Journal articles on the topic 'Chickens Embryos Growth'
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1
Chelnokova, Marina I., and Andrey A. Chelnokov. "Features of development of visceral organs in embryos of egg cross chickens ‘Lohmann Brown’ under red and green monochromatic LED lighting." RUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries 17, no. 1 (April 2, 2022): 112–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-797x-2022-17-1-112-123.
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New data on the features of development of visceral organs in embryos of egg cross chickens Lohmann Brown under red and green monochromatic LED lighting were obtained. The effect of two continuous LED lighting modes has been studied: experimental modes - r ed and green light, control - d arkness. The absolute values of weight dimensions and specific growth rate (according to the Schmalhausen-Brody formula) of heart, muscular stomach, liver of chicken embryos were estimated using morphometric methods. The studies proved that red and green LED lighting has a stimulating effect on the embryonic development of visceral organs (heart, muscular stomach, liver) in Lohmann Brown egg cross compared to the control (darkness). Under red and green LED stimulation, chicken embryos prevailed in the heart mass from the 14th to the 20th day of embryogenesis. The muscular stomach and liver of chicken embryos developed more intensively under red illumination on the 18th and 20th days, and under green illumination - a similar effect on the muscular stomach was noted on the 19th and 20th days, on the liver - o n the 20th day. It has been established that in the early ontogenesis of Lohmann Brown chickens there were several critical stages (phases). They fall on different days of development and characterize the features of rhythmicity in growth processes of visceral organs in chicken embryogenesis under LED stimulation of red and green spectrum. Chicken embryos under red and green illumination had the highest growth rate of heart on the 17th and 20th day, respectively; muscular stomach under red illumination - o n the 17th and 20th days, liver - on the 16th and 17th day under red and green illumination. By the hatching period on the 20th day, there were no differences in the development of visceral organs of chicken embryos depending on red and green light spectrum. The hatching of Lohmann Brown chicken embryos exposed to red and green light occurred on the 20th day of incubation - a day earlier than under control conditions (darkness). The proposed biological causes underlying the effect of monochromatic light of different color spectrum on embryogenesis of chicken embryo and organs are discussed.
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Mafruchati, Maslichah, Akhmad Kusuma Wardhana, and Wan Iryani Wan Ismail. "Disease and viruses as negative factor prohibiting the growth of broiler chicken embryo as research topic trend: a bibliometric review." F1000Research 11 (September 29, 2022): 1124. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.125016.1.
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Background Broiler chickens have properties as meat-producing poultry and produce meat with soft fiber quality. Broiler’s embryo needs to be given attention, especially against disease. The purpose of the study was to observe the trend of the research topic and external factors which could affect the embryo’s growth of broiler. Methods This study used meta-data from Scopus. There were 162 samples started from 2006-to 2022. The data were analyzed using a bibliometric method with two software, Vosviewer, and Biblioshiy from R studio. Results It was found that the study of broiler chicken embryos had developed well, especially those related to genetics, disease, and also the immunity system. But the result showed that topics about the disease, viruses, and bacteria were more popular than topics about the gene. The result also showed that based on the importance and development of topics, the words such as “chicken”, “genes”, “development”, “effect”, growth”, and “control” had importance for the study and developed well in research. It means that genes influenced the growth of the embryo of a chicken. But still, even though a chicken gene was predetermined, the genetic engineering of chicken insemination to produce a superior breed with a fast-growing rate of the embryo could be used. Conclusions It could be stated that disease, especially research about the virus is one of the main determinants that could affect the growth of the embryo of broiler chicken.
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Ding, Peng, Yueyue Tong, Shu Wu, Xin Yin, Huichao Liu, Xi He, Zehe Song, and Haihan Zhang. "The Sexual Effect of Chicken Embryos on the Yolk Metabolites and Liver Lipid Metabolism." Animals 12, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12010071.
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The metabolic processes of animals are usually affected by sex. Egg yolk is the major nutrient utilized for the growth and development of a chicken embryo. In this study, we explored the differences of yolk metabolites in male and female chicken embryos by LC–MS/MS. Furthermore, we investigated the mRNA expression of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) in chicken embryo liver with different sexes in different embryonic stages. The results showed that the nutrient metabolites in the yolk of female chickens were mainly related to lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism in the early embryonic stage, and vitamin metabolism in the late embryonic stage. The male yolk metabolites were mainly associated with lipid metabolism and nucleic acid metabolism in the early developmental stage, and amino acids metabolism in the late embryonic stage. There was no significant difference in the expression of LPL or FAS in livers of male and female chicken embryos at different embryonic stages. Our results may lead to a better understanding of the sexual effect on yolk nutrient metabolism during chicken embryonic development.
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Hoshino, S., M. Wakita, Y. Kobayashi, T. Kakegawa, and M. Suzuki. "Effects of thyroid hormones on cartilage sulphation in sex-linked dwarf chickens." Acta Endocrinologica 121, no. 1 (July 1989): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1210107.
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Abstract. The present investigation was undertaken to see if exogenous thyroid hormone could stimulate cartilage sulphation in vivo and in vitro in sex-linked dwarf chickens. L-thyroxine or L-3,5,3'-triiodothyronine injection for 7 consecutive days stimulated in vivo 35SO2−4 incorporation into trachea cartilages of the dwarf chicken. Both thyroid hormones added to the incubation medium with or without 2.5% dwarf chicken serum also stimulated in vitro 35SO2−4 incorporation into pelvic rudiment from 11-day chick embryos. These data demonstrate that thyroid hormones, like insulin-like growth factor I, might be responsible for the reduced growth rate of dwarf chickens.
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Bhanja, S. K., M. Sudhagar, A. Goel, N. Pandey, M. Mehra, S. K. Agarwal, and A. Mandal. "Differential expression of growth and immunity related genes influenced by in ovo supplementation of amino acids in broiler chickens." Czech Journal of Animal Science 59, No. 9 (October 1, 2014): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7651-cjas.
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The present study was aimed at investigating the role of in ovo administered amino acids: lysine, arginine, threonine or methionine plus cysteine (Met+Cys) in 14-day embryos on expression profile of growth (chicken growth hormone (cGH), insulin like growth factors (IGF) I and II, and mucin) and immunity related genes (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ). On incubation day (ID) 18, higher (P < 0.01) cGH and mucin gene expression was observed in lysine, threonine, arginine or Met+Cys injected embryos, while IGF-II expression was higher in threonine, arginine or Met+Cys injected embryos on ID 20. Expression of growth genes was down regulated (P < 0.01) on day of hatch in most of the amino acids injected chicks. On day 7 post-hatch (PH), threonine or arginine exhibited higher expression of cGH, IGF-I, and IGF-II but higher mucin gene expression only on day 14 PH. Threonine or Met+Cys injected birds had higher expression of IL-6 and TNF-α, while arginine injected birds had higher TNF-α expression. Lysine, threonine or Met+Cys injected birds had higher IL-2, but lower of IL-12 and IFN-γ gene expression. It is concluded that arginine and threonine enhanced the expression of growth related genes, while threonine and Met+Cys modulated expression of immune genes in broiler chickens.
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CHELNOKOVA, M. I., А. А. CHELNOKOV, and YU V. ARZHANKOVA. "THE IMPACT OF VARIABLE INCUBATION TEMPERATURE ON THE GROWTH AND METABOLISM OF EGG CROSS CHICKEN EMBRYOS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR VISCERAL ORGANS." Izvestiâ Timirâzevskoj selʹskohozâjstvennoj akademii, no. 6 (2021): 112–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/0021-342x-2021-6-112-128.
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The article discusses issues related to the impact of variable incubation temperature (37.8°C – from the 1st to the 14th day; 39.5°C, two hours daily, in the 15th-17th days; 37.5°C – 18th day; 37.0°C – 19th-21st day; relative humidity is 57.0%) on the growth and metabolic rates of the Hysex Brown and Lohmann Brown crosses chicken embryos as well as on the development of their visceral organs and the incubation effectiveness itself. Currently, most of the research is devoted to studying the influence of variable egg incubation temperatures while using one cross of chickens and comparison with the standard incubation mode. A necessary condition for the balanced development of productive bird embryos is the acquisition of knowledge about their morphophysiological parameters and metabolic needs, based on which it is possible to adjust regimes of artificial egg incubation. The research results have shown that the developed and tested incubation regime with variable temperatures is most effective for hen eggs of the Lohmann Brown cross compared to the Hysex Brown cross. This positive effect was expressed in a more intensive growth of chicken embryos and the development of some visceral organs (gizzard stomach, spleen), as well as in the most pronounced rate of gas exchange (CO2), the highest energy value of embryos and the lowest total energy consumption for growth and metabolism in the period from 4 days of incubation to the hatching time. Differentiation of the temperature regime during embryogenesis has a positive effect on incubation results. The percentage of withdrawal of the Lohmann Brown cross young chickens is 4% higher than that of the Hysex Brown cross due to decreased embryonic mortality and decreased number of frozen embryos and suffocated chickens. This kind of research, in our opinion, is an auspicious one, and it is necessary to adjust the existing incubation regimes of hen eggs in various production areas.
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Stanishevskaya, Olga I., and Elena S. Fedorova. "Dosed Exposure to Low Temperature as a Breeding Background in The Selection of Gene Pool Breeds of Chickens for Viral Vaccines Production." Open Agriculture Journal 14, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874331502014010345.
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Background: One of the ways to utilize the potential of local breeds is to use them as producers of raw materials for the bio-industry (production of vaccines and diagnostics for animals and humans). Methods: Breeding of Russian White (PRWC) laying hens in 5 generations was carried out with the aim of increasing the output of allantois-amniotic fluid of embryos with a selective background (cooling of hatching eggs during the sensitive period of embryogenesis). In F5, the thermoregulation capabilities of 7-day-old PRWC chickens were studied in comparison with Amrox chickens under the influence of a daily stress factor (cooling at +10oC for 30 minutes) and raising at +22oC. The level of allantois-amniotic fluid output and biological activity of the Newcastle disease virus in F5 PRWC embryos in comparison with F0 and commercial line embryos was evaluated. Results: Day-old PRWC chicks responded to exposure to low sublethal temperature with muscle shivering, but, unlike Amrox chickens, they were active and retained the reflex of searching for food. PRWC chickens raised at low temperatures up to 7 days of age maintained the same growth rate as chickens raised at a common regime but used less residual yolk, which practically did not decrease the body temperature, and change the level of thyrotrophic hormone in response to the dosed exposure at low temperatures at 7 days of age. The content of doses of the Newcastle disease virus (EID50) in the extraembryonic fluid of F5-embryos of PRWC was 32.3 times higher than that of commercial line ones. Conclusion: PRWC chicks in the early neonatal period are more reactive at low temperature and have better thermoregulation mechanisms. PRWC embryos can be recommended for use in the production of various viral vaccines as well as diagnosticums.
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Lambeth, Luke S., Kirsten R. Morris, Terry G. Wise, David M. Cummins, Terri E. O'Neil, Yu Cao, Andrew H. Sinclair, Timothy J. Doran, and Craig A. Smith. "Transgenic Chickens Overexpressing Aromatase Have High Estrogen Levels but Maintain a Predominantly Male Phenotype." Endocrinology 157, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2015-1697.
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Abstract Estrogens play a key role in sexual differentiation of both the gonads and external traits in birds. The production of estrogen occurs via a well-characterized steroidogenic pathway, which is a multistep process involving several enzymes, including cytochrome P450 aromatase. In chicken embryos, the aromatase gene (CYP19A1) is expressed female-specifically from the time of gonadal sex differentiation. Ectopic overexpression of aromatase in male chicken embryos induces gonadal sex reversal, and male embryos treated with estradiol become feminized; however, this is not permanent. To test whether a continuous supply of estrogen in adult chickens could induce stable male to female sex reversal, 2 transgenic male chickens overexpressing aromatase were generated using the Tol2/transposase system. These birds had robust ectopic aromatase expression, which resulted in the production of high serum levels of estradiol. Transgenic males had female-like wattle and comb growth and feathering, but they retained male weights, displayed leg spurs, and developed testes. Despite the small sample size, this data strongly suggests that high levels of circulating estrogen are insufficient to maintain a female gonadal phenotype in adult birds. Previous observations of gynandromorph birds and embryos with mixed sex chimeric gonads have highlighted the role of cell autonomous sex identity in chickens. This might imply that in the study described here, direct genetic effects of the male chromosomes largely prevailed over the hormonal profile of the aromatase transgenic birds. This data therefore support the emerging view of at least partial cell autonomous sex development in birds. However, a larger study will confirm this intriguing observation.
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Özlü, Serdar. "Comparative Staging of Blastoderm Development at Oviposition in Eggs from Layer and Broiler Grandparent Breeder Flocks." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 9, no. 6 (July 8, 2021): 1232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9i6.1232-1236.4348.
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Recent decades were characterized by genetic selection of broiler and layer chickens for enhanced growth rate and meat yield or intensified egg production, respectively. It is to be expected that genetic selection for various traits would also influence embryo development. The effects of different strains of chickens on egg weight, stage of blastoderm, variation of the blastoderm development and Pearson correlation between egg weight and stage of blastoderm at oviposition were studied in the current study. Hatching eggs were randomly collected from three layer chicken lines (Layer-1, Layer-2, and Layer-3) raised in Poultry Research Institute, and two broiler grandparent flocks (Female and Male) from Aviagen Anadolu. The age of all chicken lines was 36 week. A total of 30 eggs in each line were used, and egg weight and the blastoderm development of the embryos were determined at oviposition time. At the end of the research, significant difference in egg weights (P0.05). The mean stage of blastoderm development in male grandparent line eggs significantly lower than other four genetic lines (P
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Mazumder, AC, S. Khatun, M. Nooruzzaman, EH Chowdhury, PM Das, and MR Islam. "Isolation and identification of Newcastle disease viruses from field outbreaks in chickens and pigeons." Bangladesh Veterinarian 29, no. 2 (March 30, 2013): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bvet.v29i2.14341.
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Eleven dead or sick birds submitted from farms in the year 2010 with a history of sudden death with respiratory and/or diarrhoeal signs were used for isolation and identification of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). All samples were subjected to routine necropsy. Pooled respiratory tissues were inoculated in embryonated chicken eggs and chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cell culture. The growth of NDV was confirmed by embryo mortality, cytopathic effects (CPE) in cell culture, haemagglutination (HA) and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. The presence of NDV was confirmed by reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). At necropsy seven cases were tentatively diagnosed as Newcastle disease (ND). Out of seven ND-suspected samples, four yielded virus in both embryos and cell culture, while one was positive only in embryos, one only in cell culture and one sample was negative in both embryos and cell culture. RT-PCR successfully amplified a 766 bp fragment covering parts of Matrix and Fusion protein genes of NDV from the samples that were positive either in embryos or in cell culture. It is suggested that RT-PCR could be a rapid and sensitive tool for the detection of NDV. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bvet.v29i2.14341 Bangl. vet. 2012. Vol. 29, No. 2, 41-48
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Natsir, Nur Alim. "Pengaruh Penggunaan Protein dan Kultur Khamir Dalam Ransum Terhadap Mortalitas Embrio Ayam Arab." Biosel: Biology Science and Education 9, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.33477/bs.v9i2.1970.
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Protein is an important nutrient in the diet. The availability of protein in the diet is absolutely necessary as a source of building blocks for growth, replacement of damaged tissue and maintaining reproductive functions. In the preparation of a perfect ration, the balance of energy and protein, amino acids need to be considered because they determine the productivity and reproduction of chickens. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the use of protein and yeast culture in the ration on the mortality of Arabic chicken embryos. The observed effects include the interaction effect and the single effect of protein level and yeast culture in the ration on the mortality of Arabic chicken embryos. The research material is as many as 240 "Arabic Chickens" aged 28 weeks as experimental animals. Hatch eggs produced during the study (at the age of 28 to 36 weeks of production). The research method used is an experimental method with a completely randomized design with a factorial pattern of 3 x 4 with 5 replications. The treatments given were isocaloric ration (2850 kcal/kg) with different protein content (13%, 15% and 17%) and yeast culture with concentrations (0%; 0.2%; 0.4%; and 0.6 %). Ration and drinking water are provided ad libitum. Data analysis using ANOVA with further testing using Duncan's Multiple Range Test (Duncan's Multiple Range Test). he results showed that the level of protein use 13%, 15% and 17% did not interact with yeast culture 0%; 0.2%; 0.4%; and 0.6% on embryo mortality (P>0.5). However, the single effect of protein or yeast culture in the diet, individually gave a significant effect on embryo mortality (P
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Leacy, Alexander, Éva Nagy, Phuc H. Pham, and Leonardo Susta. "In Vitro and In Ovo Host Restriction of Aquatic Bird Bornavirus 1 in Different Avian Hosts." Viruses 12, no. 11 (November 7, 2020): 1272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12111272.
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Aquatic bird bornavirus 1 (ABBV-1) is associated with chronic meningoencephalitis and ganglioneuritis. Although waterfowl species act as the natural host of ABBV-1, the virus has been sporadically isolated from other avian species, showing the potential for a broad host range. To evaluate the host restriction of ABBV-1, and its potential to infect commercial poultry species, we assessed the ability of ABBV-1 to replicate in cells and embryos of different avian species. ABBV-1 replication was measured using multi- and single-step growth curves in primary embryo fibroblasts of chicken, duck, and goose. Embryonated chicken and duck eggs were infected through either the yolk sac or chorioallantoic cavity, and virus replication was assessed by immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR in embryonic tissues harvested at two time points after infection. Multi-step growth curves showed that ABBV-1 replicated and spread in goose and duck embryo fibroblasts, establishing a population of persistently infected cells, while it was unable to do so in chicken fibroblasts. Single-step growth curves showed that cells from all three species could be infected; however, persistence was only established in goose and duck fibroblasts. In ovo inoculation yielded no detectable viral replication or lesion in tissues. Data indicate that although chicken, duck, and goose embryo fibroblasts can be infected with ABBV-1, a persistent infection is more easily established in duck and goose cells. Therefore, ABBV-1 may be able to infect chickens in vivo, albeit inefficiently. Additionally, our data indicate that an in ovo model is inadequate to investigating ABBV-1 host restriction and pathogenesis.
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Herrera, E. A., C. E. Salinas, C. E. Blanco, M. Villena, and D. A. Giussani. "High altitude hypoxia and blood pressure dysregulation in adult chickens." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 4, no. 1 (September 19, 2012): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s204017441200058x.
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Although it is accepted that impaired placental perfusion in complicated pregnancy can slow fetal growth and programme an increased risk of cardiovascular dysfunction at adulthood, the relative contribution of reductions in fetal nutrition and in fetal oxygenation as the triggering stimulus remains unclear. By combining high altitude (HA) with the chick embryo model, we have previously isolated the direct effects of HA hypoxia on embryonic growth and cardiovascular development before hatching. This study isolated the effects of developmental hypoxia on cardiovascular function measured in vivo in conscious adult male and female chickens. Chick embryos were incubated, hatched and raised at sea level (SL, nine males and nine females) or incubated, hatched and raised at HA (seven males and seven females). At 6 months of age, vascular catheters were inserted under general anaesthesia. Five days later, basal blood gas status, basal cardiovascular function and cardiac baroreflex responses were investigated. HA chickens had significantly lower basal arterial PO2 and haemoglobin saturation, and significantly higher haematocrit than SL chickens, independent of the sex of the animal. HA chickens had significantly lower arterial blood pressure than SL chickens, independent of the sex of the animal. Although the gain of the arterial baroreflex was decreased in HA relative to SL male chickens, it was increased in HA relative to SL female chickens. We show that development at HA lowers basal arterial blood pressure and alters baroreflex sensitivity in a sex-dependent manner at adulthood.
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Abdullahi Raji, Abdullahi, Aini Ideris, Mohd Hair Bejo, and Abdul Rahman Omar. "Molecular Detection, Characterisation and Serological Survey of Chicken Astrovirus from Broiler Flocks in Malaysia." Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology 30, no. 2 (March 18, 2022): 1641–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/pjst.30.2.43.
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Astroviruses have been associated with enteric and extra-intestinal disorders in many animal species, including chickens. Here, we describe the detection and characterisation of chicken astrovirus (CAstV) in broilers and its seroprevalence in broiler breeder flocks. Based on PCR protocol, viral confirmation was carried out on clinical tissue samples from broiler chickens suffering from uneven growth and poor performance. The tissues were molecularly detected for CAstV with differential diagnostic testing against the Newcastle disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, avian nephritis virus, avian rotavirus, fowl adenovirus and avian reovirus. Polymerase gene-based phylogenetic analyses of the twenty samples detected positive for CAstV indicate they belong to Group I and are related to strains from the US, UK, India and Poland. From these 20 samples, CastV could be isolated from 3 samples upon inoculation in 5-day-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs (ECE); virus-infected embryos showed dwarfing, haemorrhages, oedema and gelatinous lesions at harvest. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results revealed a high prevalence of antibodies against CAstV amongst the broiler breeder flocks tested. It is the first study that describes the detection and prevalence of CAstV in broiler chickens and broiler breeder flocks in Malaysia.
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Łukasiewicz, M., A. Łozicki, N. H. Casey, A. Chwalibog, J. Niemiec, A. Matuszewski, M. Sosnowska, et al. "Effect of zinc nanoparticles on embryo and chicken growth, and the content of zinc in tissues and faeces." South African Journal of Animal Science 50, no. 1 (April 21, 2020): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v50i1.12.
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The hypothesis was that owing to their high bioavailability, zinc oxide nanoparticles (NanoZnO) can effectively replace (Zn) salts and reduce Zn excretion with faeces. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of NanoZnO on the development of chicken embryos, the growth of broiler chickens, and Zn excretion with faeces. At day 1 of incubation, 120 eggs were randomly divided between a control group (not injected) and groups injected with a hydrocolloid of NanoZnO in increasing concentrations (50, 100, 500 mg/L). At day 19 of incubation, no differences were observed in the bodyweight, but 100 and 500 mg/L affected liver and heart weights, indicating that high levels of NanoZnO may induce differential organ development. In the subsequent experiment, 308 chickens were randomly divided into six groups. The control diet was supplemented with 55 mg Zn/kg (standard level), the 0 group received no Zn supplement, and groups fed NanoZnO received 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the standard level. The 100% replacement of ZnO with NanoZnO increased the chickens’ bodyweight compared with the standard level of ZnO, but to the same level as the diet without ZnO supplementation. Furthermore, NanoZnO did not reduce the content of Zn in faeces, which was only significantly lower in the group without ZnO supplementation in comparison with other groups. The results indicate that the replacement of ZnO with NanoZnO had no negative effects on chicken growth. Compared with ZnO, NanoZnO did not reduce Zn excretion with faeces.
Keywords: broiler, development, excretion, mineral, nanonutrition
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Lumsangkul, Chompunut, Hsin-I. Chiang, Neng-Wen Lo, Yang-Kwang Fan, and Jyh-Cherng Ju. "Developmental Toxicity of Mycotoxin Fumonisin B1 in Animal Embryogenesis: An Overview." Toxins 11, no. 2 (February 13, 2019): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11020114.
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A teratogenic agent or teratogen can disturb the development of an embryo or a fetus. Fumonisin B1 (FB1), produced by Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum, is among the most commonly seen mycotoxins and contaminants from stale maize and other farm products. It may cause physical or functional defects in embryos or fetuses, if the pregnant animal is exposed to mycotoxin FB1. Due to its high similarity in chemical structure with lipid sphinganine (Sa) and sphingosine (So), the primary component of sphingolipids, FB1 plays a role in competitively inhibiting Sa and So, which are key enzymes in de novo ceramide synthase in the sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway. Therefore, it causes growth retardation and developmental abnormalities to the embryos of hamsters, rats, mice, and chickens. Moreover, maternal FB1 toxicity can be passed onto the embryo or fetus, leading to mortality. FB1 also disrupts folate metabolism via the high-affinity folate transporter that can then result in folate insufficiency. The deficiencies are closely linked to incidences of neural tube defects (NTDs) in mice or humans. The purpose of this review is to understand the toxicity and mechanisms of mycotoxin FB1 on the development of embryos or fetuses.
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Li, Lu, Yuehui Ma, Xianglong Li, Xiangchen Li, Chunyu Bai, Meng Ji, Shuang Zhang, Weijun Guan, and Junjie Li. "Isolation, Culture, and Characterization of Chicken Cartilage Stem/Progenitor Cells." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/586290.
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A chondrocyte progenitor population isolated from the surface zone of articular cartilage has become a promising cell source for cell-based cartilage repair. The cartilage-derived stem/progenitor cells are multipotent stem cells, which can differentiate into three cell types in vitro including adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes. Much work has been done on cartilage stem/progenitor cells (CSPCs) from people, horses, and cattle, but the relatively little literature has been published about these cells in chickens. In our work, CSPCs were isolated from chicken embryos in incubated eggs for 20 days. In order to inquire into the biological characteristics of chicken CSPCs, immunofluorescence, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and flow cytometry were adopted to detect the characteristic surface markers of CSPCs. Primary CSPCs were subcultured to passage 22 and, for purpose of knowing the change of cell numbers, we drew the growth curves. Isolated CSPCs were induced to adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes. Our results suggest that we have identified and characterised a novel cartilage progenitor population resident in chicken articular cartilage and CSPCs isolated from chickens possess similar biological characteristics to those from other species, which will greatly benefit future cell-based cartilage repair therapies.
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Amoin, Marvin P. "Gender Identification of Embryonic Chicken in the Egg by Heart Beat Modulation Technique." NeuroQuantology 20, no. 5 (May 2, 2022): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/nq.2022.20.5.nq22166.
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The main goal of this study was to use a heartbeat modulation technique to determine the sex of a chicken embryo five days after incubation and investigate the effect of weight and temperature differences on the sex of the embryo. The embryo's growth after five days of incubation helps to determine the chicken's sex. As the temperature drops, so does the beat rate. In female embryos, the decline is more gradual. Female embryos have a faster rise in heart rate and return to normal after cooling. For the observation process, 200 fertilized eggs were collected and divided into four groups, and another 200 fertilized eggs were collected and divided into four groups for the identification process. Before incubation, the weight of 50 eggs from each group was measured, and five days later, the embryonic growth of each group's embryos was calculated, and samples were collected. The separation constant, embryo weight, and temperature are the essential factors in determining the embryonic chicken's sex. The relationship between heartbeat rate, embryo weight difference, and beat rate as temperature changes can be expressed as a first-order and first-degree differential equation. An integral combination can be determined and is of the form dy + Pydx = Qdx, where P and Q are only functions of x. Using this relationship, the separation constant c is equal to the difference between the heartbeat rate and the sine function of the embryo's weight difference over the cosine function of the embryo's beat difference during cooling. During the five-day incubation period, male chicks have an average beat rate of 62 beats per minute, while females have an average beat rate of 74 beats per minute. Male embryos gain weight faster than female embryos. As the temperature drops, so does the beat rate. In female embryos, the decline is more gradual. Female embryos have a faster rise in heart rate and return to normal after cooling.
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Rahaie, Ahmadreza, Majid Toghyani, and Shahin Eghbalsaied. "Cotreatment of IGF1 and Fadrozole Upregulates the Expression of RSPO1, SOX9, and AMH in Chicken Embryos." Cells Tissues Organs 206, no. 4-5 (2018): 218–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000499079.
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Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) and anti-aromatase synergistically increase the rate and stability of female-to-male sex reversal as well as pre- and postnatal weight gains in hatched chickens. This study aimed at assessing gene expression profiles of chicken embryos treated with IGF1 and fadrozole. Day 3.5 fertile eggs were in ovo injected with one of IGF1, fadrozole anti-aromatase, combined IGF1 and fadrozole, or sham injection. The expression profile was studied on day 6 and day 11 of the embryonic development following gonadal differentiation. On day 6 of embryonic development, simultaneous injection of IGF1 and fadrozole significantly upregulated the expression of RSPO1, AMH, and SOX9 in genetically female embryos compared to single injections and control groups. Also, a higher expression of ESR1 and BMP4 was observed in genetically male embryos on day 6 compared to the control group. In day 11 embryos, a higher expression of BMP4 was detected in both males and females of the IGF1 and fadrozole-administered group compared to the sham injection cohort. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that combined effects of IGF1 and fadrozole induce female-to-male sex reversal by increasing the expression of testis developmental factors rather than attenuating ovary developmental factors.
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Kanacki, Z., S. Stojanovic, G. Uscebrka, and D. Zikic. "The development pattern of IGF-1 (insulin- like growth factor-1) protein expression in breast muscle of broiler chickens." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 28, no. 4 (2012): 797–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1204797k.
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It is proved that the protein expression of IGF-1 is detected in several tissues including liver, brain, eye, lung, pancreas and muscle. This growth factor exerts autocrine and paracrine effect during embryonic and postnatal development and is involved in muscle development. The aim of this study was to determine the level of protein expression of IGF-1 in breast muscle during embryonic and postnatal development of broiler chickens. For the experiment were used fertilized eggs and broiler chickens of heavy hybrid "Ross 308", originating from parent flock at the age of 54 weeks. Samples of breast muscle were taken from embryos during the 15th and 19th day of embryonic development and 3rd and 21st day of postnatal development from 5 birds in each age category. From all of the embryos and chickens the right side of the brest muscles were individually sampled. The muscle tissue was macerated and then homogenized in buffer with protease inhibitors. After that immunoprecipitation, electrophoresis and transfer the Western blot analysis were performed on all samples. For visualization of proteins the membranes were incubated in chemiluminescent substrate. The results indicate statistically significant increase in protein expression of IGF-1 in breast muscle on the 19th day of embryonic development and 3rd of postnatal development in compared to 15th day of embryonic development (p<0,05 compared to 19th day of embryonic development and p<0,01 compared to the 3rd day of postnatal development). After the 3rd day of postnatal development the protein expression was at the same level until the 21st day of postnatal development.
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Peters, Michelle A., Brendan S. Crabb, Kelly A. Tivendale, and Glenn F. Browning. "Attenuation of chicken anemia virus by site-directed mutagenesis of VP2." Journal of General Virology 88, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 2168–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82904-0.
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Chicken anemia virus (CAV) is a significant immunosuppressive pathogen of chickens, but relatively little is known about the effect of specific mutations on its virulence. In order to study the virulence of CAV, an infection model was developed in embryos. Significant growth depression, measured as a reduction in mean body weight, was found for wild-type CAV infection. Infection with wild-type CAV resulted in a significant reduction in thymic and splenic weights and consistently produced severe lesions in the thymus, spleen and bone marrow, as well as haemorrhages. CAVs mutated in the VP2 gene were infectious for embryos, but were highly attenuated with respect to growth depression and CAV-specific pathology. Relative to wild-type infection, viruses Mut C86R, Mut R101G, Mut H103Y, Mut R129G, Mut Q131P, Mut R/K/K150/151/152G/A/A, Mut D/E161/162G/G and Mut E186G were highly attenuated, and viruses Mut L163P and Mut D169G were moderately attenuated. Attenuation of the ability to produce lesions was found consistently for the thymus, spleen and bone marrow, thymic and splenic weights, and for CAV-induced haemorrhage. There was no growth depression associated with infection by the group of highly attenuated mutant viruses and a moderate reduction in mean body weight was only found for virus Mut L163P. These findings show that mutations in the VP2 gene can reduce the virulence of CAV and these mutant viruses may have value as vaccine candidates.
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Akhlaghi, A., M. J. Zamiri, Y. Jafari Ahangari, M. R. Mollasalehi, H. Shojaie, H. Atashi, B. Navidshad, A. A. Akhlaghi, and M. Dadpasand. "Growth performance and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens produced from hyperthyroid breeder hens." Animal Production Science 53, no. 10 (2013): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12302.
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An association between induced maternal hyperthyroidism and a decreased incidence of cold-induced ascites in broiler chickens has been reported recently. There are also reports suggesting that thyroid hormones have an effect on intestine, a high oxygen-demanding organ. The present study aimed to determine whether the ascites-attenuating effect of maternal hyperthyroidism is associated with morphological changes in intestine and with probable adverse effects on growth performance in progeny chicks. Eighty-eight broiler breeder hens were allotted to control or hyperthyroid [HYPER; thyroxine-treated] groups, and artificially inseminated. Hatching eggs (n = 924) were incubated and day-old male chicks (n = 288) were reared for 42 days under standard or low ambient temperature. Plasma thyroxine was higher in the HYPER hens and their embryos at internal pipping. Maternal hyperthyroidism did not adversely affect the feed : gain ratio and carcass weight, whereas cold stress impaired them. A higher relative weight was found at 42 days of age for all intestinal regions at low ambient temperature. The duodenal and jejunal crypt depths (CD) were lower in HYPER group at 7 days of age. Cold exposure decreased the duodenal and jejunal villus height and CD, and increased the ileal goblet cell number at 21 days. On Day 42, higher values were recorded for CD, goblet cell number, and epithelial thickness of different intestinal regions in cold-exposed birds. In conclusion, growth performance was not adversely influenced by maternal hyperthyroidism and its minimal early effect on intestinal morphology does not appear to be the underlying mechanism for decreased incidence of ascites in broilers.
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Chen, Zhe, Xiaolu Qu, Chungang Feng, Binbin Guo, Huanxi Zhu, and Leyan Yan. "Monochromatic Green Light Stimulation during Incubation Alters Hepatic Glucose Metabolism That Improves Embryonic Development in Yangzhou Goose Eggs." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010405.
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The influence of monochromatic green light stimulation on hatching performance and embryo development has been studied in chickens, but not geese. The liver has crucial functions in the regulation of energy metabolism during embryogenesis, but its involvement in green light transduction is still unidentified. We aimed to determine the influence of monochromatic green light on Yangzhou goose hatching performance and embryo development. We also investigated the metabolomics and transcriptomic responses of the embryonic liver to green light to determine the underlying molecular mechanisms. Eggs were incubated under either 12 h of monochromatic green light/dark (12 L:12D) cycles or 24 h of darkness (0G:24D). Green light promoted embryonic development and hatching performance, also affected the expression of myogenic regulatory factors associated with muscle development. It also shortened hatching time and elevated plasma levels of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1. Metabolomics and transcriptomic results revealed differentially expressed genes and metabolites with enhanced gluconeogenesis/glycolysis and increased plasma glucose and pyruvate levels under green light. Hence, the growth-promoting effect possibly through regulating energy metabolism in the liver and myogenic regulatory factors in muscle. Our findings provide important and novel insights into the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of green light on goose embryos.
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Shcherbatyy, A. R., and L. G. Slivinska. "Overview: prevalence and structure of metabolic diseases of laying chickens, their influence on egg quality and condition of young chickens." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 23, no. 104 (December 23, 2021): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet10401.
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The article analyzes and presents statistics on the number of laying hens in Ukraine, production, consumption and import of eggs for the last 5 years, the spread of metabolic diseases of laying hens on the basis of a review of literature sources. Metabolic disorders are the largest group of poultry diseases classified as metabolic diseases and cause significant economic losses. Hepatitis, hepatodystrophy, cirrhosis, liver abscesses, cholecystitis, and gallstone disease are diagnosed in laying hens as a result of impaired carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and mineral metabolism. With a lack or imbalance of calcium and phosphorus or D-hypovitaminosis, in chickens develop diseases such as osteoporosis and hypocalcemia, which reduce egg-laying, quality of hatching eggs and young poultry, and can lead to the death of embryos and adults. Hypovitaminosis (A, D, E) and microelementosis (Co, Cu, Zn, J) in poultry cause decreased immunity, disorders of hormonal system, growth, reproductive functions, egg production, dysfunction of internal organs and nervous system, contribute to the formation of defective eggs, development in embryo of alimentary diseases, which affects the hatchability and quality of young poultry. In view of this, the norms of feeding and keeping poultry are constantly being improved based on an in-depth study of these processes. The subject of this work was a comparative review of the results obtained by various authors on the most common metabolic diseases of laying hens, their impact on productive traits (laying), quality characteristics of eggs, embryogenesis, quality of young laying hens of modern high-yielding crosses. This review of literature sources can serve as a tool for determining the future direction of research, as well as an indicator of its practical application.
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Sogunle, O. M., A. J. Olutayo, O. J. Odutayo, O. A. Oso, O. P. Sobukola, K. K. Safiyu, and A. V. Elangovan. "Effects of in ovo injection of amino acids on hatching performance, cell-mediated immunity and blood profile of FUNAAB Alpha broiler chickens." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 46, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v46i4.998.
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In the study, the effects of in ovo injection of amino acids (L-methionine, L-lysine, and Larginine) and their combinations on hatching traits, post-hatch performance, cell-mediated immune response and blood profile of FUNAAB Alpha broiler chicken were evaluated. The study was carried out in two trials. In the first trial, a total of 360 hatching eggs of indigenous chicken were fumigated, weighed and placed in the incubator. On day 14 of incubation, candling was done and eggs with living embryos were distributed into four treatments; Control (un-injected eggs), L-methionine injected eggs, L-arginine injected eggs and L-lysine injected eggs. Each egg was injected 0.5 mL solution of the amino acid on day18. Hatched chicks were distributed into three replicates containing 30 chicks each. In trial 2, another 360 hatching eggs were used in the treatments which were; Control (eggs without amino acid injection), L-arginine injected eggs, combination of L-arginine and L-methionine injected eggs and combination of L-arginine and L-lysine injected eggs. On day 21 post-hatch, cell-mediated immune response, haematological and serum biochemical parameters were determined. Data obtained from the two trials were subjected to Completely Randomized Design. Results revealed the highest hatchability of 70.27% in the control treatment (un-injected), followed by 51.35% in arginine-injected eggs with the lowest (2.70%) in methionine-injected eggs. Arginine was found to enhance hatchability while L-methionine injected in ovo decreased hatchability. In the second trial, the results showed highest hatchability (89.58%) in eggs under the control, followed by 39.29%, 30.80% and 21.43% in eggs injected with the combination of arginine and lysine, arginine injected eggs, and those with arginine and methionine combination, respectively. Significant (p<0.05) differences in growth performance were only observed in the feed conversion ratio and percentage survivability. Better feed conversion ratio of 2.18 and 2.29 were recorded in birds injected with arginine and the control as against those subjected to combined arginine and methionine (2.96) as well as combined arginine and lysine (3.12). Survivability of 100% was recorded in chickens from arginine-injected eggs in ovo injection and chickens from eggs injected with the combination of arginine and methionine. The study concluded that in ovo injection of arginine either singly or in combination with lysine or methionine positively influenced hatchability, chick weight and growth performance without any deleterious effect on the blood profile of the post-hatch chicks.
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Zhang, Li, Yenan Wu, Xiang Li, Shao Wei, Yiming Xing, Zhengxing Lian, and Hongbing Han. "An Alternative Method for Long-Term Culture of Chicken Embryonic Stem Cell In Vitro." Stem Cells International 2018 (2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2157451.
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Chicken embryonic stem cells (cESCs) obtained from stage X embryos provide a novel model for the study of avian embryonic development. A new way to maintain cESCs for a long period in vitro still remains unexplored. We found that the cESCs showed stem cell-like properties in vitro for a long term with the support of DF-1 feeder and basic culture medium supplemented with human basic fibroblast growth factor (hbFGF), mouse stem cell factor (mSCF), and human leukemia inhibitory factor (hLIF). During the long culture period, the cESCs showed typical ES cell morphology and expressed primitive stem cell markers with a relatively stable proliferation rate and high telomerase activity. These cells also exhibited the capability to differentiate into cardiac myocytes, smooth muscle cells, neural cells, osteoblast, and adipocyte in vitro. Chimera chickens were produced by cESCs cultured for 25 passages with this new culture system. The experiments showed that DF-1 was the optimal feeder and hbFGF was an important factor for maintaining the pluripotency of cESCs in vitro.
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Jenkins, S. A., M. Muchow, M. P. Richards, J. P. McMurtry, and T. E. Porter. "Administration of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone during Chicken Embryonic Development Prematurely Induces Pituitary Growth Hormone Cells." Endocrinology 148, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 3914–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2006-1102.
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Treatment of fetal rats and embryonic chickens with exogenous glucocorticoids induces premature GH cell differentiation. However, it is unknown whether the developing adrenal gland is capable of mounting this response autonomously. The present study determined whether stimulation of the adrenal gland in developing chicken embryos through administration of ACTH could induce a premature increase in GH cells. We found that plasma corticosterone and ACTH levels increased between embryonic day (e) 11 and e17, consistent with GH cell (somatotroph) ontogeny. Injection of ACTH into eggs on e9, e10, or e11 increased somatotrophs on e14. In contrast, thyroid-stimulating hormone, CRH, α-MSH, GHRH, and TRH were ineffective. Culture of e11 pituitary cells with ACTH failed to induce somatotrophs, suggesting an indirect action of ACTH on GH cells in vivo. Intravenous administration of ACTH dramatically increased plasma levels of corticosterone within 1 h and increased the percentage of pituitary somatotrophs within 24 h. Although ACTH administration increased the relative abundance of pituitary GH cells, there was no effect on plasma levels of GH, IGF-I, or IGF-II, or in hepatic expression of IGF-I or IGF-II mRNA. We conclude that ACTH administration can increase the population of GH cells in the embryonic pituitary. However, this treatment alone does not lead to downstream activation of hepatic IGF production. These findings indicate that the embryonic adrenal gland, and ultimately anterior pituitary corticotrophs, may function to regulate pituitary GH cell differentiation during embryonic development.
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Munoz-Sanjuan, I., B. K. Simandl, J. F. Fallon, and J. Nathans. "Expression of chicken fibroblast growth factor homologous factor (FHF)-1 and of differentially spliced isoforms of FHF-2 during development and involvement of FHF-2 in chicken limb development." Development 126, no. 2 (January 15, 1999): 409–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.2.409.
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Members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family have been identified as signaling molecules in a variety of developmental processes, including important roles in limb bud initiation, growth and patterning. This paper reports the cloning and characterization of the chicken orthologues of fibroblast growth factor homologous factors-1 and −2 (cFHF-1/cFGF-12 and cFHF-2/cFGF-13, respectively). We also describe the identification of a novel, conserved isoform of FHF-2 in chickens and mammals. This isoform arises by alternative splicing of the first exon of the FHF-2 gene and is predicted to encode a polypeptide with a distinct amino-terminus. Whole-mount in situ hybridization reveals restricted domains of expression of cFHF-1 and cFHF-2 in the developing neural tube, peripheral sensory ganglia and limb buds, and shows that the two cFHF-2 transcript isoforms are present in non-overlapping spatial distributions in the neural tube and adjacent structures. In the developing limbs, cFHF-1 is confined to the posterior mesoderm in an area that encompasses the zone of polarizing activity and cFHF-2 is confined to the distal anterior mesoderm in a region that largely overlaps the progress zone. Ectopic cFHF-2 expression is induced adjacent to grafts of cells expressing Sonic Hedgehog and the zone of cFHF-2 expression is expanded in talpid2 embryos. In the absence of the apical ectodermal ridge or in wingless or limbless mutant embryos, expression of cFHF-1 and cFHF-2 is lost from the limb bud. A role for cFHF-2 in the patterning and growth of skeletal elements is implied by the observation that engraftment of developing limb buds with QT6 cells expressing a cFHF-2 isoform that is normally expressed in the limb leads to a variety of morphological defects. Finally, we show that a secreted version of cFHF-2 activates the expression of HoxD13, HoxD11, Fgf-4 and BMP-2 ectopically, consistent with cFHF-2 playing a role in anterior-posterior patterning of the limb.
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Varga, J., L. Fodor, and L. Makrai. "Characterisation of some Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale strains and examination of their transmission via eggs." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 49, no. 2 (April 2001): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/004.49.2001.2.1.
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The biochemical characteristics and antibiotic susceptibility of 12 Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale strains isolated from chickens and turkeys suffering from respiratory clinical signs and the survival of some isolates on egg-shell and within chicken eggs during hatching were examined. All O. rhinotracheale strains showed typical biochemical characteristics. Among the 16 drugs examined, penicillin G, ampicillin (MICs ranging from ≤ 0.06 μg/ml to 1 μg/ml), ceftazidim (with MICs from ≤ 0.06 μg/ml to 0.12 μg/ml), erythromycin, tylosin, tilmicosin (with some exceptions MICs ranged from ≤ 0.06 μg/ml to 1 μg/ml) and tiamulin (MICs varied from ≤ 0.06 μg/ml to 2 μg/ml) were the most effective. Lincomycin, oxytetracycline and enrofloxacin also gave good inhibitions, but with most strains in a higher concentration (MICs ranged in most cases from 2 μg/ml to 8 μg/ml). The other antibiotics inhibited the growth of O. rhinotracheale only in very high concentrations (colistin) or not at all (apramycin, spectinomycin, polymyxin B). At 37 °C, O. rhinotracheale did not survive on egg-shell for more than 24 hours, while upon inoculation into embryonated chicken eggs it killed embryos by the ninth day, and from the 14th day post-inoculation no O. rhinotracheale could be cultured from the eggs at all. These results suggest that O. rhinotracheale is not transmitted via eggs during hatching.
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Kang, Xiamei, Xiao Zhou, Yanting Tang, Zhijie Jiang, Jiaqi Chen, Muhammad Mohsin, and Min Yue. "Characterization of Two-Component System CitB Family in Salmonella Pullorum." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 17 (September 5, 2022): 10201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231710201.
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Salmonella enterica, serovar Gallinarum, biovar Pullorum, is an avian-specific pathogen which has caused considerable economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. Two-component systems (TCSs) play an essential role in obtaining nutrients, detecting the presence of neighboring bacteria and regulating the expression of virulence factors. The genome analysis of S. Pullorum strain S06004 suggesting the carriage of 22 pairs of TCSs, which belong to five families named CitB, OmpR, NarL, Chemotaxis and LuxR. In the CitB family, three pairs of TCSs, namely CitA-CitB, DcuS-DcuR and DpiB-DpiA, remain unaddressed in S. Pullorum. To systematically investigate the function of the CitB family in S. Pullorum, four mutants, ΔcitAB (abbreviated as Δcit), ΔdcuSR (Δdcu), ΔdpiBA (Δdpi) and ΔcitABΔdcuSRΔdpiBA (Δ3), were made using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The results demonstrated that the CitB family did not affect the growth of bacteria, the results of biochemical tests, invasion and proliferation in chicken macrophage HD-11 cells and the expression of fimbrial protein. But the mutants showed thicker biofilm formation, higher resistance to antimicrobial agents, enhanced tolerance to inhibition by egg albumen and increased virulence in chicken embryos. Moreover, the deletion of Dpi TCS was detrimental to survival after exposure to hyperosmotic and oxidative environments, as well as the long-term colonization of the small intestine of chickens. Collectively, we provided new knowledge regarding the possible role of the CitB family involved in the pathogenic processes of S. Pullorum.
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Zhang, Lin, Shugeng Wu, Jing Wang, Xuan Qiao, Hongyuan Yue, Junhu Yao, Haijun Zhang, and Guanghai Qi. "Changes of Plasma Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factors-I, Thyroid Hormones, and Testosterone Concentrations in Embryos and Broiler Chickens Incubated under Monochromatic Green Light." Italian Journal of Animal Science 13, no. 3 (January 2014): 3266. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2014.3266.
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Mutinda, W. U., L. W. Njagi, P. N. Nyaga, L. C. Bebora, P. G. Mbuthia, D. Kemboi, J. W. K. Githinji, and A. Muriuki. "Isolation of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Using Indigenous Chicken Embryos in Kenya." International Scholarly Research Notices 2015 (November 23, 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/464376.
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Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) isolates were recovered from outbreaks to initiate activities towards developing a local vaccine strain. Use of indigenous chicken embryos was exploited to determine their potential, promote utilization of local resources for research, and enhance household economic activities. Bursa of Fabricius (BFs) samples from outbreaks shown to be IBDV positive was homogenized and inoculated in 4-week-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) IBDV seronegative white leghorn chicks. The harvested virus was inoculated into 11-day-old indigenous chicken embryos that were IBDV seronegative and passaged serially three times after which they were inoculated into 4-week-old indigenous chicks to test for presence and virulence of propagated virus. Out of 153 BFs collected from outbreaks, 43.8% (67/153) were positive for IBDV antigen and 65.7% (44/67) caused disease in SPF chicks. The embryo mean mortalities were 88% on primary inoculation, 94% in 1st passage, 91% in 2nd passage, and 67% in 3rd passage. After the third passage in embryos all the 44 isolates were virulent in 4-week-old indigenous chicks. The results show that indigenous chicken embryos support growth of IBDV and can be used to propagate the virus as an alternative viral propagating tool for respective vaccine preparation.
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Zhao, M. M., T. Gao, L. Zhang, J. L. Li, P. A. Lv, L. L. Yu, F. Gao, and G. H. Zhou. "Effects of in ovo feeding of creatine pyruvate on the hatchability, growth performance and energy status in embryos and broiler chickens." Animal 11, no. 10 (2017): 1689–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1751731117000374.
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Paredes, Manuel, and Talía Quispe. "Hatching, embryo death and chicks growth in dual purpose and brawl hens under natural hypobaric conditions." SPERMOVA 11, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18548/aspe/0009.19.
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The present study aimed to compare results for hatchability and growing performance of chicks from 2 biotypes, dual purpose (DP) and brawl (BR), in hipobaric conditions (2718 m above sea level). In experiment 1, a total of 352 hatching eggs were randomly arranged, 176 egg of DP y 176 BR. In experiment 2, a total of 114 one-day-old unsexed chickens were reared for 28 d. The experimental design for hatchability and chick performance variables was completely randomized with 2 treatments (DP and BR). There were no differences between the studied treatments for hatchability results (p>0.05). Hens’ biotype affected chicken performance in the rearing phase (p<0.01), where the DP chickens had better body weight and feed conversion than BR, but BR chickens had lower mortality than DP chickens.
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Zhou, Kai-Zhi, Peng-Fei Wu, Xin-Chao Zhang, Xuan-Ze Ling, Jin Zhang, Li Zhang, Pei-Feng Li, Tao Zhang, Qing-Yu Wei, and Gen-Xi Zhang. "Comparative Analysis of miRNA Expression Profiles in Skeletal Muscle of Bian Chickens at Different Embryonic Ages." Animals 12, no. 8 (April 13, 2022): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12081003.
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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are widely involved in the growth and development of skeletal muscle through the negative regulation of target genes. In order to screen out the differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) associated with skeletal muscle development of Bian chickens at different embryonic ages, we used the leg muscles of fast-growing and slow-growing Bian chickens at the 14th and 20th embryonic ages (F14, F20, S14 and S20) for RNA-seq. A total of 836 known miRNAs were identified, and 121 novel miRNAs were predicted. In the F14 vs. F20 comparison group, 127 DEMs were screened, targeting a total of 2871 genes, with 61 miRNAs significantly upregulated and 66 miRNAs significantly downregulated. In the S14 vs. S20 comparison group, 131 DEMs were screened, targeting a total of 3236 genes, with 60 miRNAs significantly upregulated and 71 miRNAs significantly downregulated. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that the predicted target genes were significantly enriched in 706 GO terms and 6 KEGG pathways in the F14 vs. F20 group and 677 GO terms and 5 KEGG pathways in the S14 vs. S20 group. According to the interaction network analysis, we screened five coexpressed DEMs (gga-miR-146a-3p, gga-miR-2954, gga-miR-34a-5p, gga-miR-1625-5p and gga-miR-18b-3p) with the highest connectivity degree with predicted target genes between the two comparison groups, and five hub genes (HSPA5, PKM2, Notch1, Notch2 and RBPJ) related to muscle development were obtained as well. Subsequently, we further identified nine DEMs (gga-let-7g-3p, gga-miR-490-3p, gga-miR-6660-3p, gga-miR-12223-5p, novel-miR-327, gga-miR-18a-5p, gga-miR-18b-5p, gga-miR-34a-5p and gga-miR-1677-3p) with a targeting relationship to the hub genes, suggesting that they may play important roles in the muscle development of Bian chickens. This study reveals the miRNA differences in skeletal muscle development between 14- and 20-day embryos of Bian chickens from fast- and slow-growing groups and provides a miRNA database for further studies on the molecular mechanisms of the skeletal muscle development in Bian chickens.
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Hyatt, G. A., and D. C. Beebe. "Regulation of lens cell growth and polarity by an embryo-specific growth factor and by inhibitors of lens cell proliferation and differentiation." Development 117, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 701–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.117.2.701.
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We used a double-label method, which monitors the rate at which cells enter S-phase of the cell cycle, to identify factors that control the growth of chicken embryo lens epithelial cells in vivo. With this assay, we identified a mitogen for lens epithelial cells in the anterior segment of the embryonic eye. When the anterior chamber was opened briefly, by tearing the cornea or displacing the lens, the growth-promoting activity was lost. None of the purified growth factors tested replaced this growth activity, including EGF, bFGF, PDGF, IGF-1, IGF-2, TGF beta and mixtures of these factors. However, chicken embryo serum or plasma did cause chicken embryo lens epithelial cells to progress through the cell cycle. The activity in serum was destroyed by heat and protease treatment. It was most active in serum from 10-day embryos, decreased with subsequent development and was undetectable from 2 days after hatching through adulthood. When embryo serum or plasma was mixed with vitreous humor or IGF-1, agents that induce lens fiber cell formation, cell elongation was prevented. In contrast to the mitogenic activity in serum, this inhibitor of differentiation was insensitive to trypsin treatment. We also identified an activity in vitreous humor that inhibited the growth-promoting agent in embryo serum. Plasma proteins readily enter the anterior chamber of the eye of chicken embryos.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Zhang, Genxi, Jin Zhang, Pengfei Wu, Xuanze Ling, Qifan Wang, Kaizhi Zhou, Peifeng Li, et al. "Transcriptome Sequencing Analysis of circRNA in Skeletal Muscle between Fast- and Slow-Growing Chickens at Embryonic Stages." Animals 12, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 3166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12223166.
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Skeletal muscle growth has always been the focus of the broiler industry, and circRNAs play a significant role in this process. We collected leg muscles of slow- and fast-growing Bian chicken embryos in the study at 14 (S14 and F14) and 20 (S20 and F20) days for RNA-seq. Finally, 123 and 121 differentially expressed circRNAs (DECs) were identified in S14 vs. F14 and S20 vs. F20, respectively. GO enrichment analysis for DECs obtained important biological process (BP) terms including nicotinate nucleotide biosynthetic process, nicotinate nucleotide salvage, and NAD salvage in S20 vs. F20 and protein mannosylation in S14 vs. F14. KEGG pathway analysis showed Wnt signaling pathway, Tight junction, Ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, and Notch signaling pathway were enriched in the top 20. Based on the GO and KEGG analysis results, we found some significant host genes and circRNAs such as NAPRT and novel_circ_0004547, DVL1 and novel_circ_0003578, JAK2 and novel_circ_0010289, DERA and novel_circ_0003082, etc. Further analysis found 19 co-differentially expressed circRNAs between the two comparison groups. We next constructed a circRNA-miRNA network for them, and some candidate circRNA-miRNA pairs related to skeletal muscle were obtained, such as novel_circ_0002153-miR-12219-5p, novel_circ_0003578-miR-3064-3p, and novel_circ_0010661-miR-12260-3p. These results would help to reveal the mechanism for circRNAs in skeletal muscle and also provide some guidance for the breeding of broilers.
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Chelnokova, M., and A. Chelnokov. "Features of growth and development of egg cross chicken embryos «Lomann Brown»." Genetics and breeding of animals, no. 1 (May 19, 2021): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31043/2410-2733-2021-1-29-36.
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Purpose: to study morphometric parameters of absolute values of linear and weight body sizes, specific growth rate and relative (allometric) growth of chicken embryos of the «Lohmann Brown» egg cross at different stages of embryogenesis.Materials and methods. The absolute values of linear and weight body sizes of chicken embryos were estimated using morphometric methods. The formula of I. I. Schmalhausen and S. Brody was calculated the specific growth rate of length and body weight of chicken embryos by the formula simple allometry — relative (allometric) growth of body length from body mass.Results. This is manifested in the increase in the specific growth rate of body length of the embryo at 5 days of the late-fetal stage, 8th, 10th, 12th day of the early-fetal stage and specific growth rate of body mass for 6 days of the late-fetal stage of the late-fetal stage, 10-th and 12-th day of the early-fetal stage. At all stages of embryo development, there is a negative allometry of the relative growth rate of the embryo body length, except for 14 days of the mid-fetal stage, where negative isometry was observed (b=-1,000). Higher values of the power coefficient reflecting the slower growth of the embryo in length relative to their body weight, observed in late-fetal stage at 5-6 days (b=0,913-0,995), in early-fetal stage — 10-e (b=0,960) and 12 days (b=0,928), in mid-fetal stage — 13-th (b=0,821) and 15 days (b=0,981) and late-fetal stage — 20 days (b=0,836).Conclusion. New knowledge derived from this study can be applied not only in research, but in the poultry industry to assess the impact of preincubation processing of eggs on the development of embryos and embryonic mortality at different stages of embryogenesis, the definition of normal and abnormal development of embryos, as well as to assess the impact of other factors, artificial incubation on embryo development, hatchability of eggs and safety of poultry.
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Hicks, Julie A., and Hsiao-Ching Liu. "Expression Signatures of microRNAs and Their Targeted Pathways in the Adipose Tissue of Chickens during the Transition from Embryonic to Post-Hatch Development." Genes 12, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12020196.
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As the chick transitions from embryonic to post-hatching life, its metabolism must quickly undergo a dramatic switch in its major energy source. The chick embryo derives most of its energy from the yolk, a lipid-rich/carbohydrate-poor source. Upon hatching, the chick’s metabolism must then be able to utilize a lipid-poor/carbohydrate-rich source (feed) as its main form of energy. We recently found that a number of hepatically-expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) help facilitate this shift in metabolic processes in the chick liver, the main site of lipogenesis. While adipose tissue was initially thought to mainly serve as a lipid storage site, it is now known to carry many metabolic, endocrine, and immunological functions. Therefore, it would be expected that adipose tissue is also an important factor in the metabolic switch. To that end, we used next generation sequencing (NGS) and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) to generate miRNome and transcriptome signatures of the adipose tissue during the transition from late embryonic to early post-hatch development. As adipose tissue is well known to produce inflammatory and other immune factors, we used SPF white leghorns to generate the initial miRNome and transcriptome signatures to minimize complications from external factors (e.g., pathogenic infections) and ensure the identification of bona fide switch-associated miRNAs and transcripts. We then examined their expression signatures in the adipose tissue of broilers (Ross 708). Using E18 embryos as representative of pre-switching metabolism and D3 chicks as a representative of post-switching metabolism, we identified a group of miRNAs which work concordantly to regulate a diverse but interconnected group of developmental, immune and metabolic processes in the adipose tissue during the metabolic switch. Network mapping suggests that during the first days post-hatch, despite the consumption of feed, the chick is still heavily reliant upon adipose tissue lipid stores for energy production, and is not yet efficiently using their new energy source for de novo lipid storage. A number of core master regulatory pathways including, circadian rhythm transcriptional regulation and growth hormone (GH) signaling, likely work in concert with miRNAs to maintain an essential balance between adipogenic, lipolytic, developmental, and immunological processes in the adipose tissue during the metabolic switch.
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Nix, Eli B., Karen K. M. Cheung, Diana Wang, Na Zhang, Robert D. Burke, and Francis E. Nano. "Virulence of Francisella spp. in Chicken Embryos." Infection and Immunity 74, no. 8 (August 2006): 4809–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00034-06.
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ABSTRACT We examined the utility of infecting chicken embryos as a means of evaluating the virulence of different Francisella sp. strains and mutants. Infection of 7-day-old chicken embryos with a low dose of F. novicida or F. tularensis subsp. holarctica live vaccine strain (LVS) resulted in sustained growth for 6 days. Different doses of these two organisms were used to inoculate chicken embryos to determine the time to death. These experiments showed that wild-type F. novicida was at least 10,000-fold more virulent than the LVS strain. We also examined the virulence of several attenuated mutants of F. novicida, and they were found to have a wide range of virulence in chicken embryos. Fluorescent microscopic examination of infected chicken embryo organs revealed that F. tularensis grew in scattered foci of infections, and in all cases the F. tularensis appeared to be growing intracellularly. These results demonstrate that infection of 7-day-old chicken embryos can be used to evaluate the virulence of attenuated F. tularensis strains.
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Firdaus, Muhammad Aviv, Herlina Pratiwi, Ani Setianingrum, and Gegana Wimaldy Airlangga. "Teratogenic of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin (TCDD) on Eye Diameters and Body Weight in Chicken Embryo." Jurnal Medik Veteriner 4, no. 2 (October 31, 2021): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jmv.vol4.iss2.2021.180-188.
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2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a chemical compound resulting from the burning effect that is very dangerous for humans, plants, or animals which can cause skin damage, immunotoxic, hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, effects on reproduction, growth processes, neurobehavioral, and endocrine effects that are specific In addition, this compound can also reduce embryo weight and increase embryo mortality. This study aimed to determine the teratogenic of TCDD administration on eye diameters and body weight of chicken embryo. In this study there were 2 treatment groups, i.e: 1) P1 as a normal group without the addition of TCDD, and 2) P2 as a group with the addition of TCDD of 5 ng / egg with dissolved in 5 µL corn oil. The treatment was carried out for 7 days. The measurement data of eye diameters and body weight of chicken embryo were analyzed by the unpaired sample T test. The analysis showed that the teratogenic of TCDD had a significant effect on eye diameters and body weight of chicken embryos, where the teratogenic of TCDD caused a decrease in eye diameters and body weight loss in chicken embryos.
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Flentke, George R., and Susan M. Smith. "The avian embryo as a model for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 96, no. 2 (April 2018): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/bcb-2017-0205.
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Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) remains a leading preventable cause of structural birth defects and permanent neurodevelopmental disability. The chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is a powerful embryological research model, and was possibly the first in which the teratogenicity of alcohol was demonstrated. Pharmacologically relevant exposure to alcohol in the range of 20–70 mmol/L (20–80 mg/egg) disrupt the growth of chicken embryos, morphogenesis, and behavior, and the resulting phenotypes strongly parallel those of mammalian models. The avian embryo’s direct accessibility has enabled novel insights into the teratogenic mechanisms of alcohol. These include the contribution of IGF1 signaling to growth suppression, the altered flow dynamics that reshape valvuloseptal morphogenesis and mediate its cardiac teratogenicity, and the suppression of Wnt and Shh signals thereby disrupting the migration, expansion, and survival of the neural crest, and underlie its characteristic craniofacial deficits. The genetic diversity within commercial avian strains has enabled the identification of unique loci, such as ribosome biogenesis, that modify vulnerability to alcohol. This venerable research model is equally relevant for the future, as the application of technological advances including CRISPR, optogenetics, and biophotonics to the embryo’s ready accessibility creates a unique model in which investigators can manipulate and monitor the embryo in real-time to investigate the effect of alcohol on cell fate.
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Wardani, Indah Kusuma, and Suryono Suryono. "The Effect of Moringa oleifera (Lam) Leaf Extracts on Growth of Chicken Embryo Induced by Alkohol." NurseLine Journal 4, no. 1 (July 4, 2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/nlj.v4i1.11278.
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a condition associated with drinking alcohol during pregnancy and affect embryo development. FAS is the most common congenital disabilities in the world. The effects of FAS are mental retardation, cranial abnormalities, and heart defects. Moringa oleifera is a highly valued plant. It has an impressive range of biological activities, including antioxidant, antiproliferation, and anti-inflammatory. This study aims to assess the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts in inhibiting growth retardation of chicken embryo growth induced by alcohol. The study was a true experimental design with posttest controlled group design. There were five groups with 5 of chicken embryo each group. The treatments contained 15% alcohol and aquadest as positive control (P+), without alcohol as negative control (P-), P0.5 (0,5g/dl), P5 (5g/dl), P50 (50g/dl) by adding Moringa oleifera leaf extracts, respectively. Moringa oleifera leaf extracts showed the improvement of length and head diameter as a benchmark for chicken embryo development with P5 concentration showed the best results to overcome growth retardation in alcohol-induced chicken embryos. This finding implies against possibility Moringa oleifera leaf extracts can be alternative medicine to prevent growth retardation.
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McMurtry, JP, RW Rosebrough, DM Brocht, GL Francis, Z. Upton, and P. Phelps. "Assessment of developmental changes in chicken and turkey insulin-like growth factor-II by homologous radioimmunoassay." Journal of Endocrinology 157, no. 3 (June 1, 1998): 463–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1570463.
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The development of a homologous RIA for chicken insulin-like growth factor-II (cIGF-II) and its application to investigate the developmental changes in IGF-II in the chicken and turkey are described. A double-antibody RIA has been developed using recombinantly derived cIGF-II as antigen, radiolabelled tracer and standard. Serial dilutions of chicken and turkey plasma were parallel to serial dilutions of cIGF-II standard. We have also established that acid/ethanol extraction of chicken and turkey plasma reduced possible interference of insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins in the RIA. Consumption of a low-protein diet by male chickens lowered plasma IGF-I twofold, whereas IGF-II levels were unchanged. Food withdrawal evoked an increase in circulating IGF-II, while IGF-I levels were reduced. Refeeding returned both growth factors to normal circulating concentrations. During chick embryo incubation, plasma IGF-II levels were tenfold higher than those of IGF-I. In the turkey embryo, plasma IGF-II concentrations were higher than those of IGF-I. During the post-hatch period. IGF-II levels declined with age in chickens. In the growing turkey, IGF-II levels were consistently higher than IGF-I levels. The application of the homologous RIA to monitor plasma levels during embryonic development and post-hatch growth in avian species will provide more accurate comparisons of results from studies on the role of IGF-II in growth and metabolism of domestic birds.
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Ács, Virág, Szilvia Áprily, József Nagy, László Kacsala, János Tossenberger, Nóra Katalin Szeli, and Veronika Halas. "Multiple Effects of Egg Weight, in Ovo Carbohydrates, and Sex of Birds on Posthatch Performance in Broilers." Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 9 (September 10, 2022): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090491.
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Chickens raised for their meat (Gallus gallus domesticus) tend to have a critical phase of life right after hatching due to the management of modern production systems. Early nutrition strategies such as in ovo intervention can be an alternative means to support growth and gut health by compensating for the energy deficit after pipping out of the egg. In the current study, 1200 Ross 308 eggs were used to examine the effects of a complex carbohydrate solution of disaccharides and glucose applied in ovo on hatchability, the hatching time of different-sized eggs, and the development, performance, and carcass characteristics of broilers of both sexes. The eggs were divided into three treatment groups: intact (NT), in ovo saline (ioS), and in ovo carbohydrate mixture (ioCH). The incubation protocol was performed according to the recommendations of Aviagen (2019), and the in ovo process was carried out on day 17 by manually injecting 0.5 mL of the solutions into the amniotic fluid. After hatching, the birds were kept in floor pens until day 35 and fed ad libitum in a three-phase feeding program. Body weight, average daily weight gain, feed intake and conversion, and carcass characteristics were measured during the trial. In ovo carbohydrates reduced hatchability by 15%, while growth performance and the weight of thigh and breast muscle were enhanced significantly (p < 0.05) compared with ioS as a possible outcome of carbohydrate-to-muscle satellite cell proliferation and protein accumulation. However, further study is needed to refine the in ovo carbohydrate supplementation method to minimize the mortality of embryos during hatching.
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Al-Qahdi, Shaikha S., Nada Alzohari, Abrar Y. Alsaid, Anas A. Ashour, Tahar Aboulkassim, Semir Vranic, Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa, and Ashraf A. Khalil. "Teucrium Polium Plant Extract Provokes Substantial Cytotoxicity at the Early Stage of Embryonic Development." Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 19, no. 1 (February 12, 2019): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2018.4052.
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The aim of this study is to explore the outcome of Teucrium polium (TP) medicinal plant consumption on the early stage of fetal development. We used the chicken embryo at 3 days of incubation as a model to evaluate the effect of TP plant extract during embryogenesis. In addition, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was applied to explore the expression of six genes related to cell proliferation, apoptosis, survival, angiogenesis, and migration. Our data revealed that TP exposure inhibits angiogenesis of the chicken embryo and its chorioallantoic membrane. In addition, we found that TP extract significantly harms the normal development of the embryos since around 95% of TP-exposed embryos died after 1–3 days of treatment. Macroscopic examination did not show any anomalies in these embryos. However, qPCR analysis of activation transcription factor-3, B-cell lymphoma-2, caspase 8, inhibin subunit beta A, vascular endothelial growth factor-C, and Cadherin-6 type-2 genes revealed that these genes are considerably deregulated in heart and brain tissues from TP-exposed embryos in comparison with their matched tissues from unexposed ones. Our study implies that TP plant can have very toxic effects on the early stage of the embryo. Therefore, it is important to alert expectant women to avoid the use of this medicinal plant during pregnancy.
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Kuznetsova, L. A., S. A. Plesneva, A. O. Shpakov, and T. S. Sharova. "Stimulatory Effect of Insulin and Epidermal Growth Factor on Activity of Protein Kinase A, Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase, and Glycogen Synthase in Skeletal Muscles of Chick Embryos and Chickens." Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology 40, no. 4 (July 2004): 409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:joey.0000046538.43466.bc.
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Al-Kharusi, Ahlam, Sumaya Al-Mahrouqi, and Esmail K. Shubber. "Influence of Heat Stress on Development of Chick Embryo (in ovo)." Journal of Biotechnology Research Center 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24126/jobrc.2012.6.1.191.
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The present study was conducted to determine the adverse effects of high incubation temperature on growth, development and genome stability of broiler chick embryo in ovo). One hundred twenty broiler eggs from Cobb Company, USA were weighted and divided into two groups. The first group was incubated at 37oC ± 0.5oC, and the second group was incubated at 41oC ± 0.5oC from 0 to 18th day. Starting on day 4th and every other day; three eggs from each group were examined following performed measurements as weight of eggs post incubation, embryo, yolk, and egg shell for measuring growth index. Blood smear was also prepared for counting heterophiles, and lymphocytes to determine H/L ratio. Micronucleus formation and presence of binucleated red blood cells were investigated as genome stability parameters, in 2000 cells. Significant reduction (P<0.01) in growth indices was observed in embryos grown at 41oC compared to those grown at 37oC ± 0.5oC. Reduction in H/L ratio was statistically significant (p≤0.01) in embryos of 2nd group comparing to 1st group embryos. Blood of embryo from heat stress group group (2) showed Red blood cells with micronuclei and binucleated cells while no such phenomenon could be seen in embryos from control group group (1). These results suggested that heat stress is influencing cell division at telophase and induces chromosomal damage. 88% of chicks from group (1) were hatched on day 21st; only 18% of chicks from group (2) were hatched lately on day 23rd, while the others were found dead. These results indicate that heat stress not only adversely affects growth and development of embryo stem cells but also induces genome instability which intern resulted in poultry production losses.
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Хохлов, Р. Ю., and С. И. Кузнецов. "GROWTH OF THE CHICKEN EMBRYO AND ITS REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS." Niva Povolzh`ia, no. 3(56) (December 17, 2020): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.36461/np.2020.56.3.019.
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Статья посвящена анализу относительного прироста массы и длины куриного эмбриона и его репродуктивных органов. На основании полученных данных установлена асинхронность изменения изучаемых показателей. Выявлено, что прирост массы куриного эмбриона проходил с чередованием периодов увеличения и снижения темпов роста изучаемого показателя. Наиболее интенсивный прирост массы показали куриные эмбрионы в интервале эмбриогенеза 12-13 суток. Максимальный прирост массы яичника куриного эмбриона так же приходится на этот возрастной интервал. Минимальный прирост массы куриного эмбриона зафиксирован в возрастном периоде 11-12 суток и 18-19 суток. Рост длины эмбриона имеет более выровненные значения, по сравнению с ростом массы эмбриона, так как за наблюдаемый период (11-20 суток) находился в диапазоне 8-12 %, и только в интервале 19-20 суток составил лишь 3 %. Результаты исследования показали, что развитие яйцевода и яичника проходит асинхронно. Это проявляется в том, что темп прироста массы яйцевода постепенно увеличивается, а темпы прироста массы яичника, напротив, снижаются в течение эмбрионального развития. The article is devoted to the analysis of the relative increase in the mass and length of the chicken embryo and its reproductive organs. Based on the data obtained, the asynchrony of changes in the studied indicators is found. It was found that the increase in the mass of the chicken embryo took place with alternating periods of increase and decrease in the growth rate of the studied indicator. The most intensive weight increase was shown by chicken embryos in the embryogenesis interval of 12-13 days. The maximum increase in the ovarian mass of a chicken embryo also occurred in this age range. The minimum weight increase of a chicken embryo was noticed in the age period of 11-12 days and 18-19 days. The increase of the embryo length has more levelled values compared to the increase of the embryo mass, since during the observed period (11-20 days) it was in the range of 8-12 %, and only in the range of 19-20 days it was only 3 %. The results of the study showed that the developments of the oviduct and ovary are asynchronous. This is seen in the fact that the rate of oviduct mass growth gradually increases, while the rate of ovarian mass growth, on the contrary, decreases during embryonic development.
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Zhang, Haihan, Dongfeng Li, Lingbin Liu, Ling Xu, Mo Zhu, Xi He, and Yang Liu. "Cellular Composition and Differentiation Signaling in Chicken Small Intestinal Epithelium." Animals 9, no. 11 (October 27, 2019): 870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9110870.
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The small intestine plays an important role for animals to digest and absorb nutrients. The epithelial lining of the intestine develops from the embryonic endoderm of the embryo. The mature intestinal epithelium is composed of different types of functional epithelial cells that are derived from stem cells, which are located in the crypts. Chickens have been widely used as an animal model for researching vertebrate embryonic development. However, little is known about the molecular basis of development and differentiation within the chicken small intestinal epithelium. This review introduces processes of development and growth in the chicken gut, and compares the cellular characteristics and signaling pathways between chicken and mammals, including Notch and Wnt signaling that control the differentiation in the small intestinal epithelium. There is evidence that the chicken intestinal epithelium has a distinct cellular architecture and proliferation zone compared to mammals. The establishment of an in vitro cell culture model for chickens will provide a novel tool to explore molecular regulation of the chicken intestinal development and differentiation.