Journal articles on the topic 'Chewings'
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1
Mizumori, Takahiro, Toshiya Kuwabara, Yasuhiro Nakamura, Takao Kuwahara, Koichi Nishio, Shuhei Miyauchi, and Takao Maruyama. "Studies on Consistency of Chewing Movements and Features of Segmental Chewings." Proceeding of Japanese Society of Stomatognathic Function 3 (1985): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7144/sgf1982.3.45.
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Tate, Trent M., William A. Meyer, Patrick E. McCullough, and Jialin Yu. "Evaluation of mesotrione tolerance levels and [14C]mesotrione absorption and translocation in three fine fescue species." Weed Science 67, no. 05 (August 20, 2019): 497–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2019.39.
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AbstractFine fescues (Festuca spp.) are cool-season grasses used in low-maintenance turf areas. Mesotrione is a PRE and early-POST herbicide used during establishment of most cool-season turfgrasses, excluding fine fescues. Currently, efforts are being made to breed for increased tolerance to mesotrione in fine fescues to enhance weed control during establishment. This study was conducted to evaluate the association of foliar and root uptake of [14C]mesotrione with the tolerance of three lines each of Chewings fescue [Festuca rubra ssp. commutata Gaudin; syn. F. rubra ssp. fallax (Thuill.) Nyman], hard fescue [Festuca trachyphylla (Hack.) Hack.], and strong creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L. ssp. rubra) lines. From a rate-titration experiment, the hierarchical rank of species for mesotrione tolerance from highest to lowest was: hard > Chewings > strong creeping red fescue. The hierarchical rank of species for foliar uptake from highest to lowest was: Chewings > strong creeping red > hard fescue. Translocation of foliar-absorbed 14C was not associated with differential tolerance levels of the three species. Root absorption was comparable among species, but differences between lines were detected within the species. The most susceptible lines of Chewings and strong creeping red fescue exhibited greater root uptake than lines with greater tolerance. Hard fescue translocated the least amount of root-absorbed radioactivity to shoots, while Chewings and strong creeping red fescues were comparable.
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Ford, T. M., W. A. Meyer, J. A. Murphy, S. A. Bonos, D. A. Smith, and C. R. Funk. "Registration of ‘Ambassador’ Chewings Fescue." Crop Science 45, no. 3 (May 2005): 1162–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2004.0305cv.
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Pepin, G. W., W. K. Wiley, D. E. King, B. B. Clarke, and C. R. Funk. "Registration of ‘Victory’ Chewings Fescue." Crop Science 28, no. 6 (November 1988): 1020–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1988.0011183x002800060036x.
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Edminster, C. W., G. W. Pepin, M. C. Engelke, M. L. Fraser, and C. R. Funk. "Registration of ‘Longfellow’ Chewings Fescue." Crop Science 33, no. 6 (November 1993): 1415–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1993.0011183x003300060075x.
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Willmott, J. D., E. T. Foster, R. Pavis, and J. L. Frecon. "475 Performance of Koelaria macrantha (Ledeb.) J.A. Schultes `Barkoel' and Low Maintenance Turfgrass Species for Orchard Floor Management." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 476A—476. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.476a.
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Various turfgrass species and cultivars are utilized for orchard floor management. Selection and establishment of low-maintenance species compatible with site conditions results in less need for mowing, fertilizing, and pesticide applications. Koelaria macrantha (Ledeb.) J.A. Schultes is a new turfgrass species that has demonstrated outstanding low-maintenance characteristics. This study evaluated the only commercially available cultivar `Barkoel' and three other species, including Festuca arundinacea Schreb (tall fescue), Festuca rubra L. ssp. falax Thuill (chewings fescue), and Festuca longifolia auct. non Thuill (hard fescue). Turf was seeded in a commercial peach orchard in Oct. 1996 and evaluated through Oct. 1999. After 3 years, the hard fescue cultivars had the best quality, with excellent density and low weed populations. Chewings fescue also had good density and few weeds. Tall fescue had good density, but more weeds than the hard and chewings fescues. Koelaria macrantha `Barkoel' had unacceptable quality, with poor density and the highest weed populations. The fine fescues, hard and chewings, suffered damage from orchard maintenance equipment. Damage was most severe during heat and drought stress in Summer 1999. Growers should limit equipment traffic on hard and chewings fescues during heat and drought stress. Tall fescue showed no significant damage from equipment, but it demonstrated a faster vertical growth rate. This increases the need for mowing. Koelaria macrantha `Barkoel' was not damaged by equipment. While Koelaria had the least density and most weeds after 3 years, it has performed well in our other tests. Higher seeding rates or modifications in seedbed preparation may improve density and reduce weed infestations.
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Yin, Shuxia, Lisa A. Beirn, Trent M. Tate, Daniel L. Ward, Ruying Wang, William A. Meyer, and Bruce B. Clarke. "Susceptibility of Chewings Fescue and Hard Fescue to Anthracnose Disease Caused by Colletotrichum cereale." HortScience 57, no. 12 (December 2022): 1580–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci16765-22.
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Anthracnose, caused by the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum cereale Manns sensu lato Crouch, Clarke & Hillman, can be a damaging disease on many cool-season turfgrasses; however, it has not been reported as an aggressive pathogen on fine fescue species (Festuca spp.). Symptoms and signs associated with anthracnose disease were observed in fine fescues on the Rutgers University Plant Science Research and Extension Farm in Adelphia, NJ, in Jun 2014. The objectives of this study were to identify the causal agent, determine if the isolate of C. cereale (FF1A) obtained from symptomatic Chewings fescue (Festuca rubra L. ssp. commutata Gaudin) plants was pathogenic to Chewings fescue and hard fescue (F. brevipila Tracey) turfs, and whether cultivars and accessions collected from Europe varied in disease susceptibility. Pathogenicity of this fine fescue isolate was evaluated using four Chewings fescue and four hard fescue cultivars or accessions in a growth chamber. Disease symptoms were first observed at 5 days post-inoculation, and evaluations continued to 17 days post-inoculation. Infection was confirmed by morphological evaluations, re-isolation from symptomatic tissues, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Three noncommercial accessions (two Chewings fescues and one hard fescue) were very susceptible to the fine fescue C. cereale FF1A isolate, whereas ‘Sword’ and ‘Beacon’ hard fescues exhibited low susceptibility. In addition, an isolate of C. cereale (HF217CS) from annual bluegrass [Poa annua L. f. reptans (Hausskn) T. Koyama] was included, and our data demonstrated that this isolate was also able to infect Chewings fescue and hard fescue. This study confirmed that C. cereale can be a damaging pathogen of fine fescues, and that breeding for resistance to anthracnose should be considered when developing new cultivars.
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Skogley, C. R., N. Jackson, B. Ruemmele, J. M. Johnson‐Cicalese, and R. H. Hurley. "Registration of Jamestown II Chewings Fescue." Crop Science 33, no. 4 (July 1993): 875–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1993.0011183x003300040053x.
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Finlayson, M. P., and F. Dastgheib. "The effect of herbicides and surfactants on turf grasses and annual poa." New Zealand Plant Protection 53 (August 1, 2000): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2000.53.3708.
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The tolerance of browntop (Agrostis capillaris L) perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L) Chewings fescue (Festuca nigrescens Lam) and annual poa (Poa annua L) to twelve herbicides with and without two organosilicone surfactants (Silwet L77 and Silwet S800) were assessed Annual poa was controlled by haloxyfop and clethodim plus S800 Browntop was highly tolerant to chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron and Chewings fescue to haloxyfop fluazifop clethodim and sethoxydim Organosilicone surfactants affected the tolerance of some species to certain herbicides For example Silwet L77 reduced the tolerance of annual poa to glyphosate but S800 increased the tolerance of perennial ryegrass to terbuthylazine The results have implications for the management of cool season turf
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Fairey, N. A., and L. P. Lefkovitch. "Ploidy and cultivar group differences in the thousand-seed weight of red fescue (Festuca rubra L.)." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 3 (July 1, 1996): 465–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-082.
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Three major cultivar groups of red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) are recognized, viz. strongly creeping and octoploid, slender creeping and hexaploid, and non-creeping and hexaploid (Chewings), but a thousand-seed weight (TSW) of 0.74 g is often used commercially for the species. Based on 12 cultivars/group, the TSW of the strongly creeping group (1.225 g) was significantly higher than the slender creeping group (0.894 g) and the Chewings group (0.936 g); the higher TSW was probably a consequence of the higher ploidy status. The TSW of 0.74 g is not characteristic of many contemporary red fescue cultivars, particularly the strongly creeping octoploids. Key words: Red fescue, Festuca rubra L., ploidy, seed weight, seed quality
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Echtenkamp, Gerald W., and Russell S. Moomaw. "No-Till Corn Production in a Living Mulch System." Weed Technology 3, no. 2 (June 1989): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00031778.
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Combinations of grass and legume mulches were planted in growing corn during the fall in 1985 and 1986, and the following spring no-till corn was planted into these living mulches. Mulch treatments consisted of a single species or grass plus legume mixtures. Fluazifop-P, 2,4-D, and atrazine were broadcast applied in late April to suppress the mulches and reduce their competition with corn. Chewings fescue and ladino clover competed least with dryland corn. Weed growth associated with chewings fescue and the ladino clover mulches was similar to that in the conventional disk-plant treatment, but corn yields were lower. Hairy vetch mulch was killed by 2,4-D. The winter rye mulch competed with corn and reduced yield.
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Lycan, Darren W., and Stephen E. Hart. "Cool-season Turfgrass Response to Bispyribac-Sodium." HortScience 40, no. 5 (August 2005): 1552–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.5.1552.
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Previous research has demonstrated that bispyribac-sodium can selectively control established annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.). Annual bluegrass is also a problematic weed in other cool-season turfgrass species. However, the relative tolerance of other cool-season turfgrass species to bispyribac is not known. Field experiments were conducted at Adelphia, N.J., in 2002 and 2003 to gain understanding of the phytotoxic effects that bispyribac may have on kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea (L.) Schreb.), and chewings fine fescue (Festuca rubra L. subsp. commutata Gaud.). Single applications of bispyribac at 37 to 296 g·ha–1 were applied to mature stands of each species on 11 June, 2002 and 10 June, 2003. Visual injury was evaluated and clippings were collected 35 and 70 days after treatment (DAT). Visual injury at 35 DAT increased as bispyribac rate increased. Kentucky bluegrass was least tolerant to bispyribac with up to 28% injury when applied at 296 g·ha–1. Injury on other species did not exceed 20%. Initial injury on perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, and chewings fine fescue was primarily in the form of chlorosis, while kentucky bluegrass exhibited more severe stunting and thinning symptoms. Bispyribac at rates from 74 to 296 g·ha–1 reduced kentucky bluegrass clipping weights by 19% to 35%, respectively, as compared to the untreated control at 35 DAT in 2002. Initial visual injury on perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, and chewings fine fescue dissipated to ≤5% by 70 DAT. However, recovery of kentucky bluegrass was less complete. These studies suggest that bispyribac-sodium has potential to severely injure kentucky bluegrass. Injury on perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, and chewings fine fescue appears to be less severe and persistent; therefore, bispyribac can be used for weed control in these species. Chemical names used: 2,6-bis[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)oxy]benzoic acid (bispyribac-sodium).
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Welty, Ronald E. "Occurrenceof Puccinia graminissubsp,graminicolain Chewings Fescue in Oregon." Plant Disease 79, no. 10 (1995): 1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-79-1014.
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Clarke, Bruce B., James F. White, Richard H. Hurley, Mónica S. Torres, S. Sun, and David R. Huff. "Endophyte-Mediated Suppression of Dollar Spot Disease in Fine Fescues." Plant Disease 90, no. 8 (August 2006): 994–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0994.
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In 1989, a close association was found between single-plant progenies of strong creeping red fescue infected with the endophyte Epichloë festucae and enhanced suppression of dollar spot, a widespread foliar disease of turfgrass caused by Sclerotinia homoeocarpa. From this limited observation, extensive field evaluations were conducted on a wide range of fine fescue germplasm obtained throughout the United States and Europe to determine the frequency and magnitude of this association. In five field trials established between 1985 and 1991, endophyte-infected Chewings, hard, blue, and strong creeping red fescue cultivars, selections, and crosses consistently exhibited endophyte-mediated suppression of dollar spot, when compared with closely related endophyte-free entries. Endophyte-infected Chewings and hard fescue cultivars and selections also had greater turf density and supported less foliar mycelium of S. homoeocarpa than endophyte-free entries.
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Tate, Trent M., Stacy A. Bonos, and William A. Meyer. "Breeding and Evaluation of Fine Fescues for Increased Tolerance to Mesotrione Herbicide." HortTechnology 31, no. 3 (June 2021): 315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04772-20.
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Fine fescues (Festuca sp.) are a group of species that require fewer inputs, such as fertilizer, than other cool-season species managed for turf. They are adapted to infertile, acidic soils; shade; and drought. One area that poses additional challenges is the lack of weed control options for fine fescues during establishment from seed. Mesotrione is a herbicide that provides preemergence control of many broadleaf and grassy weeds, such as annual bluegrass (Poa annua), but is currently not labeled for use in fine fescues at seeding. The objectives of this research were 1) to use a recurrent selection technique to develop mesotrione-tolerant chewings fescue (Festuca rubra ssp. commutata), hard fescue (Festuca brevipila), and strong creeping red fescue (F. rubra spp. rubra); and 2) to conduct field trials to compare the new selections to commercially available cultivars and experimental lines not selected for tolerance to mesotrione. Progress was made after each of the three generations of recurrent selection. The top statistical grouping of entries for injury following application of mesotrione at the 8-oz/acre rate included all the third-generation (G3) hard fescues, all the G3 chewings fescues, and the G3 strong creeping red fescue STB1 Composite. After three generations, selections of hard, chewings, and strong creeping red fescues had equivalent or better tolerance to mesotrione than tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) cultivars, which are on the label for safe use at seeding. These new selections would provide turf managers an option to control weeds using mesotrione during seedling establishment of fine fescues.
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Star, Paul, and Tom Brooking. "Fescue to the Rescue: Chewings Fescue, Paspalum, and the Application of Non-British Experience to Pastoral Practice in New Zealand, 1880–1920." Agricultural History 80, no. 3 (July 1, 2006): 312–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-80.3.312.
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Abstract Under British settlement, New Zealand’s export income became increasingly dependent upon new and improved pasture for sheep and cattle. While the introduction of familiar pasture plants--such as ryegrass and cocksfoot--was preferred, from the 1880s farmers also experimented with different grass species to suit newly experienced environmental conditions. Both Chewings fescue (Festuca rubra var. commutata) and paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum) were experimented with and adopted for pasture up to the 1920s. While the discovery of ecological limits partly determined the chain of events, the story of these adoptions equally reflects the influence of human and social factors upon the pattern of agricultural change. Individuals and newspapers were more integral to the process of investigating the uses of Chewings fescue and paspalum than departments and government reports. This case study emphasizes Australian and American influences more than British ones, which necessitates the reassessment of all external knowledge in the light of New Zealand’s experience.
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Qu, Yuanshuo, Ryan M. Daddio, Patrick E. McCullough, Stacy A. Bonos, and William A. Meyer. "Phytotoxicity of Methiozolin on Fine Fescue." HortTechnology 29, no. 3 (June 2019): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04278-19.
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Methiozolin is a new herbicide that controls annual bluegrass (Poa annua) in turfgrasses, but the differential tolerance levels of fine fescues (Festuca sp.) has received limited investigation. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential injury from methiozolin when applied to chewings fescue (Festuca rubra ssp. fallax), strong creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra ssp. rubra), and hard fescue (Festuca brevipila). Nine different fine fescue populations (14W2 Comp, Fairmont, and Survivor chewings fescue; FT345, Miser, and Fenway strong creeping red fescue; and 14H4 Comp, Stonehenge, and Oxford hard fescue) were sprayed with methiozolin at five different rates (0.42, 0.83, 1.25, 1.67, and 2.09 lb/acre) at four different application timings [4 weeks before seeding (WBS), 2 WBS, at seeding (AS), and 2 weeks after germination (WAG)]. Untreated controls were also included for each combination. Significant reduction in germination of fine fescue was observed when methiozolin was applied before emergence for all tested application rates. Methiozolin at 1.25, 1.67, and 2.09 lb/acre applied before or at the day of seeding led to complete inhibition of germination in all fine fescue species tested. It was less injurious compared with methiozolin applied at 2 WAG, although a reduction in the percentage of green cover and biomass was observed for application rates greater or equal to 0.83 lb/acre. The hierarchical ranking of species injury from high to low is as follows: hard fescue, chewings fescue, and strong creeping red fescue. A possible solution for annual bluegrass control in fine fescue species with methiozolin is multiple postemergence applications up to a maximum rate of 0.83 lb/acre. Turf managers need to make adjustments in methiozolin application rates and timings based on fine fescue species to maximize selectivity for annual bluegrass control.
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Szczepanek, Małgorzata, Zofia Stypczyńska, Andrzej Dziamski, and Dorota Wichrowska. "Above- and Below-Ground Part Growth in Chewings and Strong Creeping Red Fescue Grown for Seed Resulting from Retardants and N Fertilization." Agronomy 10, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10010004.
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Generative tillers are a source of assimilates necessary for the seed formation. However, their excessive elongation, especially under high doses of nitrogen, increases the susceptibility to lodging. The growth of generative shoots depends, among others on the root biomass affecting nutrient uptake, and on the ability to form rhizomes, as well as on the competitiveness of parallel developing vegetative tillers. Two-replicate field experiments were performed in Poland (53°09′ N, 17°35′ E), to determine the effect of plant growth regulators (PGRs) (single application of chloromequat chloride (CCC) at BBCH 30-31 or sequential treatment CCC at BBCH 30-31 + ethephon (ET) or CCC at BBCH 30-31 + trinexapac-ethyl (TE) at BBCH 37-39, and N fertilization (40 and 70 kg ha−1) on the length of generative tillers, the weight of generative and vegetative tillers, the canopy height, the weight of roots and rhizomes, and on N uptake in Festuca rubra L ssp. rubra (strong creeping red fescue) and F. r. L ssp. commutata (Chewings red fescue). Chewings red fescue turned to be more sensitive to the retardants. Generative tillers were shorter after single application of CCC as well as sequential treatment CCC + ET or TE. The tillers of strong creeping red fescue were shortened only after the application of CCC + TE. In every PGR treatments the canopy height at harvest was greater than in the control. Increasing the N rate from 40 to 70 kg ha−1 caused the reduction canopy height of strong creeping red fescue. Increased production of above-ground biomass, especially generative tillers, resulted in an increase in N accumulation in Chewings red fescue, as compared with strong creeping. Increasing the nitrogen rate from 40 to 70 kg ha−1, despite the reduction of root dry matter weight, stimulated generative tiller dry matter accumulation but it did not affect the biomass of vegetative tillers.
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Wick, Robert L. "Occurrence of Melanotus White Patch on Red and Chewings Fescue." Plant Disease 72, no. 3 (1988): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-72-0268c.
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Watkins, Eric, Andrew B. Hollman, and Brian P. Horgan. "Evaluation of Alternative Turfgrass Species for Low-input Golf Course Fairways." HortScience 45, no. 1 (January 2010): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.1.113.
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As restrictions on water use, fertilization, and pesticide applications continue to increase, golf course superintendents will need to use grass species that require reduced inputs. The objective of this study was to evaluate alternative turfgrass species under low-input fairways conditions. In 2005, 17 species were established on native soil in St. Paul, MN. Each species was evaluated at three levels of traffic (zero, three, or six passes per week using a drum-type traffic simulator) and two mowing heights (1.90 and 2.54 cm). Data collected included turfgrass quality and percent living stand density. In 2006, velvet bentgrass (Agrostis canina L.), colonial bentgrass (Agrostis capillaris L.), and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) maintained acceptable quality in all treatment combinations. In 2007, Chewings fescue (Festuca rubra L. ssp. fallax) and sheep fescue (Festuca ovina L.) were the top-performing species regardless of treatment. Hard fescue (Festuca brevipila Tracey) performed poorly in Year 1 and well in Year 2. All other species did not perform at an acceptable level during the study. The results of this study indicate that sheep fescue, Chewings fescue, colonial bentgrass, and velvet bentgrass should be studied further for use on low-input golf course fairways in the northern United States.
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Lycan, Darren W., and Stephen E. Hart. "Relative Tolerance of Four Cool-Season Turfgrass Species to Sulfosulfuron." Weed Technology 18, no. 4 (December 2004): 977–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-03-149r1.
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Field experiments were conducted at Adelphia, NJ, in 2001 and 2002 to evaluate the response of Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, and Chewings fine fescue to sulfosulfuron. Single applications of sulfosulfuron at 6 to 67 g ai/ha were applied to mature swards of each species. Visual chlorosis ratings were taken and clippings were collected 4 wk after treatment (WAT), and turf injury was rated 8 WAT. Chlorosis on all species increased with increasing sulfosulfuron rate. In 2001, Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, and fine fescue chlorosis reached 33, 43, 65, and 61% at 4 WAT, respectively, whereas in 2002, chlorosis only reached 13, 26, 46, and 26%, respectively. Clipping weights of all species decreased as application rate increased. Reductions in Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass clipping weights were less severe than those in tall and fine fescue. By 8 WAT, Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, and fine fescue had nearly complete recovery from any initial visual injury symptoms. However, tall fescue injury was still evident 8 WAT in both years. Initial injury of Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, and Chewings fine fescue was in the form of discoloration and stunting. Significant stand thinning was only evident in the tall fescue studies. These studies suggest that Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass may be more tolerant than tall fescue to applications of sulfosulfuron and fine fescue is intermediately tolerant to sulfosulfuron.
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Young, William C., Gale A. Gingrich, Thomas B. Silberstein, and Bryon M. Quebbeman. "Post‐Harvest Residue Management of Creeping Red and Chewings Fescue Seed Crops." Agronomy Journal 90, no. 1 (January 1998): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000010013x.
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Kuhns, Larry J., and Tracey L. Harpster. "Tolerance of Fine Fescues to Clethodim." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 429E—429. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.429e.
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Fine fescues are immune to two common graminicides, fluazifop-p-butyl and sethoxydim. This study was initiated to determine the tolerance of three fine fescues; chewings, hard, and creeping red, to clethodim alone or with a crop oil concentrate (COC) or non-ionic surfactant (NIS). Clethodim at 0.25 or 1.0 lb/a was applied on 23 Oct. 1995 and evaluated on 22 May and 9 July 1996. Clethodim at 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 lb/a, was applied on 31 May and evaluated on 9 July 1996. Applied in the fall at 0.25 lb/a alone or with NIS, clethodim had little effect on chewings or creeping red fescue. Some injury to hard fescue was evident on 22 May, but it recovered by 9 July. The addition of COC resulted in moderate injury to all three species, with only partial recovery by 9 July. Severe injury of all species from clethodim applied at 1 lb/a was evident on 22 May. The amount of recovery that occurred by 9 July was dependent on the spray additive used. With none, all of the grasses recovered fairly well. With NIS, moderate injury to hard fescue persisted; and with COC, unacceptable injury to all species persisted. Similar results were obtained when the treatments were applied in the spring. The 0.5 lb/a rate caused an intermediate degree of injury. Though none of the clethodim treatments totally killed any of the fine fescues, unacceptable injury was caused by the 0.5 and 1.0 lb/a rates, regardless of additive, and by the 0.25 lb/a + COC treatment.
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Johnson‐Cicalese, J., M. E. Secks, C. K. Lam, W. A. Meyer, J. A. Murphy, and F. C. Belanger. "Cross Species Inoculation of Chewings and Strong Creeping Red Fescues with Fungal Endophytes." Crop Science 40, no. 5 (September 2000): 1485–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2000.4051485x.
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Huang, Tengfang, Ludmila Rehak, and Georg Jander. "meta-Tyrosine in Festuca rubra ssp. commutata (Chewings fescue) is synthesized by hydroxylation of phenylalanine." Phytochemistry 75 (March 2012): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.09.018.
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Szczepanek, Małgorzata, Maciej Baczyński, and Radomir Graczyk. "Effects of Plant Growth Regulators and N Rate on the Morphological Traits of Generative Tillers and Seed Yields of Chewings and Strong Creeping Red Fescue." Agronomy 11, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010065.
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Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are used as a management tool to minimize plant height and subsequent stem lodging in grass seed crops. Their efficacy is influenced not only by the method of application, but also by the management and genetic variations within and between species. This aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of PGRs on morphological traits of generative tillers and seed yield of Festuca rubra L ssp. rubra (strong creeping red fescue) and F. r. L ssp. commutata (Chewings red fescue) under low and medium doses of spring nitrogen fertilization (40 and 70 kg N ha−1). PGRs were applied as: chlormequat chloride (CCC) at BBCH 30–31; CCC at BBCH 30–31 + ethephon (ET) at BBCH 37–39; CCC at BBCH 30–31 + trinexapac-ethyl (TE) at BBCH 37–39. All the application methods of PGRs resulted in the shortening of the second internode, and the sequential application of CCC with ET or TE also resulted in the shortening of the third internode. In each PGR treatment, the lodging index in the plant (canopy height to tiller length ratio) was higher than that of the control. PGRs had a beneficial effect on the seed yield. The greatest increase in the seed yield was recorded after the application of CCC+TE. No interaction between PGRs and spring N fertilization rates on the seed yield of red fescue. The increase in the dose of spring nitrogen fertilizer from 40 to 70 kg N ha−1 resulted in a significant increase in yield. Seed yield of chewing red fescue cv. Dorosa was 29% higher than strong creeping red fescue cv. Nista, mainly due to an increase in the number of generative tillers.
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Magrini, Maria Laura, Clara Minto, Francesca Lazzarini, Matteo Martinato, and Dario Gregori. "Wearable Devices for Caloric Intake Assessment: State of Art and Future Developments." Open Nursing Journal 11, no. 1 (October 31, 2017): 232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874434601711010232.
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Background: The self-monitoring of caloric intake is becoming necessary as the number of pathologies related to eating increases. New wearable devices may help people to automatically record energy assumed in their meals. Objective: The present review collects the released articles about wearable devices or method for automatic caloric assessments. Method: A literature research has been performed with PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and ClinicalTrials.gov search engines, considering released articles regarding applications of wearable devices in eating environment, from 2005 onwards. Results: Several tools allow caloric assessment and food registration: wearable devices counting the number of bites ingested by the user, instruments detecting swallows and chewings, methods that analyse food with digital photography. All of them still require more validation and improvement. Conclusion: Automatic recording of caloric intake through wearable devices is a promising method to monitor body weight and eating habits in clinical and non-clinical settings, and the research is still going on.
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Richardson, Michael D., Raul I. Cabrera, James A. Murphy, and David E. Zaurov. "Nitrogen‐form and endophyte‐Infection effects on growth, nitrogen uptake, and alkaloid content of chewings fescue turf grass." Journal of Plant Nutrition 22, no. 1 (January 1999): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904169909365607.
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Sweeney, Patricia, Robert Golembiewski, and Karl Danneberger. "Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Analysis of Dry Turfgrass Seed." HortScience 31, no. 3 (June 1996): 400–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.3.400.
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Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers from leaf tissue extractions are effective for discrimination of turfgrass varieties. The usefulness of RAPD markers for turfgrass variety identification can be enhanced by use of seed rather than leaf tissue for DNA extraction. To determine whether DNA extracted from turfgrass seed was suitable for amplification, DNA was extracted from bulk samples and individual seeds of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], chewings fescue (Festuca rubra var. commutata Gaud.), Poa annua L., Poa supina Schrad., creeping bentgrass [Agrostis stolonifera L. var. palustrus (Huds.) Farw.], Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). All samples were successfully amplified using an arbitrary primer. Amplification intensity varied among species. With an almost infinite number of arbitrary primers available, it is likely that suitable primers can be found to amplify DNA from most turfgrass species. Amplification of turfgrass seed DNA, whether bulk or individual seed, is possible and should prove more useful than amplification of leaf tissue DNA for discrimination of turfgrass varieties.
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Gardner, D. S., and J. A. Taylor. "Change over Time in Quality and Cover of Various Turfgrass Species and Cultivars Maintained in Shade." HortTechnology 12, no. 3 (January 2002): 465–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.12.3.465.
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In 1992, a cultivar trial was initiated in Columbus, Ohio to evaluate differences in establishment and long-term performance of cultivars of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), creeping red fescue (F. rubra), chewings fescue (F. rubra ssp. fallax), hard fescue (F. brevipila), kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), rough bluegrass (P. trivialis), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) under low maintenance conditions in a shaded environment. Fertilizer and supplemental irrigation were applied until 1994 to establish the grasses, after which no supplemental irrigation, or pesticides were applied and fertilizer rates were reduced to 48.8 kg·ha-1 (1 lb/1000 ft2) of N per year. Percentage cover and overall quality data were collected in 2000 and compared with data collected in 1994. Initial establishment success does not appear to be a good predictor of long-term success of a cultivar in a shaded environment. There was some variability in cultivar performance under shade within a given turfgrass species. The tall fescue cultivars, as a group, had the highest overall quality and percentage cover under shade, followed by the fine fescues, kentucky bluegrass, rough bluegrass, and perennial ryegrass cultivars.
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Neal, Joseph C., and Andrew F. Senesac. "Slender Speedwell (Veronica filiformis) Control in Cool-Season Turf with Quinclorac." Weed Technology 7, no. 2 (June 1993): 390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00027780.
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Experiments were conducted to compare rates and formulations of quinclorac for postemergent control of slender speedwell in cool-season turf. A 50% ae wettable powder formulation (50WP) was compared with two granular formulations, a 1% clay granule (1G) and a 0.4% corn cob granule (0.4G). Each formulation was applied at 0.3, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.1 kg ha−1. Additionally, 2,4-D at 1.1 kg ha−1 was applied alone and in combination with quinclorac 50WP at 0.8 kg ha−1. Slender speedwell control with the 50WP or 0.4G formulations was superior to that obtained with the 1G. At lower rates, slender speedwell control with the 50WP was greater than with the 0.4G; however, the rates required to obtain 95% control were not significantly different. Tank mixing quinclorac 50WP at 0.8 kg ha−1 with 2,4-D at 1.1 kg ha−1 did not improve slender speedwell control but increased roughstalk bluegrass injury. Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, and tall fescue were not injured by quinclorac. Roughstalk bluegrass and chewings fescue were temporarily discolored. Turf injury was rate-related and more severe with the 50WP than the 1G formulation.
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Yu, Jing Hu, Gang Pei, and Yin Zhi Zhang. "Reverse Kinemics of Bionic 6-RSS Chewing Robot for Food Mechanical Properties Measuring." Applied Mechanics and Materials 127 (October 2011): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.127.3.
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A bionic chewing robot was designed to measure the mechanical properties of food, and the measuring mechanical properties of food include hardness, viscosity, elastic and chewiness. The bionic robot was composed of six mechanisms, each mechanism include there kinematic pairs, namely, revolute joint, sphere joint, sphere joint. This paper introduces the chewing robot mechanism aim to simulate the function of mandible of real mankind, and established the equation of reverse kinemics of chewing robot according to the structure of the chewing robot. Through the simulation module of NX, the equation of reverse kinemics of chewing robot was simulated.
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Wesely, R. W., R. C. Shearman, and E. J. Kinbacher. "Foliar N-uptake by Eight Turfgrasses Grown in Controlled Environment." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 110, no. 5 (September 1985): 612–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.110.5.612.
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Abstract Urea frequently is applied to turfs in liquid formulation at low water application rates which enhance potential foliar N uptake. This study was conducted to evaluate foliar N uptake by several cool-season turfgrasses treated with urea applied at low water volume (35 ml · m−2). Urea was applied foliarly to 8 turfgrasses at 2.5 g N m−2 in 35 ml m−2 of water. Verdure was harvested prior to treatment and after treatment at 24, 48, and 72 hr. Total N-uptake increases were primarily a response to increased the percentage of N, since dry matter production was stable for each turfgrass throughout the 72 hr. Maximum N-uptake occurred 24 hr after treatment. Any significant decrease in N-uptake over time suggested N-movement out of the sampling zone. Turfgrass species and cultivars showed differences in total N-uptake which resulted from initial variations in dry matter, percentage of tissue N, and variations in N-uptake rate. The percentage of N recoveries ranged from 31% to 61% for ‘Park’ Kentucky bluegrass and ‘Highlight’ chewings fescue, respectively. Cultivar differences indicated that ‘Baron’ Kentucky bluegrass was more efficient in relation to foliar N-uptake than ‘Park’ Kentucky bluegrass.
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Heller, P. R., and D. J. Shetlar. "Hairy Chinch Bug Control on a Home Lawn in State College, Pa, 1984." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 10, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/10.1.293.
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Abstract The lawn consisted of Chewings fescue (10096). Treatment plots were 5 by 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated three times. Liquid formulations were applied 11 Aug by using a compressed air sprayer with four 6504 Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 25 psi with a 3 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 80°F; soil temp at 1-inch depth, 72°F; soil temp at 2-inch depth, 72°F; soil type, silty-clay-loam; soil pH, 6.6; % organic matter, 3.0; soil condition, moist; amount of thatch, 0.5 inches; and partly cloudy skies. After all treatments were completed, the entire area was lightly syringed with water. Posttreatment counts were made 7 days later (18 Aug). Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6-inch diam open ended steel cylinder into the turf, filling with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface over a 10-min period. Three flotation samples were randomly taken from within each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count.
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STAR, PAUL, and TOM BROOKING. "Fescue to the Rescue: Chewings Fescue, Paspalum, and the Application of Non-British Experience to Pastoral Practice in New Zealand, 1880-1920." Agricultural History 80, no. 3 (July 2006): 312–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ah.2006.80.3.312.
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Percival, David C., Dianne Stevens, Glen Sampson, Gary Patterson, and Klaus Jensen. "189 Vegetation Management of Lowbush Blueberries." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 474F—474. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.474f.
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The influence of noninvasive, companion crops on lowbush blueberry production was examined at the Nova Scotia Wild Blueberry Inst. in 1998. A randomized complete-block experimental design was used with four replications and a plot size of 10 × 6 m. Treatments consisted of a control (no companion crop), sawdust, creeping red fescue, hard fescue, chewings fescue, sheeps fescue, birdsfoot trefoil (BFT), and redtop. Measurements of companion crop height, dry weight, and density, and lowbush blueberry vegetative and reproductive data were recorded. In addition, the effects of the companion crops on soil stability and weed pressures were measured at the conclusion of the growing season. Overall, the fescues and BFT established well within the blueberry canopy and in bare areas with plant densities ranging from 960 plants/m2 to 3500 plants/m2, plant dry weights of 7.2 to 11.7 mg/plant, and plant heights of 5.4 to 9.5 cm. The use of the companion crops increased yields with yields from the creeping red and hard fescue treatments being 9.0% and 13% greater, respectively, than the control. The creeping red and hard fescue treatments also significantly reduced weed pressures and increased soil stability. Therefore, using companion crops in lowbush blueberry production appears to be a viable management strategy with future research being required on herbicide use, fertility regimes, and harvestability.
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Tworkoski, Thomas J., and D. Michael Glenn. "Weed Suppression by Grasses for Orchard Floor Management." Weed Technology 26, no. 3 (September 2012): 559–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-11-00044.1.
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Fruit trees in orchards of the mid-Atlantic region of the United States are often planted in vegetation-free rows alternating with grass alleys. Grass managed to suppress weeds but to compete minimally with fruit trees may be an alternative to herbicide and tillage. This research was conducted in the greenhouse and field to assess five different grasses that may suppress weeds without reducing yield of fruit trees. In the greenhouse with high seeding rates, red fescue competed more effectively than did chewings fescue, tall fescue, and perennial ryegrass with three weeds (damesrocket, cornflower, and chicory). However, with reduced seeding rates, similar to rates used in the field, grass competitiveness with weeds was similar between red fescue, tall fescue, and perennial ryegrass. Similar results were obtained during a 4-yr field experiment; roughstalk bluegrass competed least effectively with weeds but the other four grasses provided similar weed suppression—generally providing as much weed suppression as traditional herbicides. None of the candidate grasses significantly reduced yields of 10-yr-old apple and peach trees, although fruit size was affected by some grasses. The grass that was least suppressive of yield, roughstalk bluegrass, was the least effective in controlling weeds. Annual mowing in combination with four of the grasses tested is one option to manage the orchard floor with reduced herbicides, but fruit size may decrease.
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DARWENT, A. L., H. G. NAJDA, J. C. DRABBLE, and C. R. ELLIOTT. "EFFECT OF ROW SPACING ON SEED AND HAY PRODUCTION OF ELEVEN GRASS SPECIES UNDER A PEACE RIVER REGION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 67, no. 3 (July 1, 1987): 755–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps87-103.
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The effect of row spacing on seed and hay yields of 11 perennial grass species, including crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum L.), intermediate wheatgrass (A. intermedium (Host.) Beauv.), a northern biotype of bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), a southern biotype of bromegrass, Russian wildrye (Elymus junceus Fisch.), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Hudson), creeping red fescue (F. rubra var. genuina L.), chewings fescue (F. rubra var. commutata Gaud), reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), a turf-type timothy (Phleum bertolonii DC (P. bulbosum auct.)) and hexaploid timothy (Phleum pratense L.), was studied under a system with limited inputs of fertilizer and no weed control. The width of the row spacings ranged from 16 to 104 cm where seed yields were measured and from 27 to 93 cm where hay yields were measured. The seed yield of all grasses was greater at a row spacing of 16 cm than at row spacings of 60 cm or more. Hay yields of all grasses, averaged over four production years, were also greatest at narrow row spacings (27 cm). These yields decreased as row spacings increased to 49 through 93 cm. Row spacing had its greatest effect on hay yields during the first production year. After this period the effects of row spacing on hay yields were small.Key words: Row spacing, perennial grasses, seed yields, hay yields
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Johnson-Cicalese, Jennifer M., and C. R. Funk. "Additional Host Plants of Four Species of Billbug Found on New Jersey Turfgrasses." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 115, no. 4 (July 1990): 608–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.115.4.608.
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Studies were conducted on the host plants of four billbug species (Coleoptera:Curculionidae: Sphenophorus parvulus Gyllenhal, S. venatus Chitt., S. inaequalis Say, and S. minimus Hart) found on New Jersey turfgrasses. A collection of 4803 adults from pure stands of various turfgrasses revealed all four billbugs on Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and S. parvulus, S. venatus, and S. minimus on Chewings fescue (F. rubra L. ssp. commutata Gaud.). Since the presence of larvae, pupae, or teneral adults more accurately indicates the host status of a grass species, immature billbugs were collected from plugs of the various grass species and reared to adults for identification. All four species were reared from immature billbugs found in Kentucky bluegrass turf; immatures of S. venatus, S. inaequalis, and S. minimus were found in tall fescue; S. venatus and S. minimus in perennial ryegrass; and S. inaequalis in strong creeping red fescue (F. rubra L. ssp. rubra). A laboratory experiment was also conducted in which billbug adults were confined in petri dishes with either Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, or bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon Pers.). Only minor differences were found between the four grasses in billbug survival, number of eggs laid, and amount of feeding. In general, bermudagrass was the least favored host and the other grasses were equally adequate hosts. The results of this study indicate a need for updating host-plant lists of these four billbug species.
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Paranick, Tara E., and N. Suzanne Lang. "(81) Fine Fescues and Shade Tolerance." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1041A—1041. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1041a.
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Shaded environments present major obstacles for establishing high quality, persistent, and resistant turfs. Exogenous fructose applications are being examined as a potential method to counteract the effects of shade on turf. This work examines the effectiveness of fructose applications under different light levels on two fine leaf fescue cultivars: chewings fescue (Festucarubra var. commutata) `SR5100' and creeping red fescue (Festucarubra var. rubra) `Dawson'. The experiment was conducted at Michigan State University, East Lansing, inside a simulated dome environment. The experiment was a randomized complete-block design that began 21 Oct. 2004 with two main factors: light and fructose. There were three light treatments: ambient light (shaded); supplemental high light; and supplemental low light. Fructose (0% or 1.25% weight/volume), dissolved in water with an organosilicone adjuvant, was applied once per week. Quality and color ratings, clippings, core samples, density, and leaf reflectance were recorded. In addition, light response curves (LRC) were taken inside an Econoair® growth chamber using a LI-COR-6400® on the fine fescues, kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) `Cynthia', and bermudagrass (Cyondon dactylon) `Princess'. Preliminary results show that fructose had no significant effect in each light treatment for turf quality and color. However, fructose had a significant impact on clipping weights and density. The LRC specified the required and potential carbon needs as well as indicated the threshold levels, respectively, by species. The impact of fructose alone and in combination with supplemental light on photosynthesis efficiency will be presented.
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Wang, Jinyu, Patrick Burgess, Stacy A. Bonos, William A. Meyer, and Bingru Huang. "Differential Physiological Responses and Genetic Variations in Fine Fescue Species for Heat and Drought Stress." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 142, no. 5 (September 2017): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs04121-17.
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Summer decline is typically characterized by heat and drought stress and is a major concern for fine fescue species (Festuca). The objectives of this study were to examine whether heat or drought stress is more detrimental, and to determine the genotypic variations in heat and drought tolerance for fine fescues. A total of 26 cultivars, including seven hard fescues (Festuca trachyphylla), eight chewings fescues (Festuca rubra ssp. commutate), seven strong creeping red fescues (Festuca rubra ssp. rubra), two sheep fescues (Festuca ovina ssp. hirtula), and two slender creeping red fescues (Festuca rubra ssp. littoralis) were subjected to prolonged heat or drought stress in growth chambers. Several physiological parameters, including turf quality (TQ), electrolyte leakage (EL), photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) chlorophyll content (Chl), and relative water content (RWC) were measured in plants exposed to heat or drought stress. The results indicated that heat stress was more detrimental than drought stress for fine fescue species. Based on TQ and major physiological parameters (EL and Fv/Fm) under heat stress, several cultivars with good heat tolerance were selected, including ‘Blue Ray’, ‘Spartan II’, ‘MN-HD1’, ‘Shoreline’, ‘Navigator II’, ‘Azure’, ‘Beacon’, ‘Aurora Gold’, ‘Reliant IV’, ‘Marco Polo’, ‘Garnet’, ‘Wendy Jean’, ‘Razor’, and ‘Cindy Lou’. Based on TQ and major physiological parameters (EL, RWC, and Fv/Fm) under drought stress, several cultivars with good drought tolerance were selected, including ‘Spartan II’, ‘MN-HD1’, ‘Reliant IV’, ‘Garnet’, ‘Azure’, and ‘Aurora Gold’. These cultivars could be used in hot, dry, or both environments and as breeding germplasm for developing heat tolerance, drought tolerance, or both.
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Zhang, Xunzhong, and Erik H. Ervin. "Physiological Assessment of Cool-season Turfgrasses Under Ultraviolet-B Stress." HortScience 44, no. 6 (October 2009): 1785–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.6.1785.
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Ultraviolet-B (280–320 nm) radiation is one of the major factors causing quality decline of transplanted turfgrass sod. Information on physiological parameters for assessing turfgrass tolerance to ultraviolet-B stress is lacking. The objective of this study was to evaluate ultraviolet-B tolerance of four cool-season turfgrass species and varieties using selected physiological parameters under artificial ultraviolet-B radiation stress. The physiological performance of 18 varieties of tall fescue (TF; Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), chewings fescue (CF; Festuca rubra L. ssp. commutata Gaud.), perennial ryegrass (PRG; Lolium perenne L.), and kentucky bluegrass (KBG; Poa pratensis L.) were subjected to continuous, artificial ultraviolet-B radiation (70 μmol·m−2·s−1) for 10 days. Visual quality ratings of TF, CF, PRG, and KBG measured at Day 10 were reduced by 49%, 18%, 51%, and 74%, respectively, relative to that at trial initiation. Ultraviolet-B tolerance in CF was the greatest, KBG was the least, and TF and PRG were intermediate. ‘Ebony’ was the most ultraviolet-B-tolerant TF variety, whereas ‘BlueTastic’, ‘BlueRiffic’, and ‘747’ had greater ultraviolet-B tolerance than the other four KBG varieties. No differences were observed in ultraviolet-B tolerance between varieties in either CF or PRG. The ultraviolet-B-tolerant species had less electrolyte leakage (EL), greater canopy photochemical efficiency (PEc), and relatively smaller and slower upregulation in antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity relative to ultraviolet-B-sensitive ones. The results suggest that EL, PEc, and SOD may be used as physiological parameters in selecting ultraviolet-B-tolerant species and varieties for sod production and lawn establishment.
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Mansoori, Ruksar, Deepti Jain, and Ram Singh Bishnoi. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF MEDICATED CHEWING GUM OF EGCG (EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE) ENRICHED EXTRACT OF CAMELLIA SINENSIS (GREEN TEA) FOR PERIODONTAL DISEASE." Journal of Advanced Scientific Research 13, no. 08 (September 30, 2022): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.55218/jasr.202213812.
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The aim of this study was the formulation and evaluation of medicated chewing gum of EGCG (epigallocatechin gallate) enriched extract of camellia sinensis. The extraction of marketed lipton green tea was done by infusion method and antibacterial activities of extract were done against P. gingivalis and S. mutan by well diffusion method. Chewing gum was prepared by softening of gum bases and then mixing with other formulation ingredients and optimization of the formulation by screening of different excipients. Performance evaluation was carried out by evaluating hardness, fracturability, adhesiveness, elasticity, cohesiveness, stringiness, chewiness, gumminess, in vivo drug release study. Precentage yield of extract in first step and second step were found to be 9.43, 11.65 respectively by infusion method. The EGCG obtained with second step of two step method was found significantly greater. In antibacterial activities, the glucan synthesis by the bacterial S. mutan glucosyl transferase was strongly inhibited by (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) at concentrations of 50-200ug/ml, the main components of the green tea polyphenols and completely inhibited the growth and adherence of P. gingivalis onto the buccal epithelial cells. Optimized formulations MCG-6 showed hardness, adhesiveness, elasticity, gumminess, chewiness, resilience and cohesiveness values are similar to that of the reference (Nicogum). In vitro drug released of optimized formulation was found to be 77% within 15 min. The developed formulation of medicated chewing gum can be a better alternative to mouth dissolving and conventional tablet formulation. It may be proved as a promising approach to improve the bioavailability as well as to improve patient compliance.
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DeBels, Brad T., Shane E. Griffith, William C. Kreuser, Eric S. Melby, and Douglas J. Soldat. "Evaluation of Mowing Height and Fertilizer Application Rate on Quality and Weed Abundance of Five Home Lawn Grasses." Weed Technology 26, no. 4 (December 2012): 826–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-12-00062.1.
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Evaluation of turfgrass performance at low nitrogen fertility levels is important because many home lawns are fertilized below common recommendations. The objective of this study was to evaluate visible quality and weed susceptibility of common and alternative cool season grasses under multiple management regimes in Wisconsin. A split-split plot completely randomized block design was used to evaluate ‘Kingfisher' Kentucky bluegrass (Kentucky bluegrass), ‘Kenblue' Kentucky bluegrass, ‘Victory II' chewings fescue, ‘Grande II' tall fescue, and ‘Jiffe II' perennial ryegrass. Each species was mowed at 3.5, 6.0, or 8.5 cm, and fertilized with 0, 98, or 196 kg ha−1yr−1of nitrogen. Visible quality and weed cover were evaluated four times annually for 3 yr. Tall fescue had the greatest turf quality across all treatments. Kingfisher Kentucky bluegrass, an improved variety, responded most dramatically to nitrogen fertilization, with quality rating improved from 5.1 to 7.1 when annual nitrogen applications totaled 196 kg ha−1compared to the nonfertilized control. Kenblue Kentucky bluegrass, a common variety, had the greatest weed cover at all mowing heights and fertilizer rates. Assessment of common dandelion flowers by digital image analysis revealed that improved and common Kentucky bluegrass had greater common dandelion cover than fine or tall fescue when herbicides were withheld for 2.5 yr. Background soil fertility was found to have a significant impact on visible quality and weed cover. In an area with eroded, low-fertility soil, improved Kentucky bluegrass required 196 kg N ha−1yr−1to maintain high quality and limit weed invasion. These results suggest that tall fescue is best suited to low and high input conditions, while improved varieties of Kentucky bluegrass performed acceptably only under high inputs.
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Davis, JA, SA Harrington, and JA Friend. "Invetebrate communities of Relict streams in the Arid Zone: the George Gill Range, Central Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 44, no. 3 (1993): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9930483.
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The George Gill Range (24�S,132�E) 220 km south west of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory, lies within one of the driest regions of Australia. Diel and seasonal temperature differences are extreme and the average rainfall is 250 mm per annum. The streams of the Range are the largest group within the Central Ranges and are relatively pristine. Their flow regimes are episodic but deep rock pools appear to act as reservoirs of surface runoff and may also receive groundwater from the Mereenie aquifer. The waterbodies of the Range and some nearby areas were sampled in July and December 1986 to determine the composition of the macroinvertebrate communities and biogeographical relationships with the fauna of lotic systems elsewhere in Australia. Macroinvertebrate species richness at the Range was comparable with that of other Australian streams but no Plecoptera, Isopoda or Amphipoda were collected. The almost complete absence of shredders may reflect low allochthonous inputs, because riparian vegetation in the arid zone is generally sparse. A small proportion of the fauna of the Range appears to be a relictual stream fauna. Species of low vagility such as the waterpenny, Sclerocyphon fuscus, would not be capable of dispersal across the large tracts of arid land that now separate the Range from southern Australia, where it is also found. The occurrence of new species at the Range suggests that it is also a site of allopatric speciation within some groups. The conservation values of the streams of the George Gill Range and other sites, such as Giles Springs in the Chewings Range, are extremely high. They represent unique aquatic communities of both ecological and evolutionary importance in the arid zone.
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Askew, Shawn D., Whitnee B. Askew, and J. Michael Goatley. "Fineleaf Fescue Species and Variety Tolerance to Glyphosate." Weed Technology 33, no. 1 (November 21, 2018): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2018.65.
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AbstractSome fineleaf fescues have demonstrated tolerance to glyphosate, and this broad-spectrum, nonselective herbicide would be a valuable tool for controlling various weeds in low-input turf areas. A study was conducted to evaluate tolerance of 56 fineleaf fescue varieties to glyphosate applied at 0.0, 0.4, 0.6, and 1.0 kg ae ha−1. The defunct 2003 National Turfgrass Evaluation Program fineleaf fescue variety trial at the Turfgrass Research Center in Blacksburg, VA, provided main plots on which glyphosate treatments were randomized independently on May 16, 2011, and June 26, 2013. Hard (HF) and sheep fescues (SF) were the most tolerant to glyphosate, followed by strong creeping red fescues (STC) and slender creeping red fescues (SLC). The most sensitive species was Chewings fescue (CH), most varieties of which were injured 50% to 65% per kilogram of glyphosate at 2 wk after treatment (WAT). At 8 WAT, 12 of 14 CH varieties were injured over 30% per kilogram of glyphosate, but predicted injury and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of all varieties were acceptable at a more typical 0.5 to 0.7 kg ha−1glyphosate rate. Nontreated seed head density of CH varieties ranged from 87 and 126 seed heads m−2at 8 WAT compared with 2.8 to 42 seed heads m−2from HF varieties. Glyphosate at 0.15 to 0.5 kg ha−1eliminated 90% of seed heads regardless of fineleaf fescue variety. These data suggest that all fineleaf fescue varieties are inherently tolerant of glyphosate at rates at or below approximately 0.7 kg ha−1, but can be generally separated from most to least tolerant in the following order: HF, SF, STC, SLC, and CH.
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Aamlid, Trygve S., and Peter J. Landschoot. "Effect of Spent Mushroom Substrate on Seed Germination of Cool-season Turfgrasses." HortScience 42, no. 1 (February 2007): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.1.161.
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Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) is used by the turf industry in the northeastern United States for soil improvement. When tilled into soil at high rates, some turfgrass managers claim that SMS inhibits turf seed germination. The authors’ objectives were 1) to determine whether fresh SMS inhibits turf seed germination and, if so, which species are most adversely affected; 2) to evaluate whether any inhibition incited by SMS is the result of osmotic effects or toxicity of compounds in SMS extracts; 3) to determine whether any negative effect of SMS on germination can be eliminated by leaching the SMS-amended soil before seeding; and 4) to assess the performance of SMS on seedling emergence in the field. Germination of nine turfgrass species was evaluated in mixtures made from fresh SMS (electrical conductivity of saturated paste extract = 11.9 dS·m−1) and a loamy sand soil. Germination inhibition resulting from SMS was most pronounced in the following order: Colonial bentgrass (Agrostis capillaris L.) > sheep fescue [Festuca ovina L. ssp. hirtula (Hackel ex Travis) Wilkinson] > Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) > hard fescue [Festuca trachyphylla (Hackel) Krajina] > creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) > chewings fescue [Festuca rubra L. sp. commutata (Thuill.) Nyman] = strong creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L. ssp. rubra Gaud.) > slender creeping red fescue [Festuca rubra L. sp. litoralis (Meyer) Auquier] > perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). SMS had a stronger negative effect on germination rates than on final germination percentages. Germination of perennial ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass on blotter paper moistened with SMS extracts or polyethylene glycol of equivalent osmotic potentials showed that the inhibition was primarily the result of osmotic effects. In an experiment with a 50% soil/50% SMS (v/v) mixture, Kentucky bluegrass germinated better in pots that had been watered with 133% or 167% of the evaporation rate for 10 days prior to seeding than in unleached pots. Although the negative effect of SMS on seed germination was not confirmed in a field study in which ECe values never exceeded 4.1 dS·m−1, the authors conclude that incorporation of high rates of SMS represents a potential problem for turfgrass establishment.
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Choudhary, Nidhi, Seema Chaudhary, Naveen Manuja, Harsimran Kaur, Chaitra T.R., and Ashish Amit Sinha. "Chewing Gums: From Evolution To Revolution." Indian Journal of Dental Education 9, no. 2 (2016): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijde.0974.6099.9216.5.
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Dernoeden, Peter H. "Tolerance of Four Festuca Species to Ethofumesate and Prodiamine." HortScience 35, no. 6 (October 2000): 1170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.6.1170.
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Festuca species are being seeded into golf course roughs and natural or out-of-bound areas as alternative turfgrasses to replace perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in the mid-Atlantic region. The tolerance of fine-leaf fescues to herbicides targeted for annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) control, such as ethofumesate and prodiamine, is unknown. The objectives of this field study, therefore, were to assess the tolerance of `Rebel II' tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and the fine-leaf fescue species `Reliant' hard fescue (Festuca longifolia Thuill.), `Jamestown II' Chewings fescue (Festuca rubra L. ssp. commutata Gaud.), and `MX 86' blue sheep fescue (Festuca glauca L.) to various rates, combinations, and times of application of ethofumesate and prodiamine. `Rebel II' was most tolerant of ethofumesate; however, sequential rates ≥0.84 + 0.84 kg·ha-1 reduced quality for 1 or more weeks and 2.24 + 2.24 kg·ha-1 caused unacceptable injury. Single applications of ethofumesate at rates of 0.56, 0.84, and 1.12 kg·ha-1, and sequential treatments of 0.56 + 0.56 and 0.84 + 0.84 kg·ha-1 reduced `Reliant' quality temporarily. Sequential treatments of high rates (i.e., 1.12 + 1.12 and 2.24 + 2.24 kg·ha-1), however, significantly reduced `Reliant' cover. `Jamestown II' was very sensitive to ethofumesate, but recovered from single applications of 0.56, 0.84, and 1.12 kg·ha-1; sequential applications (≥0.84 + 0.84 kg·ha-1) caused unacceptable injury, and rates ≥1.12 + 1.12 kg·ha-1 caused significant loss of cover. The cultivar MX 86 tolerated single applications of 0.56 to 2.24 kg·ha-1 of ethofumesate, but sequential treatments generally reduced quality to unacceptable levels. In one study, `Jamestown II' and `MX 86' were more severely injured when ethofumesate (1.12 or 2.24 kg·ha-1) was applied in October rather than in November. The fescues generally best tolerated a single, November application of ethofumesate at ≤1.12 kg·ha-1. Prodiamine (0.73 kg·ha-1) caused only short-term reductions in quality of `Jamestown II', but was generally noninjurious to the other fescues. Ethofumesate tank-mixed with prodiamine (0.84 + 0.36 or 1.12 + 0.73 kg·ha-1) elicited some short-term reduction in quality, but the level of injury was generally acceptable and injured fescues had recovered by spring. Chemical names used: [±]2-ethoxy-2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-benzofuranyl methanesulfonate (ethofumesate); N3,N3-di-n-propyl-2,4-dinitro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-m-phenylenediamine (prodiamine); S,S-dimethyl 2-(difluoromethyl)-4-(2-methylpropyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-3,5-pyridine-dicarbothioate (dithiopyr).
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Petrowski, Katja, Gloria-Beatrice Wintermann, Peter Joraschky, and Sebastian Päßler. "Chewing after stress: Psychosocial stress influences chewing frequency, chewing efficacy, and appetite." Psychoneuroendocrinology 48 (October 2014): 64–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.06.008.
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