Journal articles: 'Child restraint systems in automobiles'

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Williams, A. F. "Observed child restraint use in automobiles." Injury Prevention 4, no. 2 (June 1, 1998): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.4.2.155.

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Leonard, S. David, and Edward W. Karnes. "Perception of Risk in Automobiles: Is it Accurate?" Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, no. 15 (October 1998): 1083–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129804201506.

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Consumer concern with safety may be nullified because understanding of hazards associated with uses and misuses of products is often inadequate owing to lack of understanding relevant physical principles. These studies examined the public's understanding of hazards associated with automobiles. Recent safety advances have included passive restraint systems to increase the likelihood of buckling up. Such systems are usually passive/active systems, because lap belts must be manually buckled. Not buckling the lap belt may cause the system to become an injury-producing system rather than an injury-preventing system. Without lap restraint severe neck injuries and possible ejection from the vehicle can occur. Similar problems are posed by other seat belt behaviors. Surveys of general knowledge of these problems and of problems associated with the temperatures occurring in vehicles exposed to solar radiation indicated significant knowledge gaps. Suggestions are made for added warnings and informational programs to ameliorate the situation.

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Wang, Yu Fei, Ban Wang, Jin Yuan Wang, and Dong Qi Meng. "Optimization of Biomechanical Systems For the Fighter Plane Ejection Seats." Advanced Materials Research 815 (October 2013): 880–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.815.880.

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Restraint systems and protection devices, referred to as safety devices in this paper, are widely used in automobiles and aircraft for crashworthiness and safety. While such safety devices are designed to isolate, attenuate, and control the impact to the occupants, their performance for crashworthiness and safety may be ineffective or even counterproductive under certain circumstances.

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James, Joan L., and Karl E. Kim. "Restraint Use by Children Involved in Crashes in Hawaii, 1986–1991." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1560, no. 1 (January 1996): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196156000102.

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The use of child safety seats for crash-involved children in Hawaii from 1986 through 1991 is described. Child safety seat use increased over this period, whereas unrestrained children and belt use for children decreased. Male drivers are more likely to have unrestrained infants; female drivers are more likely to have unrestrained toddlers. Toddlers are more likely to be unrestrained in automobiles and trucks, and infants are more likely to be unrestrained in vans, on the freeway, during nighttime hours, and in urban areas. Child-restraint use for infants is twice the rate for toddlers, and infants are less likely to suffer nonincapacitating, incapacitating, and fatal injuries. A logistic regression model shows that children riding in automobiles are less likely to be restrained; belted drivers are far more likely to restrain children; and one- and two-year-olds are less likely to be restrained. Separate logistic regressions for crash types reveals that restrained children are less likely to suffer a non-incapacitating, incapacitating, or fatal injury in head-on and rear-end crashes and more likely to sustain injuries in broadside crashes.

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Valent, F., and F. Barbone. "Automotive child restraint systems in Northeastern Italy." Acta Paediatrica 92, no. 8 (January 2, 2007): 958–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2003.tb00631.x.

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Woodward, George A., and Robert G. Bolte. "Children Riding in the Back of Pickup Trucks: A Neglected Safety Issue." Pediatrics 86, no. 5 (November 1, 1990): 683–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.86.5.683.

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Motor vehicle-related trauma is the leading cause of death in children in the United States. All states have pediatric restraint requirements for passenger vehicles to help prevent these deaths and injuries. Only a few states, however, possess safety laws or restrictions for passengers who ride in the back of pickup trucks. A retrospective review of medical records for a 40-month period revealed 40 patients whose injuries were a direct result of being a passenger in the cargo area (bed) of a pickup truck. Their injuries and other pertinent data are discussed. Representatives from the Highway Safety Commission of each state were surveyed about their specific highway safety laws. The responses revealed that all states and the District of Columbia have child restraint requirements for passenger automobiles, 34 states have adult restraint laws, but only 17 states have any type of restriction for passengers riding in the back of pickup trucks. Seventy-one percent of the states with pickup truck regulations include only the preschool-age child. Data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration concerning pickup trucks and passenger fatality are presented and discussed.

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Bull, Marilyn J., Kathleen Weber, and Karen Bruner Stroup. "Automotive restraint systems for premature infants." Journal of Pediatrics 112, no. 3 (March 1988): 385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3476(88)80317-2.

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Kramer, Chelsea, Shelley Kelsey, Christina Rudin-Brown, Robin Langerak, Andrea Scipione, Anthony Jaz, and Peter Burns. "User-Centered Label Design Guidelines for Child Restraint Systems." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 1399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601833.

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Child Restraint Systems (CRS; car seats) are designed to prevent injuries in motor vehicle collisions. CRS misuse and installation errors are common and may seriously reduce or nullify safety benefits. Poorly designed labels and instructions contribute to CRS misuse, and CRS manufacturers are not held to an evidence-based label design standard. This paper describes a user-centered design (UCD) and evaluation process for infant/child convertible (rear-facing/forward-facing) CRS installation labels. The labels focused on two primary tasks: installing a CRS into a vehicle and securing a child into the CRS. The label design concepts were based on literature identifying primary areas for CRS misuse, Human Factors and UCD principles, product warning and label design standards, and current Canadian and US motor vehicle safety standards. A follow-up study will evaluate the reduction of CRS installation errors based on the hypothesized enhanced label usability and effectiveness.

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Nett, Reiner. "Integrated approach for seat development of child restraint systems." ATZ worldwide 110, no. 4 (April 2008): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03224998.

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Ridenour, Marcella V. "How Child-Resistant are Stroller Belt Buckles?" Perceptual and Motor Skills 84, no. 2 (April 1997): 611–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.84.2.611.

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70 children, between the ages of 24 and 36 months, participated in the assessment of three different styles of stroller seat buckles representing difficulties for children to disconnect the buckle mechanism in the restraint system. None could prevent all the children from opening the restraint system. One was much easier for children to open than the other two styles. Stroller-restraint buckles provide false security to parents who use strollers, as there are no published standards regarding the use of children's stroller seat-belt buckles as a safety device.

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Wogalter, Michael S. "Recurring Accidents in Transportation Systems." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 40, no. 10 (October 1996): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129604001001.

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The four papers in this symposium all deal with events and accidents in surface transportation systems which display a continuing condition. The recurring aspect of these events allows patterns to emerge, associated environmental conditions to be reviewed and demographics to be considered. Human factors/ergonomics analyses and some suggested remedial actions are included for each of the accident types. All four papers deal with elements related to forensic and litigation contexts and provide insights, information and techniques for human factors practitioners in this field. Some observations and insights into the U.S. legal system are also included. The specific topics dealt with in this symposium are: 1) Automatic shoulder belt/manual lap belt restraint systems in late model automobiles and their effect on users and accidents, 2) Pedestrian accidents, repeating patterns, and the need for lawyer, prosecutors, and judges to be more sophisticated in the limitation of both drivers and pedestrians in these situations, 3) Individuals falling out of moving passenger trains in both the U.S. and the U.K. and Amtrak's response, and 4) Misconceptions about how the expectancies of drivers affect their detection and perception of objects in night driving conditions.

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Whyte, Tom, Bianca Albanese, Jane Elkington, Lynne Bilston, and Julie Brown. "Restraint Factors and Child Passenger Deaths in New South Wales, Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4 (February 12, 2020): 1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041147.

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Inappropriate or incorrect use of child restraints can influence crash injury outcome. This study examined the role of restraint factors in child passenger deaths and the effect of legislation requiring appropriate restraint systems up to 7 years old. Data for child (0–12 years) passenger deaths occurring in New South Wales (NSW) from 2007 to 2016 were collected by the child death review team including photographs, reports of in-depth crash investigation, witness reports and medical reports. Restraint use, type of restraint, appropriateness of the restraint for the age of the child and correctness of restraint use were examined. The primary contributor to death was determined in each case. Sixty-four child passengers died in NSW during the data period. Twenty-nine (29/64, 45%) were properly restrained. Thirteen children (13/64, 20%) were unrestrained. In 20 cases (20/64, 31%), children were using a restraint that was either inappropriate for their age (6) or not used correctly (14). Restraint factors were a primary contributor in 22 (22/64, 34%) child deaths. Compared to pre-legislation, appropriate restraint use was more common post-legislation (13/22. 59% vs. 30/42, 71%). However, incorrect use was also greater (3/22, 14% vs. 11/42, 26%). Interventions targeting increasing restraint use and reduction of common ‘use’ errors are needed to prevent further restraint factor-related deaths.

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Elliott, Michael R., Michael J. Kallan, and Dennis R. Durbin. "CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEMS FOR YOUNG CHILDREN DURING MOTOR VEHICLE COLLISIONS." American Journal of Public Health 99, no. 9 (September 2009): 1540–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2009.166421.

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Abu Husain, N., N. I. Mohd Zaki, S. M. Che Husin, Y. Ahmad, and K. A. Abu Kassim. "Updating the Child Restraint Systems Reference List for ASEAN NCAP." Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia 2, no. 3 (April 29, 2021): 252–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v2i3.92.

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Child car occupants must be secured using appropriate Child Restraint Systems (CRS) in order to reduce the risk of severe injuries in the case of crashes or emergency braking. As part of ASEAN NCAP protocol, the so-called "CRS Reference List" of widely available, well performing child seats was established to assess a vehicle’s ability to safely and correctly accommodate child seats. In 2017, ASEAN NCAP introduced a new upper and lower limit crash pulse curve to better represent crashworthiness of cars available in the ASEAN market. With this new curve, the CRS Reference List must be reviewed accordingly; which is the aim of this project. This paper describes the process to update the CRS Reference List, starting from exploring the potential of CRS in three ASEAN markets (i.e., Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia). The identified CRS were then evaluated based on several selection criteria (i.e., availability, regulation approved, weight group combination, price, size and installation direction). Based on the evaluation, several CRS are shortlisted for further technical assessment following ASEAN NCAP Child Occupant Protection (COP) protocol. The CRS shortlist is presented in this paper. However, the proposed CRS Reference List will not be disclosed in this work.

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Sweeney, Margaret M., Elaine B. Weinstein, and Vernon Roberts. "The Effect of Misuse of Child Restraint Systems in Accidents." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 45, no. 12 (October 2001): 889–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120104501207.

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Jermakian, J. S., and J. K. Wells. "Observed use of tethers in forward-facing child restraint systems." Injury Prevention 17, no. 6 (March 21, 2011): 371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.2010.030171.

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Hu, Jia, Koji Mizuno, Eiichi Tanaka, Shunsuke Takagi, Naruyuki Hosokawa, Yasuhiro Matsui, Hideki Yonezawa, and Ryoichi Yoshida. "Occupant responses in child restraint systems in side impact tests." International Journal of Vehicle Safety 3, no. 1 (2008): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvs.2008.020076.

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Guerrero Hernández, L. A., C. Flores Campos C R, and Torres SanMiguel. "Design of a child restraint system embedded in a sedan vehicle." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2307, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2307/1/012037.

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Abstract The accident data referring to deceased infants, who do not have a child restraint system that complies with safety devices, are alarming. Although the current child restraint systems present a good level of protection, it is possible to design systems that improve the performance of the current ones, the improvement in safety being the main motivation for this study. This child restraint system will be incorporated into a sedan car, taking into account the characteristics of the positioning and folding in the rear seat of a sedan vehicle. This research is organized in two phases: the first corresponds to the design of a folding infant carrier system prototype, and the second stage shows the operation of this mechanism through its verification focused on the kinematic study.

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SATO, Naonari, Shunsuke MATSUZAWA, and Masami IWASE. "C208 Control Design for Steering Assist Systems of Bicycles with Child Restraint Systems." Proceedings of the Symposium on the Motion and Vibration Control 2011.12 (2011): 380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemovic.2011.12.380.

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Hauschild, Hans W., John R. Humm, Frank A. Pintar, Narayan Yoganandan, Bruce Kaufman, Matthew R. Maltese, and Kristy B. Arbogast. "The influence of child restraint lower attachment method on protection offered by forward facing child restraint systems in oblique loading conditions." Traffic Injury Prevention 19, sup1 (February 28, 2018): S139—S145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2017.1369532.

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Abu Husain, N., N. I. Mohd Zaki, S. M. Che Husin, Y. Ahmad, and K. A. Abu Kassim. "Establishment Procedure of Child Restraint Systems Reference List for ASEAN NCAP." Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v4i1.50.

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Babies and children below the age of 12 are the most vulnerable road users compared to older children (i.e., 12 years and above) and adults. To reduce the risk of severe injuries in the case of crashes or emergency braking, it is important that these groups of children are transported properly using age- or size-appropriate Child Restraint Systems (CRS) for as long as possible. As part of the ASEAN NCAP protocol, a so-called "CRS Reference List" that contains a sample of widely available, well-performing child seats in the ASEAN market was established to assess the vehicle's ability to safely and correctly accommodate child seats. The reference list should be reviewed every two years following a systematic revision process and published in ASEAN NCAP's website. In this paper, some shortlisted CRS identified in previous work would be assessed following ASEAN NCAP Child Occupant Protection (COP) protocol where the CRS performance is evaluated. The technical assessment is explained in detail in this paper, where several measurements taken during vehicle impact tests using several shortlisted CRS are shown. The final "CRS Reference List" would then be established by ASEAN NCAP following the systematic assessment process based on the findings and recommendations from this work for the future ASEAN NCAP COP assessment.

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Whyte, Tom, Nicholas Kent, Michael Griffiths, Lynne E. Bilston, and Julie Brown. "Dynamic frontal crash performance of old and used child restraint systems." Traffic Injury Prevention 22, no. 7 (August 25, 2021): 570–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2021.1958208.

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Ryan, Stephen, and Patricia Rigby. "Toward Development of Effective Custom Child Restraint Systems in Motor Vehicles." Assistive Technology 19, no. 4 (December 31, 2007): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10400435.2007.10131880.

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Arbogast, Kristy B., Dennis R. Durbin, Rebecca A. Cornejo, Michael J. Kallan, and Flaura K. Winston. "An evaluation of the effectiveness of forward facing child restraint systems." Accident Analysis & Prevention 36, no. 4 (July 2004): 585–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-4575(03)00065-4.

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Vesentini, Lara, and Bert Willems. "Premature graduation of children in child restraint systems: An observational study." Accident Analysis & Prevention 39, no. 5 (September 2007): 867–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2006.08.005.

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GARCÊS, ALLAN QUADROS, IGOR BONIFACIO ANDRADE COIMBRA, and DIEGO SALVADOR MUNIZ DA SILVA. "TRANSPORTING CHILDREN IN CARS AND THE USE OF CHILD SAFETY RESTRAINT SYSTEMS." Acta Ortopédica Brasileira 24, no. 5 (October 2016): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-785220162405140570.

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Ma, Xiaoguang, Peter Layde, and Shankuan Zhu. "Association Between Child Restraint Systems Use and Injury in Motor Vehicle Crashes." Academic Emergency Medicine 19, no. 8 (July 31, 2012): 916–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2012.01403.x.

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Langwieder, K., T. Hummel, and T. Roselt. "ISOFIX – possibilities and problems of a new concept for child restraint systems." International Journal of Crashworthiness 8, no. 5 (January 2003): 443–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/ijcr.2003.0250.

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Jermakian, Jessica S., Caitlin M. Locey, Lexie J. Haughey, and Kristy B. Arbogast. "Lower Extremity Injuries in Children Seated in Forward Facing Child Restraint Systems." Traffic Injury Prevention 8, no. 2 (May 7, 2007): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389580601175250.

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Ehlhardt, Huub. "Child restraint systems: an analysis of their development from an evolutionary perspective." J. of Design Research 10, no. 4 (2012): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/jdr.2012.051162.

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Jermakian, J. S., and K. B. Arbogast. "Lower extremity injuries in children seated in forward facing child restraint systems." Journal of Biomechanics 39 (January 2006): S144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(06)83482-2.

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Zhao, Xiao Yu, Yan Feng Xing, and Bo Zhao. "The Dynamic Simulation Analysis of the Vehicle Safety Belt Retractor." Advanced Materials Research 139-141 (October 2010): 1097–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.139-141.1097.

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This paper searched a way in order to solve relations between the structures and locking performances for vehicle safety-belt retractor, introduced the emergency locking retractor operating principles, including roll-up mechanism, bearing-strength mechanism, sensitive locking organization. Established the movement equations include the car-body which accelerates, the car-body lean and the pull out strap which accelerates, according to the equations of motion may the design performance parameters and structure parameters. Based on above research, applying MSC.ADAMS to dynamic simulation analysis, to make a analysis between the turn angle of strap-shaft and time, provided a check mean for improving performance of retractor, so as to accord the compulsorily standard ECE. R16: uniform provisions concerning the approval of safety-straps, restraint systems, child restraint systems and ISO fix child restraint systems for occupants of power-driven vehicles and GB14166-2003: safety strap and locking system used for adult passengers of vehicle.

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Puvanachandra, Prasanthi, Aliasgher Janmohammed, Pumla Mtambeka, Megan Prinsloo, Sebastian Van As, and Margaret M. Peden. "Affordability and Availability of Child Restraints in an Under-Served Population in South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6 (March 17, 2020): 1979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061979.

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Background: Child road traffic injuries are a major global public health problem and the issue is particularly burdensome in middle-income countries such as South Africa where injury death rates are 41 per 100,000 for under 5′s and 24.5 per 100,000 for 5–14-year-old. Despite their known effectiveness in reducing injuries amongst children, the rates of use of child restraint systems (CRS) remains low in South Africa. Little is known about barriers to child restraint use especially in low- and middle-income countries. Methods: We carried out observation studies and parent/carer surveys in 7 suburbs of Cape Town over a three month period to assess usage rates and explore the knowledge and perceptions of parents towards child restraint legislation, ownership and cost; Results: Only 7.8% of child passengers were observed to be properly restrained in a CRS with driver seatbelt use and single child occupancy being associated with higher child restraint use. 92% of survey respondents claimed to have knowledge of current child restraint legislation, however, only 32% of those parents/carers were able to correctly identify the age requirements and penalty. Reasons given for not owning a child seat included high cost and the belief that seatbelts were a suitable alternative. Conclusions: These findings indicate the need for a tighter legislation with an increased fine paired with enhanced enforcement of both adult seatbelt and child restraint use. The provision of low-cost/subsidised CRS or borrowing schemes and targeted social marketing through online fora, well baby clinics, early learning centres would be beneficial in increasing ownership and use of CRS.

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Yonezawa, Hideki, Yoshinori Tanaka, Naruyuki Hosokawa, Yasuhiro Matsui, Koji Mizuno, and Ryoichi Yoshida. "Occupant Responses in Child Restraint Systems Subjected to Full-Car Side Impact Tests." SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems 3, no. 1 (April 12, 2010): 744–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-1043.

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McDonald, Catherine, Erin Kennedy, Linda Fleisher, and Mark Zonfrillo. "Situational Use of Child Restraint Systems and Carpooling Behaviors in Parents and Caregivers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 8 (August 20, 2018): 1788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081788.

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Suboptimal compliance with child restraint system (CRS) recommendations can increase risk for injury or death in a motor vehicle crash. The purpose of this study was to examine scenarios associated with incomplete CRS use and non-use in children ages 4–10 years. We used a cross-sectional online survey with a convenience sample of parent/caregivers from the United States, age ≥18 years, with a child age 4–10 years in their home, who could read and spoke English, and drove child ≥6 times in previous three months. We used descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney U to describe and compare the distribution of responses to situational use of CRSs among car seat users and booster seat users. We also used descriptive statistics and the Mann-Whitney U to describe and compare the distribution of responses to carpooling items among booster seat users and non-booster seat users. There were significant differences among those who reported most often using booster seats (n = 282) and car seats (n = 127) in situations involving rental cars, driving just around the corner, car too crowded to fit the CRS, not enough CRSs in the vehicle, the CRS is missing from the car, or the child is in someone else’s car without a CRS (p < 0.05). Among those who reported most often using booster seats and who carpooled other children (n = 159), 71.7% (n = 114) always used a booster seat for their own child. When carpooling other children, booster seat users were significantly more likely to use booster seats for other children ages 4–10 than the non-booster seat users (p < 0.01). Continued education and programs surrounding CRS use is critical, particularly for children who should be in booster seats.

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Hu, Jingwen, Miriam A. Manary, Kathleen D. Klinich, and Matthew P. Reed. "Evaluation of ISO CRS Envelopes Relative to U.S. Vehicles and Child Restraint Systems." Traffic Injury Prevention 16, no. 8 (February 9, 2015): 781–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2015.1014550.

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Decina, Lawrence E., and Kathy H. Lococo. "Observed LATCH use and misuse characteristics of child restraint systems in seven states." Journal of Safety Research 38, no. 3 (January 2007): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2006.08.009.

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Nakano, Yukako, Ritsu Kosuge, Kazuko Okamura, and Goro Fujita. "Effect of mother’s participation in focus group on use of child restraint systems: Preliminary study to develop an educational program to promote proper use of child restraint systems by parents." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 84 (September 8, 2020): PQ—027—PQ—027. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.84.0_pq-027.

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Cornelissen, Maaike, Mariëlle Hermans, Laura Tuijl, Marjolein Versteeg, Ed van Beeck, and Ellen Kemler. "Child safety in cars: An observational study on the use of child restraint systems in The Netherlands." Traffic Injury Prevention 22, no. 8 (October 29, 2021): 634–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2021.1980562.

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Cecere, Susan W. "The School Bus Safety Handbook: Choosing and Using Child Safety Restraint Systems and Wheelchairs." Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics 35, no. 1 (December 18, 2014): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01942638.2015.990296.

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Mizuno, Koji, Kazuya Iwata, Tatsuya Namikiri, and Nobuhiko Tanaka. "Comparison of human FE model and crash dummy responses in various child restraint systems." International Journal of Crashworthiness 14, no. 2 (April 30, 2009): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13588260802614332.

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MATSUZAWA, Shunsuke, Takahiro SHIBATA, Naonari SATO, Masami IWASE, Teruyoshi SADAHIRO, and Shoshiro HATAKEYAMA. "G1500-1-3 An Assistive Power Steering System for Bicycles with Child Restraint Systems." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2010.5 (2010): 309–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2010.5.0_309.

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Molloy, Eleanor J. "Increasing Infant Safety in Air Travel: Deficiencies Are Not Limited to Child Restraint Systems." Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 158, no. 11 (November 1, 2004): 1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.158.11.1093.

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Prince, Patricia, Leah M. Hines, Michael J. Bauer, Chang Liu, Jin Luo, Matthew Garnett, and Joyce C. Pressley. "Pediatric Restraint Use and Injury in New York City Taxis Compared with Other Passenger Vehicles." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 7 (May 5, 2019): 541–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119843091.

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In New York City (NYC), as in several other U.S. cities, pediatric occupant restraint laws exempt rear-seated passengers in vehicles-for-hire from those that apply to private vehicles. This study compares rear-seated infant, child, adolescent, and teen passenger restraint use and injury in taxis compared with other passenger vehicles. New York State Department of Health Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System (CODES) was analyzed for rear-seated pediatric passengers aged 0–19 years traveling in taxis ( n = 1,631) or other passenger vehicles ( n = 21,984) involved in a crash in NYC 2011–2013. CODES is a probabilistically linked data set comprising emergency department, hospitalization, and Department of Motor Vehicle crash data. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression odds ratios (OR) are reported with 95% CI. Taxi passenger restraint use was lower than in other passenger vehicles (51.2% vs. 86.7%, p < 0.0001). Use of a child restraint for ages < 8 years was low (5.9%) and one-tenth that of other passenger vehicles. Multivariable adjusted odds of restraint use was 9.80 (8.2–11.7) for other passenger vehicles compared with taxis. Compared with passengers in other vehicles, passengers in taxi crashes were twice as likely to be moderately or severely injured ( p < 0.0001) and twice as likely to have traumatic brain injury ( p = 0.0070). This study documents lower restraint use and higher injury, including traumatic brain injury, for pediatric taxi passengers compared with other passenger vehicles. Improved data systems, surveillance, and enforcement are needed to improve restraint use and reduce injury in children and teens, particularly those in vehicles-for-hire.

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Patton, Declan A., Aditya N. Belwadi, Jalaj Maheshwari, and Kristy B. Arbogast. "Rearward-Facing Infant Child Restraint Systems with Support Legs in Frontal and Frontal-Oblique Impacts." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20 (October 14, 2021): 10799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010799.

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Previous studies of support legs in rearward-facing infant CRS models have focused on frontal impacts and have found that the presence of a support leg is associated with a reduction in head injury metrics. However, real-world crashes often involve an oblique principal direction of force. The current study used sled tests to evaluate the effectiveness of support legs in rearward-facing infant CRS models for frontal and frontal-oblique impacts with and without a simulated front row seatback. Frontal and frontal-oblique impact sled tests were conducted using the simulated Consumer Reports test method with and without the blocker plate, which was developed to represent a front row seatback. The Q1.5 anthropomorphic test device (ATD) was seated in rearward-facing infant CRS models, which were tested with and without support legs. The presence of a support leg was associated with significant reductions of head injury metrics below injury tolerance limits for all tests, which supports the findings of previous studies. The presence of a support leg was also associated with significant reductions of peak neck tensile force. The presence of the blocker plate resulted in greater head injury metrics compared to tests without the blocker plate, but the result was non-significant. However, the fidelity of the interaction between the CRS and blocker plate as an adequate representation of the interaction that would occur in a real vehicle is not well understood. The findings from the current study continue to support the benefit of support legs in managing the energy of impact for a child in a rearward-facing CRS.

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Oono, Mikiko, Koji Kitamura, Yoshifumi Nishida, and Tatsuhiro Yamanaka. "Understanding context sensitivity regarding the use of child restraint systems in daily life in Japan." Accident Analysis & Prevention 159 (September 2021): 106236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2021.106236.

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Lv, Wenle, Lijuan He, Shihai Cui, Shijie Ruan, Jian Li, and Haiyan Li. "Analysis of protective effects on different restraint systems of the six-year-old child occupants." International Journal of Vehicle Safety 12, no. 1 (2021): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvs.2021.10039020.

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Li, Haiyan, Jian Li, Shijie Ruan, Shihai Cui, Lijuan He, and Wenle Lv. "Analysis of protective effects on different restraint systems of the six-year-old child occupants." International Journal of Vehicle Safety 12, no. 1 (2021): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvs.2021.115897.

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BAI, Zhonghao. "Research on the Optimization of Intelligent Child Restraint Systems Based on Children of Different Ages." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 51, no. 6 (2015): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2015.06.118.

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Pline, Kevin, Derek Board, Nirmal Muralidharan, Srinivasan Sundararajan, Eric Eiswerth, Katie Salciccioli, and Noelle Baker. "An Assessment of Inflatable Seatbelt Interaction and Compatibility with Rear-Facing-Only Child Restraint Systems." SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety 5, no. 2 (March 28, 2017): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-1445.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Child restraint systems in automobiles'

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