, federal and state governments agreed, under Article 19, to create appropriate legislation and all necessary social and educational measures to protect children from all forms of abuse and exploitation and provide treatment and social support for victims and their carers. Seventeen years later, Australian child advocates are wondering where those services are, especially for those outside state capital cities. More importantly, where is the justice system that protects children and caters for victims of sexual abuse?Australia, in common with other former British colonies, inherited the Westminster adversarial system, described by Mallon and White (1995, p. 50, cited in McGrath 2005) as:

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13

Goldman, Juliette D. G., and Usha K. Padayachi. "The perpetrators of child sexual abuse in Queensland, Australia." Children Australia 25, no. 2 (2000): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s103507720000969x.

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A retrospective study of 427 university students in Queensland, Australia, revealed that the majority of perpetrators of child sexual abuse were known to their victim. The rate of incestuous abuse before the age of 17 years was twice as high for females as for males. It was also much more likely that the respondent reported being abused by a male than a female, with stepfathers being one of the most frequently reported offenders. In contrast, strangers were found to perpetrate a minority of abuse. Consequently, recommendations are made for education programs in an effort to prevent children being abused by people whom they know and trust.

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14

Parkinson, Patrick N., R. Kim Oates, and Amanda A. Jayakody. "Child Sexual Abuse in the Anglican Church of Australia." Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 21, no. 5 (September 1, 2012): 553–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2012.689424.

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15

Goddard, Chris. "Child Sexual Abuse and Cleveland: Lessons to be Learned." Children Australia 15, no. 2 (1990): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200002881.

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Kieran O'Hagan is an established social work practitioner and writer, currently employed as Principal Case Worker in Leeds, England. Kieran has numerous publications to his credit including Crises Intervention in Social Services (O'Hagan, 1986) and Working with Child Sexual Abuse (O'Hagan, 1989).Kieran visited Australia recently to run a series of workshops and I took the opportunity to interview him. The interview is published in two parts, and will be concluded in the next edition of Children Australia.

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16

Kuehnle, Kathryn, and Mary Connell. "Child Sexual Abuse Suspicions: Treatment Considerations during Investigation." Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 19, no. 5 (September 30, 2010): 554–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2010.512554.

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17

Mareth, Thomas R., and Kamal K. Raisani. "Psychiatric Investigation of Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse." Military Medicine 159, no. 7 (July 1, 1994): 487–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/159.7.487.

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18

Kilic, Serbulent, and Ayse Vural. "Delusional Disorder and False Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse: A Case Report." Arab Journal of Forensic Sciences and Forensic Medicine 3, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26735/boxu6438.

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Child sexual abuse is a public health problem worldwide. When a court carries out an investigation into cases of sexual abuse, they are likely to ask for a genital examination report from a forensic pathologist indicating whether they believe sexual abuse contact has occurred. Any suspicion about the sexual abuse of a child should be evaluated prudently. Nevertheless, the investigation of sexual abuse is sometimes undertaken according to misguided or unnecessary complaints from concerned parents suffering from mental illness.

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19

Goldman, Ronald J., and Juliette D. G. Goldman. "The Prevalence and Nature of Child Sexual Abuse in Australia." Australian Journal of Sex, Marriage and Family 9, no. 2 (May 1988): 94–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01591487.1988.11004405.

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20

Bates, Frank. "Evidence, Child Sexual Abuse and the High Court of Australia." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 39, no. 2 (April 1990): 413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/39.2.413.

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21

Mathews, Ben, Leah Bromfield, and Kerryann Walsh. "Comparing Reports of Child Sexual and Physical Abuse Using Child Welfare Agency Data in Two Jurisdictions with Different Mandatory Reporting Laws." Social Sciences 9, no. 5 (May 11, 2020): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci9050075.

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Empirical analysis has found that mandatory reporting legislation has positive effects on case identification of child sexual abuse both initially and over the long term. However, there is little analysis of the initial and ongoing impact on child protection systems of the rate of reports that are made if a reporting duty for child sexual abuse is introduced, especially when compared with rates of reports for other kinds of child maltreatment. This research analysed government administrative data at the unique child level over a seven-year period to examine trends in reports of child sexual abuse, compared with child physical abuse, in two Australian states having different socio-legal dimensions. Data mining generated descriptive statistics and rates per 100,000 children involved in reports per annum, and time trend sequences in the seven-year period. The first state, Western Australia, introduced the legislative reporting duty in the middle of the seven-year period, and only for sexual abuse. The second state, Victoria, had possessed mandatory reporting duties for both sexual and physical abuse for over a decade. Our analysis identified substantial intra-state increases in the reporting of child sexual abuse attributable to the introduction of a new legislative reporting duty, and heightened public awareness resulting from major social events. Victoria experienced nearly three times as many reports of physical abuse as Western Australia. The relative burden on the child protection system was most clearly different in Victoria, where reports of physical abuse were relatively stable and two and a half times higher than for sexual abuse. Rates of children in reports, even at their single year peak, indicate sustainable levels of reporting for child welfare agencies. Substantial proportions of reports were made by both legislatively mandated reporters, and non-mandated community members, suggesting that government agencies would benefit from engaging with communities and professions to enhance a desirable reporting practice.

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22

Holland, Grant. "Child Abuse and Mandatory Reporting." Australian Journal of Primary Health 2, no. 4 (1996): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py96058.

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In Victoria, and to some extent Australia, the last two decades have seen some clarification in the classification of the various forms of child maltreatment and abuse. Currently, the major forms of child abuse are acknowledged as being:In Victoria, and to some extent Australia, the last two decades have seen some clarification in the classification of the various forms of child maltreatment and abuse. Currently, the major forms of child abuse are acknowledged as being physical abuse or non-accidental physical injury; sexual abuse and exploitation; emotional/psychological abuse and neglect. These forms of maltreatment often convey an implied message of non-accidental or committed harm against children. Abuse, however, can often occur by neglect or a failure to protect children, and therefore can be characterised as abuse by ommission. Many practitioners and professionals now use the term 'child abuse and neglect' rather than the single 'child abuse' term.

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23

Holland, Grant. "Child abuse and mandatory reporting: A review in progress." Children Australia 22, no. 3 (1997): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200008270.

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In Victoria, and to some extent Australia, the last two decades have seen some clarification in the classification of the various forms of child maltreatment and abuse. Currently, the major recognised forms of child abuse are acknowledged as being:• physical abuse or non-accidental physical injury;• sexual abuse and exploitation;• emotional/psychological abuse; and• neglect.

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24

Fargason, Crayton A., Ralph M. Turner, Rosemary J. Esseks, David J. Hansen, and Norine Smiley. "Team investigation of child sexual abuse: The uneasy alliance." Journal of Family Violence 11, no. 4 (December 1996): 425–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02333426.

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25

Goldman, Juliette, and Usha Padayachi. "Factors influencing school counsellors' decision to report cases of child sexual abuse." Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools 11 (November 2001): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1037291100004349.

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This study examines factors which influence school counsellors' decision to report suspected cases of child sexual abuse. Using a state-wide sample of 122 school counsellors, consisting of 52 males and 70 females, in Queensland, Australia, results show there was a tendency for school counsellors to under-report their suspicions of child sexual abuse. The factors which influenced school counsellors to report cases of sexual abuse were fear that the child was at risk for further abuse, and an ethical/moral obligation to report.

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26

Glaser, Danya. "Conflicts in the investigation and treatment of sexually abused children." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 4, no. 2 (March 1998): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.4.2.89.

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This paper examines the complex relationship between the process of investigation and the provision of treatment in cases of child sexual abuse. Child sexual abuse is now a well-recognised and documented phenomenon, the deleterious sequelae of which have been studied, initially in survivors presenting in adulthood (Wyatt & Powell, 1989) and (more recently) during childhood (Briere, 1992; Kendall-Tackett et al, 1993). Following the recognition of sexual abuse from the accounts of adult survivors, and in order to reduce the harm caused to sexually abused children by providing earlier protection and treatment, attention began to be directed to the earlier recognition of child sexual abuse, during childhood.

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27

Erooga, Marcus, and Keith L. Kaufman. "Introduction to Special Issue on Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 20 (September 5, 2019): 4195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260519869233.

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This Special Edition brings together innovative research from leading figures in their field of work from the USA, UK and Australia. With its focus on prevention, it is designed to highlight a broad international sample of cutting-edge child sexual abuse prevention thinking, intended to both spur additional prevention research and sharing these creative approaches to preventing sexual abuse.

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28

Goldman, Juliette D. G., and Usha K. Padayachi. "The prevalence and nature of child sexual abuse in Queensland, Australia." Child Abuse & Neglect 21, no. 5 (May 1997): 489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0145-2134(97)00008-2.

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Hatty, Suzanne E. "Of nightmares and sexual monsters: Struggles around child abuse in Australia." International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 14, no. 3 (January 1991): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-2527(91)90007-a.

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30

Tonmyr,, L., and A. Gonzalez. "Correlates of joint child protection and police child sexual abuse investigations: results from the Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect–2008." Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada 35, no. 8/9 (November 2015): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.35.8/9.03.

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Introduction Our study examines the frequency of joint investigations by child protection workers and the police in sexual abuse investigations compared to other maltreatment types and the association of child-, caregiver-, maltreatment- and investigation-related characteristics in joint investigations, focussing specifically on investigations involving sexual abuse. Methods We analyzed data from the Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect–2008 using logistic regression. Results The data suggest that sexual abuse (55%), and then physical abuse, neglect and emotional maltreatment, are most often co-investigated. Substantiation of maltreatment, severity of maltreatment, placement in out-of-home care, child welfare court involvement and referral of a family member to specialized services was more likely when the police were involved in an investigation. Conclusion This study adds to the limited information on correlates of joint child protection agency and police investigations. Further research is needed to determine the effectiveness of these joint investigations.

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31

Urquiza, Anthony J., and Beth L. Goodlin-Jones. "Child Sexual Abuse and Adult Revictimization With Women of Color." Violence and Victims 9, no. 3 (January 1994): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.9.3.223.

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Clinical researchers examining the long-term consequences of child molestation have reported that female survivors of child sexual abuse experience a higher risk of sexual assault as adults. However, very little literature has focused on the child and/or adult sexual victimization of women from different ethnic or cultural backgrounds. In examining the long-term consequences of child sexual abuse, this investigation examined the rates of sexual revictimization of women of color. A multiethnic (white, African-American, Latina, and Asian-American) sample of 243 women, recruited and randomly selected from a pool of volunteers from two community colleges, were administered extensive clinical interviews. Nearly two thirds of the women who reported rape as an adult had a history of child sexual abuse, while approximately one third of the nonvictimized women had a child sexual abuse history. Additionally, an examination of the rates of adult rape within each ethnic group revealed differences between the women with and without a history of child sexual abuse. Significant differences (i.e., higher rates of rape associated with a prior history of child sexual abuse) were found for white women, African-American women, and Latinas, but not for Asian-American women. The results of this investigation highlight the relationship between child sexual abuse and adult rape and suggest the need for researchers to take a broader cultural context in which to view sexual victimization.

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32

Giliker, Paula. "ANALYSING INSTITUTIONAL LIABILITY FOR CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE IN ENGLAND AND WALES AND AUSTRALIA: VICARIOUS LIABILITY, NON-DELEGABLE DUTIES AND STATUTORY INTERVENTION." Cambridge Law Journal 77, no. 3 (September 24, 2018): 506–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197318000685.

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AbstractThis paper will argue that, in the light of recent case law in the UK and Australia, a new approach is needed when dealing with claims for vicarious liability and non-delegable duties in the law of tort. It will submit that lessons can be learnt from a comparative study of these jurisdictions, notably by reflecting on the courts’ treatment of claims of institutional liability for child sexual abuse. In parallel to decisions of their highest courts, public enquiries in Australia and England and Wales, established to report on historic child sexual abuse and how to engage in best practice, are now reporting their findings which include proposals for victim reparation: see Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse (Australia, 2017) including its Redress and Civil Litigation Report (2015); Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse (Interim report, England and Wales, 2018). The Australian reports suggest reforms not only to state practice, but also to private law. This article will critically examine the operation of vicarious liability and non-delegable duties in England and Wales and Australia and proposals for statutory intervention. It will submit that a more cautious incremental approach is needed to control the ever-expanding doctrine of vicarious liability in UK law and to develop more fully its more restrictive Australian counterpart.

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33

Mathews, Ben, Chris Goddard, Bob Lonne, Stephanie Short, and Freda Briggs. "Developments in Australian laws requiring the reporting of suspected child sexual abuse." Children Australia 34, no. 3 (2009): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200020101.

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Thousands of Australian children are sexually abused every year, and the effects can be severe and long lasting. Not only is child sexual abuse a public health problem, but the acts inflicted are criminal offences. Child sexual abuse usually occurs in private, typically involving relationships featuring a massive imbalance in power and an abuse of that power. Those who inflict child sexual abuse seek to keep it secret, whether by threats or more subtle persuasion. As a method of responding to this phenomenon and in an effort to uncover cases of sexual abuse that otherwise would not come to light, governments in Australian States and Territories have enacted legislation requiring designated persons to report suspected child sexual abuse. With Western Australia’s new legislation having commenced on 1 January 2009, every Australian State and Territory government has now passed these laws, so that there is now, for the first time, an almost harmonious legislative approach across Australia to the reporting of child sexual abuse. Yet there remain differences in the State and Territory laws regarding who has to make reports, which cases of sexual abuse are required to be reported, and whether suspected future abuse must be reported. These differences indicate that further refinement of the laws is required.

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Goldman, Juliette D. G., and Usha K. Padayachi. "Factors influencing school counsellors' decision not to report child sexual abuse." Children Australia 27, no. 1 (2002): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200004946.

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Using a state-wide sample of 122 school counsellors (52 males and 70 females) in Queensland, Australia, factors which influenced their decision not to report child sexual abuse were examined. These factors were a lack of evidence; lack of confidence in the authorities to accurately evaluate or protect sexually abused children; adverse effects on the family's social standing in the community; potential to break up the family; and the fear of breaking counsellor-client confidentiality. Further, school counsellors were not likely to report all cases of child sexual abuse when they suspected it, thus confirming the popular belief that child sexual abuse is under-reported by them.

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USTUNDAG, Alev. "Investigation of Parents' Attitudes Towards Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Education." Current Perspectives in Social Sciences 26, no. 1 (March 29, 2022): 118–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54614/jssi.2022.952721.

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MORAN-ELLIS, J., and N. FIELDING. "A National Survey of the Investigation of Child Sexual Abuse." British Journal of Social Work 26, no. 3 (June 1, 1996): 337–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjsw.a011099.

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Lamb, Michael E. "The investigation of child sexual abuse: An interdisciplinary consensus statement." Child Abuse & Neglect 18, no. 12 (December 1994): 1021–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(94)90127-9.

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Goldman, Juliette D. G., and Usha K. Padayachi. "School counsellors' knowledge of the nature of child sexual abuse and proceedures and laws." Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling 10, no. 1 (November 2000): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1037291100004106.

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All school counsellors employed by the State Department of Education in Queensland, Australia, were sent a questionnaire asking about their understanding of child sexual abuse, and their familiarity with procedures and current laws. Results from the 122 respondents (52 males and 70 females), show that they have diverse knowledge of child sexual abuse. There was uncertainty among them as to whether their school had a formal procedure for reporting cases. Most school counsellors have a general knowledge of the laws in Queensland on reporting suspected cases of abuse, but only a minority of them know what the laws require them to do. When asked to describe the laws in Queensland, counsellors who indicated they knew about the law, then described four differing laws. In terms of knowledge of child sexual abuse, females made more accurate statements about sexual abuse than males. Training does contribute to improving counsellors' knowledge of child sexual abuse.

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Salter, Michael. "Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation: Guest Editor’s Introduction." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 4, no. 2 (July 1, 2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v4i2.240.

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One of the most unnerving aspects of child sexual abuse is that it is constantly manifesting in unexpected ways. The current Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse has collected testimony of abuse in churches, schools, out-of-home care, hospitals and religious communities, demonstrating the breadth of institutional arrangements whose structures and cultures have facilitated child sexual abuse. Cases of serious and prolonged sexual abuse in family contexts have been excluded from the terms of reference of the Royal Commission but nonetheless continue to surface in media reports. In 2013, twelve children were permanently removed from an extended family living in rural NSW in what has been described as one of the worst cases of child abuse in Australia, involving intergenerational incest going back at least three generations (Auebach 2014). Another recent high-profile case involved the use of the Internet to facilitate the sexual exploitation of an adopted child by his parents in Queensland (Ralston 2013). These cases challenge the received wisdom that child sexual abuse is characterised by the victimisation of one child by one opportunistic offender. Such incidents suggest instead that child sexual abuse takes varied and systemic forms, and can operate to perpetuate and entrench toxic cultures and power structures. This special issue on Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation is a timely contribution to ongoing efforts to understand the multiplicity of child sexual abuse. It is an interdisciplinary collection of insights drawn from criminology, sociology, psychiatry, psychology and psychoanalysis, and includes papers from academic researchers alongside academic practitioners whose writing is grounded in their work with affected individuals and communities. A key aim of the special issue is to contextualise the diversity of child sexual abuse socially, politically and historically, recognising the dynamic and iterative relationships between sexual abuse and the contexts in which it takes place. The contributions to this special issue examine how the diversity and dynamics of abuse unfold at the individual, community and social level, and across time. The issue is focused on emerging or under-recognised forms of child sexual abuse, such as organised abuse and sexual exploitation, which illustrate recent shifts in the knowledge base and require new and innovative criminological thinking.Download the PDF file from this page to find out more about this special edition.

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Purvis, Mayumi, and Andrew Joyce. "Child Sexual Abuse is a Global Public Health Problem: Where is Australia?" Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 12, no. 2 (July 2005): 334–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/pplt.12.2.334.

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San Lazaro, C., A. M. Steele, and L. J. Donaldson. "Outcome of criminal investigation into allegations of sexual abuse." Archives of Disease in Childhood 75, no. 2 (August 1, 1996): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.75.2.149.

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Pho Duc, Hoa, Hang Truong Thi, and Linh Nguyen Ngoc. "CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE EDUCATION FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS." Journal of Science Educational Science 65, no. 12 (December 2020): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.18173/2354-1075.2020-0114.

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This article is concerned with child sexual abuse education for primary school students. The aim is to equip students, parents, and associated educational establishments with the knowledge and skills needed for the prevention of child molestation. The authors coordinate the system of the following methods: Document research method; questionnaire investigation method; observation method; in-depth interview method; method of processing data by mathematical statistics. From the analysis of the “red alert” situation, the theoretical and experimental bases surveyed on 60 students of grades 3 and 5 at Pham Tu Primary School, Thanh Tri District, Hanoi. Through means of status quo analysis and assessment of the effectiveness of child sexual abuse education in Vietnam, the article provides educational establishments and educators within this field with suggestions for improvement. Our research group hopes that these recommendations, as well as the conclusions drawn in the article can help to make child sexual abuse less of a threat to students, a challenging topic to teachers, and a prevalent hazard to society.

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McCauley, Michelle. "Book Review: Team Investigation of Child Sexual Abuse: The Uneasy Alliance." Criminal Justice Review 21, no. 2 (September 1996): 280–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073401689602100220.

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Death, Jodi. "Bad Apples, Bad Barrel: Exploring Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse by Catholic Clergy in Australia." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 4, no. 2 (July 1, 2015): 94–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v4i2.229.

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This paper considers constructions of institutional culture and power in the cover-up of child sexual abuse (CSA) by clergy in the Roman Catholic Church of Australia. The issue of cover-up has previously been considered in international inquiries as an institutional failing that has caused significant harm to victims of CSA by Catholic Clergy. Evidence given by select representatives of the Catholic Church in two government inquiries into institutional abuse carried out in Australia is considered here. This evidence suggests that, where cover-up has occurred, it has been reliant on the abuse of institutional power and resulted in direct emotional, psychological and spiritual harm to victims of abuse. Despite international recognition of cover-up as institutional abuse, evidence presented by Roman Catholic Representatives to the Victorian Inquiry denied there was an institutionalised cover-up. Responding to this evidence, this paper queries whether the primary foundation of cover-up conforms to the ‘bad apple theory’ in that it relates only to a few individuals, or the ‘bad barrel theory’ of institutional structure and culture.

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Mathews, Ben, and Delphine Collin-Vézina. "Child Sexual Abuse: Toward a Conceptual Model and Definition." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 20, no. 2 (November 2, 2017): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838017738726.

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The problem of defining “child sexual abuse” (CSA), and the need to define this concept, has been recognized by major policy bodies and leading researchers since the 1970s. Recent demands for a more theoretically robust, explicit definition of CSA show this challenge remains urgent. In this article, we identify problems caused by variance in definitions of CSA for five domains: research and knowledge formation, legal frameworks and principles, prevention efforts, policy responses, and the establishment of social norms. We review and analyze definitions used in leading international epidemiological studies, national and international policy documents, social science literature, and legal systems in the United States, Canada, and Australia to demonstrate the continuing use of different concepts of CSA and identify key areas of conceptual disagreement. Informed by our literature review, we use a methodology of conceptual analysis to develop a conceptual model of CSA. The purpose of this model is to propose a more robust, theoretically sound concept of CSA, which clarifies its defining characteristics and distinguishes it from other concepts. Finally, we provide operational examples of the conceptual model to indicate how it would translate to a classificatory framework of typologies of acts and experiences. A sound conceptual model and classificatory system offers the prospect of more appropriate and effective methods of research, response, regulation, and prevention. While total consensus is unattainable, this analysis may assist in developing understanding and advancing more coherent approaches to the conceptual foundation of CSA and its operationalization.

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Tadei, Alessandro, Johan Pensar, Jukka Corander, Katarina Finnilä, Pekka Santtila, and Jan Antfolk. "A Bayesian Decision-Support Tool for Child Sexual Abuse Assessment and Investigation." Sexual Abuse 31, no. 4 (September 21, 2017): 374–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063217732791.

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In assessments of child sexual abuse (CSA) allegations, informative background information is often overlooked or not used properly. We therefore created and tested an instrument that uses accessible background information to calculate the probability of a child being a CSA victim that can be used as a starting point in the following investigation. Studying 903 demographic and socioeconomic variables from over 11,000 Finnish children, we identified 42 features related to CSA. Using Bayesian logic to calculate the probability of abuse, our instrument—the Finnish Investigative Instrument of Child Sexual Abuse (FICSA)—has two separate profiles for boys and girls. A cross-validation procedure suggested excellent diagnostic utility (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.97 for boys and AUC = 0.88 for girls). We conclude that the presented method can be useful in forensic assessments of CSA allegations by adding a reliable statistical approach to considering background information, and to support clinical decision making and guide investigative efforts.

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Keary, Kay, and Carol Fitzpatrick. "Children's disclosure of sexual abuse during formal investigation." Child Abuse & Neglect 18, no. 7 (July 1994): 543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(94)90080-9.

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Shaffer, Sarah, Nadja Schreiber Compo, J. Zoe Klemfuss, Joanna Peplak, and Julio Mejias. "Law enforcement investigation of non-sexual child abuse: Physical abuse, neglect and Abusive Head Trauma." International Journal of Evidence & Proof 25, no. 2 (April 2021): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13657127211002284.

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This study examined the experiences of law enforcement in investigating physical abuse, neglect and Abusive Head Trauma (AHT). Law enforcement ( N = 388) in the United States were surveyed regarding case characteristics, investigative strategy, interrogative approaches, frequency/content of perpetrator admissions and interagency interaction across cases of physical abuse, neglect and AHT. Results revealed that exposure rates matched those of national statistics. AHT perpetrators reported to admit guilt less often than suspects of physical abuse and neglect. Participants reported that suspects explain physical abuse and AHT by referencing poor self-control as a common cause. Lack of financial resources was commonly reported as the explanation for neglect. Potentially coercive interviewing techniques were reported across abuse types but were more frequent in cases of AHT. AHT cases were reportedly hardest to prove/prosecute partially due to conflicting medical diagnoses. Potential implications for law enforcement investigative (interviewing) policies and future research are discussed.

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Witting, Sabine K. "Transnational by Default: Online Child Sexual Abuse Respects No Borders." International Journal of Children’s Rights 29, no. 3 (August 17, 2021): 731–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-29030010.

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Abstract Combatting child sexual abuse on the internet requires a high level of harmonisation of both substantive and procedural laws, as online child sexual abuse is transnational by default: while the transnational nature of child sexual abuse material used to be the exception before the advent of the internet, it is now the rule. In order to prosecute and investigate online child sexual abuse across country borders, states rely heavily on extraterritorial jurisdiction clauses as well as informal and formal law enforcement collaboration channels. This paper analyses existing channels in the opsc, Budapest Convention and Lanzarote Convention, particularly against the background of the recently published crc Committee Guidelines regarding the implementation of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography (crc/c/156), and provides for concrete guidance on how to ensure that the best interests of the child in the prosecution and investigation of transnational crimes such as online child sexual abuse is the primary consideration.

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Blake, Garth. "Child Protection and the Anglican Church of Australia." Journal of Anglican Studies 4, no. 1 (June 2006): 81–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1740355306064520.

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ABSTRACTIn the last decade the sexual abuse of children by some clergy and church workers in the Anglican Church of Australia has become a serious public issue. There have been criminal convictions, civil litigation, inquiries, Church discipline and resignations. Initial responses in the 23 dioceses were reactive and inconsistent. Beginning in 2001 the General Synod took initiatives to develop national strategies to respond to this growing crisis. The culmination of these initiatives occurred at the 2004 General Synod. By the passing of several resolutions and canons the Church at a national level expressed a commitment to, and set out detailed comprehensive and uniform strategies for, the protection of children.

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