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1
Blom-Hansen, Jens. "Policy-Making in Central-Local Government Relations: Balancing Local Autonomy, Macroeconomic Control, and Sectoral Policy Goals." Journal of Public Policy 19, no. 3 (September 1999): 237–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x99000690.
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This paper seeks to explain patterns of central government control and local government discretion across nations as well as across policy areas. The argument is that central-local policy is the result of the interaction of three types of actors: ‘Expenditure advocates’, ‘expenditure guardians’, and ‘topocrats’. The argument is based on two assumptions. First, the actors are assumed to pursue self-interests – respectively, sectoral policy goals, macroeconomic control, and local autonomy. Second, the actors' abilities to pursue their self-interests are assumed to be constrained and facilitated by the structure of intergovernmental policy networks. The theoretical propositions are put to a first test in a comparative analysis of three policy areas (economic policy, health policy, and child care policy) in the three Scandinavian countries of Sweden, Norway and Denmark.
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MAHON, R. "Child Care in Canada and Sweden: Policy and Politics." Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 4, no. 3 (September 1, 1997): 382–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sp/4.3.382.
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Bergmann, Barbara R. "Economic Issues in Child-Care Policy." Pediatrics 94, no. 6 (December 1, 1994): 1083–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.94.6.1083.
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There are four important, interrelated issues in child-care policy, on which economists can make contributions. One is the adequacy of the supply of "affordable" child care. A second is the proper role of government, if any, in providing or paying for child care. A third is whether the public could afford to have the government provide child care, assuming that such provision was deemed appropriate and desirable. A fourth is the standards of quality that should be mandated by the government for federal or private-sector child-care facilities. The standard literature tends to be scant on all of these topics.1,2 Economists are seldom unanimous in their opinions, and they certainly do not agree on child-care issues. The now-sizeable school of economists led by Milton Friedman, whose members have staffed the administrations of the last two US presidents, believe that, with very few exceptions, government interventions into the economic functioning of the citizens and their businesses are pernicious. Economists faithful to this tradition argue that parents should buy child care out of their own incomes from nongovernmental providers and that those providers should be regulated minimally if at all. An opposing point of view is that child care is different in important ways from such commodities as shoes and strawberries. Children are the direct consumers of child care, and government intervention in protection of their interests is justified because they lack abilities that can be assumed to reside in the usual participants in the economy. Further, child care provided by or subsidized by government is an indispensable ingredient of any program aimed at bringing about the rescue of the 20% of American children who are officially designated as poor, who are living in conditions that should not be tolerated by a rich and civilized country.1
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Diderichsen, Finn. "How did Sweden Fail the Pandemic?" International Journal of Health Services 51, no. 4 (February 26, 2021): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731421994848.
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Sweden has since the start of the pandemic a COVID-19 mortality rate that is 4 to 10 times higher than in the other Nordic countries. Also, measured as age-standardized all-cause excess mortality in the first half of 2020 compared to previous years Sweden failed in comparison with the other Nordic countries, but only among the elderly. Sweden has large socioeconomic and ethnic inequalities in COVID-19 mortality. Geographical, ethnic, and socioeconomic inequalities in mortality can be due to differential exposure to the virus, differential immunity, and differential survival. Most of the country differences are due to differential exposure, but the socioeconomic disparities are mainly driven by differential survival due to an unequal burden of comorbidity. Sweden suffered from an unfortunate timing of tourists returning from virus hotspots in the Alps and Sweden's government response came later and was much more limited than elsewhere. The government had an explicit priority to protect the elderly in nursing and care homes but failed to do so. The staff in elderly care are less qualified and have harder working conditions in Sweden, and they lacked adequate care for the clients. Sweden has in recent years diverged from the Scandinavian welfare model by strong commercialization of primary care and elderly care.
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Silfverhielm, Helena, and Claes Göran Stefansson. "Sweden." International Psychiatry 3, no. 1 (January 2006): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600001430.
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With an area of 450 000 km2, Sweden is one of the largest countries in Western Europe. It is 1500 km from north to south. It has nearly 9 million inhabitants (20 per km2). It is a constitutional, hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary government. Sweden is highly dependent on international trade to maintain its high productivity and good living standards. Many public services are provided by Sweden's 289 municipalities and 21 county councils. Municipal responsibilities include schools, child care and care of the elderly, as well as social support for people with a chronic mental illness. The county councils are mainly responsible for healthcare, including psychiatric care, and public transport at the regional level. Sweden is characterised by an even distribution of incomes and wealth. This is partly a result of the comparatively large role of the public sector.
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Burström, Bo. "What Is Happening in Sweden?" International Journal of Health Services 49, no. 2 (January 14, 2019): 204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731418822236.
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Election to the parliament was held in Sweden on 9 September 2018. None of the traditional political blocks obtained a majority of the vote. The nationalist Sweden Democrats party increased their share of the vote from 13% in 2014 elections to 17% of the vote in 2018. As no traditional political block wants to collaborate with the Sweden Democrats, no new government has yet been formed, more than 2 months after the election. Health care was a prominent issue in the elections. Health care in Sweden is universal and tax-funded, with a strong emphasis on equity. However, recent reforms have emphasized market-orientation and privatization in order to increase access to care, and may not contribute to equity. In spite of a majority of the population being opposed to profits being made on publicly funded services, privatization of health and social care has increased in the last decades. The background to this is described. Health is improving in Sweden, but inequalities remain and increase. The Swedish Public Health Policy from 2003 has been revised in 2018, on the basis of a national review of inequalities in health. The revised policy further emphasizes reducing inequalities in health.
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Bridgeland, W. M., P. R. Smith, and E. A. Duane. "Child-Care Policy Arenas: A Comparison between Sweden and the United States." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 26, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1985): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002071528502600103.
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Hwang, C. Philip. "Scandinavian Experience in Providing Alternative Care." Pediatrics 91, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.91.1.264.
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What are Swedes like? Recently, this question received a great deal of attention in the Swedish media, because of an article published in the Daily Mail by an English journalist, Geoffrey Levy. He described Swedes as being lazy, sick, and totally unable to enjoy anything nice in life. In addition, Swedish cars are wrecks, Swedes dress sloppily, and, if you do not want to work, you do not need to—but you are still fully paid. Finally, he described family policy in Sweden: "Just imagine a country where mothers as well as fathers can stay at home 12 months, with almost full pay after a baby is born, or a country where the state pays almost 6000 pounds for every child that goes to a day-care center—this would be totally impossible in Britain." How did the Swedish public react to Geoffrey Levy's article? Surprisingly, most people agreed with his description of the Swedes. Yes, we are lazy, too many people are sick, and we are unable to enjoy the good things in life. There was only one major issue where most people disagreed with Geoffrey Levy. Very few were negative about family policy in Sweden. On the contrary, most people took parental leave, the possibility of staying at home with a sick child, and publicly funded day care for granted. In the first part of this presentation, I will describe family policy in Sweden and, in particular, how the society supports and provides care for children under school age (which in Sweden starts at 6-7).
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Nyberg, Anita. "Gender Equality policy in Sweden: 1970s–2010s." Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies 2, no. 4 (November 30, 2012): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.19154/njwls.v2i4.2305.
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The aim of this article is to give an overview of gender equality policy in Sweden from the 1970s until today. A number of political measures and whether these measures individually, as well as combined, have promoted gender equality and the dual-earner/dual-carer model are described and analyzed. The conclusion is that the right to part-time work, publicly financed child care, parental leave, and tax deductions for domestic services make it easier for mothers to reconcile work and family, but do not challenge the distribution of family responsibilities between women and men. However, the individual right for fathers to 2 months of parental leave does challenge the gender order, to a certain extent, and fathers today participate more in care and domestic work than earlier. The dual-earner/dual-carer family is closer at hand when women have a higher education and earnings and thereby greater bargaining power. Employed work is more conditional among women with a lower education level, i.e., they may be employed but under the constraint that they are still responsible for care and domestic work in the family. Another constraint in this group where many work part-time is the lack of available full-time positions in the labor market.
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Hakovirta, Mia, and Guðný Björk Eydal. "Shared Care and Child Maintenance Policies in Nordic Countries." International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family 34, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/lawfam/ebz016.
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Abstract The Nordic welfare model is referred to as the dual earner/dual carer model, where the explicit policy goal is to promote the equal sharing of the responsibility of care for children and paid work among men and women. However, how does the dual earner/dual carer model apply to parents who do not live together but who share care, ie, both parents spending substantial time caring for and living with their child? In this article, we compare child maintenance policies in the five Nordic countries – Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden – as a means of interrogating how dual earner/carer ideals and realities play out for parents who share care but do not live together. The article makes a unique contribution to the knowledge of how the ideology and practice of shared care is implemented across Nordic countries. Based on vignette data collected in 2017, we show that despite an emphasis on the dual earner/dual carer model, in most cases, Finland and Iceland still refer to a male breadwinner model in their maintenance policies and do not recognise shared care arrangements as matters needing particular policy consideration. Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, on the other hand, recognise shared care in their laws and substantially reduce child maintenance payments in cases of shared care.
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KODATE, NAONORI. "Events, Public Discourses and Responsive Government: Quality Assurance in Health Care in England, Sweden and Japan." Journal of Public Policy 30, no. 3 (November 4, 2010): 263–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x10000115.
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AbstractOne would expect the common agenda of improving the quality of care in hospital sectors across nations to bring about a convergence of their quality assurance systems. However, one finds great variations in the ways in which such schemes are constructed and communicated to the general public in different countries. This paper examines three universal health care systems (England, Sweden and Japan) and explores the degree to which political institutions and public opinions affect the processes of quality assurance system building within them. It argues that the inputs from governments in response to public concerns are the key to understanding the changes in this seemingly profession-dominated policy domain; therefore policy changes are significantly affected by dynamic interactions between events, public discourses and governance structures within these countries. The findings also demonstrate that public access to information has begun to have a large impact on policy debates in all three countries.
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Adeosun, Oluyemi Theophilus, and Omolara Morounkeji Faboya. "Health care expenditure and child mortality in Nigeria." International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance 33, no. 3 (March 2, 2020): 261–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhcqa-10-2019-0172.
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PurposeHealth improves the proficiency and output generated by individuals. It also raises physical as well as mental abilities, which are required for the growth and advancement of any economy. Many infant diseases have been recognised via contemporary technology in a bid to tackle these diseases. However, children within the African continent (Including Nigeria) die en masse from diseases. This has made the government of Nigeria allocate sizeable part of the nation's budget to healthcare system. The allocation to health is, however, yet to translate to improved health condition for Nigerians. It does not measure up to the World Health Organization's (WHO) standards for apportioning budget to the health sector. This study also analyses empirically the impact of healthcare expenses on the mortality level of infants as well as Nigeria's neonatal mortality level.Design/methodology/approachThe paper focuses on Nigeria. Vector auto regression model techniques, unit root tests and cointegration test were carried out using time series date for the period between 1986 and 2016.FindingsThe outcome has revealed that expenditure on healthcare possesses a negative correlation with the mortality of infants and neonates. The study discovers that if the Nigerian government raises and maintains health expenditure specifically on activities focused on minimising infant mortality, it will translate to reduction in infant mortality in Nigeria.Originality/valueThis paper has contributed exhaustively to solution to poor expenditure on healthcare, especially child mortality, in Nigeria.
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HAAS, LINDA. "Gender Equality and Social Policy." Journal of Family Issues 11, no. 4 (December 1990): 401–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251390011004004.
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This article evaluates the effectiveness of parental leave as a social policy designed to eliminate the traditional, gender-based division of labor. It examines whether fathers' taking parental leave equalizes women's and men's involvement in the labor market and in child care once the leave is over. Results from a 1986 study of 319 sets of new parents in Gothenburg, Sweden were analyzed. Fathers who took parental leave were found to be more likely to be involved in child care and to reduce their involvement in the labor force. On the other hand, mothers retained primary responsibility for children and remained less involved and rewarded in the labor market, whether or not their partners participated in parental leave. Elimination of the gender-based division of labor may require social policies that simultaneously aim to improve women's labor market opportunities, raise girls' interests in occupational achievement, and increase men's participation in child care.
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Aidukaite, Jolanta, and Donata Telisauskaite-Cekanavice. "The Father’s Role in Child Care: Parental Leave Policies in Lithuania and Sweden." Social Inclusion 8, no. 4 (October 9, 2020): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v8i4.2962.
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This article contributes to the debate on the father’s role in child care by looking at two distinct cases of child care policy development: Sweden and Lithuania. The findings show that Sweden continues to embrace the dual-earner-carer model very successfully. Parental leave, including non-transferable father’s quota, is very popular among the population. In Lithuania we find the dual-earner model, as there is still more emphasis on the mother’s employment than on the father’s child care involvement. Based on the experts’ views and document analysis, we conclude that in Lithuania the parental leave benefit is increasingly seen as a measure to ensure the family’s financial security, but not as an instrument to enhance fatherhood rights. Yet, the state intentionally supports kinship familialism as grandparents are entitled to take parental leave.
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Westerlund, Tommy, and Bertil Marklund. "Community pharmacy and primary health care in Sweden - at a crossroads." Pharmacy Practice 18, no. 2 (May 2, 2020): 1927. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.2.1927.
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The overall goal of Swedish health care is good health and equitable care for the whole population. The responsibility for health is shared by the central government, the regions, and the municipalities. Primary care accounts for approximately 20 percent of all expenditures on health care. About 16% of all physicians work in primary health. The regions have also employed a large number of clinical pharmacists, usually hospital-based, but many perform a variety of different primary care services, the most common of which is patient medication reviews. Swedish primary health care is at a crossroads facing extensive challenges, due to changes in demography and demanding financial conditions. These changes necessitate large transformations in health services and delivery. Current Government inquiries have primarily focused on two ways to meet the challenges; a shift towards more local care requiring a transfer of resources from hospital care, and a further development of structured digi-physical care, that is both digital (“online doctors”) and physical accessibility of care. While primary care at present is undergoing processes of change, community pharmacy has done so during the past decade since the re-regulation of the Swedish pharmacy market. A monopoly was replaced by a competitive system, where five pharmacy chains now share most of the market, a competition that has made community pharmacy very commercialized. A number of different, promising primary care services are being offered, but they are usually delivered on a small scale due to a lack of remuneration and philosophy of providers. Priority is given to sales and fast dispensing of prescriptions, often with a minimum of counseling. Reflecting primary health care, community pharmacy in Sweden is at a crossroads but currently has a golden opportunity to choose a route of collaboration with primary health care in its current transformation into more local and digi-physical care. A major challenge is that primary health care inquires, strategic plans, and national policy documents usually do not include community pharmacy as a partner. Hence, community pharmacy have to be proactive and seize this chance of changes in primary health policy and organization in order to become an important link in the chain of health care delivery, or there is a significant risk that it will predominantly remain a retail business.
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Westerlund, Tommy, and Bertil Marklund. "Community pharmacy and primary health care in Sweden - at a crossroads." Pharmacy Practice 18, no. 2 (May 2, 2020): 1927. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.2.1927.
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The overall goal of Swedish health care is good health and equitable care for the whole population. The responsibility for health is shared by the central government, the regions, and the municipalities. Primary care accounts for approximately 20 percent of all expenditures on health care. About 16% of all physicians work in primary health. The regions have also employed a large number of clinical pharmacists, usually hospital-based, but many perform a variety of different primary care services, the most common of which is patient medication reviews. Swedish primary health care is at a crossroads facing extensive challenges, due to changes in demography and demanding financial conditions. These changes necessitate large transformations in health services and delivery. Current Government inquiries have primarily focused on two ways to meet the challenges; a shift towards more local care requiring a transfer of resources from hospital care, and a further development of structured digi-physical care, that is both digital (“online doctors”) and physical accessibility of care. While primary care at present is undergoing processes of change, community pharmacy has done so during the past decade since the re-regulation of the Swedish pharmacy market. A monopoly was replaced by a competitive system, where five pharmacy chains now share most of the market, a competition that has made community pharmacy very commercialized. A number of different, promising primary care services are being offered, but they are usually delivered on a small scale due to a lack of remuneration and philosophy of providers. Priority is given to sales and fast dispensing of prescriptions, often with a minimum of counseling. Reflecting primary health care, community pharmacy in Sweden is at a crossroads but currently has a golden opportunity to choose a route of collaboration with primary health care in its current transformation into more local and digi-physical care. A major challenge is that primary health care inquires, strategic plans, and national policy documents usually do not include community pharmacy as a partner. Hence, community pharmacy have to be proactive and seize this chance of changes in primary health policy and organization in order to become an important link in the chain of health care delivery, or there is a significant risk that it will predominantly remain a retail business.
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L., J. F. "HEALTH CARE CONTRAPTION." Pediatrics 93, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.93.3.363.
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You could almost hear the jaws dropping when Ira Magaziner, the White House's guru at guruing, said over the weekend, "The government is going to set standards, guarantee high-quality, affordable care, and then get out of the way." As any of the health care reformers who used to gather at Jackson Hole could tell you, a lot of what's already wrong with the medical economy arises from Washington's habit of creating entitlements while trying to conceal from taxpayers how much they really cost... The whole Clinton health care scheme advances behind a phalanx of euphemism aimed at muddying up what's really going on here. It would spawn huge new bureaucracies, but these will travel under the alias "purchasing alliance." Price controls are subsumed under the MBAish-sounding "global budgets," and the taxes that would finance the thing are called "premiums"... It's odd to see people who are so obviously far behind the rest of the world's learning curve. In Sweden, Germany and most other serious places they're pulling U-turns and beginning to dismantle their expensive welfare bureaucracies...
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Lothgren, Mickael, and Mark Ratcliffe. "Pharmaceutical industry's perspective on health technology assessment." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 20, no. 1 (January 2004): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462304000868.
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This article presents the pharmaceutical industry's perspective on health technology assessment (HTA) with specific comments on the HTA systems in England and Wales, France, The Netherlands, and Sweden. The comments are focused on the following main themes: (i) The contributions of the HTA system to overall efficiency in the health-care system, (ii) HTA as a cost-driver for industry, patients, government, and society, and (iii) The various implementation barriers that currently exist for a successful implementation of HTA results.
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Jonsson, Egon, H. David Banta, and Tore Scherstén. "HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT AND SCREENING IN SWEDEN." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 17, no. 3 (July 2001): 380–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462301106094.
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Objectives: To describe health technology assessment (HTA) and policies concerning three screening procedures in Sweden.Methods: The main source of information was reports from the Swedish Council for Technology Assessment in Health Care (SBU) and other governmental reports, supplemented by the professional literature.Results: Prevention is emphasized in the healthcare services of Sweden. Specifically, screening is encouraged and supported when it is deemed beneficial. Sweden has a strong orientation toward evidence-based health care and HTA. Since its inauguration in 1987, SBU has fostered the use of HTA in making policy and clinical decisions in Sweden. Government policy in Sweden is to encourage services that are beneficial and cost-effective and discourages services that are not. Screening is no exception to this general rule. The three cases examined in this paper—mammography screening, PSA screening, and routine ultrasound screening in pregnancy—have all been formally assessed in Sweden. Assessments have been an integral part of policy making concerning these and other preventive measures. Mammography screening has been widely implemented. However, as in other countries, screening is often carried out in an opportunistic fashion, so that PSA screening, in particular, is carried out more in Sweden than can be justified by the evidence.Conclusions: Mammography screening is promoted and is completely available to the target group. PSA screening is discouraged, but not with complete success. Ultrasound in pregnancy is widely used, not because of good evidence of impact on mortality and morbidity among newborns, but because it increases the detection rate of congenitally malformed fetuses and because of evidence of positive effects on the management and planning of deliveries, as well as because of psychological and ethical implications of the technology. HTA is an important part of health policy making in Sweden.
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Skamnakis, Christoforos. "Local child care policies: A reformulation of the structural deficiencies of social protection." Social Cohesion and Development 11, no. 2 (June 23, 2017): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/scad.14132.
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For years, care has been at the fore of social policy among local government authorities in Greece. In a context of budgetary constraints and protracted austerity policy, both of which lead to a retrenchment in social protection, the contribution of local government authorities has become essential. Our study engages with the present-day context, and with the features, objectives and prospects for the dynamic role of local government authorities in preschool care. We highlight those features that shape the new environment, while accounting for the demand and supply of the relevant services, the funding of the facilities, and finally, their contribution to social protection, as the latter proliferates at the local level.
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Mason, Jan. "Privatisation and substitute care: recent policy developments in New South Wales and their significance." Children Australia 21, no. 1 (1996): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200004715.
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During recent years a significant change has occurred in child welfare policy in New South Wales as a large component of the government's substitute care program has been, or is in the process of being, shifted away from direct government provision to non-government agencies. Analysis of some aspects of the policy process by which this change has occurred illustrates the complexity of social policy development. In particular this analysis highlights the importance of the ideological and political context of child welfare policy development and the way in which this contributes to contradictions between official policy statements and policy as experienced by the recipients of the implementation of these policies.
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Naumann, Ingela K. "Child care and feminism in West Germany and Sweden in the 1960s and 1970s." Journal of European Social Policy 15, no. 1 (February 2005): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928705049162.
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Smith, Christopher J., and Daniel Rauhut. "Still ‘skiing their own race’ on New Public Management implementation? Patient choice and policy change in the Finnish and Swedish health-care systems." International Review of Administrative Sciences 85, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 62–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852318801498.
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This article applies an agenda-setting approach to the impact of New Public Management on health-care reform in Sweden and Finland (1993–2016). A system-level view of agenda setting and New Public Management implementation is used to order the historical data derived from literature reviews of each health reform process. New Public Management is viewed as a hybrid concept rooted in the search for efficiency gains and cost containment but, here, generating system preservation and system change strategies, characterised as ‘public competition’ and ‘choice and marketisation’. Sweden and Finland are viewed as ‘pragmatic modernisers’ in the public management literature. Health-care system reform in each country was based on similar problems and similar policy ‘solutions’, and was promoted by similar actors, while the implementation of choice and marketisation again saw windows of opportunity open in a similar manner in each. Policy divergence nevertheless occurred. We identify three key reasons for this, relating to the site and pervasiveness of conflict, the impact of party systems, and administrative openness to outside ideas. Sweden’s conflictual politics produced stalemate while consensual Finland produced radical policy change. Point for practitioners • Finland and Sweden wanted to modernise rather than overturn the traditional welfare settlement with New Public Management implementation. • Similar policy problems emerged and similar solutions were forwarded, often by similar actors and for similar reasons. • In both countries, powerful centre-right government correlates with the promotion of fundamental ‘choice and marketisation’ policies. • National differences in New Public Management implementation remain.
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Fuller, Bruce, Stephen W. Raudenbush, Li-Ming Wei, and Susan D. Holloway. "Can Government Raise Child-Care Quality? The Influence of Family Demand, Poverty, and Policy." Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 15, no. 3 (September 1993): 255–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/01623737015003255.
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The quality of child-care centers and preschools—situated in a mixed market—varies enormously. Advocates for higher quality urge higher subsidies and stricter central regulation. Market advocates argue instead that local demand and parental-choice remedies will spark quality gains while ensuring competitive prices. Federal and state governments have responded with an array of policy interventions: targeting subsidies on preschools serving low-income families; enacting statewide quality standards; creating tax credits and vouchers for the “working poor” and middle-class families. This article assesses the influence of these alternative policies on preschool quality, based on a national survey of 1,805 centers in 36 states. Discrete policy effects are assessed after taking into account the influence of contextual sources of family demand: statewide levels of wealth, maternal employment, and poverty rates. Contrary to K–12 patterns, we find that center quality is higher in centers receiving greater subsidies. However, the subsidy effect depends on the particular indicator of quality being observed; effects are also conditioned by state-level contexts. Statewide sources of family demand, antecedent to policy interventions, help to raise certain facets of preschool quality. Tax credits hold no discernible influence on quality. Implications for building policy strategies in “managed choice” school settings are discussed.
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Loue, Sana, Janet L. Lowder, Sandra J. Buzney, and Amanda M. Buzo. "Caring for an Adult Child With Cognitive Disabilities: Meeting the Dual Needs of an Adult and Child." Care Management Journals 7, no. 4 (December 2006): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/cmj-v7i4a004.
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A significant proportion of families in the United States provide care for an adult child who has a cognitive impairment. Significant issues may arise in the context of providing this care, including medical concerns, the nature of the relationship between the adult cognitively impaired child and his or her parents, safety concerns in the home, difficulties that the adult child may face in the community, and employmentrelated issues. We focus, as well, on the need to plan for the future through the execution of powers of attorney, living wills, and accessing government benefits for the individual. Caregiver stress is also a concern. We provide various alternatives for the management of these issues.
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Kershaw, Paul. "‘Choice’ Discourse in BC Child Care: Distancing Policy from Research." Canadian Journal of Political Science 37, no. 4 (December 2004): 927–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423904990142.
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Abstract. The gap between child care research and policy is growing in BC. While policy changes are what one would expect from the right-of-centre Liberal government, the gap runs contrary to its expressed commitment to the design of early childhood development policy on the basis of ‘science.’ The BC child care domain thus provides a rich context in which to examine how ideology mediates the consumption of research in the political arena. This article argues that the government's ‘choice’ discourse facilitates the articulation of neoliberal principles in a rhetorically neutral way while casting doubt on scholarship that illuminates gender and class inequalities.Résumé. L'écart entre les recherches au sujet de soins d'enfant et la politique s'élargit en Colombie-Britannique. Pendant qu'on prévoit ces changements d'un gouvernement libéral droit-du-centre, l'écart dément son engagement de concevoir la politique de development de la petite enfance d'après la “science”. Ainsi la domaine de soins d'enfant en Colombie-Britannique fournit un contexte riche pour examiner comment l'idéologie s'interpose dans la consommation de recherches dans l'arène politique. Cet article soutient que la soi-disant dialogue de “choix” du gouvernement facilite l'articulation des principes néolibéraux d'une manière neutraliste pendant qu'on soulève du doute à l'érudition qui illumine des inégalités de genre et de classe sociale.
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Rahman, Bobby, Muhammad Akmal, Teuku Muzaffarsyah, and Sri Ulina Agustina. "Implementation of Child Protection Policy in Lhokseumawe City." Proceedings of International Conference on Social Science, Political Science, and Humanities (ICoSPOLHUM) 3 (December 21, 2022): 00012. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/icospolhum.v3i.59.
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This study examines the Implementation of Child Protection Policies in Lhokseumawe City. The qanun used is Qanun Number 11 of 2008 concerning child protection. The problem that occurs in this study is that there is still violence and exploitation of children in Lhokseumawe City. The formulation of the problem in this study is how to implement government policies in protecting children in Lhokseumawe City and why there are still children exploited in Lhokseumawe City. The focus of this research is the implementation of government policies in protecting children in Lhokseumawe City and the causes of the occurrence of cases of exploitation of children that still occur in Lhokseumawe City. The purpose of the study is to find out and describe the implementation of government policies in protecting children in Lhokseumawe City, especially those related to the rights of a child and to find out the causes of violence and exploitation of children that still occur in Lhokseumawe City. This research method using qualitative approach methods. Based on the results of this study, it was obtained that in handling violence and exploitation in children, socialization programs were carried out to schools and counseling to each village. In handling violence and exploitation of children, it is carried out with existing SOPs. The obstacles are the lack of community care, lack of facilities and infrastructure and closed access to victims, making it difficult for handlers.
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Andersson, Gunnar, Ann-Zofie Duvander, and Karsten Hank. "Do child-care characteristics influence continued child bearing in Sweden? An investigation of the quantity, quality, and price dimension." Journal of European Social Policy 14, no. 4 (November 2004): 407–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928704046881.
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Ferrarini, Tommy, and Ann-Zofie Duvander. "Earner-Carer Model at the Crossroads: Reforms and Outcomes of Sweden's Family Policy in Comparative Perspective." International Journal of Health Services 40, no. 3 (July 2010): 373–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/hs.40.3.a.
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Following the 2006 election, the Swedish earner-carer model of family policy seems to have come to an important crossroads, and questions have been raised about the future course of policies. Will the prototypical earner-carer model in Sweden persist? The separate reforms in cash transfers, services, and tax systems in several respects seem to point in contradictory directions, simultaneously introducing new principles of social care. In this article, past and present reforms and potential outcomes of policies are discussed from an institutional and comparative perspective. Reviewing research on outcomes of earner-carer policies for gendered patterns of productive and reproductive work, class-based stratification, child well-being, fertility, and work–family conflict, the article also contributes to the discussion about future challenges for family policy institutions in Sweden and other advanced welfare states.
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HIILAMO, HEIKKI, and OLLI KANGAS. "Trap for Women or Freedom to Choose? The Struggle over Cash for Child Care Schemes in Finland and Sweden." Journal of Social Policy 38, no. 3 (July 2009): 457–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279409003067.
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AbstractDebates on welfare reforms have revolved around institutional inertias with the emphasis on institutions as structures. We argue that political discourses work in the same vein and create continuities constraining the array of possible policy options – political frames as carriers of institutional inertia and path dependence. The data are based on political debates on child home care in Finland and Sweden. The ‘trap for women’ frame became dominant in the Swedish discourse, while in Finland ‘freedom to choose’ has been hegemonic. According to the Swedish frame, public day care offers children the best preconditions for later development and enhances social equality, whereas in Finland care at home with all its positive characteristics was contrasted with bureaucratic institutional care. The article highlights how politicians have used these hegemonic discourses to maintain the legitimacy of certain policy options.
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Gelb, Joyce. "Championing Child Care. By Sally S. Cohen. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. 397p. $52.50 cloth, $26.00 paper." American Political Science Review 96, no. 4 (December 2002): 822–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055402460467.
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Sally Cohen has written an important and comprehensive analysis of child-care policy in the United States, challenging the conventional wisdom that no such federal policy exists and that child care is not a major government priority, in contrast to other democratic welfare states (e.g., the Scandinavian countries and France).
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Roberts, Helen M., Hannah Bradby, Anne Ingold, Grazia Manzotti, David Reeves, and Kristin Liabo. "Moving on: Multiple Transitions of Unaccompanied Child Migrants Leaving Care in England and Sweden." International Journal of Social Science Studies 5, no. 9 (August 20, 2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v5i9.2523.
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This paper explores the priorities of young people who arrived in England or Sweden as unaccompanied minors and are leaving the care of the state to transition to adult life. Policy and practice for these young people are themselves in transition in Europe, and we aim to contribute to the slender first person qualitative evidence base for those delivering services. Our methods comprised a scoping review of scholarly and grey literature, and group and individual interviews. Despite a commitment in both countries to listening to the voices of young people, we identified few studies representing the voices of unaccompanied care leavers. In both the literature and our interviews, health in a clinical sense was rarely among their priorities. Their accounts focused on the determinants of health, and in particular housing, education, food and employment. In Sweden, where services are universal rather than targeted, the Health and Social Care Board (Socialstyrelsen) notes the paradox of unaccompanied children being surrounded by adult supporters, none of whom takes overall responsibility for the young person and his/her everyday life. Those we spoke to describe the vital role played by foster carers, health and social care professionals and friends that they could rely on. The young people whose narratives appear in the research literature and those in our own sample are working hard to cope with multiple transitions and to manage health in its widest sense, whether by finding the right place to live or attending to their education or training.
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Karpenko, Oresta. "Social Determinants of Childcare in Poland in 1991–2014." Pedagogika Rodziny 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fampe-2015-0018.
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Abstract The article highlights major changes in systematic approach to family, establishment of institutions for child and family support, recognition of the priority of family-based care, decentralization of administration and financing of childcare institutions in Poland. The government tried to introduce a number of changes in legislation that would significantly improve the condition of the child. Childcare reforms in the 1990’s and at the beginning of the 21st century aimed at modernizing local government and local organizations to provide appropriate childcare and social assistance to parents. The paradigm shift in social policy on child and family care determines the priority of family support aimed at creating comfortable conditions for the child. Nowadays the main objective of the family supportive policy of any country is to protect the child from the foster care model.
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Esperat, Christina, and Lynn Godkin. "Interagency implementation of government policy: Strategic management of maternal and child health care in texas." International Journal of Public Administration 17, no. 7 (January 1994): 1383–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01900699408524946.
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Dahlgren, Göran. "Neoliberal Reforms in Swedish Primary Health Care: For Whom and for What Purpose?" International Journal of Health Services 38, no. 4 (October 2008): 697–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/hs.38.4.g.
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The conservative government that came to power in Sweden in 2006 has initiated major market-oriented reforms in the health sector. Its first health care policy bill changed the health legislation to make it possible to sell/transfer public hospitals to commercial providers while maintaining public funding. Far-reaching market-oriented primary health care reforms are also initiated, for example in Stockholm County. They are typically presented as “free choice models” in which “the money follows the patient.” The actual and likely effects of these reforms in terms of access and quality of care are discussed in this article. One main finding is that existing social inequities in geographic access to care not only are reinforced but also become very difficult to change by democratic political decisions. Furthermore, dynamic market forces will gradually reduce the quality of care in low-income areas while both access and quality of care will be even better in high-income areas. Public funds are thus transferred from people living in low-income areas to people living in high-income areas, even though the need for good health services is much greater in the low-income areas. Certain policy options for reversing the inverse law of care are also presented.
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Albanese, Patrizia, and Tanya Farr. "“I’M LUCKY” . . . TO HAVE FOUND CHILD CARE: EVOKING LUCK WHILE MANAGING CHILD CARE NEEDS IN A CHANGING ECONOMY." International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies 3, no. 1 (January 17, 2012): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs31201210475.
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This research<a href="http://journals.uvic.ca/index.php/ijcyfs/author/saveSubmit/3#_edn1">1</a> looks at the impact of the rise of women’s non-standard, service sector employment on gender roles, identities and relations, and compares the complex task of finding and managing formal and informal non-parental child care in rural and semi-rural communities in two policy jurisdictions (Ontario and Quebec) in the Ottawa Valley. It seeks to understand the ways in which the neo-liberal reconfiguration of local economies impact on the experiences of employed, non-urban women with young children – mitigated by provincial policy decisions – through documenting the strategies they adopt to cope with challenges when managing this family-market-state nexus. This paper specifically focuses on mothers’ use of the notion of “luck” in describing how they found and managed their unique child care needs. Luck, in the psychological literature, is often treated as either an external, unstable, and uncontrollable cause, or an internal personal attribute. This paper shows that its use and invocation in response to questions about finding and managing child care has to do with gendered perceptions of control and power(lessness) over social circumstances related to geography, government policies, and changing, and at time precarious, economic/labour market circumstances. <div><div><p> </p></div></div>
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Pollard, Christina, Janette Lewis, and Margaret Miller. "Start Right–Eat Right Award Scheme: Implementing Food and Nutrition Policy in Child Care Centers." Health Education & Behavior 28, no. 3 (June 2001): 320–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109019810102800306.
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The Start Right–Eat Right award scheme implemented in Western Australia has been used to provide the incentive to bring about improvement in food service in line with government policy and regulations in the child care industry. Theories of organizational change were used to identify processes and strategies to support the industry in translating policy into practice. A baseline survey of food service management practices, as well as process evaluation, informed action and identified barriers. Impact evaluation demonstrated that the award scheme could bring about improvements in the quality of food service; 80% of centers made changes to their menus as a result of participating. Two years postlaunch, 40% of centers have registered in the scheme. The diffusion of innovation theory is used to explain uptake and discuss results. The success of the scheme was based on four factors: an understanding of the industry, collaboration between the child care industry and government, supporting resources, and incentives.
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Kjellberg, Inger, and Stefan Szücs. "Pursuing collaborative advantage in Swedish care for older people: stakeholders' views on trust." Journal of Integrated Care 28, no. 3 (April 18, 2020): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jica-01-2020-0001.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore stakeholder views on the policy of integrated health and social care for older people with complex needs in Sweden and the issue of trust in implementing the policy.Design/methodology/approachThe study used a qualitative interview design and interviews with nine strategically selected stakeholders. A thematic analysis focused on trust, as defined in the theory of collaborative advantage, was used.FindingsThis study of health and social care exposed a lack of trust on political, strategic and inter-professional levels. Two opposing lines of argument were identified in the interviews. One advocated a single government authority for health and social care. The other was in accordance with recently implemented national policies, which entailed more collaboration between local government authorities, obliging them to make joint local agreements. The Swedish experience is discussed in an international context, examining the need for collaboration in integrated care services for older people.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the findings are important for the current adjustment in health and social care for older people, the number of interviewees are limited. Future studies will include more regions and longitudinal studies.Originality/valueSweden is currently undergoing an extensive adjustment in line with recent national government policy which involves more primary health care and a corresponding reduction in the number of hospital beds. The restructuring of the care system for older people with complex needs is a paradox, as it simultaneously increases the need for centralisation while also increasing coordination and collaboration on a local basis.
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Shatkin, Jess P., Neaka Balloge, and Myron L. Belfer. "Child and adolescent mental health policy worldwide: an update." International Psychiatry 5, no. 4 (October 2008): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s174936760000223x.
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Few countries worldwide maintain policies specifically designed to address the mental health needs of children and adolescents. Yet policies are essential to guide the development of systems of care, training programmes for practitioners, and research endeavours. Without policy, there is no clear pathway for programme development, no specific commitment from government, no expression of governance, no guide to support funding, and no clarification of who exactly is responsible for providing services to children and adolescents. In 2004, we published a report aimed at identifying child and adolescent mental health policies worldwide (Shatkin & Belfer, 2004). The present review expands upon that report and provides an up-to-date assessment of these policies.
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LE BIHAN, BLANCHE, and ALIS SOPADZHIYAN. "The development of integration in the elderly care sector: a qualitative analysis of national policies and local initiatives in France and Sweden." Ageing and Society 39, no. 5 (December 26, 2017): 1022–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x17001350.
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ABSTRACTDue to a significant increase in the complexity of the care demands of older people having multiple care needs, the necessity for integrated care is increasingly acknowledged. Proposing a qualitative approach based on a secondary literature analysis and an empirical survey, this paper explores the integration policy of health and social care for older people having complex needs in two European countries – France and Sweden – where various policy measures aiming at developing and delivering integrated care can be identified: at the national level, through the supportive measures of organisational, institutional and/or professional integration from central government, and at the local level, with the implementation of concrete integrative initiatives. Using a comparative qualitative approach, the authors investigate both of these levels, as well as the interplay between them. They show the importance of this double – local and national – approach of the issue of integration and highlight the continuous negotiation process which underlies the integration activities. Local integration initiatives are in fact constantly reshaped by top-down and bottom-up dynamics which appear to be strongly interconnected.
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Scott, Krista, Anna Ayers Looby, Janie Simms Hipp, and Natasha Frost. "Applying an Equity Lens to the Child Care Setting." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 45, S1 (2017): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110517703331.
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In the current landscape, child care is increasingly being seen as a place for early education, and systems are largely bundling child care in the Early Care and Education sphere through funding and quality measures. As states define school readiness and quality, they often miss critical elements, such as equitable access to quality and cultural traditions. This article provides a summary of the various definitions and structures of child care. It also discusses how the current child care policy conversation can and ought to be infused with a framework grounded in the context of institutional racism and trauma. Models and examples will explore the differences between state government regulations, and how those differ than the regulation and structure of child care in Indian Country.
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Buttivant, Helen, and Cécile Knai. "Improving food provision in child care in England: a stakeholder analysis." Public Health Nutrition 15, no. 3 (August 23, 2011): 554–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980011001704.
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AbstractObjectiveTo review national policy governing nutrition in child-care settings and explore policy translation at a regional and local level in the South East of England.DesignSemi-structured interviews with regional experts.SettingChild-care settings in Southampton, England, registered by OFSTED (Office for Standards in Education Children's Services and Skills).SubjectsThirteen subjects including child-care professionals in Southampton and policy advisors from the Government Office of the South East.ResultsPolicy regarding early years food provision varies across the country. Although there appears to be consensus between local stakeholders on the importance of improving early years nutrition in Southampton, intentions have yet to be translated into cohesive action, with differences in food and nutrition practice in child-care settings across the city. There are also areas of incoherence, inequalities in access to training and development, and duplication in local and regional support mechanisms.ConclusionsThe importance of proper early nutrition to provide the building blocks for life-long health and well-being is grounded in a substantial evidence base. Outside the home, early years child-care settings are an ideal place for providing a strong foundation in nutritional health and dietary habits for young children. The long-term benefits of achieving optimum nutrition in the early years should be secured through the coherent efforts of national, regional and local policy makers, child-care practitioners and parents. Existing commitment and capacity to achieve this objective at a local and regional level must be supported and matched at a national level with the acceleration of policy development, including quality control and support mechanisms.
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Gostoli, Umberto, and Eric Silverman. "Social and child care provision in kinship networks: An agent-based model." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): e0242779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242779.
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Providing for the needs of the vulnerable is a critical component of social and health policy-making. In particular, caring for children and for vulnerable older people is vital to the wellbeing of millions of families throughout the world. In most developed countries, this care is provided through both formal and informal means, and is therefore governed by complex policies that interact in non-obvious ways with other areas of policy-making. In this paper we present an agent-based model of social and child care provision in the UK, in which agents can provide informal care or pay for private care for their relatives. Agents make care decisions based on numerous factors including their health status, employment, financial situation, and social and physical distance to those in need. Simulation results show that the model can produce plausible patterns of care need and availability, and therefore can provide an important aid to this complex area of policy-making. We conclude that the model’s use of kinship networks for distributing care and the explicit modelling of interactions between social care and child care will enable policy-makers to develop more informed policy interventions in these critical areas. “The moral test of government is how it treats those who are in the dawn of life, the children; those who are in the twilight of life, the aged; and those in the shadows of life, the sick, the needy and the handicapped.” — Hubert Humphrey Jr.
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WHITE, LINDA A. "Ideas and the Welfare State." Comparative Political Studies 35, no. 6 (August 2002): 713–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414002035006004.
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This article examines the legacy of American and Canadian welfare state development to explain surprisingly comparable levels of child care provision. It highlights the ironies of policy history while demonstrating the importance of ideas as independent causal factors in the development of public policies and the effect of their institutionalization on future policy development. Maternalist, nativist, and eugencist imperatives led U.S. governments to intrude in areas normally considered part of the private sphere and led to the adoption of policies to respond to a perceived decline primarily of the White population. These policies provided a normative and institutional basis for future government involvement in child care funding and programs, even after the conditions that led to the original policies changed. In Canada, the lack of large-scale entrenchment of similar ideas constrained an otherwise more interventionist government and made it more difficult for child care policies to find governmental and societal acceptance.
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Cormack, Mark. "Private health insurance: the problem child faces adulthood." Australian Health Review 25, no. 2 (2002): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah020038.
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Since its election to office in 1996, reform of Private Health Insurance (PHI) has been the most obvious health policy focus of the Howard Government. The reform process has focussed on price, product, promotion, legislation and regulation. It has resulted in one of thelargest new Commonwealth health outlays in recent memory. Health insurance funds have emerged as activepurchasers of care, not just passive reimbursers of costs. PHI fund reserves have moved from precarious liquidity tohealthy surplus. Private hospitals are busier than ever before, but margins are slim. Anecdotally, public hospitals report little benefit to date. Waiting lists have not been reduced, and their budgets are unchanged as a result of the $2 Bn allocated under the 30% Rebate scheme. The paper begins by describing the origins of the PHI reform. Its objectives, policy initiatives, results to date and criticisms are analysed. Criticisms include the actual and opportunity costs. Specific concerns remain as to its effectiveness to date in reducing pressure on public hospitals, and perceived lack of equity for certain client groups. Themost significant result is that much of the reform package is here to stay including the expensive and much criticised 30% rebate. Like Medicare before it, the PHI reforms have achieved bipartisan support. The paper concludes by describing future implications for Government, industry, consumers and the medical profession.
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Telford, Nicole. "Can Canadian Women Have it All? How Limited Access to Affordable Child Care Restricts Freedom and Choice." Canadian Journal of Family and Youth / Le Journal Canadien de Famille et de la Jeunesse 8, no. 1 (January 27, 2016): 153–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cjfy27146.
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The objective of this essay is to provide an historical account of the attempts made to implement a universal child care policy in Canada. Since World War II, we have been seeing large numbers of women entering the workforce and have had no centralized child care policy in place. This contributes to role strain on women as there appears to be little choice in work and family life. This paper explores the effort made by the feminist movement and women’s advocates to establish a universal child care system. I hope to achieve a clear understanding that the need for child care remains an equality issue. Throughout this paper, I will shed light on the effects child care has on women, their families, and society. I will also address the current policies in place and what is to come under the new Liberal government.
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Mattsson, Titti. "Quality Registries in Sweden, Healthcare Improvements and Elderly Persons with Cognitive Impairments." European Journal of Health Law 23, no. 5 (October 28, 2016): 453–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718093-12341429.
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Policy-makers, the medical industry and researchers are demonstrating a keen interest in the potential of large registries of patient data, both nationally and internationally. The registries offer promising ways to measure and develop operational quality within health and medical care services. As a result of certain favourable patient data regulations and government funding, the development of quality registries is advanced in Sweden. The combination of increasing demand for more cost-efficient healthcare that can accommodate the demographic development of a rapidly ageing population, and the emergence of eHealth with an increasing digitalisation of patient data, calls attention to quality registries as a possible way for healthcare improvements. However, even if the use of registries has many advantages, there are some drawbacks from a patient privacy point of view. This article aims to analyse this growing interdependence of quality registries for the healthcare sector. It discusses some lessons from the Swedish case, with particular focus on the collection of data from elderly persons with cognitive impairments.
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Avni, Elinore. "CROSS-NATIONAL DIFFERENCES IN ATTITUDES TOWARD FAMILY AND GOVERNMENTAL SUPPORT FOR ELDER AND CHILD CARE." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.223.
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Abstract Population aging in wealthy western nations has raised concerns about who will provide care to older adults. At the same time, the rise of single parenthood and dual-career families has heightened the need for childcare. As governments and families face challenges in meeting these dual needs, this study compares responses to the question of “who should primarily provide” eldercare and childcare across three countries: the US, Germany and Israel. Analysis of 2012 International Social Survey Programme data reveals that while persons in the US endorse family as care providers to both older adults and children, Israelis endorse government as eldercare providers yet family as the source of childcare provision. German respondents prefer both government and family as childcare providers, yet believe the government should provide eldercare. The paper discusses how cross-national differences in attitudes toward care are associated with cultural and socio-economic characteristics, and highlights implications for policy and practice.
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Struthers, Ashley, Colleen Metge, Catherine Charette, Jennifer E. Enns, Nathan C. Nickel, Dan Chateau, Mariette Chartier, Elaine Burland, Alan Katz, and Marni Brownell. "Understanding the Particularities of an Unconditional Prenatal Cash Benefit for Low-Income Women: A Case Study Approach." INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 56 (January 2019): 004695801987096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0046958019870967.
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We explored the particularities of the Healthy Baby Prenatal Benefit (HBPB), an unconditional cash transfer program for low-income pregnant women in Manitoba, Canada, which aims to connect recipients with prenatal care and community support programs, and help them access healthy foods during pregnancy. While previous studies have shown associations between HBPB and improved birth outcomes, here we focus on how the intervention contributed to positive outcomes. Using a case study design, we collected data from government and program documents and interviews with policy makers, academics, program staff, and recipients of HBPB. Key informants identified using evidence and aligning with government priorities as key facilitators to the implementation of HBPB. Program recipients described how HBPB helped them improve their nutrition, prepare for baby, and engage in self-care to moderate the effect of stressful life events. This study provides important contextualized evidence to support government decision making on healthy child development policies.
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L., J. F. "THE VA IS THE LARGEST HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN THE USA." Pediatrics 93, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.93.4.575.
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What would the chances for congressional approval of President Clinton's health care plan be if Americans peered into the future and discovered that: Over half of the patients (55%) in the plan with routine medical problems wait three hours or longer, sometimes all day, to be seen for a few minutes by an over-worked doctor struggling with increasing numbers of patients and piles of government forms, regulations, controls and policy directives... The VA is the largest health care system, public or private, in the U.S. and one of the largest in the world. It operates 171 medical centers with 80,000 beds; 362 out-patient and community clinics with 23 million patient visits annually... VA is the quintessential government bureaucracy: administratively officious and laden with red tape and regulatory minutiae destructive to both quality patient care and staff conduct. Three volumes of the U.S. Code (title 38) and a full volume of the Code of Federal Regulations, plus scores of volumes of federal personnel and other policy restrictions, govern each VA employee's every move. Thousands of pages provide detailed descriptions of medical conditions, degrees of disability and potential eligibility for pension benefits and free health care.