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Journal articles on the topic 'Child health services Papua New Guinea'

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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Karel, Harumi Sasaki. "Knowledge and Use of Maternal and Child Health Services by Mothers in Papua New Guinea." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 7, no. 3 (July 1994): 191–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053959400700308.

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A survey was conducted in the coastal area of Morobe Province in Papua New Guinea between March to April 1992 in order to obtain and examine the current health knowledge and practices of mothers with children under two years of age. The purpose of the survey was to gather data for the detailed planning and implementation of a Child Survival Intervention Project funded by USAID. A total of 30 villages in the area were selected utilizing the WHO 30-cluster sampling technique. The results indicated that breastfeeding was a very common practice. However, because nutritional intake was not increased during pregnancy and lactation for many of the women, it is likely that their nutritional intake was insufficient. Although many mothers knew the importance of immunization, they were unclear about the importance of completing immunization series. The utilization of contraceptive methods was very low among women who did not want to have another child within the subsequent two years. The most common methods were injections and pills. The dissemination of health education to isolated rural villages is one of the most important interventions in reducing maternal and infant mortality. As there currently is no health education unit at the Morobe Provincial Department of Health. It is crucial to establish the unit and to emphasize the importance of health education as the tool for disease prevention and health promotion. Asia Pac J Public Health1994;7(3):191-3.

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2

Heywood, Peter F., and Robin L. Hide. "Nutritional Effects of Export-Crop Production in Papua New Guinea: A Review of the Evidence." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 15, no. 3 (September 1994): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659401500305.

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The effects of cash cropping on nutrition in Papua New Guinea are reviewed. The interpretation of the available evidence is complicated by the introduction of cash cropping simultaneously with services such as health and education of the rural population. However, there is indication that the growth of children improved over the period in which cash cropping increased, particularly in the highlands, where, as a result of the later introduction of cash crops, more baseline data are available. There is no reason to believe that the same effect did not occur in the lowlands, where the infant mortality rate fell progressively over the same period. There is also evidence of an increase in the height and weight of adults, as well as an increase in the prevalence of degenerative diseases. Programmes need to be developed that retain the important benefits of child health and at the same time arrest the increasing prevalence of degenerative diseases in adults.

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3

McKenzie, Maviso. "Experiences of men’s involvement in antenatal education services in the rural Eastern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea: a descriptive qualitative study." Pacific Journal Reproductive Health 1, no. 7 (August 20, 2018): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.18313/pjrh.2018.901.

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Background: Appropriate antenatal education services that increase men’s involvement in pregnancy and childbirth is crucial for improving maternal and child health outcomes. However, in Papua New Guinea (PNG), men’s involvement in antenatal education services remains inadequate. This study aimed to describe experiences of men’s involvement in antenatal education services and identify factors that facilitate or restrict their involvement. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted among 17 men who have attended antenatal care (ANC) and involved in antenatal education sessions with their wives. Semi-structured and face-to-face interviews were employed to obtain detailed descriptions of men’s experiences and their perception of antenatal health education services, including factors that influenced their involvement. Data is generated from interviews. The findings are informed by the thematic analysis. Results: Three key themes that emerged were: (1) perception of ANC as women’s domain, (2) knowledge of antenatal education services, and (3) accessing of antenatal education services. Factors influencing men’s involvement were: strict gender roles, being responsible for pregnancy and spousal communication. Lack of knowledge, dissatisfaction with antenatal services, and lack of capacity to involve men were other reasons further observed. Conclusion: This study found negative perceptions; poor maternal knowledge and socio-cultural norms, inadequate information dissemination and poor men-friendly services influenced men’s involvement. Suggestions to strengthen men’s involvement require gender-inclusive and culturally appropriate antenatal education programs.

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4

Mohamed, Yasmin, Martha Kupul, Janet Gare, Steven G. Badman, Selina Silim, Andrew J. Vallely, Stanley Luchters, and Angela Kelly-Hanku. "Feasibility and acceptability of implementing early infant diagnosis of HIV in Papua New Guinea at the point of care: a qualitative exploration of health worker and key informant perspectives." BMJ Open 10, no. 11 (November 2020): e043679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043679.

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IntroductionEarly infant diagnosis (EID) of HIV and timely initiation of antiretroviral therapy can significantly reduce morbidity and mortality among HIV-positive infants. Access to EID is limited in many low-income and middle-income settings, particularly those in which standard care involves dried blood spots (DBS) sent to centralised laboratories, such as in Papua New Guinea (PNG). We conducted a qualitative exploration of the feasibility and acceptability of implementing a point-of-care (POC) EID test (Xpert HIV-1 Qualitative assay) among health workers and key stakeholders working within the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) programme in PNG.MethodsThis qualitative substudy was conducted as part of a pragmatic trial to investigate the effectiveness of the Xpert HIV-1 Qualitative test for EID in PNG and Myanmar. Semistructured interviews were undertaken with 5 health workers and 13 key informants to explore current services, experiences of EID testing, perspectives on the Xpert test and the feasibility of integrating and scaling up POC EID in PNG. Coding was undertaken using inductive and deductive approaches, drawing on existing acceptability and feasibility frameworks.ResultsHealth workers and key informants (N=18) felt EID at POC was feasible to implement and beneficial to HIV-exposed infants and their families, staff and the PMTCT programme more broadly. All study participants highlighted starting HIV-positive infants on treatment immediately as the main advantage of POC EID compared with standard care DBS testing. Health workers identified insufficient resources to follow up infants and caregivers and space constraints in hospitals as barriers to implementation. Participants emphasised the importance of adequate human resources, ongoing training and support, appropriate coordination and a sustainable supply of consumables to ensure effective scale-up of the test throughout PNG.ConclusionsImplementation of POC EID in a low HIV prevalence setting such as PNG is likely to be both feasible and beneficial with careful planning and adequate resources.Trial registration number12616000734460.

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5

Campos-Outcalt, Doug. "Health services in Papua New Guinea." Public Health 103, no. 3 (May 1989): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0033-3506(89)80070-8.

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6

Campos-Outcalt, Doug, and William Newbrander. "Decentralization of health services in Papua New Guinea." Health Policy and Planning 4, no. 4 (1989): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/4.4.347.

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7

NEWBRANDER, WILLIAM C., and JANE A. THOMASON. "Alternatives for financing health services in Papua New Guinea." Health Policy and Planning 4, no. 2 (1989): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/4.2.131.

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8

Williams, Ged, Rose Jaspers, Veronica Wohuinangu, Svatka Micik, and Adrian De Luca. "Critical Care Nursing in Papua New Guinea." Connect: The World of Critical Care Nursing 14, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/wfccn-d-20-00011.

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ObjectiveTo explore and understand the current context of critical care nursing in Papua New Guinea (PNG).MethodA three day fact finding mission and consulation process with leaders of critical care and health services in PNG.ResultsAlthough challenged by limited resources and healthcare infrastructure there is a determination among local health care providers to growth and improve the provision of critical care services from the major hospitals of PNG. The PNG Critical Care Nurses Society (PNG CCNS) was officially formed in March 2020, providing hope and optimism for a renewed emphasis on this important speciality in PNG.ConclusionThe authors and the PNG CCNS recommend the establishment of active and supportive partnerships with other critical care leaders of the world to help guide future developments in PNG.

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9

Thomason, Jane, Navy Mulou, and Caroline Bass. "User charges for rural health services in Papua New Guinea." Social Science & Medicine 39, no. 8 (October 1994): 1105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(94)90382-4.

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10

Duke, Trevor. "Decline in child health in rural Papua New Guinea." Lancet 354, no. 9186 (October 1999): 1291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(99)00335-9.

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11

Smiley, Michael. "Beta thalassaemia in Papua New Guinea." Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 6, no. 3 (September 1986): 175–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724936.1986.11748433.

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12

Friesen, H., J. Vince, P. Boas, R. Danaya, D. Mokela, G. Ogle, P. Asuo, et al. "Infant feeding practices in Papua New Guinea." Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 18, no. 3 (September 1998): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724936.1998.11747949.

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13

SENGUPTA, S. K., K. EDWARDS, A. BLAIR, D. R. HAMILTON, and J. S. NIBLET. "Childhood Kaposi's sarcoma in Papua New Guinea." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 22, no. 4 (November 1986): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.1986.tb02153.x.

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14

Biddulph, John. "Child health in Papua New Guinea: a 30 year personal perspective." Medical Journal of Australia 154, no. 7 (April 1991): 439–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb121170.x.

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15

Duke, T. "Slow but steady progress in child health in Papua New Guinea." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 40, no. 12 (December 2004): 659–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2004.00506.x.

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16

Thomason, Jane, and Keith Edwards. "Using indicators to assess quality of hospital services in Papua New Guinea." International Journal of Health Planning and Management 6, no. 4 (October 1991): 309–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hpm.4740060406.

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17

Beracochea, Elvira, Rumona Dickson, Paul Freeman, and Jane Thomason. "Case Management Quality Assessment in Rural Areas of Papua New Guinea." Tropical Doctor 25, no. 2 (April 1995): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947559502500207.

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A study was carried out to assess the quality of case management of malaria, malnutrition, diarrhoea and acute respiratory tract infections in children in rural primary health services in Papua New Guinea. In particular, the study focused on the knowledge and skills of different categories of rural health workers (HW) in history taking, examination, diagnosis, treatment and patient education. Quality criteria were defined and health centre (HCW) and aidpost workers' (APWs) knowledge and practices were assessed. Primary health workers' (PHW) knowledge of case management was weak, but in all cases better than their actual practice. History taking and examination practices were rudimentary. HWs tended not to make or record diagnoses. Treatment knowledge was often incorrect, with inappropriate or insufficient drugs prescribed, being worst at aidpost level. These findings raise serious questions about the effectiveness of providing health services through small, isolated health units. Far greater attention must now be directed to focus on the institutionalization of problem-based training, continuous supportive supervision and maintenance of clinical skills and provision of essential drugs, supplies and equipment to ensure that rural health workers (RHW) can provide sound care.

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18

Mond, Casparia, Trevor Duke, and John Vince. "Epilepsy in Papua New Guinea: a longitudinal cohort study." Archives of Disease in Childhood 104, no. 10 (July 19, 2019): 941–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-317217.

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Epilepsy affects up to 1-4% of children living in low income and middle countries, however there are few studies of the problems faced by children with epilepsy in such settings. We aimed to document the situation for children with epilepsy in Port Moresby, an urban area in Papua New Guinea, a low-middle income country in the Western Pacific region. We conducted longitudinal cohort study using mixed methods, with serial data collected over 2 years which assessed seizure control, neurodevelopment, and structured interviews with children and parents. For quantitative data descriptive statistics are reported; for qualitative data common responses, themes, experiences and perceptions were grouped and reported in narrative. Forty-seven children with epilepsy were followed for a median of 18 months. Twenty six (55%) children had some associated neurodevelopmental disability. Children gave detailed and vivid descriptions of their experience of seizures. Most children and parents had a positive view of the future but faced many challenges including financial difficulties, fear of having seizures especially at school, restriction of activity that isolated them from peers, and significant stigma and discrimination. Seizure control improved over time for some children, but inconsistent supply of phenobarbitone hindered better control. Comprehensive care for children with epilepsy requires a good knowledge of the individual patient —including their seizure type and comorbidities, their family, and their strengths and vulnerabilities. Children with epilepsy face many problems that can lead to isolation, discrimination and restricted opportunities.

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19

Lavu, Evelyn, Jacob Morewaya, Roger Maraka, Mobumo Kiromat, Paulus Ripa, and John Vince. "Burkitt lymphoma in Papua New Guinea—40 years on." Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 25, no. 3 (September 2005): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/146532805x58120.

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20

Garner, P., and J. Thomason. "Setting Standards for Primary Health Services." Tropical Doctor 23, no. 4 (October 1993): 147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947559302300403.

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Primary health service coverage has increased in many developing countries over the last 10 years. The number of components included in the basic package has also expanded. This has led in some countries to primary health workers becoming overloaded with responsibilities. To maintain high quality care, primary health workers not only need appropriate training, but clear performance guidelines, as well as essential resources and supportive supervision. We report on the establishment of standards for primary health services by the Ministry of Health in Papua New Guinea (PNG).

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21

Peters, H. "Low birthweight at a Papua New Guinea highlands hospital." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 47, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/47.1.17.

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22

Lavu, E. K., J. D. Vince, M. Kiromat, G. Oswyn, P. Golpak, and N. Tefuarani. "Leukaemia in children in Papua New Guinea: an unusual pattern." Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 23, no. 4 (December 2003): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/027249303225007644.

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23

Matai, Sens, David Peel, Francis Wandi, Merilyn Jonathan, Rami Subhi, and Trevor Duke. "Implementing an oxygen programme in hospitals in Papua New Guinea." Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 28, no. 1 (March 2008): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/146532808x270716.

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24

Kowalenko, Nick, Monica Hagali, and Benjamin Hoadley. "Building capacity for child and adolescent mental health and psychiatry in Papua New Guinea." Australasian Psychiatry 28, no. 1 (September 5, 2019): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856219871883.

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Objective: To describe the recent work of child psychiatrists in Australia, New Zealand (ANZ) and Papua New Guinea (PNG) adding to mental health capacity building across the life-span, starting with children and adolescents. Method: Concerns about treatment access and clinical training needs, combined with academic leadership and National Department of Health commitment, supported the collaborative involvement of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatry (RANZCP) in workforce development. This has been initially established under the auspices of the Faculty of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (FCAP). Results: Workforce development in child and adolescent mental health is underway, with sustainability, consolidation and scaling up of initiatives required to meet need. Conclusions: Expanding mental health workforce capacity in partnership with the National Department of Health and the University of Papua New Guinea (UPNG) seems feasible. Ongoing cooperation is required to realize the potential of such collaborative initiatives.

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Murthy, D. P., A. C. Gupta, J. D. Igo, John Maku, and Mary Joku. "Juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis: report of five cases from Papua New Guinea." Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 10, no. 1 (January 1990): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724936.1990.11747418.

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Pameh, W. "Adoption and Hospital Admission in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 48, no. 5 (October 1, 2002): 264–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/48.5.264.

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Biddulph, John. "The Role and Training of Hospital Paediatric Nurses in Papua New Guinea." Paediatrica Indonesiana 16, no. 1-2 (September 12, 2019): 21–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi16.1-2.1976.21-6.

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Demands for health services are increasing in all countries of the world. Both affluent and less affluent countries are starting to realise to the importance of nurse practitioners to enable comprehensive health services to be made available to more people at cheaper cost. The training programme for hospital paediatric nurses in Papua New Guinea has been designed to allow them to carry out effectively their future role of taking responsibility for the screening, diagnosis and initial treatment of sick children pending the availability of a doctor. The nurses receive practical on the job training by rotating through specific areas during the one year post basic course in paediatric nursing. The areas are acute paediatric ward, gastroenteritis ward, special care nursery, paediatric outpatients, nutrition rehabilitation unit and MCH clinics. The nurses learn to diagnose the common acute paediatric illnesses. They learn standardised management regimens for each of these common childhood illnesses. They also learn how to carry out the practical procedures required to allow them to diagnose and treat these illnesses, and become skilled in doing such procedures as lumbar punctures and intravenous rehydration.

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Chae, Young Moon, William C. Newbrander, and Jane A. Thomason. "Application of goal programming to improve resource allocation for health services in Papua New Guinea." International Journal of Health Planning and Management 4, no. 2 (April 1989): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hpm.4740040203.

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29

Agyei, William K. A. "Estimates of fertility and infant and child mortality for Lae urban area of Papua New Guinea: a comparative analysis." Journal of Biosocial Science 19, no. 2 (April 1987): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000016734.

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SummaryData collected on fertility, mortality and family planning in two surveys in Papua New Guinea are presented. The first survey was conducted in rural and urban areas between November 1979 and March 1980 in eight provinces of Papua New Guinea, and the second between late June and early July 1981 in the Lae urban area. The unadjusted total fertility rates suggest that fertility is lower in the Lae urban area than in the rural and provincial urban areas. However, the adjusted rates indicate that fertility is higher in the provincial urban areas than in the rural and Lae urban areas. The results also confirm a trend towards lower infant and child mortality over the past 15 years, as well as the existence of moderate differentials between rural, provincial urban and the Lae urban areas.

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Jusi, Petri, Roy Mumu, Sirpa H. Jarvenpaa, Barnabas Neausemale, and Eduardo Sangrador. "Road Asset Management System Implementation in Pacific Region: Papua New Guinea." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, no. 1 (January 2003): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819b-41.

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The road network of Papua New Guinea includes 8,258 km of national classified roads and another 19,937 km of lesser-trafficked but equally important provincial roads. The value of the national road network is more than 5 billion Kina (US$1 billion). Maintaining this significant asset places a great responsibility on the government and the Department of Works (DOW). Sadly, insufficient attention has been given to maintaining the road network. There is no doubt that poorly maintained roads have a significant adverse effect on national economic growth, with an adverse effect on gross domestic product. In a developing country such as Papua New Guinea, there is always a need to provide a basic level of access to all areas of the country to be able to provide basic services for all the population (access to markets, administrative, health, education). A poorly maintained road network limits access and deprives rural populations of basic services. Therefore, DOW, with funds and guidance provided by the Asian Development Bank, has, with the assistance of a Finnroad consultant, developed a road asset management system (RAMS). RAMS is a tool for storing and presenting road data information, planning short-and long-term road maintenance, creating budgets, and maximizing economic returns of investments made for the road network. The government of Papua New Guinea has also established requirements for institutional reform and strengthening under its public sector reform program. Furthermore, responding to community and other stakeholder pressure, the government has committed itself to launching a road sector reform program.

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31

SHANN, FRANK, DONALD MACGREGOR, JOHN RICHENS, and JOHN COAKLEY. "Cardiac failure in children with pneumonia in Papua New Guinea." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 17, no. 12 (December 1998): 1141–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199812000-00008.

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Elia, Clerah R., and Sue Devine. "Barriers and enablers for cervical cancer screening in the Pacific: A systematic review of the literature." Pacific Journal Reproductive Health 1, no. 7 (August 20, 2018): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.18313/pjrh.2018.905.

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Background: Globally cervical cancer is the fourth most common type of cancer in women and in some low-income countries is the most common cancer in women. Papua New Guinea has a particularly concerning incidence of cervical cancer where it ranks first as the leading cause of cancer in females. Screening is a reliable strategy to detect cervical cancer but implementation of screening in Papua New Guinea is poor. The aim of this review is to identify the enablers and barriers for cervical cancer screening in Papua New Guinea. Methods: A systematic search of peer-reviewed literature was conducted using electronic databases; PubMed, Medline, Scopus, CINAHL and Google Scholar. Articles published between 2007 and 2017 that focused on the enablers and barriers to cervical cancer screening were included. Only one study from Papua New Guinea was identified so the search was extended to include other Pacific Island Countries and Low-Income Countries more broadly. Findings: Twenty articles met the inclusion criteria. The main barriers for cervical cancer screening included a lack of women’s knowledge about cervical cancer and screening, a lack of health facilities for screening, diagnosis and treatment, lack of health care worker knowledge and training, cultural beliefs and financial burdens. The main enablers included women having access to education programs, availability of cervical cancer screening services, female friendly environments and health care workers being trained to undertake screening. Conclusions: While the literature highlighted the importance of cervical cancer screening, a range of barriers limits the delivery of this service in low-income country settings. In particular, there is a gap in the knowledge of barriers and enablers within Papua New Guinea and further research in this country is required. Applying the knowledge learned from other low-income countries and gaining a clearer understanding of both the barriers and enablers for cervical cancer screening in the Papua New Guinea context may lead to clear recommendations to improve implementation and uptake of cervical cancer screening.

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Gunasekera, Hasantha, Nakapi Tefuarani, Cornelia Kilalang, James Amini, Kone Sobi, Jason Vuvu, and Trevor Duke. "A day on the paediatric wards in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 50, no. 6 (June 2014): 494–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpc.12594.

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Au, Nicole, Bruce Hollingsworth, and Jean Spinks. "Measuring the Efficiency of Health Services in Lower-income Countries: The Case of Papua New Guinea." Development Policy Review 32, no. 2 (February 3, 2014): 259–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12054.

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Thomason, Jane A. "Disbursement, decentralization and development: Lessons from the first rural health services project in Papua New Guinea." Public Administration and Development 8, no. 4 (October 1988): 391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pad.4230080403.

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Ting, Pascallina LC, and Robert Norton. "Central nervous system tuberculosis: A disease from Papua New Guinea in North Queensland." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 49, no. 3 (March 2013): E193—E198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpc.12107.

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Hocking, Jane S., Cathy Vaughan, Andrew Lau, Dorothy A. Machalek, and Simon Graham. "Reducing the burden of sexually transmissible infections in Papua New Guinea requires strengthening of clinical services and engaging men." Sexual Health 13, no. 5 (2016): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh16058.

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In this edition of Sexual Health, Vallely et al. report the results of a cross-sectional prevalence survey of sexually transmissible infections (STIs) among women attending their first antenatal visit in three provinces of Papua New Guinea (PNG). This Editorial examines potential reasons for these high prevalence estimates and discusses strategies for addressing high STIs rates in PNG.

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Pomat, W. S., T. A. Smith, R. C. Sanders, C. S. Witt, J. Montgomery, D. Lehmann, and M. P. Alpers. "Levels of anti-pneumococcal antibodies in young children in Papua New Guinea." Epidemiology and Infection 111, no. 1 (August 1993): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800056739.

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SummaryAnti-pneumococcal polysaccharide antibody (anti-PPS) levels were measured in 153 serum samples collected from children aged between 2 and 47 months living in the highlands of Papua New Guinea (PNG). Fifty-seven of the samples were collected during acute episodes of lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI). Total IgA and IgG increased steadily with age; however, no association was found between the levels of these antibodies and the health status of the child. Total IgM levels showed little relationship to the age of the child but under 12 months of age levels were somewhat higher on average in children with pneumonia. For most of eight pneumococcal serotypes tested, specific IgG levels were found to decline rapidly in the first 6–8 months, reaching a minimum at approximately 12 months of age. Serotype 3 was exceptional in having very low titres in the youngest children. A separate analysis of 24 cord sera suggested that antibodies to this serotype do not usually cross the placenta in PNG. Children with pneumonia tended to have lower levels of specific IgG than healthy controls of the same age. Specific anti-PPS IgA levels were found to increase steadily with age, but were not associated with health status.

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Schuele, Elisabeth, and Colin MacDougall. "The missing bit in the middle: Implementation of the Nationals Health Services Standards for Papua New Guinea." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (June 24, 2022): e0266931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266931.

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Objective This case study examined implementation of the National Health Services Standards (NHSSs) as a continuous quality improvement (CQI) process at three church-based health facilities in Papua New Guinea. This process was designed to improve quality of care and accredit the level three health centers to level four as district hospitals to provide a higher level of care. The aims of the paper are to critically examine driving and restraining forces in CQI implementation and analyses how power influences agenda setting for change. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine managers and eight health workers as well as three focus group discussions with health workers from three rural church-based health facilities in Morobe and Madang provinces. They included senior, mid-level and frontline managers and medical doctors, health extension officers, nursing officers and community health workers. Thematic analysis was used as an inductive and deductive process in which applied force field analysis, leadership-member exchange (LMX) theory and agenda setting was applied. Results Qualitative analysis showed how internal and external factors created urgency for change. The CQI process was designed as a collective process. Power relations operated at and between various levels: the facilities, which supported or undermined the change process; between management whereby the national management supported the quality improvement agenda, but the regional management exercised positional power in form of inaction. Theoretical analysis identified the ‘missing bit in the middle’ shaped by policy actors who exercise power over policy formulation and constrained financial and technical resources. Analysis revealed how to reduce restraining forces and build on driving forces to establish a new equilibrium. Conclusion Multiple theories contributed to the analysis showing how to resolve problematic power relations by building high-quality, effective communication of senior leadership with mid-level management and reactivated broad collaborative processes at the health facilities. Addressing the ‘missing bit in the middle’ by agenda setting can improve implementation of the NHSSs as a quality improvement process. The paper concludes with learning for policy makers, managers and health workers by highlighting to pay close attention to institutional power dynamics and practices.

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Burnett, Anthea, Mitasha Yu, Prakash Paudel, Thomas Naduvilath, Tim R. Fricke, Yvonne Hani, and Jambi Garap. "Perceptions of Eye Health and Eye Health Services among Adults Attending Outreach Eye Care Clinics in Papua New Guinea." Ophthalmic Epidemiology 22, no. 6 (November 2, 2015): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09286586.2015.1057604.

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Hill, Genia, Rachel Friedman, and Paul Dargusch. "Food Systems Development: The Necessary Paradigm Shift for a Healthy and Sustainable Agrarian Transition, a Case Study from Bougainville, Papua New Guinea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8 (April 12, 2022): 4651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084651.

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Classical agricultural development paradigms prioritise basic requirements such as agronomic, caloric and economic needs for the target environment and for beneficiaries. As challenges associated with climate change, globalisation, and population growth compound and amplify one another, project scope must be broadened to take a holistic food systems approach that includes sociocultural and historical contexts, as well as climate impacts as underpinning project design. In this paper, we illustrate the importance of adopting a food systems development paradigm rather than a classical agricultural development paradigm through a case study in Bougainville, Papua New Guinea. The case uses Rich Picturing, targeted and focus-group interviews, and garden visits in remote Bougainville; it provides a poignant illustration of the importance of this more holistic perspective given the historical inefficacy of food systems development, as well as Papua New Guinea’s exposure to a plethora of compounding environmental, social, economic, and political stresses and shocks that demonstrate the important linkages between ecosystem services and health. The study aims to demonstrate how including localised gender dynamics, climate vulnerability, rapidly morphing social norms, and climate analogue environments is critical in building food systems resilience and is key to designing policies, programs, and development projects that more effectively address environmental, sociocultural, and health considerations. Building on the inadequacies in agricultural development efforts previously documented for Papua New Guinea, we propose an improved framing for food systems development and identify areas for future research.

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Vallely, Lisa M., Rachel Smith, Moses Laman, Michaela A. Riddell, Alice Mengi, Lucy Au, Cherolyn Polomon, et al. "Early neonatal death review from two provinces in Papua New Guinea: A retrospective analysis." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 57, no. 6 (January 15, 2021): 841–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpc.15333.

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Brian, Michael J., and Audrey Michael. "COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED INFECTION WITH METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 8, no. 11 (November 1989): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-198911000-00022.

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Wandi, F. "Long-term Outcome for Children with Bacterial Meningitis in Rural Papua New Guinea." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 51, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmh075.

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Owusu-Afriyie, Bismark, Isabelle Baimur, Theresa Gende, and Thomas Baia. "Prevalence of Risk Factors of Retinal Diseases among Patients in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea." International Journal of Clinical Practice 2022 (September 5, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6120908.

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Purpose. To explore the prevalence of risk factors of retinal diseases among patients seeking services from Madang Provincial Hospital Eye Clinic in Papua New Guinea. Materials and Methods. A hospital-based retrospective study was conducted at the only eye clinic serving the entire Madang province of Papua New Guinea. Purposive sampling was used to obtain data from patients’ record cards at the eye clinic from January to June 2021. The data collected included gender, age, presenting visual acuity, blood pressure, blood sugar level, body mass index, smoking habits, and history of cataract surgery. The data was analyzed using the International Business Machines Corporation’s Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21. A p -value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. Two hundred and fifty-five (255) patients went through diabetes and hypertension screening during the period of the study (January to June 2021). The mean age of the patients was 53.14 ± 11.20 years and there were more males (56.86%) than females. Nearly half of the patients (43.6%) were either visually impaired or blind. More than half (52.6%) had diabetes mellitus. Majority of the patients (73.3%) were hypertensive and more than half (57.0%) of the patients had unhealthy body mass index (BMI <18.525 kg/m2 or > 25 kg/m2). Overweight was significantly associated with hypertension ( p < 0.001 ) and diabetes mellitus ( p < 0.001 ). A few of them were smokers or had a history of cataract surgery (13.7% and 2.0%, respectively). Conclusion. There is a high prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and overweight among ophthalmic patients in Madang. It is important that measures are put in place to eliminate barriers to health care and to strengthen eye care services in Papua New Guinea.

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Gray, Richard T., Lei Zhang, Tony Lupiwa, and David P. Wilson. "Forecasting the Population-Level Impact of Reductions in HIV Antiretroviral Therapy in Papua New Guinea." AIDS Research and Treatment 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/891593.

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Papua New Guinea (PNG) recently did not secure external funding for the continuation of its antiretroviral treatment (ART) programs meaning that supplies of HIV drugs for the estimated 38,000 people living with HIV in PNG could be completely depleted during 2010. Using a mathematical model of HIV transmission calibrated to available HIV epidemiology data from PNG, we evaluated the expected population-level impact of reductions in ART availability. If the number of people on ART falls to 10% of its current level, then there could be an approximately doubling in annual incidence and an additional 12,848 AIDS-related deaths (100.7% increase) over the next 5 years; if ART provision is halved, then annual incidence would increase by ~68%, and there would be an additional ~10,936 AIDS-related deaths (85.7% increase). These results highlight that maintenance of ART and associated services through external funding is essential for the health and well-being of HIV-positive people in PNG.

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Lokuge, Kamalini, Meggy Verputten, Maryanne Ajakali, Bianca Tolboom, Grace Joshy, Katherine A. Thurber, Daisy Plana, Steven Howes, Anastasia Wakon, and Emily Banks. "Health Services for Gender-Based Violence: Médecins Sans Frontières Experience Caring for Survivors in Urban Papua New Guinea." PLOS ONE 11, no. 6 (June 10, 2016): e0156813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156813.

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Anga, G., R. Barnabas, O. Kaminiel, N. Tefuarani, J. Vince, P. Ripa, M. Riddell, and T. Duke. "The aetiology, clinical presentations and outcome of febrile encephalopathy in children in Papua New Guinea." Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 30, no. 2 (June 2010): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/146532810x12703902243818.

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Lee, Ling, Fabrizio D'Esposito, Jambi Garap, Geoffrey Wabulembo, Samuel Peter Koim, Drew Keys, Anaseini T. Cama, Hans Limburg, and Anthea Burnett. "Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness in Papua New Guinea: a nationwide survey." British Journal of Ophthalmology 103, no. 3 (May 23, 2018): 338–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-311802.

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ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence and main causes of blindness and vision impairment in people aged 50 years and older in Papua New Guinea (PNG).DesignNational cross-sectional population-based survey in National Capital District (NCD), Highlands, Coastal and Islands regions.MethodsAdults aged 50 years and above were recruited from 100 randomly selected clusters. Each participant underwent monocular presenting and pinhole visual acuity (VA) assessment and lens examination. Those with pinhole VA<6/12 in either eye had a dilated fundus examination to determine the primary cause of reduced vision. Those with obvious lens opacity were interviewed on barriers to cataract surgery.ResultsA total of 4818 adults were examined. The age-adjusted and sex-adjusted prevalence of blindness (VA <3/60), severe vision impairment (SVI, VA <6/60 but ≥3/60), moderate vision impairment (MVI, VA <6/18 but ≥6/60) and early vision impairment (EVI, VA <6/12 but ≥6/18) was 5.6% (95% CI 4.9% to 6.3%), 2.9% (95% CI 2.5% to 3.4%), 10.9% (95% CI 9.9% to 11.9%) and 7.3% (95% CI 6.6% to 8.0%), respectively. The main cause of blindness, SVI and MVI was cataract, while uncorrected refractive error was the main cause of EVI. A significantly higher prevalence of blindness, SVI and MVI occurred in the Highlands compared with NCD. Across all regions, women had lower cataract surgical coverage and spectacle coverage than men.ConclusionsPNG has one of the highest reported prevalence of blindness globally. Cataract and uncorrected refractive error are the main causes, suggesting a need for increased accessible services with improved resources and advocacy for enhancing eye health literacy.

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Yann, Meunier. "A public health program and others for about 10,000 villagers in the Kutubu area of Papua New Guinea (PNG)." Community Medicine and Health Education Research 1, no. 1 (December 14, 2019): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33702/cmher.201901.1.4.

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The paper describes the health conditions in villages of the Kutubu area in the Southern Highlands province of Papua New Guinea from 1993 to 1995. A set of actions were planned aiming at improving the health status of people living in these villages as well as the efficiency of medical services provided to these communities through a public health program, which did not exist earlier. After two years, it was shown that the combination of an adequate action plan, appropriate human and financial resources can produce significant results and marked improvement health wise for a population in dire needs.

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