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Journal articles on the topic 'Child abuse Australia'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Mathews, Ben, Chris Goddard, Bob Lonne, Stephanie Short, and Freda Briggs. "Developments in Australian laws requiring the reporting of suspected child sexual abuse." Children Australia 34, no. 3 (2009): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200020101.

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Thousands of Australian children are sexually abused every year, and the effects can be severe and long lasting. Not only is child sexual abuse a public health problem, but the acts inflicted are criminal offences. Child sexual abuse usually occurs in private, typically involving relationships featuring a massive imbalance in power and an abuse of that power. Those who inflict child sexual abuse seek to keep it secret, whether by threats or more subtle persuasion. As a method of responding to this phenomenon and in an effort to uncover cases of sexual abuse that otherwise would not come to light, governments in Australian States and Territories have enacted legislation requiring designated persons to report suspected child sexual abuse. With Western Australia’s new legislation having commenced on 1 January 2009, every Australian State and Territory government has now passed these laws, so that there is now, for the first time, an almost harmonious legislative approach across Australia to the reporting of child sexual abuse. Yet there remain differences in the State and Territory laws regarding who has to make reports, which cases of sexual abuse are required to be reported, and whether suspected future abuse must be reported. These differences indicate that further refinement of the laws is required.

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2

Goldman, Juliette D. G., and Usha K. Padayachi. "The perpetrators of child sexual abuse in Queensland, Australia." Children Australia 25, no. 2 (2000): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s103507720000969x.

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A retrospective study of 427 university students in Queensland, Australia, revealed that the majority of perpetrators of child sexual abuse were known to their victim. The rate of incestuous abuse before the age of 17 years was twice as high for females as for males. It was also much more likely that the respondent reported being abused by a male than a female, with stepfathers being one of the most frequently reported offenders. In contrast, strangers were found to perpetrate a minority of abuse. Consequently, recommendations are made for education programs in an effort to prevent children being abused by people whom they know and trust.

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3

Ainsworth, Frank, and Patricia Hansen. "When is Enough Enough? The Burgeoning Cost of Child Protection Services." Children Australia 39, no. 2 (May 21, 2014): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2014.6.

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The Australian Bureau of Statistics estimates that at 31 December 2011 there were 5,098,694 children and young people in Australia under the age of 18 years, while for the period 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare's report on child protection indicates that there were 48,420 substantiated cases of child abuse and neglect in Australia. The likelihood is that almost 95 (94.96) per cent of Australian children and young people were not abused or neglected in that period; and this is a cause for national celebration. These figures are good reason to praise the parents and caregivers of the 5,050,274 children who were not abused or neglected. We argue that there is a need for an emphasis in the political debate about child protection that focuses on children who are not abused, in order for the issue of child abuse and neglect to be placed in proper perspective. The lack of perspective in the current dialogue simply results in an unending demand for more resources for detection-focused services. Instead, there has to be increased emphasis on preventative services for vulnerable families who fail to meet community child-rearing standards. These exacting standards of parenting can only be achieved through parent education and the provision of intensive and extensive family support services, combined with sensitive monitoring of at-risk families. Accordingly, this article is written in a dissenting voice.

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4

Briggs, Freda. "Child sexual abuse and the legal system." Children Australia 32, no. 2 (2007): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200011512.

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When Australia signed the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1990, federal and state governments agreed, under Article 19, to create appropriate legislation and all necessary social and educational measures to protect children from all forms of abuse and exploitation and provide treatment and social support for victims and their carers. Seventeen years later, Australian child advocates are wondering where those services are, especially for those outside state capital cities. More importantly, where is the justice system that protects children and caters for victims of sexual abuse?Australia, in common with other former British colonies, inherited the Westminster adversarial system, described by Mallon and White (1995, p. 50, cited in McGrath 2005) as:

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5

Cordner, Stephen, and Peter Harrigan. "Reported child abuse increases in Australia." Lancet 346, no. 8975 (September 1995): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(95)91448-x.

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6

Giliker, Paula. "ANALYSING INSTITUTIONAL LIABILITY FOR CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE IN ENGLAND AND WALES AND AUSTRALIA: VICARIOUS LIABILITY, NON-DELEGABLE DUTIES AND STATUTORY INTERVENTION." Cambridge Law Journal 77, no. 3 (September 24, 2018): 506–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197318000685.

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AbstractThis paper will argue that, in the light of recent case law in the UK and Australia, a new approach is needed when dealing with claims for vicarious liability and non-delegable duties in the law of tort. It will submit that lessons can be learnt from a comparative study of these jurisdictions, notably by reflecting on the courts’ treatment of claims of institutional liability for child sexual abuse. In parallel to decisions of their highest courts, public enquiries in Australia and England and Wales, established to report on historic child sexual abuse and how to engage in best practice, are now reporting their findings which include proposals for victim reparation: see Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse (Australia, 2017) including its Redress and Civil Litigation Report (2015); Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse (Interim report, England and Wales, 2018). The Australian reports suggest reforms not only to state practice, but also to private law. This article will critically examine the operation of vicarious liability and non-delegable duties in England and Wales and Australia and proposals for statutory intervention. It will submit that a more cautious incremental approach is needed to control the ever-expanding doctrine of vicarious liability in UK law and to develop more fully its more restrictive Australian counterpart.

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7

Holland, Grant. "Child Abuse and Mandatory Reporting." Australian Journal of Primary Health 2, no. 4 (1996): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py96058.

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In Victoria, and to some extent Australia, the last two decades have seen some clarification in the classification of the various forms of child maltreatment and abuse. Currently, the major forms of child abuse are acknowledged as being:In Victoria, and to some extent Australia, the last two decades have seen some clarification in the classification of the various forms of child maltreatment and abuse. Currently, the major forms of child abuse are acknowledged as being physical abuse or non-accidental physical injury; sexual abuse and exploitation; emotional/psychological abuse and neglect. These forms of maltreatment often convey an implied message of non-accidental or committed harm against children. Abuse, however, can often occur by neglect or a failure to protect children, and therefore can be characterised as abuse by ommission. Many practitioners and professionals now use the term 'child abuse and neglect' rather than the single 'child abuse' term.

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8

Woiwod, Dayna M., and Deborah A. Connolly. "Continuous Child Sexual Abuse." Criminal Justice Review 42, no. 2 (May 22, 2017): 206–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734016817704700.

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Due to calls for reform of legislation that accounts for the difficulties complainants of repeated child sexual abuse (CSA) face when asked to particularize individual acts, jurisdictions in the United States and Australia have adopted continuous CSA statutes. Continuous CSA statutes allow for reduced particularity of individual instances when abuse is repeated. In this article, we discuss particularization requirements and how they are adapted in current jurisdictions in the United States and Australia with continuous CSA statutes. We then discuss the relevant research on children’s memory for repeated events and frequency to discuss how current and future research can inform the criteria for the charge. Our goal in this article is to inspire thoughtful discussion of continuous CSA legislation, and how current and future psychological research can advance the criteria for the charge. As more jurisdictions consider adopting these statutes, it would be helpful for psychologists and legal professionals to work toward developing a consensus on the criteria for the charge that balances both the victim’s capabilities to particularize repeated CSA and various rights of the accused.

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9

Hameed, Mohajer Abbass. "Challenges and Opportunities for Innovation in Child Abuse and Neglect Research within the Child Welfare System in Australia." Children Australia 43, no. 1 (January 16, 2018): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2017.49.

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Child abuse and neglect is a preventable public health issue, yet a complex global phenomenon with considerable adverse impacts on children, families, health and social services, as well as the Australian community. Despite the widespread adverse impact of child abuse and neglect, the research in this field within Australian child welfare systems is relatively scarce. What is needed is to understand the various challenges, barriers and limitations that face child abuse and neglect researchers and impede methodologically rigorous research within child welfare systems in Australia. This paper provides a brief overview of the key methodological limitations, barriers and challenges, as well as the strengths of the research methods used in studying child abuse and neglect. This paper also explores the potential gains from adopting a national translational research framework. Innovative translation of research and knowledge into effective care system responses and evidence-based practices for children remains a pressing issue. Further advances in Australian research and the evidence base will require substantial investment in research and evaluation activities, with a new emphasis on translational research and active collaboration between researchers and practitioners. Finally, this paper concludes with key recommendations and directions for future Australian-based research with the ultimate goal of improving practices and policies.

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10

Mathews, Ben, Leah Bromfield, and Kerryann Walsh. "Comparing Reports of Child Sexual and Physical Abuse Using Child Welfare Agency Data in Two Jurisdictions with Different Mandatory Reporting Laws." Social Sciences 9, no. 5 (May 11, 2020): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci9050075.

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Empirical analysis has found that mandatory reporting legislation has positive effects on case identification of child sexual abuse both initially and over the long term. However, there is little analysis of the initial and ongoing impact on child protection systems of the rate of reports that are made if a reporting duty for child sexual abuse is introduced, especially when compared with rates of reports for other kinds of child maltreatment. This research analysed government administrative data at the unique child level over a seven-year period to examine trends in reports of child sexual abuse, compared with child physical abuse, in two Australian states having different socio-legal dimensions. Data mining generated descriptive statistics and rates per 100,000 children involved in reports per annum, and time trend sequences in the seven-year period. The first state, Western Australia, introduced the legislative reporting duty in the middle of the seven-year period, and only for sexual abuse. The second state, Victoria, had possessed mandatory reporting duties for both sexual and physical abuse for over a decade. Our analysis identified substantial intra-state increases in the reporting of child sexual abuse attributable to the introduction of a new legislative reporting duty, and heightened public awareness resulting from major social events. Victoria experienced nearly three times as many reports of physical abuse as Western Australia. The relative burden on the child protection system was most clearly different in Victoria, where reports of physical abuse were relatively stable and two and a half times higher than for sexual abuse. Rates of children in reports, even at their single year peak, indicate sustainable levels of reporting for child welfare agencies. Substantial proportions of reports were made by both legislatively mandated reporters, and non-mandated community members, suggesting that government agencies would benefit from engaging with communities and professions to enhance a desirable reporting practice.

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11

Goldman, Juliette D. G., and Usha K. Padayachi. "Factors influencing school counsellors' decision not to report child sexual abuse." Children Australia 27, no. 1 (2002): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200004946.

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Using a state-wide sample of 122 school counsellors (52 males and 70 females) in Queensland, Australia, factors which influenced their decision not to report child sexual abuse were examined. These factors were a lack of evidence; lack of confidence in the authorities to accurately evaluate or protect sexually abused children; adverse effects on the family's social standing in the community; potential to break up the family; and the fear of breaking counsellor-client confidentiality. Further, school counsellors were not likely to report all cases of child sexual abuse when they suspected it, thus confirming the popular belief that child sexual abuse is under-reported by them.

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12

Goddard, Chris. "Continuing to Abuse Children for a Living: Protecting children from abuse by professionals: Part Two." Children Australia 18, no. 4 (1993): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200003722.

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In the last edition of Children Australia [18(3)], I started an interview with a woman who came to see me several years ago claiming that her child was both sexually and physically abused by his teacher. At considerable cost to herself and her family, she has refused to ignore the abuse her child suffered and the lack of action by the authorities.PART TWO of the interview commences with discussing her son's disclosure.

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13

Holland, Grant. "Child abuse and mandatory reporting: A review in progress." Children Australia 22, no. 3 (1997): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200008270.

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In Victoria, and to some extent Australia, the last two decades have seen some clarification in the classification of the various forms of child maltreatment and abuse. Currently, the major recognised forms of child abuse are acknowledged as being:• physical abuse or non-accidental physical injury;• sexual abuse and exploitation;• emotional/psychological abuse; and• neglect.

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14

Lonne, Bob, Chris Theunissen, and Sue Clapton. "Child abuse in rural Australia: Explanations and implications." Rural Society 7, no. 1 (January 1997): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/rsj.7.1.3.

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15

Goddard, Chris. "Child Sexual Abuse and Cleveland: Lessons to be Learned." Children Australia 15, no. 2 (1990): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200002881.

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Kieran O'Hagan is an established social work practitioner and writer, currently employed as Principal Case Worker in Leeds, England. Kieran has numerous publications to his credit including Crises Intervention in Social Services (O'Hagan, 1986) and Working with Child Sexual Abuse (O'Hagan, 1989).Kieran visited Australia recently to run a series of workshops and I took the opportunity to interview him. The interview is published in two parts, and will be concluded in the next edition of Children Australia.

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16

Goldman, Juliette, and Usha Padayachi. "Factors influencing school counsellors' decision to report cases of child sexual abuse." Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools 11 (November 2001): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1037291100004349.

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This study examines factors which influence school counsellors' decision to report suspected cases of child sexual abuse. Using a state-wide sample of 122 school counsellors, consisting of 52 males and 70 females, in Queensland, Australia, results show there was a tendency for school counsellors to under-report their suspicions of child sexual abuse. The factors which influenced school counsellors to report cases of sexual abuse were fear that the child was at risk for further abuse, and an ethical/moral obligation to report.

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17

Parkinson, Patrick N., R. Kim Oates, and Amanda A. Jayakody. "Child Sexual Abuse in the Anglican Church of Australia." Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 21, no. 5 (September 1, 2012): 553–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2012.689424.

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18

Boss, Peter. "Systems for Managing Child Maltreatment in Australia: A Study of the Six States." Children Australia 11, no. 4 (1986): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0312897000015691.

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Child abuse constitutes a social problem whose dimensions we cannot yet quite grasp and whose causes are as multi-faceted as they are difficult to identify. Over the past two decades or so, ever since the re-awakening of interest in the topic, there has been an abundance of theorising and speculating about causes of child abuse. Theories which attempt to explain child abuse have ranged from the individual - psychological and specific deviant behaviour (like alcoholism and other types of addiction) - to socio-economic factors, faulty child-parent relationships, lack of family support resources and many more. Each of these theories, even if underdeveloped, has something to contribute to our understanding but none, by itself, has enabled us to say that if only we concentrate our resources on it we will be able to tackle child abuse at its very roots. What we have begun to learn is that we are dealing with a complex situation.

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19

Vucic, Basia. "An overview of child abuse and the child protection system in Australia." International Journal of Pedagogy, Innovation and New Technologies 2, no. 1 (June 26, 2015): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/23920092.1159131.

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20

Boss, Peter. "Physical punishment in child rearing: A background paper to the campaign for EPOCH (End Physical Punishment of Children) in Australia." Children Australia 20, no. 3 (1995): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200004600.

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With attention focussed on child abuse and measures for child protection in many countries around the world, efforts have been made to understand something of the nature and dimensions that lie behind abuse. Now the time has come to look at domestic violence in its other manifestations - not only parent to child as in child abuse, but also husband to wife or cohabiter to cohabiter. What, however, has been missing from this widening of concerns has been a focus on parental behaviour toward their children which involves the use of physical punishment in child rearing but which may fall short of the legal definition of abuse. This gap is about to be considered with the emergence in Australia of the EPOCH campaign in which Oz Child is to be a leading participant.

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21

Erooga, Marcus, and Keith L. Kaufman. "Introduction to Special Issue on Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 20 (September 5, 2019): 4195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260519869233.

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This Special Edition brings together innovative research from leading figures in their field of work from the USA, UK and Australia. With its focus on prevention, it is designed to highlight a broad international sample of cutting-edge child sexual abuse prevention thinking, intended to both spur additional prevention research and sharing these creative approaches to preventing sexual abuse.

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22

Goddard, Chris. "Point and Counterpoint not the last word: Child Statistical Abuse: 80,000 Child Prostitutes in Australia." Children Australia 13, no. 1 (1988): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0312897000001776.

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It was the beleaguered Sydney Morning Herald that started my concern about child statistical abuse in Australia A small paragraph in “Column 8” pointed out that a program on the similarly beleaguered ABC had claimed that 38 percent of Australians die of heart disease each year. Then “Column 8” discovered something called the cholesterol check card, issued by the Better Health Screening Service, which claimed that 50 percent of us die from cardiovascular disease each year. What, asked “Column 8”, will the Better Health Screening Service do after two years when there is no-one left in Australia’?

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23

Goldman, Ronald J., and Juliette D. G. Goldman. "The Prevalence and Nature of Child Sexual Abuse in Australia." Australian Journal of Sex, Marriage and Family 9, no. 2 (May 1988): 94–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01591487.1988.11004405.

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24

Bates, Frank. "Evidence, Child Sexual Abuse and the High Court of Australia." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 39, no. 2 (April 1990): 413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/39.2.413.

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25

McPherson, Lynne, Maureen Long, Matthew Nicholson, Nadine Cameron, Prue Atkins, and Meg E. Morris. "Secrecy Surrounding the Physical Abuse of Child Athletes in Australia." Australian Social Work 70, no. 1 (March 7, 2016): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0312407x.2016.1142589.

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26

Lynch, Andrew P. "Negotiating Social Inclusion: The Catholic Church in Australia and the Public Sphere." Social Inclusion 4, no. 2 (April 19, 2016): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v4i2.500.

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This paper argues that for religion, social inclusion is not certain once gained, but needs to be constantly renegotiated in response to continued challenges, even for mainstream religious organisations such as the Catholic Church. The paper will analyse the Catholic Church’s involvement in the Australian public sphere, and after a brief overview of the history of Catholicism’s struggle for equal status in Australia, will consider its response to recent challenges to maintain its position of inclusion and relevance in Australian society. This will include an examination of its handling of sexual abuse allegations brought forward by the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse, and its attempts to promote its vision of ethics and morals in the face of calls for marriage equality and other social issues in a society of greater religious diversity.

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27

Mendes, Philip, Marcia Pinskier, Samone McCurdy, and Rachel Averbukh. "Ultra-orthodox Jewish communities and child sexual abuse: A case study of the Australian Royal Commission and its implications for faith-based communities." Children Australia 45, no. 1 (December 12, 2019): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2019.44.

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AbstractTo date, little is known about manifestations of child sexual abuse (CSA) within ultra-orthodox Jewish communities both in Australia and abroad. There is a paucity of empirical studies on the prevalence of CSA within Jewish communities, and little information on the responses of Jewish community organisations, or the experiences of Jewish CSA survivors and their families. This paper draws on a case study of two ultra-orthodox Jewish organisations from the recent Australian Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse to examine the religious and cultural factors that may inform Jewish communal responses to CSA. Attention is drawn to factors that render ultra-orthodox communities vulnerable to large-scale CSA, religious laws and beliefs that may influence the reporting of abuse to secular authorities, and the communal structures that may lead to victims rather than offenders being subjected to personal attacks and exclusion from the community. Commonalities are identified between ultra-orthodox Jews and other faith-based communities, and reforms suggested to improve child safety across religious groups.

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Goldman, Juliette D. G., and Usha K. Padayachi. "School counsellors' knowledge of the nature of child sexual abuse and proceedures and laws." Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling 10, no. 1 (November 2000): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1037291100004106.

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All school counsellors employed by the State Department of Education in Queensland, Australia, were sent a questionnaire asking about their understanding of child sexual abuse, and their familiarity with procedures and current laws. Results from the 122 respondents (52 males and 70 females), show that they have diverse knowledge of child sexual abuse. There was uncertainty among them as to whether their school had a formal procedure for reporting cases. Most school counsellors have a general knowledge of the laws in Queensland on reporting suspected cases of abuse, but only a minority of them know what the laws require them to do. When asked to describe the laws in Queensland, counsellors who indicated they knew about the law, then described four differing laws. In terms of knowledge of child sexual abuse, females made more accurate statements about sexual abuse than males. Training does contribute to improving counsellors' knowledge of child sexual abuse.

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29

Vivian Moraa Nyaata. "Situating children in divorce mediation in South Africa and Australia: A comparative study." Journal of Policy and Development Studies (JPDS) 1, no. 1 (August 26, 2022): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.51317/jpds.v4i1.226.

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This study focuses on situating children in divorce mediation in South Africa and Australia. This study investigates how South Africa and Australia have domesticated and are implementing relevant international laws and policies that allows hearing the voices of children in divorce mediation. This study found that South Africa and Australia do not have specific legislation that provides hearing in the child's voice in divorce mediation. However, the Australian government funds on-going research to improve the hearing of a child's voice in divorce mediation. Aided by government funding, Australia has developed unique techniques to listen to the child's voice during divorce mediation. The special priority afforded to children’s rights in South Africa and Australia is justified under the Capabilities approach cost-effectiveness principle because it prevents a spiralling need for state intervention later in the lives of its citizens. Some of the techniques used by the Australian government go beyond the requirements of the UNCRC and ACRWC. For example, some FRCs employ technology to screen for child abuse before hearing a child's voice in divorce mediation. Like the Office of the Family Advocate in South Africa, FRCs use a teamwork approach where child consultants and mediators work together to listen to the child's voice during divorce mediation.

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30

Death, Jodi. "Bad Apples, Bad Barrel: Exploring Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse by Catholic Clergy in Australia." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 4, no. 2 (July 1, 2015): 94–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v4i2.229.

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This paper considers constructions of institutional culture and power in the cover-up of child sexual abuse (CSA) by clergy in the Roman Catholic Church of Australia. The issue of cover-up has previously been considered in international inquiries as an institutional failing that has caused significant harm to victims of CSA by Catholic Clergy. Evidence given by select representatives of the Catholic Church in two government inquiries into institutional abuse carried out in Australia is considered here. This evidence suggests that, where cover-up has occurred, it has been reliant on the abuse of institutional power and resulted in direct emotional, psychological and spiritual harm to victims of abuse. Despite international recognition of cover-up as institutional abuse, evidence presented by Roman Catholic Representatives to the Victorian Inquiry denied there was an institutionalised cover-up. Responding to this evidence, this paper queries whether the primary foundation of cover-up conforms to the ‘bad apple theory’ in that it relates only to a few individuals, or the ‘bad barrel theory’ of institutional structure and culture.

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31

Gledhill, Marion. "Family resource programs: Strengthening families and communities." Children Australia 21, no. 4 (1996): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200007240.

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This paper argues the need for comprehensive provision of family resource programs. All Australia's families should be able to access the support, information, skills and resources that are necessary for optimal child development and for prevention of child abuse and neglect. The paper argues that there is a significant gap in the general availability of primary prevention family services in Australia. Family resource programs are discussed in terms of their goals, guiding principles, and service models. Examples of these programs both overseas and in NSW are described.

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32

Simmons, Melanie L., Troy E. McEwan, and Rosemary Purcell. "“But All Kids Yell at Their Parents, Don’t They?”: Social Norms About Child-to-Parent Abuse in Australia." Journal of Family Issues 40, no. 11 (April 15, 2019): 1486–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x19842587.

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Child-to-parent abuse has been hampered by a lack of attention to what behaviors are commonly perceived as abusive and a poor understanding of when children’s behavior stops being difficult, but normative, and becomes abusive. This study investigated what Australian parents and young people perceived as abusive behavior by children toward parents. Convenience samples of (a) parents of young people aged 14 to 25 years ( n = 201) and (b) young people aged 14 to 25 years ( n = 586) were asked to define at what frequency they believed that 40 child-to-parent behaviors became abusive. Both parents and young people perceived that children could abuse their parents, but young people were more permissive when defining abuse than were parents for behaviors involving physical aggression without injury, financial abuse, humiliation, or intimidation. The findings have implications for child-to-parent abuse measurement, particularly in relation to how coercive and verbally aggressive behavior is (or is not) defined as abusive.

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33

Blake, Garth. "Child Protection and the Anglican Church of Australia." Journal of Anglican Studies 4, no. 1 (June 2006): 81–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1740355306064520.

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ABSTRACTIn the last decade the sexual abuse of children by some clergy and church workers in the Anglican Church of Australia has become a serious public issue. There have been criminal convictions, civil litigation, inquiries, Church discipline and resignations. Initial responses in the 23 dioceses were reactive and inconsistent. Beginning in 2001 the General Synod took initiatives to develop national strategies to respond to this growing crisis. The culmination of these initiatives occurred at the 2004 General Synod. By the passing of several resolutions and canons the Church at a national level expressed a commitment to, and set out detailed comprehensive and uniform strategies for, the protection of children.

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34

McPhillips, Kathleen. "Religion after the Royal Commission: Challenges to Religion–State Relations." Religions 11, no. 1 (January 15, 2020): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11010044.

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The findings and recommendations emanating from the Australian Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse (2012–2017) have advised religious organisations that they need to undertake significant changes to legal, governance and cultural/theological practices. The reason for urgency in enacting these changes is that religious organisations were the least child safe institutions across all Australian organisations, with poor practices of transparency, accountability and responsibility coupled with a tendency to protect the reputation of the institution above the safety of children in their care. In Australia, new state laws have been enacted and are impacting on the internal governance systems of religious organisations, including removing the secrecy of the Catholic confessional, instituting mandatory reporting of child abuse by clerics and criminalising the failure to report child sexual abuse. Religious organisations have moved to adopt many of the recommendations regarding their troubled governance including the professionalisation of religious ministry; adoption of professional standards; and appropriate redress for survivors and changes to religious laws. However, these changes signal significant challenges to current church–state relations, which have been characterised by positioning religious organisations as special institutions that enjoy exemptions from certain human rights legislation, on the basis of protecting religious freedom. This article examines and evaluates the nexus between state and religion in Australian public life as it is emerging in a post-Royal Commission environment, and in particular contested claims around the meaning and value of religious freedom versus the necessity of institutional reform to ensure that religious organisations can demonstrate safety for children and other vulnerable groups.

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Mondy, Linda, and Stephen Mondy. "Situating NEWPIN in the context of parent education and support models." Children Australia 29, no. 1 (2004): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200005861.

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The nature and extent of parent education and support programs targeting parents with children under five is reviewed. Several evaluated Australian and overseas programs are described, and their role and effectiveness in the prevention of child abuse and neglect are examined. The principles and values that underpin such programs are discussed, and their common components outlined. The New Parent Infant Network (NEWPIN) is then situated in the broader framework of effective parent education and support programs operating in Australia.

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Goldman, Juliette D. G., and Usha K. Padayachi. "The prevalence and nature of child sexual abuse in Queensland, Australia." Child Abuse & Neglect 21, no. 5 (May 1997): 489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0145-2134(97)00008-2.

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Hatty, Suzanne E. "Of nightmares and sexual monsters: Struggles around child abuse in Australia." International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 14, no. 3 (January 1991): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-2527(91)90007-a.

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Cale, Jesse, Stacy Tzoumakis, Benoit Leclerc, and Jan Breckenridge. "Patterns of Intimate Partner Violence victimization among Australia and New Zealand female university students: An initial examination of child maltreatment and self-reported depressive symptoms across profiles." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 50, no. 4 (September 6, 2016): 582–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004865816666615.

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The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between child abuse, depression, and patterns of Intimate Partner Violence victimization among female university students in Australia and New Zealand. Data were based on the Australia/New Zealand portion of the International Dating Violence Study (2001–2005) (n = 293). Using Latent Class Analysis, Low-, Moderate-, and High-level Intimate Partner Violence profiles were identified that differed according to the variety, degree, and severity of Intimate Partner Violence. Furthermore, the combination of child maltreatment and self-reported depressive symptoms differed across profiles. The results highlighted differential pathways from child maltreatment to specific Intimate Partner Violence victimization patterns. These findings provide further evidence for the importance of early intervention strategies to prevent Intimate Partner Violence, and specifically for children who experience abuse and neglect to help prevent subsequent victimization experiences in intimate relationship contexts.

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Meddin, Barbara J. "The Future of Decision Making in Child Welfare Practice: The Development of an Explicit Criteria Model for Decision Making." Children Australia 9, no. 4 (1985): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0312897000007451.

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AbstractThe paper examines the impact that a decision making model can have on child placement decisions. Using a pre and post test design with three different conditions, the research investigated the ability to increase the consistency of the placement decision by the use of a decision making model that includes explicit criteria.The study found that consistency of decision making was enhanced by the provision of the decision making model and that consistency could be further enhanced by the provision of training in the model. Implications for training of new workers and reduction of worker stress and burnout are discussed.The incident of child abuse and neglect continues to rise. The National Centre on Child Abuse and Neglect estimates that approximately one million children will be abused or neglected this year in the United States. In the State of Illinois alone, during fiscal year 1981 nearly 80,000 reports of abuse or neglect were received. Almost 50% of those reports were found to be actual cases of abuse or neglect.Whether the incident in Australia of child abuse and neglect is increasing or not is difficult to assess, since currently there is no standardised way of collecting data. However, from all indicators a similar increase is indeed occurring. Boss in his book, “On the Side of the Child”, reports that the number of cases seen by the Western Australian Department of Community Welfare has steadily increased. This is corroborated by statistics compiled by that State’s Advisory and Consultative Committee in Child Abuse (ACCCA). Their Statistical Information Report for July-December 1983 indicates an 86% increase in reports of sexual abuse and 12.5% increase in physical abuse. In Queensland the number of child abuse and/or neglect case investigations went from 1 095 in 1981 to 1 631 in 1982 – an increase of more than one third. In Tasmania between 1980 to 1982 the number of reports increased by nearly one-third, from 228-302. The Montrose Child Protection and Family Crisis Unit of the Department of Youth and Community Services in New South Wales report similar increases.On almost a daily basis, social workers are called upon to make far reaching decisions that have the potential to be a life consequential both for the child who is the victim of abuse and/or neglect and that child’s family. Because these decisions, especially the placement decision, have such great ramifications, social workers should be expected to make decisions with great care, consideration and consistency. This may be due, in part because agencies have been slow to explicate, empirically validate, and systematically apply decision making criteria that assist workers in making case decisions.While research indicates that criteria do exist and are used by child welfare workers, the research also indicates that they are not used in any systematic fashion. The result is that idiosyncratic decisions are invited and the potential spectre of gross inequities in the delivery of social services exists. Unless asystematic, consensually based decision making model is used that explicates both the decisions that need to be made along with a specific set of criteria for making these decisions, it is impossible for the child welfare agency to guarantee a minimum level of service delivery.

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Carr, Alan, Hollie Duff, and Fiona Craddock. "A Systematic Review of the Outcome of Child Abuse in Long-Term Care." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 21, no. 4 (July 22, 2018): 660–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838018789154.

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The aim of the systematic review described in this article was to determine the outcome of child maltreatment in long-term childcare and the scope of the evidence base in this area. Searches of 10 databases were conducted. Forty-nine documents describing 21 primary studies and 25 secondary studies were selected for review. Searches, study selection, data extraction, and study quality assessments were independently conducted by two researchers, with a high degree of interrater reliability. Participants in the 21 primary studies included 3,856 abuse survivors and 1,577 nonabused controls. In six primary studies, survivors were under 18 years, and participants in the remaining primary studies were adults with a mean age of 54 years. Reviewed studies were conducted in the United Kingdom, the United States, Finland, Romania, Tanzania, Canada, Ireland, Australia, the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Participants were abused in religious and nonreligious residential care centers and foster care. There were significant associations between the experience of child abuse in long-term care and adjustment across the life span in the domains of mental health, physical health, and psychosocial adjustment. Evidence-based trauma-focused treatment should be offered to child abuse survivors. Future research in this area should prioritize longitudinal studies.

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Schweitzer, Robert D., Lisa Buckley, Paul Harnett, and Natalie J. Loxton. "Predictors of failure by medical practitioners to report suspected child abuse in Queensland, Australia." Australian Health Review 30, no. 3 (2006): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah060298.

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Objective: The goal of this investigation was to examine the level of notification of child abuse and neglect and the perceived deterrents to reporting by medical practitioners, who are mandated to report their suspicions but might choose not to do so. Design: A random sample of medical practitioners was surveyed. About three hundred medical practitioners were approached through the local Division of General Practice. 91 registered medical practitioners in Queensland, Australia, took part in the study. Results: A quarter of medical practitioners admitted failing to report suspicions, though they were mostly cognisant of their responsibility to report suspected cases of abuse and neglect. Only the belief that the suspected abuse was a single incident and unlikely to happen again predicted non-reporting (?2 [1, N = 89] = 7.60, p<0.01). No gender, age or parent status differences were found between reporters and non-reporters. Conclusions: Although the rate of non-reporting shows improvement from previous research, it is still at an unacceptable level. The failure to report appears to result not from judgement about the presence or absence of indicators of child abuse and neglect but a threshold that moves individuals to act on their suspicions. Professional development should focus on some of the fallacies which often influence medical practitioners? decisions.

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Salter, Michael. "Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation: Guest Editor’s Introduction." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 4, no. 2 (July 1, 2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v4i2.240.

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One of the most unnerving aspects of child sexual abuse is that it is constantly manifesting in unexpected ways. The current Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse has collected testimony of abuse in churches, schools, out-of-home care, hospitals and religious communities, demonstrating the breadth of institutional arrangements whose structures and cultures have facilitated child sexual abuse. Cases of serious and prolonged sexual abuse in family contexts have been excluded from the terms of reference of the Royal Commission but nonetheless continue to surface in media reports. In 2013, twelve children were permanently removed from an extended family living in rural NSW in what has been described as one of the worst cases of child abuse in Australia, involving intergenerational incest going back at least three generations (Auebach 2014). Another recent high-profile case involved the use of the Internet to facilitate the sexual exploitation of an adopted child by his parents in Queensland (Ralston 2013). These cases challenge the received wisdom that child sexual abuse is characterised by the victimisation of one child by one opportunistic offender. Such incidents suggest instead that child sexual abuse takes varied and systemic forms, and can operate to perpetuate and entrench toxic cultures and power structures. This special issue on Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation is a timely contribution to ongoing efforts to understand the multiplicity of child sexual abuse. It is an interdisciplinary collection of insights drawn from criminology, sociology, psychiatry, psychology and psychoanalysis, and includes papers from academic researchers alongside academic practitioners whose writing is grounded in their work with affected individuals and communities. A key aim of the special issue is to contextualise the diversity of child sexual abuse socially, politically and historically, recognising the dynamic and iterative relationships between sexual abuse and the contexts in which it takes place. The contributions to this special issue examine how the diversity and dynamics of abuse unfold at the individual, community and social level, and across time. The issue is focused on emerging or under-recognised forms of child sexual abuse, such as organised abuse and sexual exploitation, which illustrate recent shifts in the knowledge base and require new and innovative criminological thinking.Download the PDF file from this page to find out more about this special edition.

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Schindeler, Emily. "Assessing allegations of child sex abuse in custody disputes." Children Australia 44, no. 01 (February 19, 2019): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2018.50.

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AbstractRisk assessments by expert witnesses appointed by the Family Court of Australia (FCA), and as informed by findings of any investigations by police and child protection agencies, play a critical role in the adjudication of custody disputes involving allegations of child sex abuse. This study focuses on the contribution made by these independent advisors as documented in the FCA trial transcripts of a sample of 62 such cases in the period 2012–2016. Analysis reveals that those responsible for assessing risk shared a concern for an emerging pattern of applicant responsibility for systems abuse, in conjunction with emotional abuse, as a significant child protection issue. It also raises issues for the Court when there are multiple risk assessments coming from experts who bring different disciplinary and organisational perspectives. As an exploratory study, the implications of these findings need to be viewed through the lens of protecting the best interests of the child.

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Kisely, Steve, Amanuel Alemu Abajobir, Ryan Mills, Lane Strathearn, Alexandra Clavarino, and Jake Moses Najman. "Child maltreatment and mental health problems in adulthood: birth cohort study." British Journal of Psychiatry 213, no. 6 (September 28, 2018): 698–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.207.

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BackgroundRetrospective studies have shown a high association between child abuse and subsequent psychiatric morbidity. Prospective studies are rarer.AimsTo examine, using a prospective record-linkage analysis, whether substantiated child maltreatment is associated with adverse psychological outcomes in early adulthood.MethodThe participants were 3778 mother and child pairs enrolled in a population-based birth cohort study in Brisbane, Australia. Exposure to suspected child maltreatment was measured by linkage with state child protection agency data. The primary outcomes were the internalising and externalising scales of the Youth Self-Report and the Centre for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scales (CES-D) at approximately 21 years of age. A subset completed the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Auto version (CIDI-Auto).ResultsIn total, 171 (4.5%) participants had a history of substantiated child maltreatment, most commonly emotional abuse (n= 91), followed by physical abuse (n= 78), neglect (n= 73) and sexual abuse (n= 54). After adjustment for potential confounders, depressive symptoms on the CES-D, as well as internalising and externalising behaviours were strongly associated with substantiated abuse in all forms, except sexual abuse. The results for the subset of the sample who completed the CIDI-Auto were less clear. Anxiety, especially post-traumatic stress disorder, showed the strongest association whereas the findings for depressive disorder were equivocal. However, across all diagnostic categories, emotional abuse and neglect, as well as multiple forms of abuse, showed a consistent association.ConclusionsChild maltreatment, particularly neglect and emotional abuse, has serious adverse effects on early adult mental health. These two warrant the attention given to other forms of child maltreatment. Children experiencing more than one type of maltreatment are at particular risk.Declaration of interestNone.

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Greenslade, Jaimi H., Marianne Wallis, Amy N. B. Johnston, Eric Carlström, Daniel B. Wilhelms, and Julia Crilly. "Key occupational stressors in the ED: an international comparison." Emergency Medicine Journal 37, no. 2 (September 24, 2019): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2018-208390.

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BackgroundThe ED Stressor Scale outlines 15 stressors that are of importance for ED staff. Limited research has identified how commonly such stressors occur, or whether such factors are perceived with similar importance across different hospitals. This study sought to examine the frequency or perceived severity of these 15 stressors using a multicentre cohort of emergency clinicians (nurses and physicians) in EDs in two countries (Australia and Sweden).MethodThis was a cross-sectional survey of staff working in eight hospitals in Australia and Sweden. Data were collected between July 2016 and June 2017 (depending on local site approvals) via a printed survey incorporating the 15-item ED stressor scale. The median stress score for each item and the frequency of experiencing each event was reported.ResultsEvents causing most distress include heavy workload, death or sexual abuse of a child, inability to provide optimum care and workplace violence. Stressors reported most frequently include dealing with high acuity patients, heavy workload and crowding. Violence, workload, inability to provide optimal care, poor professional relations, poor professional development and dealing with high-acuity patients were reported more commonly by Australian staff. Swedish respondents reported more frequent exposure to mass casualty incidents, crisis management and administrative concerns.ConclusionsWorkload, inability to provide optimal care, workplace violence and death or sexual abuse of a child were consistently reported as the most distressing events across sites. The frequency with which these occurred differed in Australia and Sweden, likely due to differences in the healthcare systems.

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Blake, Garth. "General Synod of the Anglican Church of Australia." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 18, no. 1 (December 10, 2015): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x15000940.

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The 16th General Synod of the Anglican Church of Australia was held in Adelaide from 29 June to 3 July 2014. This report covers the major pieces of legislation dealt with at this session, as well as resolutions relating to the Anglican Communion, Church discipline and the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse.

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Aiffah, Ghaisani Ikramina, and Wandera Ahmad Religia. "Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Program: Reference to the Indonesian Government." Jurnal PROMKES 8, no. 2 (September 24, 2020): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jpk.v8.i2.2020.238-252.

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Background: Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) was a global problem widespread in many countries. Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia or Indonesian Children Protection Commission (KPAI) recorded as many as 1.880 children become victims of sexual abuse such as rape, fornication, sodomy and paedophilia. The Government of Indonesia become made become efforts both national and international scale, but there is no effective and applicable program that has been implemented. Objective: The purpose of this article was to analyse the programs had been implemented to prevent sexual violence against children. Method: This article was a literature study by examining 38 articles related to the program against child abuse. The researcher was looking for reference sources from the Science Direct, Sage pub and Google Scholar online become. The keywords used were Child Sex Abuse Prevention Program, Parenting Program, Parent Training, Parent Intervention, Maltreatment, Violence, and Violence Prevention. Result: In children, programs that had been implemented include C-SAPE; IGEL; Train the trainer; BST; A program for minorities in Australia; Cool and Safe. For parents, the programs that had been applied include ACT-RSK; Triple-P; RETHINK; The Incredible Years Parents, Teachers, and Children Training Series; PACE; The Making Choices and Strong Families; The African Migrant Parenting; Strengthening Families; 123 Magic; PDEP and FAST. Conclusion: The sexual violence prevention program for children that can be implemented by the Indonesian government was using teaching methods based on school curricula that can be delivered by teachers. For parent, the program that could be implemented by the Indonesian government was using positive parenting methods that focus on preventing sexual violence against children and delivered by expert facilitators. To reach children and families with different cultural backgrounds, the Indonesian government could adapt sexual violence prevention programs for the Australian minorities and The African Migrant Parenting.

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Guerzoni, Michael Andre, and Hannah Graham. "Catholic Church Responses to Clergy-Child Sexual Abuse and Mandatory Reporting Exemptions in Victoria, Australia: A Discursive Critique." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 58–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v4i4.205.

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This article presents empirical findings from a critical discourse analysis of institutional responses by the Catholic Church to clergy-child sexual abuse in Victoria, Australia. A sample of 28 documents, comprising 1,394 pages, is analysed in the context of the 2012-2013 Victorian Inquiry into the Handling of Child Abuse by Religious and Other Organisations. Sykes and Matza’s (1957) and Cohen’s (1993) techniques of, respectively, neutralisation and denial are used to reveal the Catholic Church’s Janus-faced responses to clergy-child sexual abuse and mandatory reporting requirements. Paradoxical tensions are observed between Catholic Canonical law and clerical practices, and the extent of compliance with secular law and referral of allegations to authorities. Concerns centre on Church secrecy, clerical defences of the confessional in justification of inaction, and the Melbourne Response compensation scheme. Our research findings underscore the need for greater Church transparency and accountability; we advocate for mandatory reporting law reform and institutional reform, including adjustments to the confessional ritual.

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Purvis, Mayumi, and Andrew Joyce. "Child Sexual Abuse is a Global Public Health Problem: Where is Australia?" Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 12, no. 2 (July 2005): 334–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/pplt.12.2.334.

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Lennings, Christopher J., Heidi I. Brummert Lennings, Kay Bussey, and Alan J. Taylor. "Family Risk Assessment: Characteristics of Families With Child Abuse Notifications in Australia." Journal of Child Custody 11, no. 1 (January 2014): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15379418.2014.892804.

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