Relevant bibliographies by topics / Chickens

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Chickens'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Chickens"

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Feng, Ze-Qing, Ting Lian, Yong Huang, Qing Zhu, and Yi-Ping Liu. "Expression Pattern of Genes of RLR-Mediated Antiviral Pathway in Different-Breed Chicken Response to Marek’s Disease Virus Infection." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/419256.

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It has been known that the chicken’s resistance to disease was affected by chicken’s genetic background. And RLR-mediated antiviral pathway plays an important role in detection of viral RNA. However, little is known about the interaction of genetic background with RLR-mediated antiviral pathway in chicken against MDV infection. In this study, we adopted economic line-AA broilers and native Erlang mountainous chickens for being infected with MDV. Upon infection with MDV, the expression ofMDA-5was upregulated in two-breed chickens at 4, 7, and 21 d.p.i. It is indicated that MDA-5 might be involved in detecting MDV in chicken. Interestingly, the expression ofIRF-3andIFN-βgenes was decreased in spleen and thymus of broilers at 21 d.p.i, but it was upregulated in immune tissues of Erlang mountainous chickens. And the genome load of MDV in spleen of broiler is significantly higher than that in Erlang mountainous chickens. Meanwhile, we observed that the death of broiler mainly also occurred in this phase. Collectively, these present results demonstrated that the expression patters ofIRF-3andIFN-βgenes in chicken against MDV infection might be affected by the genetic background which sequently influence the resistance of chicken response to MDV.
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Rowiyanti, Wa Ode, Junaedi, and Suparman. "Pertumbuhan bobot badan ayam hasil persilangan ayam Kampung dengan ayam Bangkok." Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Peternakan 3, no. 1 (January 29, 2022): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31605/jstp.v3i1.1300.

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Efforts that can be made to improve the performance of native chickens are by crossing them with Bangkok chickens. This study aims to determine the growth of body weight from cross-breeding between Kampung chicken and Bangkok chicken. As many as 30 male chicks from a cross between Kampung and Bangkok chickens were used in this study. The crosses used are rooster chicks. The weight of DOC chickens from Bangkok male and Kampung female was 35.22 ± 0.96 grams. There was a significant increase in growth in chickens from crosses between Kampung male and Bangkok female starting at the age of 5 weeks to 8 weeks of age, reaching a body weight of 729.39±39.10 grams. The conclusion of this study was that the growth of Kampung male crossed with Bangkok female can increase the body weight growth of their offspring. A significant increase in performance in crosses between Kampung and Bangkok chickens occurred from 5 weeks of age to 8 weeks of age.
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Tunsisa, Legesse, and Sunkurta Digesa. "Egg Quality Parameters Evaluation of Indigenous and Sasso Chicken in Sidama Region, Ethiopia." Middle East Research Journal of Agriculture and Food Science 4, no. 02 (March 1, 2024): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/merjafs.2024.v04i02.002.

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A study was conducted at Aleta Wondo district of Sidama Region to evaluate quality parameters of eggs collected from indigenous and Sasso chickens reared under a traditional management system. About 100 eggs from each chicken type were collected from households who keep indigenous or Sasso chicken. Eggs were transported to Hawassa university poultry farm for quality parameters analysis. External and internal egg quality analysis was done according to laboratory procedure. Collected data was analyzed using SAS (Version 9.0). Results indicated that eggs collected from Sasso chicken showed superiority over indigenous chicken’s eggs for egg weight, egg length, egg width, shell weight, shell thickness and surface area. There is no significant difference on shape index and shell percentage of eggs collected from indigenous and Sasso chickens. Shape index recorded was 72.66 and 74.04 for indigenous and Sasso chickens respectively. Albumen weight was statistically higher for eggs collected from Sasso chickens (P<0.0001). Eggs from indigenous chickens have superiority over Sasso’s eggs for yolk ratio, Haugh Unit and yolk albumen ratio. However, there is no significant variation on albumen height, yolk weight, yolk height, yolk color, yolk diameter and yolk index. It can be concluded that Sasso chicken produce heavier eggs than indigenous chicken. Yolk related parameters are similar for indigenous and Sasso chicken eggs produced at traditional management system.
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Kristianti, S., C. Vivienne, S. Andela, and E. Rukmini. "Lactobacillus Substitution as a Chicken Antibiotic Growth Promotor: A Systematic Review." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1116, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1116/1/012041.

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Abstract Antibiotic usage in chickens can help to prevent disease and increase their growth rate. However, many farmers ignore the doses and the withdrawal time of antibiotics usage for chickens so that it can cause antibiotic residue in chicken meat. This antibiotic residue can cause health problems, so it is necessary to take action to reduce or find other alternatives for antibiotic usage in chickens. Therefore, our research objective was to summarize the records of tetracycline residue in broiler chickens. In addition, this research also identifies the effect of Lactobacillus usage as an antibiotic replacement. This research was a systematic review. The systematic review intended to synthesize in detail the information about natural ingredients for antibiotic substitutes and their effect on chicken’s growth from Google scholar, Science Direct, and Pub Med with the keywords “Tetracycline effect,” “Probiotics antibiotic,” “Lactobacillus antibiotics,” “Chicken antibiotics,” “Tetracycline residue” and “Chicken growth.” The results obtained from this systematic literature review were that the residual levels found in chicken samples from Indonesia and Egypt ranged from 0.7 to 61.05 mg/kg. In addition, the addition of Lactobacillus had a positive effect on the weight of chickens, namely the addition of 23.3 to 1421.67 g. This study concluded that the residual levels of tetracycline in chickens exceed the safe consumption limits set by the Standard Nasional Indonesia (SNI). The usage of Lactobacillus was common as feed additives.
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Janovie, Arria, Rusdi Rusdi, and Atin Supiyani. "Uji Efektivitas Vaksin Flu Burung Subtipe H5N1 pada Ayam Kampung di Legok, Tangerang, Banten." BIOMA 10, no. 2 (December 30, 2014): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/bioma10(2).6.

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Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of Avian Flu Vaccine Subtype H5N1 on native chicken. There were several inclusion criteria to selected the chicks. The criteria were just native chicken in Legok, at least 8 weeks old and never been had previous vaccine program. Total of 20 chickens were used as samples. All chicken was split in two cages, cage A contained 10 chickens were treated with vaccine and cage B contained 10 chickens as a control. Then 0.5 mL of vaccine administered intramuscularly in the chicken breast. The effectiveness of vaccination determined by measuring antibody titers before and 3 weeks after vaccination program. Measurement of antibody titers obtained by HI (Hemagglutination Inhibition) test method. Result showed that antibody titers of native chicken increased after vaccination program. There were 70% of samples that have been vaccinated could be protected against the virus. Three chickens as a control had positive titers prior to vaccination with a range of 21 - 22. Key Word : test of effectiveness, homologue killed vaccine, antibody titers.
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Ngogo, Grace E., Fadhili S. Guni, and Athumani S. Nguluma. "Management Systems and Productivity of Indigenous Chickens in Busokelo District, Mbeya Region, Tanzania." European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 5, no. 1 (February 7, 2023): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejfood.2023.5.1.629.

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A study was conducted in Busokelo district, Mbeya region to assess the management systems and productivity of indigenous chickens under village management conditions. A total of 90 respondents from three purposively selected wards were involved in the study. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and data collected included household characteristics and those related to chicken management practices including selection, housing, feeding, culling practices, marketing of chickens, diseases, and health care practices. Other information collected was the productive and reproductive traits of chickens. Data was entered into excel and analysis was carried out using SAS software [1]. The average chicken flock size was 29.88 with the flock dominated by chicks and few cocks. The majority of farmers were raising the chicken in scavenging (55.6%) and semi-intensive (40%) systems. More than half of the respondents reported practicing supplementation, providing drinking water, housing, and treating birds when they are sick. The average age at sexual maturity for male and female chickens was 6.93 and 7.24 months respectively. Clutch size per hen, hatchability, survivability, and annual egg production per hen per year was 14.4 eggs, 83.71%, 55.64%, and 46.6 eggs respectively. Indigenous chicken production in Busokelo district is largely practiced in small-scale semi-intensive and free-range systems with a reasonably good rate of adoption of good management practices such as supplementation, provision of housing, drinking water, and healthcare. The productive and reproductive performance of the chicken is within the range reported for most other indigenous chickens in Africa. However, chick mortality was observed to be very high due to diseases and predation. Improvement in management of chickens, especially young chicks is recommended to increase flock size and reduce loss due to high mortality.
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Sutriyono, Sutriyono, Bieng Brata, and Dadang Suherman. "DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL POULTRY, BURGO CHICKEN TO IMPROVE FOOD SECURITY IN BENGKULU." Jurnal Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis 7, no. 2 (April 11, 2023): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jepa.2023.007.02.39.

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<p align="center"><strong><em>ABSTRACT</em></strong></p><p>This study aims to evaluate the production, population, and develop scenarios for the development of burgo chicken. The research was conducted for 3 months in Bengkulu Tengah, Bengkulu Province. Thirty-eight respondents were selected by the snowball sampling method used in this study. Data obtained through interview. filling out questionnaires, and observing; covering the identity of respondents, rearing management, production, and population; then a population development scenario is prepared. Research result, the purpose of raising chickens for food production, business, hunting chickens, and ornamental chickens. Chickens are housed during the day and night, released during the day and night, and a combination. Egg production 6-12 eggs/hen/period, an average of 8.64 eggs/hen/period; egg laying period 2-6 times/year, average 3.14. Total egg production per year is 2946, incubated is 90.98%, egg hatchability is 80.17%; and produced 2148 chicks. The population of burgo chickens was 357 (hens 29.97%, roosters 25.21%, chicks 29.41%, and young chickens 15.41%). The highest selling value of burgo chicken is IDR 800000 (decorated chicken) and the lowest is IDR 50000. In conclusion, burgo chicken has high productivity and selling value which is able to support food security through the provision of animal food and people's purchasing power increases, and population development is slow due to poor management. Recommendations, population development by multiplying hens, improving rearing and hatchery management, increasing egg laying period, reducing mortality, and preventing predators.</p><p> </p>
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Haryo, Albiruni, Ivana Aginta Br Ginting, and Dyah Ayu Oktavianie. "Macroscopic and Microscopic Identification in Native Chicken (Gallus domesticus) Organ with Helminthiasis." Jurnal Medik Veteriner 4, no. 1 (April 15, 2021): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jmv.vol4.iss1.2021.160-164.

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The native chickens collected from the Blimbing Malang Market were found with a state of lethargy and diarrhea. Native chickens were dissected to find out pathological abnormalities that occurred in the chicken's body by carrying out physical examinations and histopathological examinations. Based on the results of observations and examinations carried out both macroscopically and microscopically after necropsy chickens, the organs of chickens that have pathological abnormalities are the duodenum, jejunum and pulmo. The duodenum and jejunum had nematode infestations which showed villi erosion, hemorrhage, liquefactive necrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Pulmo had hemorrhagic parabronchii, atelectasis of blood capillaries, cloudy swelling, and congestion of blood vessels. The visible abnormality of the small intestine organ damage leads to chicken disease to nematode worm infestation.
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Berchieri, A., and P. A. Barrow. "Further studies on the inhibition of colonization of the chicken alimentary tract withSalmonella typhimuriumby pre–colonization with an avirulent mutant." Epidemiology and Infection 104, no. 3 (June 1990): 427–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800047440.

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SUMMARYOral administration to newly hatched chickens or to chicks up to 5 days of age with an avirulent, rough, spectinomycin–resistant mutant ofSalmonella typhimuriumstrain F98 inhibited the colonization of a nalidixic acid–resistant mutant of the same strain administered by the same route 1 day later. The second strain passed rapidly through the alimentary tract and persisted in the caeca of only a few chickens. Resistance to colonization did not develop until 24 h after inoculation of the first strain but was still evident if the second strain was inoculated up to 7 days later. Resistance occurred in 5 different breeds of chicken and in chickens reared on 5 different diets. Protection was evident against a very high challenge dose and could be produced by the introduction of small numbers of the first strain. Pre–colonization of chicks with the first strain of F98 reduced faecal excretion of the second strain over many weeks, whether chickens were challenged directly or by contact with other infected chickens. The rough strain F98 produced protection against only a few S.typhimuriumstrains and not against other serotypes. However, strains of S.infantisandS. heidelberg, chosen because they colonized the chicken alimentary tract better than did F98, produced inhibition of a wider range of serotypes.
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Puspita, Utin Elsya, Hendry T. S. S. G. Saragih, Tety Hartatik, and Budi Setiadi Daryono. "Body Weight Gain and Carcass Quality of the Hybrid Chicken Derived from the Crossing between Female F1 Kampung Super and Male F1 Kampung-Broiler." Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 6, no. 2 (June 4, 2021): 60934. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.60934.

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This research was conducted to observe the body weight gain and carcass quality of the hybrid chicken derived from the crossing between female F1 Kampung Super and male F1 Kampung-Broiler. The weekly weight gain for seven weeks and carcass quality, including breast yield, protein content, lipid content, moisture, and pH were measured with each group consists of six individuals. The chickens were slaughtered for meat quality measurements on the 7th week. The results showed that the hybrid chickens’ weight at the 7th week (888.22±139.63) was higher than layer (467.06±85.7) and pelung (436.39±42.33). The hybrid chicken’s breast yield (3.20%) was significantly higher than pelung’s (1.66%). These characteristics of hybrid chicken breast muscle lead to the conclusion that hybrid chicken is a potential alternative meat-type chicken with local chicken meat characteristics and has relatively fast growth.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Chickens"

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Cosenza, Grace Catherine. "A chicken in every pot the architectural transformation of chicken houses in Sussex County, Delaware, 1923-present /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 115 p, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1253509891&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Khorrami, Sheva. "Hematocrit, hematocrit Regulation and its effect on oxygen consumption in the late stage chicken embryo (Gallus domesticus)." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2004. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4598/.

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Hematocrit and hematocrit regulation have the potential to affect developing embryos. To examine the ability of chicken embryos at day 15 to regulate hematocrit, they were subjected to either repeated saline injections (5% of total blood volume) or repeated blood removal (5% of total blood volume). Embryos showed an ability to maintain hematocrit (~20%) despite blood volume increases up to 115% of initial blood volume. Embryos were not able to maintain hematocrit in the face of dramatic blood volume loss. Oxygen consumption of embryos could be affected by their level of hematocrit. To examine this, chicken embryos at day 15, 16, and 17 of incubation were given a high hematocrit (~50-60%) sample of blood (400 μl) to artificially increase the hematocrit of the embryos (~10-12%). Despite the increase in oxygen availability, when monitored over a period of six hours, embryos showed no difference (0.36 ± 0.01 (ml O2 - min-1- egg-1) in metabolism from baseline measurements at day 15, 16 and 17.
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Molepo, Lephai Sarah. "Effect of moringa seed meal supplementation on productivity and carcass characteristics of ross 308 broiler chickens." Thesis, University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1340.

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Thesis (MSc. Agriculture (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of moringa seed meal supplementation on productivity and carcass characteristics of Ross 308 broiler chickens. The first experiment determined the effect of moringa seed meal supplementation on productivity of Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to 21 days. Two hundred and fifty unsexed day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments, replicated five times, and each replication having 10 chickens. A completely randomized design was used. The chickens were fed on a grower diet supplemented with 0 (M0), 5 (M5), 10 (M10), 15 (M15) and 20 (M20) g of moringa seed meal/bird/day. Moringa seed meal supplementation had no effect (P>0.05) on feed intake, metabolisable energy intake, nitrogen retention, feed conversion ratio and live weight of unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens. Moringa seed meal supplementation improved (P<0.05) growth rates of unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to 21 days. A moringa seed meal supplementation level of 13.3 g/kg DM feed optimized growth rate of Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to 21 days. The second experiment determined the effect of moringa seed meal supplementation on productivity and carcass characteristics of female Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 22 to 42 days. The chickens weighing 558 ± 10 g/bird were randomly allocated to five treatments with five replications having 10 birds. The chickens, aged 21 days, were allocated to the treatments in a completely randomized design. The chickens were fed on a grower diet supplemented with 0 (FM0), 5 (FM5), 10 (FM10), 15 (FM15) and 20 (FM20) g of moringa seed meal per kg DM. Moringa seed meal supplementation had no effect (P>0.05) on feed intake, growth rate, feed conversion ratio, live weight, metabolisable energy intake, carcass weight, breast meat weight, abdominal fat pad weight, liver weight, heart weight, thigh weight, meat flavour, juiciness and tenderness of female Ross 308 broiler chickens. However, moringa seed meal supplementation improved (P<0.05) nitrogen retention and gizzard weights of female Ross 308 broiler chickens. vi It was concluded that moringa seed meal supplementation improved growth rate of unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to 21 days. Similarly, moringa seed meal supplementation increased nitrogen retention and gizzard weights of female Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 22 to 42 days.
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Mafiri, Matseko Nkele. "Effect of supplementing diets with effective microorganisms on intake, growth and carcass characteristics of ross 308 broiler chickens." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1390.

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Thesis (M.Sc. (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of supplementing diets with effective microorganisms on intake, growth and carcass characteristics of Ross 308 broiler chickens. The first experiment determined the effect of supplementing diets with effective microorganisms on performance of unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to three weeks. Two hundred unsexed day-old chicks were randomly assigned to five treatments with four replications, each replication having ten birds. A complete randomized design was used. The chickens were fed a grower diet supplemented with 0 (EM0), 30 (EM30), 50 (EM50), 70 (EM70) or 100 (EM100) ml of effective microorganisms per litre of water. Effective microorganism supplementation did not improve (P>0.05) diet and metabolisable energy intakes of the chickens. Effective microorganism supplementation reduced (P<0.05) growth rate and live weight of the chickens. Poorer (P<0.05) feed conversion ratios were observed in chickens supplemented with effective microorganisms. However, effective microorganism supplementation improved (P<0.05) crude protein retention of the chickens. Supplementation with effective microorganisms reduced (P<0.05) mortality rate of the chickens from 10 to 0 %. The second experiment determined the effect of supplementing diets with effective microorganisms on performance of male Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 22 to 42 days. The chickens were randomly allocated to five treatments with four replications, each replication having 10 birds. The chickens aged 21 days, weighing 474 ± 2g, were allocated to the treatments in a complete randomized design. The chickens were fed a grower diet supplemented with 0 (EMM0), 30 (EMM30), 50 (EMM50, 70 (EMM70) or 100 (EMM100) ml of effective microorganisms per litre of water. Effective microorganism supplementation did not improve (P>0.05) intake, DM digestibility, metabolisable energy, feed conversion ratio, fat pad weight and meat sensory attributes of the chickens. Effective microorganism supplementation reduced (P<0.05) growth rate, live weight and carcass weight of the chickens. However, effective microorganism supplementation improved (P<0.05) crude protein retention and crude protein content of meat of the chickens. Supplementation with effective microorganisms reduced (P<0.05) mortality of the chickens from 5 to 0 %. v It is concluded that effective microorganism supplementation to the diets of Ross 308 broiler chickens reduced growth rate and live weight of the chickens. However, effective microorganism supplementation improved crude protein retention and crude protein content of the meat of broiler chickens. Supplementation with effective microorganisms reduced mortality of the chickens to zero.
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Mtileni, B. J. "Assessing productivity and diversity of South African chicken genetic resources." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18093.

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Thesis (PhD (Animal Sciences))--Stellenbosch University, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The current study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of the current South African chicken conservation programmes in conserving the genetic diversity of village chicken populations. Village chicken farmer’s production constraints such as feed availability, chicken mortality, prevalence of diseases and chicken sales were influenced by gender, age, wealth status, production system, chicken flock size, type of chicken breed owned, accessibility of veterinary services, availability of supplements, vaccines and shelter. Considerable phenotypic heterogeneity in qualitative traits of indigenous chicken populations and their distributions in different regions of South Africa revealed the absence of selection on a preferred phenotype, showing that the population is not standardized. Genetic diversity studies using both microsatellites and mtDNA markers demonstrated that the conservation flocks of South African chickens displayed considerable genetic variability that is different from that of the assumed founder populations (field chicken populations). The indigenous chicken mtDNA further revealed multiple maternal lineages in South African chickens, where conservation flocks and field chicken populations shared these major haplotypes A, D and E which are presumed to be of Chinese, South East Asia and Indian subcontinent origin, respectively. The overall findings of the study increased awareness of the importance of genetic management and utilization of indigenous chicken genetic resources of South Africa. As a result, the study provides a base-line dataset to complement the decision-making process on designing proper conservation strategies for South African indigenous chicken genetic resources.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die huidige studie is onderneem om die doeltreffendheid van die Suid-Afrikaanse hoenderbewarings programme in die bewaring van genetiese diversiteit in dorphoender bevolkings. Dorp hoenderboere se produksie beperkinge soos voerbeskikbaarheid, hoender mortaliteit, die voorkoms van siektes en hoenderverkope word beïnvloed deur geslag, ouderdom, rykdom status, produksie sisteem, hoender kudde grootte, tipe hoenderras, toegang tot veeartsenydienste, beskikbaarheid van supplemente, inentstowwe en skuiling. Merkbare fenotipiese variasie in kwalitatiewe eienskappe van die inheemse hoenderbevolking en hul verspreiding in verskillende areas van Suid-Afrika, is aanduidend dat daar nie seleksie plaasvind vir ‘n voorkeur fenotipe nie, wat dus toon dat die bevolking nie gestandardiseer is nie. Genetiese diversiteit studies met behulp van beide mikrosatelliete en mtDNA merkers het getoon dat die bewaringskuddes van Suid- Afrikaanse hoenders vertoon merkbare genetiese variasie wat verskil van die veronderstelde stigter bevolkings (veldhoender populasies). Die inheemse hoenders mtDNA het verder onthul dat verskeie moederlike afstammelinge in die Suid Afrikaanse hoenders, major haplotipes A, D, E wat afkomstig is vanaf die Chinese, Suid-Oos Asië en die Indiese subkontitent onderskeidelik; gedeel word saam met die bewaringskuddes en die veldhoender populasie. Die algemene bevindige van die studie verhoog die bewustheid van die belangrikheid van genetiese bestuur en benutting van inheemse hoender genetiese hulpbronne van Suid-Afrika. As gevolg hiervan, verskaf die studie ‘n basis-lyn datastel vir die besluitnemingproses oor die ontwerp van ‘n ordentlike bewaring strategieë vir die Suid-Afrikaanse inheemse hoender genetiese hulpbronne.
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McConnell, Claire Deborah. "Effects of chicken anaemia virus on cell-mediated immune function in chickens." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317510.

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Nagaraj, Manonmani. "Evaluation of nutrition and management factors in the etiology of pododermatitis in broiler chickens." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/Send%206-15-07/NAGARAJ_MANONMANI_39.pdf.

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Reed, Shawna Eileen. "Estimation of genetic parameters of egg production in Single Comb White Leghorn chickens developed from a straincross." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24903.

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In 1957, strains 3 and 4, two highly selected but unrelated strains of Single Comb White Leghorn chickens from Agriculture Canada's Animal Research Station at Ottawa were crossed to establish the Agassiz strain (strain 6). Further selection was imposed on strain 6 for improvements in hen-housed egg production (HHEP) based on part-records to 273 days and maintenance of egg weight, fertility, hatchability and viability. Data from 1957 to 1963 were analysed utilizing the SAS programs. There were no significant improvements in performance for HHEP, but egg weight, fertility, hatchability and viability were maintained. The lack of response to selection for HHEP was probably due to the following reasons: 1) too many traits were considered in the selection program at the same time, 2) negative genetic correlations existed among the selected traits, 3) strict adherence to a selection scheme was not practiced, 4) most of the traits under selection had low heritabilities, 5) the duration of the study was not long enough, and 6) the population size of strain 6 may not have been large enough. There was a significant decrease in body weight at 365 days (-4.33 ± 0.48, p < 0.0009). This decrease may be because of selection within full-sibs for more refined birds with better conformation as parents of the next generation. There were significant decreases in egg specific gravity at 225 and 450 days, and in Haugh units at 225 days, although Haugh units were increasing when measured at 450 days. The mean h²s for HHEP was 0.45, and the mean h²s for egg production to 273 days was 0.20 and the mean h²d for the same trait was 0.33. The mean h²s and h²d estimates for egg weight at 225 days were 0.60 and 0.50, respectively. The mean h²s and h²d for age at sexual maturity were 0.22 and 0.33, respectively, and those for body weight at 365 days were 0.53 and 0.62, respectively. The mean h²s and h²d for egg specific gravity at 225 were 0.64 and 0.33, respectively while those for Haugh units at 225 days were 0.57 and 0.68, respectively. These estimates were consistent with those found in the literature. The sctual selection differentials showed that selection was positive for egg production, while those for egg weight at 225 days were zero, and those for body weight at 365 days showed that selection was in the downward direction on the sires.
Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Marco, Heather Gaile. "Hypomelanosis in chickens." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27045.

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Hypomelanosis, a severe reduction in pigmentation, is a widespread phenomenon which affects many different vertebrate species, including humans and chickens. The cause(s) of various forms of hypomelanosis is (are) not known. The aim of this study was to determine the cause of hypomelanosis in a breed of white chickens (White Plymouth Rock x Pile Game). It was hoped that this hypomelanotic breed may provide insight into the etiopathogenesis of certain human hypomelanotic disorders, such as vitiligo and albinism. To determine whether melanocytes are present in the hypomelanotic skin, two melanocyte-specific assays were carried out, in situ DOPA histochemistry and a sensitive radiometric assay for tyrosinase. The results show that active tyrosinase was present in 8, 9 and 10 day skins. However, unlike normal black skin, the level of tyrosinase did not increase with age, suggesting that the melanocytes either die or that they do not continue to synthesise tyrosinase. Ultrastructurally, these melanocytes appeared to be morphologically normal and they did not show signs of premature degeneration. Unlike black chick melanocytes, however, they contained very few premelanosomes and fully melanised melanosomes were never observed, suggesting that hypomelanosis results from the arrested development (melanisation) of melanosomes in vivo. Two different experiments were carried out to determine whether this blockage in melanogenesis is intrinsic in the melanocyte or whether it is caused by extrinsic environmental factors. The outcome of these studies were conflicting: 1) In culture, white chick neural crest cells produced pigment, suggesting that the melanocyte is not defective. However, ultrastructural examination of these cultured melanocytes showed that they contained a large proportion of partially melanised melanosomes. 2) Black chick neural crest cells migrated into white skin explants and contributed towards pigment in the developing feathers, suggesting that the white chick tissue environment is also not defective. The results hint that hypomelanosis in the white chicks is caused by the interaction of at least two genetic defects: an intrinsic mutation of the melanocyte, as well as an extrinsic mutation in the melanocyte environment that, in combination, exert an inhibitory influence on melanin synthesis. This study shows that, in situ, white chick melanocytes share some features with ty-pos albino melanocytes and may be representative of this pigmentary disorder. White Plymouth Rock x Pile Game chicks may also be useful as a model for the multi-faceted disorder, vitiligo.
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Kingsbury, Laura. "Comparisons of microbial counts in organic chickens and commercially processed chickens." Menomonie, WI : University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2006. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2006/2006kingsburyl.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Chickens"

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Gorbachev, Valeri. Chicken chickens. New York: North-South Books, 2001.

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Gorbachev, Valeri. Chicken chickens. New York: North-South Books, 2001.

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ill, Henry Greg, ed. Chickens! chickens! New York: Orchard Books, 1995.

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Byard, Jack. Know your chickens. Petersburg, PA: Fox Chapel Pub., 2011.

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Gorbachev, Valeri. Chicken chickens go to school. New York: North-South Books, 2003.

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Ray, Hannah. Chickens. New York, NY: Crabtree Pub. Co., 2008.

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Meister, Cari. Chickens. Minneapolis, MN: Jump!, 2012.

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Bédoyère, Camilla De la. Chickens. London: QED, 2010.

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William, Muñoz, ed. Chickens. Mankato, Minn: Bridgestone Books, 1996.

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Stone, Lynn M. Chickens. Vero Beach, Fla: Rourke Corp., 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Chickens"

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Watkins, Joe, and Deborah L. Nichols. "Closet Chickens." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 2432–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30018-0_32.

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Watkins, Joe, and Deborah L. Nichols. "Closet Chickens." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 1–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_32-2.

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Watkins, Joe, and Deborah L. Nichols. "Closet Chickens." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 1505–7. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_32.

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Samston, M. S. "Catching Chickens." In Phunny Stuph, 101. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003237174-77.

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He, Wenliang, Peng Li, and Guoyao Wu. "Amino Acid Nutrition and Metabolism in Chickens." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 109–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54462-1_7.

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AbstractBoth poultry meat and eggs provide high-quality animal protein [containing sufficient amounts and proper ratios of amino acids (AAs)] for human consumption and, therefore, play an important role in the growth, development, and health of all individuals. Because there are growing concerns about the suboptimal efficiencies of poultry production and its impact on environmental sustainability, much attention has been paid to the formulation of low-protein diets and precision nutrition through the addition of low-cost crystalline AAs or alternative sources of animal-protein feedstuffs. This necessitates a better understanding of AA nutrition and metabolism in chickens. Although historic nutrition research has focused on nutritionally essential amino acids (EAAs) that are not synthesized or are inadequately synthesized in the body, increasing evidence shows that the traditionally classified nutritionally nonessential amino acids (NEAAs), such as glutamine and glutamate, have physiological and regulatory roles other than protein synthesis in chicken growth and egg production. In addition, like other avian species, chickens do not synthesize adequately glycine or proline (the most abundant AAs in the body but present in plant-source feedstuffs at low content) relative to their nutritional and physiological needs. Therefore, these two AAs must be sufficient in poultry diets. Animal proteins (including ruminant meat & bone meal and hydrolyzed feather meal) are abundant sources of both glycine and proline in chicken nutrition. Clearly, chickens (including broilers and laying hens) have dietary requirements for all proteinogenic AAs to achieve their maximum productivity and maintain optimum health particularly under adverse conditions such as heat stress and disease. This is a paradigm shift in poultry nutrition from the 70-year-old “ideal protein” concept that concerned only about EAAs to the focus of functional AAs that include both EAAs and NEAAs.
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Barrow, Paul A. "Probiotics for chickens." In Probiotics, 225–57. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2364-8_10.

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Webster, A. Bruce. "Behavior of Chickens." In Commercial Chicken Meat and Egg Production, 71–86. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0811-3_6.

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Scerri, Paul, Nancy Reed, Tobias Wiren, Mikael Lönneberg, and Pelle Nilsson. "Headless Chickens IV." In RoboCup 2000: Robot Soccer World Cup IV, 493–96. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45324-5_69.

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Scerri, Paul, Johan Ydrén, Tobias Wiren, Mikael Lönneberg, and Pelle Nilsson. "Headless Chickens III." In RoboCup-99: Robot Soccer World Cup III, 576–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45327-x_54.

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Johnson, D. D., and J. M. Tuchek. "The Epileptic Chickens." In Neurotransmitters and Epilepsy, 95–114. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-462-7_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Chickens"

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Kurt, B., A. Demirak, and D. Yildiz. "DETERMINATION OF SELENIUM IN CHICKEN AND EGGS USING MICROWAVE DIGESTION AND HYDRIDE GENERATION ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY." In SAKHAROV READINGS 2022: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute of Belarusian State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2022-2-135-137.

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In this study, the concentrations of Se were determined in muscle and liver of chickens, white part of eggs, and yellow part of eggs by using Microwave digestion and Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (HG-AAS). The samples of farm chickens, village grouse chickens, and eggs of them were collected from the Mugla region of Turkey. To confirm the accuracy of this method, DOLT 5 Dogfish Liver was used as standard reference material. The concentrations of Se in muscle and liver from samples of chicken and village grouse chicken were found as the lowest not determined and the highest 1.88 mg/kg. The average concentrations of Se in the samples of the yellow part of the farm chicken eggs and the village grouse chicken eggs were determined as 0.44 and 0.88 mg/kg, respectively.
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Petričević, Veselin, Miloš Lukić, Zdenka Škrbić, Vladimir Dosković, Simeon Rakonjac, Maja Petričević, and Danijel Milenković. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION AND SLAUGHTER PARAMETERS OF FAST-GROWING BROILER HYBRIDS." In 2nd International Symposium on Biotechnology. Faculty of Agronomy in Čačak, University of Kragujevac, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt29.24vp.

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This study aimed to explore how hybrid varieties impact broiler chickens’ production and slaughter performance. We applied standard rearing techniques over a 42-day period. The trial involved a total of 420 broiler chickens of the following hybrids: Cobb 500 and Ross 308. Weekly performance tests were conducted, assessing average daily gain, feed consumption, feed conversion rate, mortality, and European Poultry Efficiency Factor. After controlling for final body weights on the 42nd day, a random sample of 12 broilers per genotype, with an equal gender distribution, was selected for slaughter parameter analysis. Following slaughter traits were determined: pre-slaughter weight of chickens, slaughter yield, share of abdominal fat, chicken thigh circumference, and chest angle. The results revealed no significant difference in food consumption between the examined hybrids. Chickens of the Cobb 500 genotype exhibited significantly higher (p<0.01) gain and a more favorable feed conversion rate. Due to its better vitality, feed conversion rate, and gain, Cobb 500 chickens demonstrated significantly higher (p<0.01) European Poultry Efficiency Factor values. In contrast, Ross 308 chickens displayed statistically significantly lower (p<0.05) slaughter yield and chest angle values. At the same time, the proportion of abdominal fat and chicken thigh circumference showed no significant difference between the tested hybrids.
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Doković, Vladimir, and Snežana Bogosavljević-Bošković. "ENZIMI U ISHRANI BROJLERA." In XXVII savetovanje o biotehnologiji. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt27.229d.

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The paper presents the most important aspects of the action of exogenous enzymes (amylase, xylanase, glucanase, cellulase, hemicellulase, pectinase, phytase and protease) added to broiler feed. The addition of broiler feed enzymes has nutritional, health, economic and environmental justification. The use of complexes of exogenous enzymes (enzyme cocktails) as additives to complete mixtures for feeding broiler chickens in different phases of fattening, significantly increases the availability of reserve polysaccharides, fats, proteins and some minerals, better energy efficiency from food, better health of chickens, better quality carcasses and chicken meat, reducing the cost of feeding fattening chickens (and thus the total cost of production), as well as reducing environmental pollution and is one of the easiest feasible alternatives to improve the profitability of production in poultry.
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Kuevda, T. A., and P. S. Ostapchuk. "Effect of Satureja montana essential oil on growth performance of broiler chickens." In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2020-5-9-10-133.

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To study the effect of Satureja montana essential oil on the performance of broiler chicken was the primary aim of this research. In the course of the studies, the highly reliable effectiveness of the mountain savory essential oil was noted. Broiler chickens weight increase before slaughter was 9.7 (p≤ 0.01) –11.0% (p≤ 0.001). Red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts showed a significant (p≤0.05) increase in the erythrocyte content by 18.2 % (to 3.47±0.09 cells per liter) in chickens of the experimental group that received Satureja montana essential oil without dilution.
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Schaeffel, Frank, and Howard C. Howland. "Schematic eye for the 30-day old myopic chicken." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1987.tuy2.

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Recently, the chicken eye has become an important model for artificial myopia. A large body of data is available which describes morphological changes in the eyes of young chickens which occur in response to altered visual experience (mainly visual deprivation). Also, development of the refractive state has been studied extensively. However, no attempt has yet been published to predict changes in the refractive state from the changes in the ocular dimensions which were observed following experimental treatment. We used various techniques (infrared photoretinoscopy, infrared photokeratometry, A-scan ultrasound, frozen sections, transscleral images, refractometry, and nonparaxial ray tracing) to develop a schematic eye for the 30-day old chicken. Based on the schematic eye, the refractive state was calculated from morphological data in both normal and ametropic chickens and compared to the refractive states actually measured.
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Odinaev, K. A., N. M. Pukhova, O. V. Anisina, and A. L. Elakov. "DIAGNOSIS OF RABIES EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED CHICKENS AND CHICKENS." In НАУЧНЫЕ ОСНОВЫ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА И ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ КАЧЕСТВА БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ПРЕПАРАТОВ. Лосино-Петровский: Б. и., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47804/9785899040313_2022_108.

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Turganbaeva, A. S. "Influence of water concentration on the content of protein and nucleic acids in organs of chick embryos of different ages." In VIII Vserossijskaja konferencija s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem «Mediko-fiziologicheskie problemy jekologii cheloveka». Publishing center of Ulyanovsk State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34014/mpphe.2021-191-194.

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The study was carried out in 10-, 14-15-, 18-20-day-old embryos and 1-2-day-old chickens of the Hy-Line breed. In chickens during embryogenesis, the peculiarities of the relationship between the main indicator of the ontogenetic growth of organs and tissues - the content of intracellular water by previously measured values: with the concentration of protein and nucleic acids in the organs of chicken embryos of different ages - were assessed. It was found that in the period of 10-19 days of embryogenesis, the growth of organs is accompanied by a significant decrease in water content to varying degrees: noticeably higher in the liver and in the cerebral hemispheres - up to 14 days; from the 19th day, these changes are less pronounced. The results of the studied indicator in the muscles indicate advanced embryonic development with a more pronounced decrease in the water content in the red oxidative muscles in comparison with white muscles, where the decrease in the indicator is less pronounced. Key words: chicken embryos, protein, nucleic acid, water content, pectoralis alba and gastrocnemius muscle.
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Mahon, Peter G., and Roxanne L. Canosa. "Prisoners and chickens." In the Symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2168556.2168647.

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Abdoli, Alireza, Sara Alaee, Shima Imani, Amy Murillo, Alec Gerry, Leslie Hickle, and Eamonn Keogh. "Fitbit for Chickens?" In KDD '20: The 26th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3394486.3403385.

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Voinitchi, Eugen, Savelie Balanescu, and Valeriu Cociu. "Efectul Sel-Plex asupra afecţiunilor gastrointestinale şi a stresului oxidativ la puii broiler." In Scientific and practical conference with international participation: "Management of the genetic fund of animals – problems, solutions, outlooks". Scientific Practical Institute of Biotechnologies in Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61562/mgfa2023.59.

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The study carried out on a lot of 80 broiler chickens COBB-500, divided into a control group and an experimental group assessed the influence of Sel-Plex product (organic selenium) on the bioproductive indices and blood parameters. The chicks from the experimental group were administered, in addition to their basic ration, the Sel-Plex product in dose of 0,4 mg Se/1kg of feed, from one to 49 days of age. The results of investigations of clinical indices (general state, plumage, behavior, feed intake, daily weight gain, morbidity, and lethality) revealed the positive effect of supplementing daily rations with organic selenium on the growth and development of chickens. The lethality rate was lower in the experimental group (0 %) in comparison with the control (5 %). The body weight was 4,63 % higher compared to chickens of the control group. The dynamics of paraclinical indices (erythron, biochemical parameters, malondialdehyde content, activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase in serum) show that the Sel-Plex product has beneficial effects on erythropoiesis, metabolic and antioxidant status.
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Reports on the topic "Chickens"

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Jorgensen, Frieda, Andre Charlett, Craig Swift, Anais Painset, and Nicolae Corcionivoschi. A survey of the levels of Campylobacter spp. contamination and prevalence of selected antimicrobial resistance determinants in fresh whole UK-produced chilled chickens at retail sale (non-major retailers). Food Standards Agency, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.xls618.

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Campylobacter spp. are the most common bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the UK, with chicken considered to be the most important vehicle for this organism. The UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) agreed with industry to reduce Campylobacter spp. contamination in raw chicken and issued a target to reduce the prevalence of the most contaminated chickens (those with more than 1000 cfu per g chicken neck skin) to below 10 % at the end of the slaughter process, initially by 2016. To help monitor progress, a series of UK-wide surveys were undertaken to determine the levels of Campylobacter spp. on whole UK-produced, fresh chicken at retail sale in the UK. The data obtained for the first four years was reported in FSA projects FS241044 (2014/15) and FS102121 (2015 to 2018). The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated raw whole retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target. This report presents results from testing chickens from non-major retailer stores (only) in a fifth survey year from 2018 to 2019. In line with previous practise, samples were collected from stores distributed throughout the UK (in proportion to the population size of each country). Testing was performed by two laboratories - a Public Health England (PHE) laboratory or the Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast. Enumeration of Campylobacter spp. was performed using the ISO 10272-2 standard enumeration method applied with a detection limit of 10 colony forming units (cfu) per gram (g) of neck skin. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to selected antimicrobials in accordance with those advised in the EU harmonised monitoring protocol was predicted from genome sequence data in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates The percentage (10.8%) of fresh, whole chicken at retail sale in stores of smaller chains (for example, Iceland, McColl’s, Budgens, Nisa, Costcutter, One Stop), independents and butchers (collectively referred to as non-major retailer stores in this report) in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. has decreased since the previous survey year but is still higher than that found in samples from major retailers. 8 whole fresh raw chickens from non-major retailer stores were collected from August 2018 to July 2019 (n = 1009). Campylobacter spp. were detected in 55.8% of the chicken skin samples obtained from non-major retailer shops, and 10.8% of the samples had counts above 1000 cfu per g chicken skin. Comparison among production plant approval codes showed significant differences of the percentages of chicken samples with more than 1000 cfu per g, ranging from 0% to 28.1%. The percentage of samples with more than 1000 cfu of Campylobacter spp. per g was significantly higher in the period May, June and July than in the period November to April. The percentage of highly contaminated samples was significantly higher for samples taken from larger compared to smaller chickens. There was no statistical difference in the percentage of highly contaminated samples between those obtained from chicken reared with access to range (for example, free-range and organic birds) and those reared under standard regime (for example, no access to range) but the small sample size for organic and to a lesser extent free-range chickens, may have limited the ability to detect important differences should they exist. Campylobacter species was determined for isolates from 93.4% of the positive samples. C. jejuni was isolated from the majority (72.6%) of samples while C. coli was identified in 22.1% of samples. A combination of both species was found in 5.3% of samples. C. coli was more frequently isolated from samples obtained from chicken reared with access to range in comparison to those reared as standard birds. C. jejuni was less prevalent during the summer months of June, July and August compared to the remaining months of the year. Resistance to ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone), erythromycin (macrolide), tetracycline, (tetracyclines), gentamicin and streptomycin (aminoglycosides) was predicted from WGS data by the detection of known antimicrobial resistance determinants. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was detected in 185 (51.7%) isolates of C. jejuni and 49 (42.1%) isolates of C. coli; while 220 (61.1%) isolates of C. jejuni and 73 (62.9%) isolates of C. coli isolates were resistant to tetracycline. Three C. coli (2.6%) but none of the C. jejuni isolates harboured 23S mutations predicting reduced susceptibility to erythromycin. Multidrug resistance (MDR), defined as harbouring genetic determinants for resistance to at least three unrelated antimicrobial classes, was found in 10 (8.6%) C. coli isolates but not in any C. jejuni isolates. Co-resistance to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin was predicted in 1.7% of C. coli isolates. 9 Overall, the percentages of isolates with genetic AMR determinants found in this study were similar to those reported in the previous survey year (August 2016 to July 2017) where testing was based on phenotypic break-point testing. Multi-drug resistance was similar to that found in the previous survey years. It is recommended that trends in AMR in Campylobacter spp. isolates from retail chickens continue to be monitored to realise any increasing resistance of concern, particulary to erythromycin (macrolide). Considering that the percentage of fresh, whole chicken from non-major retailer stores in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. continues to be above that in samples from major retailers more action including consideration of interventions such as improved biosecurity and slaughterhouse measures is needed to achieve better control of Campylobacter spp. for this section of the industry. The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target.
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Yahav, Shlomo, John McMurtry, and Isaac Plavnik. Thermotolerance Acquisition in Broiler Chickens by Temperature Conditioning Early in Life. United States Department of Agriculture, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1998.7580676.bard.

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The research on thermotolerance acquisition in broiler chickens by temperature conditioning early in life was focused on the following objectives: a. To determine the optimal timing and temperature for inducing the thermotolerance, conditioning processes and to define its duration during the first week of life in the broiler chick. b. To investigate the response of skeletal muscle tissue and the gastrointestinal tract to thermal conditioning. This objective was added during the research, to understand the mechanisms related to compensatory growth. c. To evaluate the effect of early thermo conditioning on thermoregulation (heat production and heat dissipation) during 3 phases: (1) conditioning, (2) compensatory growth, (3) heat challenge. d. To investigate how induction of improved thermotolerance impacts on metabolic fuel and the hormones regulating growth and metabolism. Recent decades have seen significant development in the genetic selection of the meat-type fowl (i.e., broiler chickens); leading to rapid growth and increased feed efficiency, providing the poultry industry with heavy chickens in relatively short growth periods. Such development necessitates parallel increases in the size of visceral systems such as the cardiovascular and the respiratory ones. However, inferior development of such major systems has led to a relatively low capability to balance energy expenditure under extreme conditions. Thus, acute exposure of chickens to extreme conditions (i.e., heat spells) has resulted in major economic losses. Birds are homeotherms, and as such, they are able to maintain their body temperature within a narrow range. To sustain thermal tolerance and avoid the deleterious consequences of thermal stresses, a direct response is elicited: the rapid thermal shock response - thermal conditioning. This technique of temperature conditioning takes advantage of the immaturity of the temperature regulation mechanism in young chicks during their first week of life. Development of this mechanism involves sympathetic neural activity, integration of thermal infom1ation in the hypothalamus, and buildup of the body-to-brain temperature difference, so that the potential for thermotolerance can be incorporated into the developing thermoregulation mechanisms. Thermal conditioning is a unique management tool, which most likely involves hypothalamic them1oregulatory threshold changes that enable chickens, within certain limits, to cope with acute exposure to unexpected hot spells. Short-tem1 exposure to heat stress during the first week of life (37.5+1°C; 70-80% rh; for 24 h at 3 days of age) resulted in growth retardation followed immediately by compensatory growth" which resulted in complete compensation for the loss of weight gain, so that the conditioned chickens achieved higher body weight than that of the controls at 42 days of age. The compensatory growth was partially explained by its dramatic positive effect on the proliferation of muscle satellite cells which are necessary for further muscle hypertrophy. By its significant effect of the morphology and functioning of the gastrointestinal tract during and after using thermal conditioning. The significant effect of thermal conditioning on the chicken thermoregulation was found to be associated with a reduction in heat production and evaporative heat loss, and with an increase in sensible heat loss. It was further accompanied by changes in hormones regulating growth and metabolism These physiological responses may result from possible alterations in PO/AH gene expression patterns (14-3-3e), suggesting a more efficient mechanism to cope with heat stress. Understanding the physiological mechanisms behind thermal conditioning step us forward to elucidate the molecular mechanism behind the PO/AH response, and response of other major organs. The thermal conditioning technique is used now in many countries including Israel, South Korea, Australia, France" Ecuador, China and some places in the USA. The improvement in growth perfom1ance (50-190 g/chicken) and thermotolerance as a result of postnatal thermal conditioning, may initiate a dramatic improvement in the economy of broiler's production.
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Rowland, Kaylee, Huaijun Zhou, Rodrigo Gallardo, Terra Kelly, Jack C. M. Dekkers, and Susan J. Lamont. Commercial Layer-type Chickens and Newcastle Disease Virus Infection:Toward Genetic Selection of More Resilient Chickens. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-356.

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Heller, Dan, Karel Schat, and Ronnie Friedman. Marek's Disease Vaccination Breaks: Interaction of Genetic Strains of Chickens, Chicken Anemia Agent and Stressors. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7603808.bard.

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Jorgensen, Frieda, Michelle Kesby, Craig Swift, Anais Painset, Amy Douglas, and Nicolae Corcionivoschi. A microbiological survey of campylobacter contamination in fresh whole UK-produced chilled chickens at retail sale (Y6). Food Standards Agency, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.xxz973.

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Campylobacter spp. are the most common bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the UK, with chicken considered to be the most important vehicle for this organism. The FSA agreed with industry to reduce campylobacter spp. contamination in raw chicken and issued a target to reduce the prevalence of the most contaminated chickens (those with more than 1000 cfu per gram chicken neck skin) to below 10% at the end of the slaughter process, initially by 2016. To help monitor progress, a series of UK-wide surveys were undertaken to determine the levels of campylobacter spp. on whole UK-produced, fresh chicken at retail sale in the UK. The data obtained for the first five years was reported in FSA projects FS241044 – year 1 (2014/15) and FS102121- year 2 to 5 (2015 to 2019). This new survey represents year 6 of sampling, carried out from August 2019 to October 2020.
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Levisohn, Sharon, and Stanley Kleven. Vaccination of Chickens Against Mycoplasma gallisepticum. United States Department of Agriculture, February 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1985.7570583.bard.

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Siegel, Paul, Zafrira Nitsan, Ann Dunnington, and Israel Nir. Optimization of Early Growth in Chickens. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7604303.bard.

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Lamont, Susan J., Eyal Koren, Avigdor Cahaner, E. Dan Heller, and Jacob Pitcovski. Gene Expression Associated With Virus Resistance in Chickens. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-825.

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9

Abasht, Behnam, and Susan J. Lamont. Genome-Wide Association Study of Fatness in Chickens. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-892.

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Bjorkquist, Angelica G., Max F. Rothschild, Michael E. Persia, Chris Ashwell, Carl Schmidt, and Susan J. Lamont. Genetic Markers Found for Response to Heat Stress in Chickens. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1318.

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