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Academic literature on the topic 'Chickpea'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Chickpea"

Kutepova, Inga, Colin D. Rehm, and Samara Joy Friend. "UK Chickpea Consumption Doubled from 2008/09–2018/19." Nutrients 15, no. 22 (November 15, 2023): 4784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15224784.

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Background: Only 9% of individuals in the United Kingdom (UK) meet the recommendation for dietary fibre intake. Little is known about chickpea consumption in the UK. Methods: Chickpea intake trends and sociodemographic patterns were analysed using the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme data collected from 2008/09 to 2018/19 among 15,655 individuals ≥1.5 years completing a four-day food diary. Chickpea consumers were identified based on a list of chickpea-containing foods, with the most consumed foods being hummus, boiled chickpeas, chickpea flour, and low/reduced-fat hummus. Micronutrient and food group intakes were compared between chickpea consumers and non-consumers; the Modified Healthy Dietary Score was also assessed, which measures adherence to UK dietary recommendations. Results: Chickpea consumption increased from 6.1% (2008–2012) to 12.3% (2016–2019). Among 1.5–3 years, consumption increased from 5.7% to 13.4%, and among 19–64 years, consumption increased from 7.1% to 14.4%. The percentage of individuals eating chickpeas was higher among individuals with higher incomes and more education. Healthy-weight adults were more likely to consume chickpeas compared to those who were overweight or obese. Compared to both bean and non-bean consumers, chickpea consumers ate significantly more dietary fibre, fruits and vegetables, pulses, nuts, and less red meat and processed meat products. Chickpea consumers also had a higher Modified Healthy Dietary Score. Conclusions: In the UK, chickpea consumption more than doubled from 2008/09 to 2018/19. Chickpea consumers had a higher diet quality than non-consumers.

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Omaraliyeva, Aigul, Zhanar Botbayeva, Mereke Agedilova, Meruyert Abilova, and Aidana Zhanaidarova. "Determining the optimal parameters of ultra-high-frequency treatment of chickpeas for the production of gluten-free flour." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 5, no. 11 (113) (October 31, 2021): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.241877.

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This paper describes the materials and results of studying the properties of such a leguminous crop as the chickpea variety Miras 07 of Kazakhstan selection in order to obtain gluten-free flour and further process it to produce confectionery products. The research involved the ultra-high-frequency (UHF) treatment of chickpea grain to improve quality indicators and reduce anti-alimentary factors. A change in the protein fraction of chickpeas was determined under exposure to ultra-high-frequency processing. The study has proven the effectiveness of ultra-high-frequency treatment of chickpea for 180 seconds. Based on chemical analysis, it was found that the exposure to ultra-high-frequency treatment fully preserved the vitamin and mineral complex, compared with untreated chickpeas. When chickpea grain is heated for 180 seconds, up to 20 % of the starch contained in the grain passes into dextrin, which is easily absorbed by humans while the toxic substances are destroyed. The change in the protein fraction of chickpeas during ultra-high-frequency processing was determined. With ultra-high-frequency treatment of chickpea flour at 180 seconds of exposure, the protein fraction content remains unchanged at 79.8 %. The result based on the IR spectrum data indicates that ultra-high-frequency processing did not affect the protein-amino acid composition of the examined Miras 07 chickpea variety. The current study has confirmed the effectiveness of ultra-high-frequency chickpea treatment, which leads to the intensification of biochemical processes in the processed product due to the resonant absorption of energy by protein molecules and polysaccharides. Under the influence of ultra-high-frequency treatment, there is a decrease in the microbiological contamination of raw materials while the organoleptic indicators improve. According to the microbiological indicators of chickpea flour, the content of microorganisms was 1×103 CFU/g, which meets the requirements for sanitary and hygienic safety

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Amine, Elbouazaoui, Allal Douira, Maafa Ilyass, and Seid Ahmed. "Integrating Sowing Date with Chickpea Genotypes in Managing Fusarium Wilt in Morocco." Agriculture 12, no. 6 (May 28, 2022): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060773.

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Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.p ciceris (Foc) is a devastating soil-borne disease of the chickpea. The disease causes crop losses in late-planted chickpeas and no available management option currently exists to recommend to farmers. In order to determine the effect of integrating sowing dates with chickpea genotypes on disease parameters and yield, a field experiment was undertaken in naturally infested soil at Merchouch station during 2017–2018 and 2018–2019. The results showed that significant differences were observed among chickpea genotypes for the three disease parameters, and among sowing dates for final disease incidence. For seed yield, only the sowing dates showed significant differences and all interactions between factors were non-significant for all measured parameters. Late sowing showed high values for the three disease parameters. A high seed yield was obtained from early-planted compared to late-planted chickpeas. In conclusion, the integration of early sowing and chickpea genotypes with good levels of resistance can be recommended for farmers to increase chickpea productivity in Morocco.

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Shcatula, Yurii, and Volodymyr Votyk. "WAYS TO INCREASE YIELD OF CHICKPEAS." Agriculture and Forestry, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2707-5826-2020-2-18.

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The analysis of literary sources showed that interest in chickpeas is increasing, sown areas under this crop are expanding, and technological features for chickpea cultivation are changing. The yield of chickpea seeds to a large extent depends on the biological characteristics of the variety, fertilizers, compliance with the timing and methods of sowing, inoculation of seeds and the like. Much attention should be paid to the system of protection of chickpea agrocenoses from harmful organisms. Weak competition of chickpea plants with weeds is primarily due to the peculiarity of the development of this culture in the early stages, when there is an intensive development of the root system and slow - the aboveground part. In these early stages of their development, chickpea plants are not yet able to fully compete with weeds. The latter, on the contrary, are serious competitors, as they actively use nutrients, moisture and shade plants. High selectivity and herbicidal activity in chickpea crops were shown by soil preparations: Stomp, 33% k.e. (4.0 l / ha); Harness, 90% (1.5–3.0 l / ha); Optima frontier (0.8– 1.0 l / ha). Weed reduction was 85–90% and yield increase was 0.71–0.82 t / ha. Of the post-emergence herbicides in chickpea crops in conditions of mixed weed type, it was advisable to use Pulsar (0.5-0.9 l / ha) and Pivot (0.5-0.8 l / ha). Weed loss was 81.0–82.0% and yield increase was 0.72–0.76 t / ha. When using different herbicides, the yield of chickpea grain was in the range from 1.26 to 1.44 t / ha. The presence of chickpeas in crops leads to severe inhibition, especially in the initial stages of vegetation. The most effective and economically feasible at present is the use of a tank mixture of herbicides Harnes + Gezagard 500 FM (2.0 l/ha + 3.0-4.0 l/ha) which makes it possible to control a wide range of weeds and extend the duration of the protective shield preparations. Chickpea seeds ripen fairly evenly throughout the plant, the beans do not crack or crumble, the plants do not lie down, so when harvested by direct combining there are no problems. The growing season in chickpeas lasts 80-120 days, depending on the variety and growing conditions, so it is harvested in late July or early August after harvesting cereals. The yield of chickpea seeds varies in the range 1.4–2.7 t/ha, and with proper technology and climatic conditions it can be 2.5–3.5 t/ha. Key words: chickpeas, agrocenosis, technology, mineral fertilizers, weeds, herbicides, biological products, productivity.

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Zeitelhofer, Mareen, Rong Zhou, and Carl-Otto Ottosen. "Physiological Responses of Chickpea Genotypes to Cold and Heat Stress in Flowering Stage." Agronomy 12, no. 11 (November 5, 2022): 2755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112755.

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Due to climate change, more temperature extremes are expected in the future, potentially endangering agricultural production. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important cool-season food legume grown worldwide; however, cold and heat episodes are major threats in chickpea production that cause considerable yield losses especially at the flowering stage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological performance of contrasting chickpea genotypes during the flowering phase under cold and heat. Four chickpea genotypes (Desi, Eldorado, Acc#2 and Acc#7) with different temperature susceptibilities were treated for 3 days under cold (9/4 °C) and heat (38/33 °C). The results showed that cold stress reduced the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) by 5%, net photosynthetic rate (PN) by 74%, and chlorophyll a+b content by 31% on average in all tested genotypes. Up to a 9-fold increase in the amount of starch was found in the leaves of plants under cold stress, indicating that carbohydrates strongly accumulated in chickpeas under cold stress. This helps to maintain the vegetative and generative organs and enable fast recovery. Under heat stress, chickpeas maintained Fv/Fm and PN, although chlorophyll a+b content decreased by 39% on average. Carbohydrates did not accumulate under heat in chickpeas; thereby, a reduction in biomass and reproductive organs took place. Genetic variation in response to cold and heat stress was detected among the tested flowering chickpea genotypes. Desi and Acc#2 were cold-sensitive candidates, and Eldorado was a cold-tolerant candidate, whereas Acc#7 and Acc#2 were heat-sensitive candidates, while Desi and Eldorado were heat-tolerant candidates. This study provides important knowledge on the physiological response of flowering chickpeas under cold and heat stress. This will benefit the identification of stress-tolerant chickpea genotypes to ensure high yields in the future climate.

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Cun, Zihui. "Identification of New Chickpea Virus and Control of Chickpea Virus Disease." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2022 (May 28, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6465505.

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Objective. The objective of the study was to discuss the classification, virus characteristics, detection methods, and control measures of chickpea virus, with an aim to provide a theoretical basis for identification of new chickpea virus and control of chickpea virus disease. Methods. The domestic and foreign studies were reviewed, and the virus coat protein or nucleic acid sequence was identified by immunological and molecular diagnostic techniques. Results. There were 14 main types of chickpea viruses attacking, and seven Luteoviridae viruses were reported, namely, chickpea chlorotic stunt virus (CpCSV), bean leafroll virus (BLRV), beet western yellows virus (BWYV), soybean dwarf virus (SbDV), cotton leafroll dwarf virus (CLRDV), cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV), and phasey bean mild yellows virus (PhBMYV). The family Geminiviridae includes chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus (CpCDV), chickpea chlorosis virus (CpCV), chickpea redleaf virus (CpRLV), chickpea yellows virus (CpYV), and mastrevirus. The family Nanoviridae is dominated by the faba bean necrotic yellows virus (FBNYV). The family Bromoviridae includes cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV). Conclusion. At present, there are mainly 12 types of viruses infecting chickpeas, which are transmitted by leafhoppers or aphids and are associated with symptoms such as yellowing, chlorosis, and stunted pod development, resulting in serious yield loss. Correct use of various molecular diagnostic tools to detect and identify chickpea virus can accurately assess chickpea virus infection and provide a basis for the prevention and treatment of chickpea virus disease.

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Muhialdin, Belal, Nameer Khairullah Mohammed, Hui Jen Cheok, Farouk Abd-Elaziem, and Anis Shobirin Meor Hussin. "Reducing microbial contamination risk and improving physical properties of plant-based mayonnaise produced using chickpea aquafaba." International Food Research Journal 28, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 547–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/ifrj.28.3.14.

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Aquafaba is obtained by soaking different types of legumes, and utilised in the production of several plant-based foods due to its functional properties. The present work aimed to evaluate the effects of aquafaba produced by soaking chickpeas at different durations, on the safety, physicochemical properties, and consumer acceptability of plant-based mayonnaise. The chickpea aquafaba was prepared by soaking chickpea at different durations of 12, 18, and 24 h, and later boiled for 35 min at 120°C. The results demonstrated significantly (p < 0.05) higher TSS (5.89 ± 0.00), viscosity (7.23 ± 0.06), and peptide content (0.463 ± 0.001) in chickpea aquafaba soaked for 24 h. The mayonnaise prepared with 24 h chickpea aquafaba showed improved firmness (129.47 ± 9.64 g) and consistency (860.26 ± 26.52 g/s). The bacterial load was observed to decrease in 24 h chickpea aquafaba mayonnaise (3.857 ± 0.948 log CFU/g), and increased by one-fold in 12 h chickpea aquafaba mayonnaise (4.672 ± 0.588 log CFU/g) after 35 days at 28 ± 2°C. The consumer acceptability evaluation showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) among all the tested attributes with the 24 h aquafaba mayonnaise received the highest score for taste (6.80 ± 1.38). The aquafaba produced from chickpeas soaked for 24 h and boiled for 35 min has high potential for applications in plant-based mayonnaise production to enhance safety and improve physicochemical and consumer acceptability.

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Anderson, A., J. A. Baldock, S. L. Rogers, W. Bellotti, and G. Gill. "Influence of chlorsulfuron on rhizobial growth, nodule formation, and nitrogen fixation with chickpea." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55, no. 10 (2004): 1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar03057.

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Sulfonylurea residues have been found to inhibit the growth of some legume crops and pastures in seasons following application. Negative effects of these herbicides on symbiotic nitrogen fixation by legume crops and pastures have been demonstrated. Reductions in nitrogen fixation may result from a direct effect of the herbicide on rhizobial growth and/or an indirect effect on plant growth. In this study the influence of chlorsulfuron on the growth of chickpea rhizobia [Mesorhizobium ciceri (CC1192)], the growth of chickpea plants, and the extent of nodulation and nitrogen fixation by the chickpea/rhizobia symbiosis were examined. In vitro studies (in yeast mannitol broth and a defined medium) showed that chlorsulfuron applied at double the recommended field application rate did not influence the growth of chickpea rhizobia. An experiment using 14C-labelled chlorsulfuron was conducted to determine if rhizobial cells exposed to chlorsulfuron could deliver the herbicide to the point of root infection and nodule formation. Approximately 1% of the herbicide present in the rhizobial growth medium remained with the cell/inoculum material after rinsing with 1/4 strength Ringer’s solution. This was considered unlikely to affect chickpea growth, nodulation, or nitrogen fixation. A pot experiment was used to define the influence of chlorsulfuron on the growth, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation of chickpeas. The presence of chlorsulfuron in the soil reduced the nodulation and nitrogen fixation of the chickpea plants. Pre-exposing rhizobia to chlorsulfuron before inoculating them into pots with germinating chickpea seeds, reduced the number of nodules formed by 51%. Exposure of chickpeas and chickpea rhizobia to chlorsulfuron can adversely affect the formation and activity of symbiotic nitrogen-fixing nodules, even when only the rhizobial inoculant is exposed briefly to the herbicide.

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Cappelli, Alessio, Mauro Zaninelli, Sirio Cividino, Mattia Fiscella, Enrico Cini, Alessandro Parenti, and Piernicola Masella. "Optimization of Drying Kinetics and Stone Milling of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum): An Investigation of Moisture Content and Milling Speed Effects on Mill Operative Parameters, Particle Size Distribution, and Flour Composition." Applied Sciences 13, no. 19 (October 9, 2023): 11084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app131911084.

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Chickpeas are one of the most widely consumed legumes in the world. Nevertheless, the literature is lacking studies on the effect of drying and milling processes on chickpea flour characteristics, thus motivating this work. The first aim of this work is to improve chickpea drying process through an in-depth evaluation of drying kinetics; the second aim is to assess the effects of three different moisture contents (8, 10, and 12%) and three milling speeds (120, 220, and 320 RPM) on operative milling parameters, particle size distribution, and flour composition. Our results highlight that moisture content and stone rotational speed have statistically significant effects on milling operative parameters, flour particle size, and chickpea flour composition. As stone rotational speed increases, flour temperature (∆T), average power, and damaged starch content significantly increases. On the other hand, as moisture content increases, energy consumption and specific milling energy increases, while starch and protein content significantly decrease. The results of this study recommend, for the first time in the literature, optimal values of moisture content and milling speed of chickpea. In conclusion, milling chickpeas with 10% moisture content at 320 RPM (milling speed) seems to be the best compromise between milling operative parameters, particle size, and chickpea flour composition.

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Omaralieva, A. M., Zh T. Botbaeva, M. T. Agedilova, M. B. Abilova, and A. E. Zhanaidarova. "Influence of microwave processing of leguminous crops on the properties of gluten-free flour." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. BIOSCIENCE Series 137, no. 4 (2021): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7034-2021-137-4-75-83.

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In the article, flour from leguminous crops is offered as gluten-free flour for dietary nutrition of patients with celiac disease. For the nutrition of this category of people, it is necessary to use those crops and products from them that do not contain gluten. There is proposed a leguminous chickpea crop of the MIRAS 07 variety of domestic selection as an object of the study. The article presents microstructural data of microwave processed chickpeas of the Miras 07 variety. Studies were conducted on microwave processing of chickpeas of the MIRAS 07 variety for 3-5 minutes in comparison with a control untreated chickpea sample. Various flour samples were obtained from processed chickpea grain samples in order to prepare gluten-free products. Studies have been carried out to study the morphological structure and granulometric composition of the mercury film on a scanning electron microscope Quanta 200i 3D. The obtained microstructure sections indicate that in the chickpea flour of the MIRAS 07 variety, starch grains are mainly based on amylopectin, and in small amounts amylose, which confirms their high nutritional value. Starch particles of chickpea flour begin to break down with increasing temperature, which is very important in the process of dough production for flour confectionery products. The use of microwave processed chickpea flour in flour and confectionery production is preferable to unprocessed. Heat treatment of grain crops using a microwave can affect the basic biochemical parameters, especially carbohydrates, transforming them into easily digestible forms of starch.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Chickpea"

Khan, Muhammad Shahid Akhtar. "Epidemiology of ascochyta blight of chickpea in Australia." Title page, contents and summary only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phk4455.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 182-217. This study was conducted to determine the etiology of a blight disease of chickpea in south-eastern Australia and the factors affecting disease development. The disease had previously been identified as phoma blight. Pathogenicity testing revealed two isolates subsequently identified as Asochyta rabiei, the first conclusive identification in the southern hemisphere. Greenhouse screening of chickpea varieties identified types resistant to ascochyta blight. The effects of plant age and environmental conditions on disease development were investigated under controlled conditions in growth rooms. Seedlings were more susceptible than older plants. The optimum conditions for ascochyta blight were 20° C and a 48-96 h period of leaf wetness. Through field trials it was found that disease intensity increased over time, especially in cv. Desavic. The means of penetration of the chickpea host was established in histological studies. This study provided advance warning of this disease for the expanding chickpea industry, and has allowed the implementation of appropriate disease management strategies. It is recommended that cv. Desavic should not be grown where ascochyta blight is likely to be a problem.

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Pittaway, JK. "Chickpeas and human health : the effect of chickpea consumption on some physiological and metabolic parameters." Thesis, University of Tasmania Library, Special & Rare Material Collections, 2006. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/930/2/Frmttd_Thss_06final_02Whole.pdf.

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Pulses (legumes) are a common dietary constituent of ethnic communities exhibiting lower rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The following studies examined the effect of including chickpeas in an 'Australian' diet on CVD risk factors. Participants were free-living volunteers aged 30 to 70 years. Study 1 investigated the effect of chickpeas on serum lipids, lipoproteins, glycaemic control, bowel function and satiation (degree of fullness leading to meal cessation) compared to a higher-fibre wheat-supplemented diet (Chapter 2). Participants completed two controlled dietary interventions (chickpea-supplemented and higher-fibre wheat-supplemented), isocaloric with their usual dietary intake, in random order. The design of the intervention diets was for matched macronutrient content and dietary fibre however increased consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) during the chickpea-supplemented diet was noted. Small but significant reductions in mean serum total cholesterol and low density lipoproteincholesterol (LDL-C) were reported following the chickpea diet compared to the wheat. Statistical analysis suggested a relationship between increased consumption of PUFA and reduction in cholesterol during the chickpea intervention but could not discern the source of PUFA. Chickpea supplementation did not adversely affect bowel function and participants found them very satiating. There was no effect on glycaemic control. A small, sub-study compared the effects of an isocaloric, lower-fibre wheat diet to the higher-fibre wheat, to evaluate the effect of quantity of fibre as well as source on bowel health and satiety. During the lower-fibre wheat intervention, some participants reported lower satiation, and poorer bowel health. Some of the results from this study were included in a larger, collaborative study investigating the effect of chickpeas on serum lipids and lipoproteins in two centres, Launceston and Melbourne. The Melbourne group followed a similar controlled, random crossover comparison of a chickpeasupplemented diet to a higher-fibre wheat-supplemented diet, also endeavouring to match macronutrient content and dietary fibre. The Melbourne group also reported small but significant reductions in mean serum LDL- and total cholesterol but reported discrepancies in consumption of PUFA as well as dietary fibre between the intervention diets. Statistical analysis of the combined results suggested a relationship between increased consumption of PUFA and dietary fibre and a reduction in cholesterol during the chickpea intervention. Appendix 1 is a description of this collaborative study, formatted as a scientific paper, accepted for publication. Study 2 investigated whether results from the controlled study would translate to ad libitum situations (Chapter 3). The study followed an ordered crossover design where participants followed their habitual ad libitum dietary intake for four weeks (familiarisation phase), incorporated a minimum of four 300g (net weight) cans of chickpeas per week for 12 weeks and then resumed their habitual diet for another four weeks (usual phase). Small but significant reductions in body weight, body mass index (BMI), serum TC, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR occurred following the chickpea phase, compared to the post-chickpea usual phase. Results suggested that participants positively altered their eating pattern during the pre-chickpea familiarisation phase, sustained these changes during the 12-week chickpea phase but regressed during the usual phase. Participants consumed significantly more dietary fibre and PUFA during the chickpea phase and less total fat and saturated fatty acids (SFA) compared to the usual phase. Perceived bowel health remained constant throughout the study, while satiation increased significantly during the chickpea phase along with a small but significant reduction in mean body weight. Incorporating chickpeas into an 'Australian' style diet resulted in increased consumption of PUFA and dietary fibre that produced small but significant reductions in serum TC, BMI and glycaemic control, high satiation and little effect on bowel function. Individuals wishing to reduce CVD risk may choose to include chickpeas in their diet.

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Pittaway, JK. "Chickpeas and Human Health: The effect of chickpea consumption on some physiological and metabolic parameters." University of Tasmania Library, Special & Rare Material Collections, 2006. http://eprints.utas.edu.au/930.

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Meares, Cheryl. "Structure - function relationships of chickpea starches." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415727.

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Alexandre, Ana Isabel Pereira. "Temperature stress tolerance in chickpea rhizobia." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/11582.

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The aims of the present thesis were to study the chickpea rhizobia diversity and biogeography using Portugal as case study; to evaluate the temperature stress tolerance of the isolates, and to investigate the molecular basis of stress tolerance. The phylogenetic performance of the co-chaperone dnaJ was also addressed, in order to find an altemative marker to 16S rRNA gene. According to the 16S rRNA gene phylogeny, most isolates were found to be distinct from the typical chickpea rhizobia species, Mesorhizobium cíceri and M. mediterraneum. Some provinces of origin are associated with particular species groups. dnaJ was found to be a Useful phylogenetic marker for Mesorhizobium and for the Alphaproteobactería class. The evaluation of temperature stress tolerance revealed tolerant and sensitive isolates to both heat and cold. Analysis of the expression of dnaK and groESL chaperone genes suggested that higher induction of these genes is related to higher tolerance to heat. ### - Resumo - A presente tese teve como objectivos o estudo da diversidade e biogeografia de rizóbio de grão-de-bico em Portugal, a avaliação da tolerância dos rizóbios ao stress térmico, bem como o estudo das bases moleculares da tolerância ao stress. Estudou-se, ainda, o gene da co-chaperone dnaJ do ponto de vista filogenético. A filogenia baseada no gene 16S rRNA revelou que a maior parte dos rizóbios de grão-de-bico agrupam com outras espécies, que não as típicas desta leguminosa (Mesorhizobium cicerí e M. mediterraneum). Encontrou-se uma associação entre algumas províncias e determinadas espécies de rizóbio. O gene dnaJ revelou-se um bom marcador filogenético para Mesorhizobium, bem como para a classe Alphaproteobactería. A avaliação da tolerância à temperatura permitiu diferenciar isolados tolerantes e sensíveis, a altas e baixas temperaturas. A análise da expressão dos genes dnaK e groESL, sugeriu que uma maior indução destes genes está relacionada com maior tolerância a altas temperaturas.

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Kibret, K. T. "Development and Utilization of Genetic Diversity Based Ethiopian Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Germplasm Core Collection for Association Mapping." Thesis, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, 2011. http://oar.icrisat.org/2964/1/KebedeTeshomeKibret.pdf.

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Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) is one of the most important cool season grain legume crops grown in semi- arid tropics and Mediterranean regions. Terminal drought stress is one of the limiting factors for chickpea production. Utilizing of germplasm collections are the main gateway to improve the stagnant production of chickpea in semi arid tropics. Hence, the objectives of this study were to i) Preliminary phenotyping and genotyping of germplasms collections for diversity assessment; ii) Development of chickpea core collection based on diversity analysis; iii) Identification of desirable accessions for drought tolerance from core set by proper phenotyping; iv) Large scale genotyping of the core collections by SNP markers; v) Large scale genotyping of the core collections by SNP markers; vi) Identification and establishing marker trait associations using appropriate association genetic approaches; vii) Quantification of population structure and relationship of Ethiopian chickpea collection. The phenotypic evaluation in contrasting environment and SNP marker data analysis revealed that there is significant phenotypic and genotypic variability in Ethiopian chickpea germplasm for drought tolerance and other agronomic traits. The population structure and relationship analysis also revealed strong subpopulation fixation and differentiation which was significantly different from the original population. High allelic and gene diversity were observed in the entire collection with common and rare alleles. Trait marker association analysis showed markers which are strongly associated with maturity related traits and high linkage disequilibrium observed for the polymorphic markers. Core collection for Ethiopian chickpea germplasm were developed and validated for different validation parameters such as percent mean difference (MD %), percent variance difference (VD %), analysis of variance, coincidence rate of range (CR %), variable rate of coefficient of variance (VR %) and genetic diversity index. The result of validation showed better correspondence between the core set and the entire set which had avoided germplasm duplication and representing the whole collection economically in time and money with few numbers of accessions. Drought tolerant accessions were also identified in the preliminary field screening which needs further confirmation.

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Khan, Habib Ur Rahman. "Responses of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to zinc supply and water deficits." Title page, contents and summary only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phk4446.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 201-228. Widespread deficiencies of mineral nutrients in soils along with limited moisture supply are considered major environmental stresses leading to yield losses in chickpea. This study was conducted to determine the zinc requirement of chickpea and the effect on plant water relations. Critical zinc concentration was estimated. It was found that high and low moisture regimes had no effect on critical zinc concentration and that the value remained almost the same in all chickpea genotypes. Sensitivity of 28 chickpea genotypes were evaluated at two zinc levels. Field studies on zinc fertilization in both Australia and Pakistan showed that the application of zinc increased grain yield in all chickpea genotypes. It was found that plants grown under zinc deficiency could not exploit available soil moisture and water use and water use efficiency was reduced, and concluded that high zinc availability may enhance the ability of plants to endure periods of drought by promoting osmotic adjustment.

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Kyei-Boahen, Stephen. "Evaluation of granular Rhizobium inoculant for chickpea." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0033/NQ63957.pdf.

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Gopalakrishnan, S. "Toxigenicity of Fusarium species causing wilt of chickpea." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2004. http://oar.icrisat.org/5547/1/Gopal_PhD_thesis_Toxigenicity.pdf.

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The toxigenicity of isolates of Fusarium for chickpea, Cicer arietinum, the third most important legume crop in the world was studied. Fungi were grown in liquid culture and the culture filtrates assayed on cells isolated from leaflets of the plant. One isolate, designated FOC 5, produced cultures that were predominately red (70-80% of the cultures). When the culture filtrates of all isolates over time were assayed, the red cultures of FOC 5 were much more toxic than those of the other isolates and were also about 10 times more toxic than the colourless cultures of FOC 5. Toxic titres of the red FOC 5 cultures peaked at 12 days when grown at 20°C. The toxin from these red cultures were purified by solvent partitioning, solid phase extraction (SPE), thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using the assay to monitor the stages in purification.Shaking of culture filtrates of FOC 5 with ethyl acetate resulted in about half the toxic activity (50-55%) partitioning into the organic phase and 25-30% remaining in the aqueous phase. The activity of the aqueous phase was lost on freeze-drying suggesting a volatile compound. When the ethyl acetate phase was dissolved in aqueous acetonitrile and applied to C18 SPE cartridges, about 9% was not adsorbed and 35% could be eluted with methanol. Greater affinity was shown for cyano SPE cartridges with 6% not adsorbed and 45 % recoverable by elution in acetonitrile. Attempts at purification of the toxin(s) of adsorbed and non-adsorbed fractions from these reversed phase cartridges by HPLC did not yield pure products.Recovery of activity of the ethyl acetate phase from flash chromatography on silica gel was 61-110%. However, HPLC demonstrated that several compounds were present in the active fractions.Separation of components of the ethyl acetate phase or the fraction adsorbed by cyano cartridges of culture filtrates by TLC on silica gel rather than using SPE, flash or reversed phase HPLC was more successful. Red bands corresponding to the active compound were scraped from TLC plates and eluted in acetonitrile. HPLC of the eluents on a cyano column with 10% acetonitrile as the mobile phase demonstrated a single homogeneous peak with absorption maxima of 224 and 281 nm. The purified fraction is, at the time of writing, being studied by Professor Mike Beale at Rothamsted Research using nuclear magnetic resonance techniques in order to determine its structure.Four other isolates, identified by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics as F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceri did not produce the red, toxic compound, throwing doubt on the correct identification of the isolates. When the sequences of ribosomal DNA of all five isolates were determined, the isolate that produced the red toxic compound most closely matched Fusarium acutatum (99%), in a BLAST search and this accorded with its morphology. A BLAST search showed that three of the other isolates matched the sequence of cotton pathogen, F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (100%, 100% and 97%) and one closely matched F. oxysporum f. sp. vanillae (99%) These results suggest that a reevaluation of the taxonomy of Fusarium species causing wilt of chickpea is required.

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Taheri, Zhila. "Development of techniques for wide hybridization in the genus Cicer L." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326824.

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Books on the topic "Chickpea"

Syme, Marguerite Hann. Chickpea. Sydney: Scholastic, 1998.

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Varshney, Rajeev K., Mahendar Thudi, and Fred Muehlbauer, eds. The Chickpea Genome. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66117-9.

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Singh Purewal, Sukhvinder, Pinderpal Kaur, and Raj Kumar Salar. Chickpea and Cowpea. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003382027.

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Yadav, S. S., R. J. Redden, W. Chen, and B. Sharma, eds. Chickpea breeding and management. Wallingford: CABI, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845932138.000.

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Shiferaw, Bekele. Structure and functioning of chickpea markets in Ethiopia: Evidence based on analysis of value chains linking smallholders and markets. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI, 2007.

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Shiferaw, Bekele. Structure and functioning of chickpea markets in Ethiopia: Evidence based on analysis of value chains linking smallholders and markets. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI, 2007.

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Shiferaw, Bekele. Structure and functioning of chickpea markets in Ethiopia: Evidence based on analysis of value chains linking smallholders and markets. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI, 2007.

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Shiferaw, Bekele. Structure and functioning of chickpea markets in Ethiopia: Evidence based on analysis of value chains linking smallholders and markets. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI, 2007.

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Berrada, Abdelfettah. Results of chickpea research in southwestern Colorado from 1994 to 2003. Fort Collins, Colo.]: Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, 2004.

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Shiferaw, Bekele. Structure and functioning of chickpea markets in Ethiopia: Evidence based on analysis of value chains linking smallholders and markets. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Chickpea"

Toker, C., B. Uzun, F. O. Ceylan, and C. Ikten. "Chickpea." In Alien Gene Transfer in Crop Plants, Volume 2, 121–51. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9572-7_6.

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Millán, Teresa, Eva Madrid, José I. Cubero, Moez Amri, Patricia Castro, and Josefa Rubio. "Chickpea." In Grain Legumes, 85–109. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2797-5_3.

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Sivasakthi, Kaliamoorthy, Mainassara Zaman-Allah, Murugesan Tharanya, Jana Kholová, Thiyagarajan Thirunalasundari, and Vincent Vadez. "Chickpea." In Water-Conservation Traits to Increase Crop Yields in Water-deficit Environments, 35–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56321-3_6.

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Abrol, Dharam P. "Chickpea." In Pollination Biology of Cultivated Oil Seeds and Pulse Crops, 288–93. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781032656724-23.

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Auckland, A. K., and L. J. G. van der Maesen. "Chickpea." In Hybridization of Crop Plants, 249–59. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/1980.hybridizationofcrops.c15.

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Singh, Sarvjeet, Inderjit Singh, Karan Kapoor, P. M. Gaur, S. K. Chaturvedi, N. P. Singh, and J. S. Sandhu. "Chickpea." In Broadening the Genetic Base of Grain Legumes, 51–73. New Delhi: Springer India, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2023-7_3.

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Sofi, Sajad Ahmad, Khalid Muzaffar, Shafia Ashraf, Isha Gupta, and Shabir Ahmad Mir. "Chickpea." In Pulses, 55–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41376-7_4.

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Rasool, Saiema, Arafat Abdel Hamed Abdel Latef, and Parvaiz Ahmad. "Chickpea." In Legumes under Environmental Stress, 67–79. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118917091.ch4.

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Bharadwaj, C., Supriya Sachdeva, Rajesh Kumar Singh, B. S. Patil, Manish Roorkiwal, Sushil Chaturvedi, and Rajeev Varshney. "Chickpea Genomics." In Biotechnologies of Crop Improvement, Volume 3, 289–316. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94746-4_13.

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Saeed, A., and Siva Kumar Panguluri. "Chickpea Phenotyping." In Phenotyping for Plant Breeding, 111–28. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8320-5_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Chickpea"

Tabunșcic, Olga, Valentina Calmas, and Svetlana Fedorciucova. "Research on the development of recipes for noodles from non breadable chickpea flour for people with gluten intolerance." In 26th International Scientific Conference “Competitiveness and Innovation in the Knowledge Economy". Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/cike2022.02.

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In the Republic of Moldova, currently, there is an increasing trend in the number of people suffering from celiac disease (CD), one of the most common chronic digestive ailments. The existence of people affected by this disease implies the presence of gluten-free products on the market. Bread, cereals, and floury pasta that are produced from wheat flour are prohibited in this diet they must be replaced with products made from non bread flours, obtained from cereals whose proteins do not generate gluten. The purpose of the work: the development of recipes for noodles from non bread chickpea flour for people with gluten intolerance. The research object - the technology of obtaining noodles from non bread chickpea flour and noodles from non bread chickpea flour with various additions, such as: flax seed flour; tomato paste; chopped spinach and addition of chopped beets. The research methods are: sensory, laboratory, technological and counting. Calculations are made regarding the energy value and the nutritional value index of the varieties of noodles made from non bread chickpea flour with various additions, as well as the cost price of these noodles. As a result of the scientific research carried out, it was proven that chickpea flour can be used in the technology of manufacturing gluten-free noodles. For implementation in production, the most suitable sort of noodles is the one made from chickpea flour without additives, which has superior physico-chemical, technological and organoleptic properties. We believe that the possibility of using chickpea flour for the manufacture of noodles can be very convenient for producers, for public alimentation units, thanks to the existence of the rich source of raw material, but also for consumers, because the flour obtained from chickpeas has an increased biological value

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Mustanov S.B., S. B., and U. E. Umurzakova U.E. "Productivity of chickpea varieties depending on the time of sowing seeds in the conditions of Uzbekistan." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-43.

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The article presents data on the impact of different sowing dates on the productivity of chickpea varieties in Uzbekistan. With early planting dates for chickpeas of various varieties (in February), plant growth, the formation of beans, the number of seeds in beans and yield are much greater than with late planting dates (April).

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W Guo, G Tiwari, S Wang, and J Tang. "Dielectric Properties of Chickpea." In 2008 Providence, Rhode Island, June 29 - July 2, 2008. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.24716.

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Nalaini D. Sabapathy, M. Sc, Student, and Lope G. Tabil. "Thermal Properties of Kabuli Type Chickpea." In 2004, Ottawa, Canada August 1 - 4, 2004. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.16979.

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Kini, Anita S., KV Prema, and Smitha N. Pai. "Intelligent classification model for Indian chickpea." In 2021 5th International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciccs51141.2021.9432129.

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Mukhatova, Zh N., and V. I. Zhuzhukin. "THE STUDYING OF THE PARENT MATERIAL OF CHICIKPEA (CICER ARIETINUM L.) FOR THE BREEDING IN THE LOWER VOLGA REGION." In 11-я Всероссийская конференция молодых учёных и специалистов «Актуальные вопросы биологии, селекции, технологии возделывания и переработки сельскохозяйственных культур». V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25230/conf11-2021-67-71.

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The article provides the results of studying 30 chickpea varieties from the collection of N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources by economic characters. We identified the promising genotypes by productivity indicators, which can be recommended for breeding new more productive varieties of chickpea in the conditions of the Lower Volga region.

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Dürdane, Mart, and Türkeri Meltem. "Food legumes breeding program in eastern Mediterranean region and Turkey." In VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.97.

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Breeding is aimed to breed for varieties that are tolerant against disease, suitable for mechanized cultivation and harvest, and also offer them to the farmers as promising varieties. Since the purpose of legumes production is to obtain grain products of high yield and quality, developing suitable varieties for target regions where they will be grown is an important factor that needs to be considered. This breeding program aimed to develop new variety of recommended legumes varieties for different regions and will stimulate an increase in cultivation area. In Turkey chickpea is traditionally sown in spring and subjected to drought and heat stresses. Chickpea can be sown in autumn with new cultivars but winter-sown chickpea cultivars are not available for highlands. Some abiotic stresses (drought, heat, freezing etc.) and some biotic stresses (ascochyta blight, Fusarium wilt, and weeds) are common and important stresses, whereas nutrient imbalance includ-ing salinity are localized challenges. Lentil is usually traditionally sown in autumn and Central Anatolia green lentil, South Eastern Anatolia red lentil regions in Turkey. As a result of Turkish food legume Program, 48 chickpea, 41lentil, 49 beans, 3 faba beans, 3 pea and 4 cowpea varieties were registered.

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Boophamala, Chonnipa, Panchalee Pathanibul, Nathanai Khongame, and Passachon Prommintr. "DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-PROTEIN PLANT-BASED YOGURT FROM OAT, CHICKPEA AND PEA PROTEIN." In THE 2023 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CREATIITY, MANAGEMENT, EDUCATION, TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES. EDUCATION STUDIO, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.62788/zz741ro.

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For health benefit and sustainable process reasons, consumption of plant-based diets is becoming more popular nowadays. Yogurt, traditionally fermented from dairy milk, has already been developed with plant milks offering a dairy-free alternative for individuals with lactose intolerance and cow’s milk allergy. In this study, oat and chickpea were selected to create a new plant-based yogurt. A more balanced amino acid profile can be achieved by combining a grain (oat) and a legume (chickpea) in the product. The first objective was to investigate the appropriate proportion of oat and chickpea (5:5, 6:6, 7:7) in yogurt. Sensory analysis revealed that the 6:6 ratio was favored by panelists in more quality attributes (p≤0.05). Most plant-based foods are low in protein compared with animal-derived foods. Hence, the second objective was to enhance the protein concentration of yogurt by substituting some chickpea with pea protein isolate (4:2, 3:3, 2:4). The higher level of pea protein in yogurt contributed to decreased firmness, lower acidity, and higher syneresis (p≤0.05). The protein contents of yogurt substituted with 0, 2, 3 and 4% pea protein were 3.74, 5.58, 6.71 and 7.98%, respectively. However, yogurt with 3% pea protein was preferred in more sensory quality categories (p≤0.05). In summary, the combination of 6% oat, 3% chickpea, and 3% pea protein was the most suitable ingredient ratio for developing a novel plant-based yogurt with a high-protein content and a balanced amino acid composition.

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Klimenko, A. A., and N. V. Barsukova. "STUDY OF THE FOAMING PROPERTIES OF AQUAFABA." In I International Congress “The Latest Achievements of Medicine, Healthcare, and Health-Saving Technologies”. Kemerovo State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/-i-ic-52.

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The use of vegetable raw materials as an alternative to animal products is one of the key trends in modern society. At the same time, it is important to take into account not only the nutritional value of the components of the recipe, but also the technological properties of alternative components. Bean products have foaming properties similar to those of a chicken egg. An urgent task is to study these properties for the production of specialized confectionery products. This article presents an analysis of the foaming characteristics of freeze-dried decoctions of industrial legumes and homemade chickpea decoctions.

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Amin Allah Masoumi and Lope Tabil. "Physical Properties of Chickpea (C. arietinum) Cultivars." In 2003, Las Vegas, NV July 27-30, 2003. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.14130.

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Reports on the topic "Chickpea"

Zhang, Hongbin B., David J. Bonfil, and Shahal Abbo. Genomics Tools for Legume Agronomic Gene Mapping and Cloning, and Genome Analysis: Chickpea as a Model. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586464.bard.

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The goals of this project were to develop essential genomic tools for modern chickpea genetics and genomics research, map the genes and quantitative traits of importance to chickpea production and generate DNA markers that are well-suited for enhanced chickpea germplasm analysis and breeding. To achieve these research goals, we proposed the following research objectives in this period of the project: 1) Develop an ordered BAC library with an average insert size of 150 - 200 kb (USA); 2) Develop 300 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers with an aid of the BAC library (USA); 3) Develop SSR marker tags for Ascochyta response, flowering date and grain weight (USA); 4) Develop a molecular genetic map consisting of at least 200 SSR markers (Israel and USA); 5) Map genes and QTLs most important to chickpea production in the U.S. and Israel: Ascochyta response, flowering and seed set date, grain weight, and grain yield under extreme dryland conditions (Israel); and 6) Determine the genetic correlation between the above four traits (Israel). Chickpea is the third most important pulse crop in the world and ranks the first in the Middle East. Chickpea seeds are a good source of plant protein (12.4-31.5%) and carbohydrates (52.4-70.9%). Although it has been demonstrated in other major crops that the modern genetics and genomics research is essential to enhance our capacity for crop genetic improvement and breeding, little work was pursued in these research areas for chickpea. It was absent in resources, tools and infrastructure that are essential for chickpea genomics and modern genetics research. For instance, there were no large-insert BAC and BIBAC libraries, no sufficient and user- friendly DNA markers, and no intraspecific genetic map. Grain sizes, flowering time and Ascochyta response are three main constraints to chickpea production in drylands. Combination of large seeds, early flowering time and Ascochyta blight resistance is desirable and of significance for further genetic improvement of chickpea. However, it was unknown how many genes and/or loci contribute to each of the traits and what correlations occur among them, making breeders difficult to combine these desirable traits. In this period of the project, we developed the resources, tools and infrastructure that are essential for chickpea genomics and modern genetics research. In particular, we constructed the proposed large-insert BAC library and an additional plant-transformation-competent BIBAC library from an Israeli advanced chickpea cultivar, Hadas. The BAC library contains 30,720 clones and has an average insert size of 151 kb, equivalent to 6.3 x chickpea haploid genomes. The BIBAC library contains 18,432 clones and has an average insert size of 135 kb, equivalent to 3.4 x chickpea haploid genomes. The combined libraries contain 49,152 clones, equivalent to 10.7 x chickpea haploid genomes. We identified all SSR loci-containing clones from the chickpea BAC library, generated sequences for 536 SSR loci from a part of the SSR-containing BACs and developed 310 new SSR markers. From the new SSR markers and selected existing SSR markers, we developed a SSR marker-based molecular genetic map of the chickpea genome. The BAC and BIBAC libraries, SSR markers and the molecular genetic map have provided essential resources and tools for modern genetic and genomic analyses of the chickpea genome. Using the SSR markers and genetic map, we mapped the genes and loci for flowering time and Ascochyta responses; one major QTL and a few minor QTLs have been identified for Ascochyta response and one major QTL has been identified for flowering time. The genetic correlations between flowering time, grain weight and Ascochyta response have been established. These results have provided essential tools and knowledge for effective manipulation and enhanced breeding of the traits in chickpea.

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Zhang, Hongbin, Shahal Abbo, Weidong Chen, Amir Sherman, Dani Shtienberg, and Frederick Muehlbauer. Integrative Physical and Genetic Mapping of the Chickpea Genome for Fine Mapping and Analysis of Agronomic Traits. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592122.bard.

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Chickpea is the third most important pulse crop in the world and ranks first in the Middle East; however, it has been subjected to only limited research in modern genomics. In the first period of this project (US-3034-98R) we constructed two large-insert BAC and BIBAC libraries, developed 325 SSR markers and mapped QTLs controlling ascochyta blight resistance (ABR) and days to first flower (DTF). Nevertheless, the utilities of these tools and results in gene discovery and marker-assisted breeding are limited due to the absence of an essential platform. The goals of this period of the project were to use the resources and tools developed in the first period of the project to develop a BAC/BIBAC physical map for chickpea and using it to identify BAC/BIBACcontigs containing agronomic genes of interest, with an emphasis on ABR and DTF, and develop DNA markers suitable for marker-assisted breeding. Toward these goals, we proposed: 1) Fingerprint ~50,000 (10x) BACs from the BAC and BIBAC libraries, assemble the clones into a genome-wide BAC/BIBAC physical map, and integrate the BAC/BIBAC map with the existing chickpea genetic maps (Zhang, USA); 2) fine-map ABR and DTFQTLs and enhance molecular tools for chickpea genetics and breeding (Shahal, Sherman and DaniShtienberg, Israel; Chen and Muehlbauer; USA); and 3) integrate the BAC/BIBAC map with the existing chickpea genetic maps (Sherman, Israel; Zhang and Chen, USA). For these objectives, a total of $460,000 was requested originally, but a total of $300,000 was awarded to the project. We first developed two new BAC and BIBAC libraries, Chickpea-CME and Chickpea- CHV. The chickpea-CMEBAC library contains 22,272 clones, with an average insert size of 130 kb and equivalent to 4.0 fold of the chickpea genome. The chickpea-CHVBIBAC library contains 38,400 clones, with an average insert size of 140 kb and equivalent to 7.5 fold of the chickpea genome. The two new libraries (11.5 x), along with the two BAC (Chickpea-CHI) and BIBAC (Chickpea-CBV) libraries (7.1 x) constructed in the first period of the project, provide libraries essential for chickpea genome physical mapping and many other genomics researches. Using these four libraries we then developed the proposed BAC/BIBAC physical map of chickpea. A total of 67,584 clones were fingerprinted, and 64,211 (~11.6 x) of the fingerprints validated and used in the physical map assembly. The physical map consists of 1,945 BAC/BIBACcontigs, with each containing an average of 39.2 clones and having an average physical length of 559 kb. The contigs collectively span ~1,088 Mb, being 1.49 fold of the 740- Mb chickpea genome. Third, we integrated the physical map with the two existing chickpea genetic maps using a total of 172 (124 + 48) SSR markers. Fourth, we identified tightly linked markers for ABR-QTL1, increased marker density at ABR-QTL2 and studied the genetic basis of resistance to pod abortion, a major problem in the east Mediterranean, caused by heat stress. Finally, we, using the integrated map, isolated the BAC/BIBACcontigs containing or closely linked to QTL4.1, QTL4.2 and QTL8 for ABR and QTL8 for DTF. The integrated BAC/BIBAC map resulted from the project will provide a powerful platform and tools essential for many aspects of advanced genomics and genetics research of this crop and related species. These includes, but are not limited to, targeted development of SNP, InDel and SSR markers, high-resolution mapping of the chickpea genome and its agronomic genes and QTLs, sequencing and decoding of all genes of the genome using the next-generation sequencing technology, and comparative genome analysis of chickpea versus other legumes. The DNA markers and BAC/BIBACcontigs containing or closely linked to ABR and DTF provide essential tools to develop SSR and SNP markers well-suited for marker-assisted breeding of the traits and clone their corresponding genes. The development of the tools and knowledge will thus promote enhanced and substantial genetic improvement of the crop and related legumes.

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Abbo, Shahal, Hongbin Zhang, Clarice Coyne, Amir Sherman, Dan Shtienberg, and George J. Vandemark. Winter chickpea; towards a new winter pulse for the semiarid Pacific Northwest and wider adaptation in the Mediterranean basin. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7597909.bard.

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Original objectives: [a] Screen an array of chickpea and wild annual Cicer germplasm for winter survival. [b] Genetic analysis of winter hardiness in domesticated x wild chickpea crosses. [c] Genetic analysis of vernalization response in domesticated x wild chickpea crosses. [d] Digital expression analysis of a core selection of breeding and germplasm lines of chickpea that differ in winter hardiness and vernalization. [e] Identification of the genes involved in the chickpea winter hardiness and vernalization and construction of gene network controlling these traits. [f] Assessing the phenotypic and genetic correlations between winter hardiness, vernalization response and Ascochyta blight response in chickpea. The complexity of the vernalization response and the inefficiency of our selection experiments (below) required quitting the work on ascochyta response in the framework of this project. Background to the subject: Since its introduction to the Palouse region of WA and Idaho, and the northern Great Plains, chickpea has been a spring rotation legume due to lack of winter hardiness. The short growing season of spring chickpea limits its grain yield and leaves relatively little stubble residue for combating soil erosion. In Israel, chilling temperatures limit pod setting in early springs and narrow the effective reproductive time window of the crop. Winter hardiness and vernalization response of chickpea alleles were lost due to a series of evolutionary bottlenecks; however, such alleles are prevalent in its wild progenitor’s genepool. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: It appears that both vernalization response and winter hardiness are polygenic traits in the wild-domesticated chickpea genepool. The main conclusion from the fieldwork in Israel is that selection of domesticated winter hardy and vernalization responsive types should be conducted in late flowering and late maturity backgrounds to minimize interference by daylength and temperature response alleles (see our Plant Breeding paper on the subject). The main conclusion from the US winter-hardiness studies is that excellent lines have been identified for germplasm release and continued genetic study. Several of the lines have good seed size and growth habit that will be useful for introgressing winter-hardiness into current chickpea cultivars to develop releases for autumn sowing. We sequenced the transcriptomes and profiled the expression of genes in 87 samples. Differential expression analysis identified a total of 2,452 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between vernalized plants and control plants, of which 287 were shared between two or more Cicer species studied. We cloned 498 genes controlling vernalization, named CVRN genes. Each of the CVRN genes contributes to flowering date advance (FDA) by 3.85% - 10.71%, but 413 (83%) other genes had negative effects on FDA, while only 83 (17%) had positive effects on FDA, when the plant is exposed to cold temperature. The cloned CVRN genes provide new toolkits and knowledge to develop chickpea cultivars that are suitable for autumn-sowing. Scientific & agricultural implications: Unlike the winter cereals (barley, wheat) or pea, in which a single allelic change may induce a switch from winter to spring habit, we were unable to find any evidence for such major gene action in chickpea. In agricultural terms this means that an alternative strategy must be employed in order to isolate late flowering – ascochyta resistant (winter types) domesticated forms to enable autumn sowing of chickpea in the US Great Plains. An environment was identified in U.S. (eastern Washington) where autumn-sown chickpea production is possible using the levels of winter-hardiness discovered once backcrossed into advanced cultivated material with acceptable agronomic traits. The cloned CVRN genes and identified gene networks significantly advance our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying plant vernalization in general, and chickpea in particular, and provide a new toolkit for switching chickpea from a spring-sowing to autumn-sowing crop.

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Weeden, Norman F., Gideon Ladizinsky, and Frederick J. Muehlbauer. Establishment of a Gene Linkage Map in Lentil and Chickpea Using Isozyme and DNA Markers. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1987.7566853.bard.

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Cruz Barrera, Mauricio, Martha Isabel Gómez, Carlos Andrés Moreno, and Bettina Eichler Loberman. Strains of Trichoderma spp. and their Capacity to Mobilize Phosphorus. Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/agrosavia.reporte.2016.63.

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Soil microorganisms enhance the plant availability of phosphorus (P). This ability is related to the production of organic acids and the activity of phosphatases. It is assumed that the production of organic acids solubilize insoluble phosphate forms to usable form such as orthophosphate, increasing its potential availability to plants (Vázquez et al. 2000). Filamentous fungi such as Trichoderma sp. have advantages in acid soils presenting morphological and metabolic characteristics that make them promising organisms (Nahas, 1996; Vera et al, 2002). On the other hand, inoculation of soil with phosphate solubilizing fungi has been shown to increase yields in crops like maize and wheat (Singh and Reddy, 2011), beans (Wahid and Mehana, 2000), chickpea (Kapri and Tewari, 2010).

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Jorgensen, Frieda, John Rodgers, Daisy Duncan, Joanna Lawes, Charles Byrne, and Craig Swift. Levels and trends of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter spp. from chicken in the UK. Food Standards Agency, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.dud728.

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Campylobacter spp. are the most common bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the UK, with chicken considered to be the most important vehicle of transmission for this organism. It is estimated there are 500,000 cases of campylobacteriosis in the UK annually, with Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) and Campylobacter coli (C. coli) accounting for approximately 91% and 8 % of infections, respectively. Although severe infection in humans is uncommon, treatment is seldom needed for human infection but usually involves the administration of a macrolide (e.g., azithromycin) or a fluoroquinolone (e.g., ciprofloxacin). An increased rate of resistance in Campylobacter in chicken to such antimicrobials could limit effective treatment options for human infections and it is therefore important to monitor changes in rates of resistance over time. In this report we analysed trends in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in C. jejuni and C. coli isolated from chicken in the UK. The chicken samples were from chicken reared for meat (ie. broiler chicken as opposed to layer chicken (ie. egg-laying chicken)) and included chicken sampled at slaughterhouses as well as from retail stores in the UK. Datasets included AMR results from retail surveys of Campylobacter spp. on chicken sampled in the UK from various projects in the time period from 2001 to 2020. In the retail surveys, samples were obtained from stores including major and minor retail stores throughout the UK (in proportion to the population size of each nation) and Campylobacter spp. testing was performed using standard methods with the majority of isolates obtained from direct culture on standard media (mCCDA). Data from national scale surveys of broiler chicken, sampling caecal contents and carcase neckskins at slaughterhouses, undertaken by APHA in 2007/2008, and between 2012 and 2018 were also included in the study. In the APHA-led surveys, Campylobacter were isolated using standard culture methods (culture onto mCCDA) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by a standard microbroth dilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of isolates. Care was taken when comparing data from different studies as there had been changes to the threshold used to determine if an isolate was susceptible or resistant to an antimicrobial in a small number of scenarios. Harmonised thresholds (using epidemiological cut-off (ECOFF) values) were employed to assess AMR with appropriate adjustments made where required to allow meaningful comparisons of resistance prevalence over time. Data from additional isolates where resistance to antimicrobials were predicted from genome sequence data were also considered.

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Rodriquez, Gustavo C. Characterization of the Chicken Ovarian Cancer Model. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada406141.

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Rodriguez, Gustavo C. Characterization of the Chicken Ovarian Cancer Model. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada407179.

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Rodriguez, Gustavo C. Characterization of the Chicken Ovarian Cancer Model. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada452292.

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Rodriguez, Gustavo C. Characterization of the Chicken Ovarian Cancer Model. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada433974.

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