Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Chewings'
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Gooch, C. Bryan. "Competitive Effects of Perennial Ryegrass and Chewings Fescue on Bermudagrass Seed Establishment." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36678.
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Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is widely used as a fairway turf on golf courses throughout the transition zone. The transition zone represents the geographical areas between the temperate and subtropical climates, where neither warm season nor cool season grasses are well adapted. The late-spring establishment of seeded bermudagrass could potentially enhance summer quality of a perennial ryegrass fairway during periods of extreme summer stress. Studies were conducted over two years on both perennial ryegrass and Chewings fescue (Festuca rubra L. ssp. commutata Gaud.) areas to assess the competitive effects of each species on bermudagrass seed establishment. The use of fungicides, herbicides and a plant growth regulator, as well as cultivation treatment prior to seeding, were evaluated for their effects on bermudagrass establishment, turfgrass quality, disease incidence and summer annual grass control. Turfgrass treated with preventative fungicide applications of propiconazole and chlorothalonil maintained high density and turf quality which inhibited successful establishment of bermudagrass during either year. Bermudagrass establishment in 1996 was moderately successful in plots not treated with fungicides; however, due to disease severity, turfgrass quality was unacceptable. MSMA applications did not influence turfgrass quality or bermudagrass establishment. Crabgrass populations were too low to ascertain the efficacy of either MSMA (1996) or oxadiazon (1997) on summer annual grass control. Oxadiazon followed by activated charcoal prior to bermudagrass seeding did not adversely affect bermudagrass establishment. In 1996, trinexapac-ethyl slightly enhanced bermudagrass seed establishment, but the competitiveness of perennial ryegrass prohibited establishment success.
During 1997, glyphosate was evaluated as a means of eliminating competition and increasing bermudagrass establishment. Glyphosate applied in small strips across existing stands of perennial ryegrass and Chewings fescue significantly increased bermudagrass establishment. Preplant aerification and vertical mowing increased bermudagrass establishment, but slightly reduced turfgrass quality. Overall, bermudagrass establishment into existing stands of turfgrass was successful only where glyphosate was strip-treated over plots to eliminate competition or under circumstances where disease pressure reduced competition from the existing turfgrass.Master of Science
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Woolcock, Bruce Wayne. "Genotoxicity of chewing tobacco samples." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26208.
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The intra-oral use of tobacco-containing mixtures plays an important aetiological role in the occurrence of oral cancers. In vitro genotoxicity assays may provide means for the rapid evaluation of factors contributing to or modulating this form of tobacco carcinogenesis. An essential requirement for an effective test system is the capability to detect the genotoxic effects of a variety of tobacco mixtures which are expected to differ in chemical composition. Freshly prepared aqueous extracts of four tobacco mixtures, locally available snuff and "chewing" tobacco, Khaini tobacco (India) and nass (Uzbekistan, USSR), were assayed for genotoxic activity in three different test systems: chromosome aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells, micronuclei in Chinese hamster ovary cells and unscheduled DNA synthesis in human fibroblasts. A DNA repair inhibition test was included as a complement to the unscheduled DNA synthesis assay. All four tobacco extracts were found to contain direct acting agents capable of inducing chromosome aberrations and micronuclei formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Catalase was found to suppress the clastogenic activity of the chewing and Khaini tobaccos, implicating H₂O₂-mediated production of chromosome damage. The genotoxic activities of snuff and nass did not appear to be dependent on the generation of H₂O₂. Only the chewing tobacco initiated unscheduled DNA synthesis in human fibroblasts. All tobacco extracts reduced the levels of UV initiated unscheduled DNA synthesis, indicating the extracts exerted an inhibitory effect on DNA repair. The failure of the snuff, Khaini tobacco and nass to induce a demonstrable unscheduled DNA synthesis was interpreted to be a consequence of this inhibition. On the basis of these results it was concluded that the chromosome aberration and micronucleus tests in Chinese hamster ovary cells, but not the unscheduled DNA synthesis, appear to be suitable as test systems for the study of factors influencing oral tobacco carcinogenicity.Medicine, Faculty of
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of
Graduate
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Kruptseva, N. D. "Chewing gum- 5000 years of history." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/45611.
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Chewing gum is a soft, cohesive substance intended for chewing but not swallowing. Humans have used chewing gum for at least 5,000 years.
Chewing gum in various forms has existed since the Neolithic period. 5,000-year-old chewing gum made from bark tar, with tooth imprints, has been found in Kierikki, Yli-Ii, Finland.
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Otto, Stephanus Daniel. "Chewing gum therapy in third molar surgery." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4769_1222844033.
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The aim of this study was to determine how effective a chewing gum regime is in treating the common minor complaints of third molar surgery. The efficacy of a six-day chewing gum regimen in reducing pain, swelling and trismus after third molar surgery was compared to no chewing gum therapy. Third molar surgery is an important part of any maxillofacial surgery practice. There is an ongoing quest to find new and innovative methods to treat the minor complaints of this procedure.
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Glas, Johan, and Anders Rohlin. "Effect of Excessive Chewing on Pain Thresholds." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Tandläkarutbildning, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-97862.
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Pain and dysfunction in the jaw region may be related to fatigue and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) following overstrain. The aim was to investigate development and course of subjective muscle fatigue, pain intensity, together with pressure pain thresholds (PPT) over the masseter and temporalis muscles during a 24-hour period in healthy men and women after an intense chewing task. Twenty healthy subjects (ten males and ten females) chewed seven pieces of hard chewing gum (ELMA) for 10 minutes at the pace of 80 beats per minute on their preferred chewing side. PPT at the temporalis, masseter were measured with an algometer before chewing (baseline), directly after, one hour after and 24 hours after chewing. Subjective fatigue and pain intensity were rated on a numerical rating scale (NRS). All subjects managed to complete the chewing task. The results showed that for both men and women, self-rated fatigue and pain intensity levels peaked directly after chewing and returned close to baseline values after one hour. The masseter PPT levels were significantly reduced one hour after chewing. Directly after chewing, the temporal muscle PPT increased significantly in men but not in women. Compared to women, men had higher PPT directly after chewing in both the masseter and temporal muscle sites. The results indicate that that intense chewing induces transient subjective local fatigue and pain but not DOMS in healthy subjects. Pressure pain thresholds remained fairly stable among women whereas a tendency for increased thresholds directly after the exercise was observed in men.
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Gibson, Voss. "The development of an easily removable chewing gum." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.658204.
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Mounting concerns require a solution to a worsening problem of chewing gum litter. Existing methods of removal are costly and ineffective. One solution requires the modification of chewing gum by the incorporation of amphiphilic graft copolymers. The synthesis of amphiphilic graft copolymers, their incorporation into chewing gum compositions, analysis of such compositions and results from trials testing ch€wing gum removability are described. Modified samples, incorporating an amphiphilic graft copolymer (REV -7) were found to be much easier to remove than -control samples.
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Israelsson, Axel. "Chewing gum and human hair as retrospective dosimeters." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Avdelningen för radiologiska vetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-108892.
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Retrospective dosimeters are sometimes needed after radiological/nuclear (RN) exposures to determine the doses to individuals. Conventional dosimeters may not be at hand or may not be applicable calling for alternative materials. The possible exposure situations can be divided into external and internal; the radiation field stems either from outside the body or from a source within. This thesis investigates the possibility to use chewing gum and hair as retrospective dosimeters. The chewing gum would be used after an unexpected radiation event of external type whereas human hair is examined after chronic intake of uranium. Chewing gum containing xylitol and sorbitol was analyzed using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and the hair was analyzed by alphaspectrometry following radiochemistry and by synchrotron radiation microbeam x-ray fluorescence (SR μ-XRF). Xylitol and chewing gum (in this particular case, V6) are in the present work found to be valuable dosimeters after unexpected radiation events. The xylitol signal linearity with dose in the interval 0-10 Gy was confirmed (r2=1.00). The doses to the coating of the chewing gums were determined 4-6 days after irradiation with an uncertainty of less than 0.2 Gy (1 SD). Spectral dependence with time after exposure was found, but was, however, minimal between 4-8 days. Hair was evaluated and compared with urine as biodosimeter after ingestion and inhalation intake of uranium. Concentrations of 234U and 238U and their activity ratios were measured in the hair, urine and drinking water sampled from 24 drilled bedrock well water users in Östergötland, Sweden, as well as among 8 workers at a nuclear fuel fabrication factory, Westinghouse Electric Sweden. The results show that there is a stronger correlation between the uranium concentrations in the drinking water of the well water and the users’ hair (r2 = 0.50) than with their urine (r2 = 0.21). There is also a stronger correlation between the 234U/238U activity ratios of water and hair (r2 = 0.91) than between water and urine (r2 = 0.56). The individual absorbed fraction of uranium, the ƒ value, calculated as the ratio between the excreted amount of uranium in urine and hair per day and the daily drinking water intake of uranium stretched from 0.002 to 0.10 with a median of 0.023. The uranium concentrations of the fuel factory workers’ hair and urine were also obtained as well as that of personal air sampler (PAS) filters for the determination of inhaled uranium activity. A large day-to-day variation (7-70 Bq d-1) of the inhaled 234U activity was seen over a 6 week period. Over a 12 week period the 234U activity concentration in urine was similarly seen to vary from 2 to 50 mBq kg-1. Four hair samples from the same subject and period showed less variation (100-240 mBq g-1). The uranium inhalation to urine and hair factors finh,u and finh,h were found to be 0.0014 and 0.0002 respectively given by calculations based on the measured PAS, urine and hair data from two individuals. The SR μ-XRF measurements showed that uranium is present in an outer layer of the hair shaft, about 10-15 μm wide. The measurements also revealed particles containing uranium being present on the surface of unwashed hair shafts. However, the washed hair shafts showed few, if any, particles. This thesis concludes that chewing gum and hair can be used as retrospective dosimeters after external radiation and after intake of uranium respectively.
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Allen, Andrew P. "Chewing gum's effects on alertness, performance and stress." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2013. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/47731/.
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Chewing gum has previously been found to reduce chronic stress and enhance alertness, but effects on attention have been less reliable. The aim of this thesis was to investigate possible mechanisms for such effects, and to study the reliability and timing of effects in greater detail. Two surveys provided detailed information about habitual gum consumption. Two intervention studies involved chewing gum during a workday and reporting well-being and performance at work; the second intervention also assessed physiological variables. Six experiments studied the timing of and mechanisms for acute chewing gum effects. Two of these experiments studied the prevalence of time-on-task trends in gum effects on attention and mood. A further experiment studied the effects of gum on mood in the absence of attention tasks. The final three experiments examined possible mechanisms for consistent effects of gum on alertness and variable effects on attention: the first concerned psychophysiology, the second concerned demand characteristics, and the third concerned rate of chewing and task order. The results of this thesis suggest that chewing gum can reliably maintain alertness and enhance reported performance at work. Chewing gum also moderated decrements in vigilance, although the direction of this effect depended on length of prior performance. A reduction of stress and anxiety was observed in some cases, but this finding was less reliable. Under experimental conditions, heart rate increased while chewing gum and began to slow following chewing, suggesting a physiological mechanism for both enhanced alertness and reduced stress. However, heart rate did not differ over the course of a workday. Salivary cortisol was higher during the morning when chewing gum, suggesting an endocrine response associated with higher alertness. Demand characteristics moderated reported alertness, but did not explain any effects on attention. Neither rate of chewing nor task order moderated chewing gum effects.
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Morjaria, Yamini. "The release of nicotine from chewing gum formulations." Thesis, Aston University, 2004. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/11062/.
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A series of nicotine gums was made to investigate the effect of formulation variables on release of nicotine from the gum. Using a directly compressible gum base, in comparison to Nicorette® the gums crumbled when chewed in vitro, resulting in a faster release of nicotine. To investigate the effect of altering the gum base, the concentration of sodium salts, sugar syrup, the form of the active drug, the addition sequence and the incorporation of surfactant into the gum, the traditional manufacturing method was used to make a series of gum formulations. Results showed that the time of addition of the active drug, the incorporation of surfactants and using different gum base all increased the release of nicotine from the gum. In contrast, reducing the concentration of sodium carbonate resulted in a lower release. Using a stronger nicotine ion-exchange resin delayed the release of nicotine from the gum, whilst altering the concentration of sugar syrup had little effect on the release but altered the texture of the gum.
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Walther, Bruno Andreas. "Comparative studies of ectoparasite communities of birds." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364001.
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Burnett, Sarah E. "Pocketful Confessions: Poems to Read While Chewing Your Lips." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1433539031.
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Anthonappa, Robert Prashanth. "An in situ study to compare a fluoride chewing gum with a fluoride dentifrice." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B39839436.
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Laskaris, Donnan J. "The effects of mastication on memory and recall in elementary students." [Denver, Colo.] : Regis University, 2006. http://165.236.235.140/lib/DLaskaris2006.pdf.
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Yenter, Jaclyn. "Energy expenditure during chewing: a comparison of two measurement methods." Thesis, Wichita State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/3994.
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Older adults with chewing and swallowing difficulties frequently report increased fatigue and effort, or energy expenditure, during eating. Energy is defined as the ability to perform work. It is most accurately measured through an examination of the gaseous composition of inhaled and exhaled air at rest and during activity using laboratory-based indirect calorimetry. There is a need for a valid measure of energy expenditure that can be used to document the effort involved in eating and swallowing in natural contexts. The purpose of the current study was to determine the concurrent validity of the portable SenseWear® system compared to indirect calorimetry during a simulated eating task. Nineteen university students served as participants. Each was connected simultaneously to indirect calorimetry and SenseWear® systems. Energy expenditure was obtained while participants chewed gum and swallowed repeatedly. Pearson product-moment correlations showed a close relationship (p < 0.05) between the two measurement methods. Mean Mid-Arm Muscle Circumference measures also correlated positively with both measurement methods, reflecting the influence of body mass on energy expenditure. Results support the use of the SenseWear® system to measure energy expenditure in chewing and swallowing in natural contexts, particularly for adults with chewing and swallowing difficulties.Thesis (M.A.)--Wichita State University, College of Health Professions, Dept. of Communication Sciences and Disorders.
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Taylor, Jason. "Diversification of chewing lice and cospeciation with their mammalian hosts." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367949.
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Tavano, Rafael D'Aquino. "Avaliação da eficiência e capacidade mastigatória em pacientes com fissura labiopalatina reabilitados com prótese de recobrimento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/61/61132/tde-15062011-141359/.
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Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a capacidade e eficiência mastigatória de 37 pacientes com fissuras labiopalatinas, matriculados no Hospital de Anomalias Craniofaciais, Universidade de São Paulo (HRAC-USP) e 20 indivíduos não fissurados. O grupo 1 foi composto por 20 pacientes com fissura labiopalatina e dentição natural até pelo menos o 1º molar nos dois arcos dentários. O grupo 2 foi de 17 pacientes com fissura labiopalatina envolvendo rebordo, arco superior atrésico e com prótese parcial removível de recobrimento. Este grupo foi dividido nas condições sem a prótese (grupo 2a) e com a prótese (grupo 2b). O grupo 3 considerado grupo controle, foi formado por 20 indivíduos sem fissura, com dentição natural até pelo menos o 1º molar nos dois arcos dentários. Para a avaliação da capacidade mastigatória utilizou-se questionário padronizado, baseado na literatura, onde um único examinador limitou-se a explica-lo o questionário e não induziu as respostas. Para análise da eficiência mastigatória foram utilizadas amêndoas como alimento teste e sistema de tamises com peneiras e orifícios diferentes. Os resultados para a avaliação da capacidade e eficiência mastigatória indicaram que não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos com fissura e com dentição natural (grupo 1 ) e grupo controle, sem fissura e dentição natural (grupo 3 ). Todavia, estes dois grupos apresentaram resultados melhores que o grupo com fissura e prótese parcial removível de recobrimento. Para os indivíduos com fissura e com prótese (grupo 2), a eficiência mastigatória foi melhor na condição com a prótese (grupo 2b) do que na condição sem a prótese grupo 2a).This study aimed at evaluating the chewing ability and efficiency of 37 patients with cleft lip and palate attending the HRAC-USP and 20 individuals without clefts. Group1 comprised 20 patients with clefts presenting natural dentition at least up to the first molar in both dental arches. Group 2 was composed of 17 patients with clefts wearing removable partial dentures in at least one dental arch. This group was subdivided in group 2a comprised patients with clefts and without removable partial denture and group 2b, comprised patients with clefts and with removable partial denture. Group 3 (control) included 20 individuals without clefts presenting natural dentition at least up to the first molar in both dental arches. Evaluation of the chewing ability was performed by application of a literature-based standardized questionnaire in which only one examiner explained the questions and did not induce the responses. Analysis of chewing efficiency was conducted by utilization of almonds as test food and a system of sieves with different sizes and orifices. There was no statistically significant difference between groups 1 and 3 in relation to the chewing ability, but when compared groups 2b and 3, and groups 1 and 2b, there was statistically significant difference. Concerning evaluation of chewing efficiency, the individuals without clefts presented similar (statistically equal) outcomes compared to patients with clefts with natural dentition up to the first molar, with statistically better results when compared to those observed for patients with clefts wearing removable partial dentures, who were tested both with and without the prostheses. Patients with clefts with natural teeth presented better outcomes as patients wearing removable dentures either with or without their dentures in position. Comparison within the group of patients with clefts wearing removable partial dentures revealed that their chewing efficiency was statistically better when their dentures were in position.
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Teljemo, Aron. "Tuggmaskin för test av dentala konstruktioner." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-160158.
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Syftet med detta projekt var att utveckla en testrigg för dentala implantat. Uppdraget kom från Institutionen för odontologi vid Umeå universitet. Beställare efterfrågade en testrigg som kunde testa hållfastheten i ett koncept där en tandbro installeras på två implantat istället för fyra. Inledningsvis var planen att utveckla ett pneumatiskt styrt system och automatisera detta med CODESYS. När det framgått att en elev på Tandläkarhögskolan var tänkt fortsätta med uppdraget under sitt kommande examensarbete så bytte fokus i projektet. Från detta tillfälle fortsatte arbetet med att utveckla sagda tandläkarelevs koncept. Detta baserades på att en DC-motor driver ett mekaniskt system, där en roterande kamnock ger upphov till kraftöverföring på testobjektet. Målet var att belasta testobjektet med en kraft på 177 N med ett varvtal på 89 rpm. För att få ett kvitto på överförd kraft inkorporerades en lastcell i systemet. Data från lastcellen skulle göras tillgänglig via en Raspberry Pi. Detta projekt resulterade i att delar till produkten undersöktes och införskaffades, men ingen färdig testrigg blev konstruerad. Arbetet med lastcellen resulterade inte i något färdigt program för att hantera data som önskat.This project had the intention to develop a testing-machine for dental implants. The assignment came from the Department of Odontology at Umeå University. The sponsor asked for a testing-machine that could test the mechanical strength in a concept where a dental bridge was installed on two implants instead of four. Initially the plan was to develop a pneumatically powered system and automate this with CODESYS. When it turned out that a student at the dental program was thought to continue with the assignment as his upcoming degree project the focus of this project changed. From this moment the project instead continued by developing the concept that said dental student had started to develop. This concept was based on DC-engines to power a mechanical system, where a rotating camshaft gave cause to force loads on the test object. The goal was to introduce a force of 177 N with an rpm of 89. To make sure that the correct loads were applied, a load cell was incorporated into the concept. Data from the load cell was to be handled with a Raspberry Pi. This project resulted in parts necessary to construct the product researched and acquired. The work with the load cell did not result in a finished program to handle data as wished.
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Baeshen, Hosam. "On fluoridation of chewing sticks (Miswaks) with respect to dental caries /." Göteborg : Department of Cariology, Institute of Odontology at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Ministry of Higher Education Saudi Arabia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/21869.
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Kaur, Navdeep. "Effects of chewing different food types on movements of the mandible." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101855.
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The aim was to compare the movements of the mandible during chewing different food types. We hypothesized that the mandibular movements would vary significantly between the food types. For each participant, we built and affixed the dental appliances and attached infra red emitting diodes to record the mandibular movements using a 3D motion capture device (Optotrak). Participants chewed on four test foods that varied in texture: Italian bread stick, dried beef stick, carrot and cheese. Results indicated greater amplitude of the lateral displacement of the mandibular movements when chewing cheese. The velocity of the lateral displacement was greater for soft foods such as cheese. The velocity of the horizontal displacement increased during beef chewing. Furthermore, we found shorter movement cycle duration while chewing carrot. We concluded that the movements of the mandible vary significantly during chewing different food types.
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Agrawal, Kalpana Rajesh. "The effects of food texture on chewing patterns in human subjects." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20565719.
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Tulo, Stella Tilu. "Glycaemic effects of betel nut chewing in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus." Thesis, Curtin University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1390.
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This research sought to access the effects of betel nut chewing on glycaemic control amongst patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Papua New Guinea. Whilst there were no observable acute effects of betel nut chewing on capillary blood glucose levels, a negative association was observed between betel nut use and glycaemic control in patients with long-term diabetes. Furthermore, betel nut consumption had a negative association with body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference.
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Morris, Joanne Ruth. "A study of forces applied through implant supported mandibular overdentures during chewing." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326171.
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Simons, Debra Natalie. "Antimicrobial chewing gum in the management of dental disease in the elderly." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.394462.
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Büchel, Simona [Verfasser]. "Sensor-based Control of Chewing and Rumination Behavior of Dairy Cows / Simona Büchel." Kassel : Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1048206432/34.
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McConnell, Colin James. "A comparison of chewing performance in apes via three dimensional finite element analysis." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.414807.
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Karasawa, Y. "The impact of betel quid chewing during pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes in Bhutan." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2017. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/4189861/.
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Betel (areca) nut is the fourth most widely used psychoactive substance globally, accounting for 10-20% of the world’s population. Its most basic form is betel ‘quid’ which consists of betel leaf, betel nut (the main psychoactive ingredient) and slaked lime. Evidence that betel quid and betel nut alone are associated with oral cancer has been established. Background: While there is a substantial body of evidence on the impact of health-risk behaviours including smoking and drinking alcohol on adverse pregnancy outcomes, studies on the impact of betel quid chewing on pregnancy outcomes are sparse and heterogeneous. Although several studies report the negative impact of betel quid chewing on pregnancy outcomes, the evidence is inconclusive. One of the challenges in understanding the impact of betel quid is to distinguish the impact of betel quid chewing from the impact of smoking. Bhutan, where low prevalence of smoking and high prevalence of betel-quid chewing are reported, provides a natural experimental environment for taking a close look at the impact of betel quid chewing alone. As a part of the global agenda to address preterm births (PTB) as a public health priority and in order to provide evidence to inform efforts to reduce neonatal morbidity and mortality in Bhutan, this study explores the impact of betel quid chewing on birth outcomes and its importance in relation to other risk factors. Methods: This study used a multi-centre case-control design. A case was defined as a mother of a singleton live born infant whose gestational age is less than 37 completed weeks and/or an infant whose birth weight is less than 2500 g. A control was defined as a mother of singleton live born term babies whose birth weight was more than 2500g and gestational age was greater than 37 weeks. Information was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire from February 2015 to the beginning of March 2016 at the three referral hospitals in Bhutan. Study participants were recruited by a trained interviewer during their post-delivery stay before discharge from each hospital. A statistical approach and a causal directed acyclic graph (DAG) approach were used for building logistic regression models. Results: Of the 669 study participants, 55% of the case mothers and 52% of the control mothers chewed betel quid during pregnancy. About 22% of cases and 22% of controls used commercial betel products during pregnancy. In total, 60% of the case mothers and 57% of the control mothers chewed either betel quid or packaged betel products during pregnancy. Neither the statistical approach nor DAG approach provided clear evidence of an association between betel quid use and low birth weight (LBW) or PTB. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of term LBW was 1.07 (95% CI: 8 0.54-2.13, p=0.845) in the statistical approach while the aOR of term LBW was 1.30 (95% CI: 0.74-2.27, p=0.439) in the DAG approach. Using the DAG approach, the aOR of PTB in association with betel quid chewing during pregnancy was 1.20 (95% CI: 0.72-2.00, p=0.614). When the total number of betel nuts consumed during the last three months of pregnancy was used as an exposure variable, the aOR for mothers who consumed more than one nut per day was 1.39 for term LBW (95%:0.52-3.68, p=0.514) and the aOR of PTB was 0.66 (95% CI: 0.27-1.66, p=0.383) compared to non-chewers. For a secondary outcome, the data suggest betel quid chewing is associated with increased odds of anaemia (aOR 2.09, 95% CI 1.27-3.43, p=0.004). Using the DAG approach, tobacco and alcohol use during pregnancy, low gestational weight gain, and urinary tract infection showed a clear association with term LBW and PTB. Conclusion: In the present study, the results provide no clear evidence of an association between term LBW or PTB and betel quid chewing during pregnancy. For a secondary outcome, the data suggest betel quid chewing is associated with increased odds of anaemia. The present study provides rich baseline data for mothers and established a cohort of cases and controls, which could be followed up to understand the short- and long-term effects of LBW and PTB and may help design effective interventions.
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Barcellos, Daphne Camara [UNESP]. "Prevalência do lado preferencial mastigatório e sua relação com a alimentação, a saúde periodontal, o lado preferencial no primeiro ciclo mastigatório e a dominância lateral nas dentições decídua, mista e permanente." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89601.
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Esse estudo de prevalência objetivou avaliar o lado preferencial mastigatório nas dentições decídua, mista e permanente e sua relação com: a consistência da dieta alimentar; o índice de placa e o índice gengival entre as hemi-arcadas direita e esquerda; o lado preferencial no primeiro ciclo mastigatório e as dominâncias laterais. Foram avaliados 300 indivíduos divididos em três grupos: Grupo 1 - 100 indivíduos entre 3 e 5 anos de idade com dentição decídua; Grupo 2 - 100 indivíduos entre 6 e 12 anos de idade com dentição mista; Grupo 3 - 100 indivíduos a partir de 18 anos de idade com dentição permanente. Foram coletados dados sobre a consistência alimentar (sólido, semi-sólido, pastoso e líquido) dos indivíduos. Foi realizado o índice gengival segundo o critério de Löe e Silness (1963) e o índice de placa segundo os critérios de Greene e Vermilion (1964) entre as hemi-arcadas direitas e esquerdas. Foi realizado o teste midificado de Mc Donnell et al. (2004) para determinar o lado preferencial mastigatório e o teste desenvolvido por Hoogmartens e Caubergh (1987a) para determinar o lado preferencial no primeiro ciclo mastigatório. Foi realizado o teste desenvolvido por Porac e Coren (1981) para determinar a dominância lateral das mãos, pés, olhos e ouvidos. Foi utilizada estatística descritiva para observar a prevalência do lado preferencial mastigatório, o teste Qui-quadrado e o teste Z para a relação entre os dados obtidos. Pode-se observar uma prevalência do lado preferencial mastigatório de 87% para o grupo 1, de 82% para o grupo 2 e de 76% para o grupo 3. O teste qui-quadrado demonstrou haver relação significante entre o lado preferencial mastigatório e: o lado preferencial no 9 primeiro ciclo mastigatório para os grupos 1, 2 e 3; a dominância lateral dos ouvidos para o grupo 1; e as dominâncias laterais das mãos e dos pés para grupos...
This study evaluated the prevalence of chewing side preference in deciduous, mixed and permanent dentition and its relationship with: food consistency, gingival and plaque index between the left and right hemiarcades, the side preference at first chewing and lateral dominance. It was evaluated 300 subjects divided into three groups: Group 1 - 100 individuals between 3 and 5 years old with deciduous dentition; Group 2 - 100 individuals between 6 and 12 years old with mixed dentition; 3 - 100 individuals between 18 and 47 years old with permanent dentition. Data of food consistency were obtained with a questionnaire (solid, semi-solid, paste and liquid). The plaque index was performed according to Greene and Vermilion (1964) criteria and the gingival index was performed according to Löe e Silness (1963) criteria, for the left and right hemiarcades. To determine the chewing side preference, was used the test developed by Christensen and Radue (1985a). To determine the side preference at first chewing, was used the test developed by Hoogmartens and Caubergh (1987a). To determine the lateral dominance of the hands, feet, eyes and ears, was used the test developed by Porac and Coren (1981). Descriptive statistics was used to observe the prevalence of the chewing side preference. The chi-square test and Wilcoxon test and Z-test were used for the relation between the data obtained. It can be observe the prevalence of the chewing side preference: 87% for group 1, 82% for group 2 and 76% for group 3. The chi-square test showed that there was significant relation between chewing side preference and: side preference at first chewing for the deciduous, mixed and permanent dentition; ear lateral dominance for the primary dentition; hand and feet lateral dominances for the mixed and permanent dentitions. It can be concluded that the side preference at first chewing is directly related to the chewing... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Abouelleil, Sayed Hazem. "Dental composite properties evaluation : from experimental approaches to the prerequisite of a chewing bench." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1054/document.
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La littérature scientifique révèle que les résultats in vitro sur les matériaux dentaires ont une faible corrélation avec le comportement clinique. Les tests standardisés aux normes fournissent des informations précieuses et pertinentes sur les propriétés des matériaux dentaires, et permettent aussi de comparer les résultats de différents instituts. Cependant, le développement de nouveaux matériaux à partir de nouvelles formulations chimiques nécessite une amélioration des méthodes d'évaluation. Ce travail de recherche est réalisé dans le but d'approfondir les connaissances sur les méthodes d'évaluation des matériaux dentaires avant insertion dans la cavité buccale. Une grande importance a été donnée au choix des matériaux à tester ; nous nous sommes basés sur les dernières tendances actuelles et les derniers développements de composition de matériaux dentaires. La même importance a été donnée à des méthodes et des techniques d'essai au laboratoire ; leur corrélation avec les résultats cliniques a été mise en évidence. Les modifications apportées à la méthodologie de ces tests ont exploré davantage les aspects cachés des différentes interactions de paramètres. La caractérisation et l'évaluation des matériaux dentaires nécessitaient une meilleure compréhension de l'interaction entre les différentes propriétés pour expliquer le vieillissement des matériaux. Notre travail a consisté à combiner de nombreuses études pour répondre à ce sujet. Les études ont porté sur les propriétés mécaniques et physiques, le composite fibré et Bulk, les matériaux CAM CAD, les adhésifs dentaires, le choc thermique et le cyclage thermique, le bisphénol A. L'objectif final était de développer un simulateur oral qui permettrait la reproduction de différents paramètres chimiques, physiques et mécaniques de l'environnement buccal, permettant ainsi de combler l'écart entre les tests in vitro et in vivo de matériaux dentairesScientific literature reveals that in vitro results are poorly correlated to materials clinical behavior. ISO standardized testing provides valuable information about the dental materials properties, and enables result comparison between different institutes. Conversely, new materials chemistry and formulations requires improved methodology and testing methods. Throughout our studies included in this work, the main objective was to reach a more global knowledge of the way dental materials are evaluated before being inserted into the oral cavity. A great deal of emphasis was given to the choice of materials to be tested, and that it would represent the current trends in dental practice and the latest developments in material composition. Equal highlight was given to the choice of testing methodology and laboratory testing techniques and their correlation to the clinical outcome. The modifications made to the methodology of these tests explored further the concealed aspects of different parameter interactions. Dental materials characterization and assessment required more understanding about the interaction between different properties to explain material aging; our work was to combine numerous studies to answer this topic. The studies included mechanical and physical properties, bulk and fiber composite, CAD CAM block materials, dental resin adhesive, thermal shock and thermal cycling, Bisphenol A. The final objective was to develop an oral simulator that would enable the reproduction of different chemical, physical and mechanical parameters of the oral environment, thus permitting to bridge the gap between in vitro and in vivo testing of dental materials
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Bahl, Paul. "Development of medicated chewing gum formulations for the delivery of a poorly soluble drug." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2015. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/25435/.
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The concept of chewing gum for medical purposes provides discrete, convenient administration, the potential for buccal absorption and the avoidance of first pass metabolism or gastrointestinal degradation. This work contributes to the limited information available on the release of poorly soluble drugs from medicated chewing gum formulations. Lansoprazole was chosen as a model drug due to its poor solubility and instability (under acidic conditions), thus a chewing gum formulation would be of particular benefit avoiding gastrointestinal degradation. The solubility and stability of lansoprazole in artificial saliva was found to be dependent on the pH of the solution. An increase in pH caused an increase in solubility with a significant increase between pH 9 and pH 10. At pH 6, concentrations decreased over time confirming the acid instability of lansoprazole. The use of cyclodextrins as solubilisers and stabilisers for lansoprazole were investigated; complexed lansoprazole (with Mβ-CD, 1:1) resulted in a 9 fold increase in solubility compared to free lansoprazole and remained stable at pH 6. Chewing gum formulations incorporating lansoprazole were prepared and the following excipients were investigated: Revolymer‟s® hydrophilic polymer Rev7, buffering excipients and complexed lansoprazole (with Mβ-CD, 1:1). Drug diffusion from gum surfaces was found to be limited, highlighting the need for effective mastication to ensure the timely release of the drug. In vitro release was evaluated using the EP approved masticator. Various parameters were investigated including: the type of dissolution medium, pH, chew rate and sampling and replacement volumes. Significant differences in release after 30 minutes mastication were found for gums containing Rev7 and potassium carbonate (both of which contributed to increasing the hydrophilic capacity of the gum). These gums were also softer than other formulations due to a plasticising effect on the gum base elastomer resulting in softer, less cohesive gums. Complexation was not found to have an impact on in vitro drug release from gums. The study also assessed the buccal absorption of free lansoprazole and complexed lansoprazole (with Mβ-CD, 1:1) using porcine buccal mucosae. The highest partitioning coefficient was observed for free lansoprazole at pH 6.8 due to a lower ionised fraction in combination with a lower molecular weight. Complexed lansoprazole had the highest drug flux but also had the paradoxical effect of decreasing the permeability coefficient. Overall the study contributed to increasing the understanding of factors governing the release of a poorly soluble and unstable API, lansoprazole, from a medicated chewing gum formulation. The optimised formulation would contain lansoprazole, 8 % Rev7 and potassium carbonate to provide the maximum release of drug from the gum and also facilitate buccal absorption.
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Banoo, Syeda Nafisa. "Culturally Accepted Smokeless and Chewing Tobacco Use among South Asian Immigrants in the USA." Thesis, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13426993.
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Smokeless tobacco use is an increasingly growing health concern among South Asians immigrants. Different studied suggested that prolonged use of smokeless and chewing tobacco has adverse impact on physical and neurological health. However, there is lack of research on psychological effects of smokeless tobacco among South Asian population. The purpose of the present study was to examine the psychological dependence that develops from using smokeless and chewing tobacco among South Asian immigrants in the USA. The study utilized a quantitative research design using survey method including standardized questionnaires. Interviews were conducted with 24 male and 48 females (N=72) from South Asian immigrants in the USA. Overall, there was no significant differences were found between gender, level of education, types of employment, and attempts to stop and positive dependence. Although there is a small positive correlation between age and positive dependence (r=.26). Results suggest that there is strong correlation between positive dependence and tolerance (r=.95) and strong positive correlations between positive dependence and cravings (r=.92). The results also indicated a positive relationship between positive relations and smokeless tobacco use (r=.91, ?.05) and secondary dependence and smoke?less tobacco use (r=.98, ?.05). The study also showed that there is a positive correlation between behavior patterns (frequency of daily use and number of use) and level of craving and withdrawals was higher. The implications of the study for both researchers and health professionals need to understand the culture-specific reasons for its use along with other covariates to assess the prevalence, screen for risks, and build culture specific intervention strategies.
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Le, Cam Vanessa. "Les masticatoires modernes, en particulier les gommes à mâcher proposées à l'officine." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05P046.
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Howlett, D. P. "Geochronological constraints on Yambah and Chewings-aged deformation at Mt Boothby in the south eastern Reynolds Range, Central Australia." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/92257.
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This item is only available electronically.Zircon and monazite U–Pb isotope geochronology combined with structural mapping in the Mt Boothby region in the central Aileron Province in Central Australia has constrained the timing of two tectonically distinct phases of high-grade deformation and metamorphism. The first event (D1/M1) occurred at around 1790 Ma and was associated with the emplacement of a bimodal magmatic suite that underwent high-grade deformation prior to the emplacement of voluminous granite also at around 1790 Ma. The timing of D1/M1 coincides with the early stages of the Yambah Event, which is widely recognised in the southern Aileron Province, but has not previously been unequivocally shown to be associated with deformation . Subsequent pervasive reworking occurred over the interval 1600-1570 Ma, and was associated with long-lived granulite-grade metamorphism. The timing of this event coincides with the Chewings Orogeny which largely shaped the tectonic geology further west in the Reynolds and Anmatjira Ranges. During the Chewings Orogeny the c.1790 Ma D1 structures were transposed into a composite S1/S2 fabric. Map scale F2 folding is interpreted to have a shallow plunge suggesting that the S1 fabric may have originally been shallow dipping, raising the possibility that deformation was extensional in nature, and coeval with deposition of the nearby Reynolds Range Group which is constrained to the interval 1806-1785 Ma. Although inferred here to be Yambah aged, the timing constraints for D1 /M1 also overlap with the c. 1800 Ma Stafford Event which was associated with voluminous felsic magmatism, mafic magmatism and extreme geothermal gradient magmatism. This suggests that an extended period of extension, sedimentation, magmatism and deformation may have occurred at around 1800 Ma in the central Aileron Province.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2012
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Trestrail, J. L. "U-Pb detrital zircon, geochemical and Nd isotope constraints on sedimentary provenance of the Chewings Range Quartzite, Warumpi Province, Arunta Region, NT." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/106279.
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This item is only available electronically.The Chewings Range Quartzite is a meta-sedimentary cover sequence located in the Warumpi Province of the Arunta Region. U-Pb detrital Zircon analysis of the Chewings Range Quartzite indicates a minimum depositional age of ~ 1640Ma, with the main population of zircons residing within a range of 1700 – 1800Ma. Evidence from Sm-Nd isotopic data suggests that a series of Staurolite Garnet Schists, often grouped with the Chewings Range Quartzite, has a significantly more juvenile character. This suggests that it may represent a new unit with a significantly differing provenance to that of the Chewings Range Quartzite. Combined REE, geochemistry and detrital zircon dating suggests that the Chewings Range Quartzite was derived primarily off the Arunta Region and North Australian Craton, while the Stauralite Garnet Schists holds more affinity with juvenile Musgrave Province to the south.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 2010
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Lawson-Wyatt, M. A. "Regional Inkamulla-aged (ca. 1740–1755 Ma) tectonism along strike of the Mt Hay-Redbank Hill region, southern Aileron Province, central Australia." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/92908.
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This item is only available electronically.LA-ICP-MS U-Pb monazite and zircon geochronology from granulite facies metapelites and granites indicate Inkamulla-aged metamorphism has occurred in the southern Aileron province, immediately east of the Mt Hay and Mt Chapple massifs. Gneissic metasediments and a granitic gneiss from an EW-striking structural belt in the southern Aileron Province yield ages reflective of the Inkamulla Igneous Event (1754-1741 Ma) and the Chewings Event (1593-1545 Ma), along with magmatic ages of 1627 and 1641 Ma. The Chewings age is interpreted to represent structural reworking associated with discrete shear zones along the northern margin of the EW belt. Magmatic ages of ca. 1640 Ma typically associated with Warumpi Province magmatism and deformation are found within the study area, which weakens the argument that the Warumpi terrane is exotic from the Aileron Province. The metamorphic conditions of 780-920°C and 5-10 kbars indicate an elevated geothermal gradient.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2012
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Wang, Chieh-ming, and 王界明. "Evaluation of Soft Food Chewing Efficiency with Chewing Gum." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18921849213836943566.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
口腔生物科學研究所
89
The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in soft food chewing efficiency and muscle activity between complete natural dentition and partial edentulous patients. For this purpose, a soft test food was designed which was hydroxylapatite (HA) particle contained chewing gum. Twenty subjects with complete natural dentition and eleven subjects with at least one posterior tooth missing in one quadrant without restoration were asked to chew the test food. Distribution of the HA particles in the chewed chewing gum was defined as the chewing efficiency. Moreover, simultaneous EMG of the right and left anterior temporalis and masseter muscle during gum chewing was recorded. Centric occlusion contact area and maximum bite force were also measured to relate to the chewing efficiency of gum chewing. It was found that occlusal contact area and chewing stroke were the more powerful factors to effect chewing efficiency than others when GEE model was applied to analyze the variables in chewing efficiency. Habitual and non-habitual sides of complete dentition subjects were higher than the non-habitual side of incomplete dentition subjects (p<0.05) when t-test was used, and the habitual side was higher than non-habitual side of incomplete dentition subjects (p<0.05) when Paired t-test was used. It is also found that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) after 20 and 25 chews but there was not a significant difference after 30 chews between complete natural dentition and incomplete subjects. We suggested that the poor chewing efficiency of incomplete dentition subjects caused by lower occlusal contact area which is due to teeth missing could be compensated via increased chews during gum chewing. It is found that the lower total muscle activity during gum chewing accompanied with lower maximum bite force when the GEE model applied to analyze the variables in total muscle activity and there were not significant difference within the habitual and non-habitual sides of complete natural dentition and incomplete dentition subjects. It is also found that one chewed on non-habitual side or who had lower occlusal contact area were main to cause lower bite force when the GEE model applied to analyze the variables in maximum bite force and there was not highly relationship between bite force and chewing efficiency. It was concluded that jaw-closing muscle activities were applied to pulverize and mix the content of chewing gum but highly bite force was not critical on it during gum chewing. Teeth essentiality was important during gum chewing. Finally, the HA contained chewing gum could be popular used to evaluate soft food masticatory function.
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鄭秀如. "Correlation between dental occlusal contact area & chewing gum chewing efficiency." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63125259245052900956.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
口腔生物科學研究所
90
The purpose of this study was to observe the relationship between occlusal contact area and chewing gum chewing efficiency. The influence of age, gender, time and side of chewing on occlusal contact area and chewing efficiency were also observed. Our hypothesis was that there is no significant correlation between occlusal contact area and chewing gum chewing efficiency. Twenty four subjects,12 males and 12 females, aged from 20 to 50 years were observed. They had complete natural dentition and no TMJ or facial pain history. A pilot study on optimal chewing strokes for efficiency comparison was performed and found 30 chewing strokes had best discriminating ability. The subjects were asked to chew a Hydroxylapatite(HA) containing chewing gum block for 30 times. Chewing efficiency was estimated by the homogeneity of HA particle distribution in a gum blous. Centric and eccentric occlusal contact areas were also obtained to relate to the chewing efficiency. It was found that chewing efficiency was better in young aged subjects and females had better chewing efficiency. There was no significant correlation between occlusal contact area and chewing efficiency（r<0.4,Ｐ＞0.05）. Prolongation of chewing time in a limited chewing stroke number did not increase the chewing gum chewing efficiency. Based on those findings, it was concluded that occlusal contact area is not a major contributing factor for the chewing gum chewing efficiency although such correlation was found in hard food chewing. It seems that function of oral soft tissues such as tongue, lips and cheek mucosa function and the involvement of saliva may be of major importance for chewing gum chewing. Future studies on such function are necessary.
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Wilson, Erin Michelle. "Kinematic description of chewing development /." 2005. http://www.library.wisc.edu/databases/connect/dissertations.html.
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Lin, Huei-Yi, and 林慧宜. "Betel-chewing Prevention Intervention Research." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/91225376029248514585.
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Murphy, Danielle Marie. "Effect of chewing gum on the incidence of plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation in adolescent orthodontic patients a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment ... for the degree of Master of Science (School of Dentistry) ... /." 2002. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/68962491.html.
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Puterman, Eli. "Chewing the cud, and chewing it differently : contextual and individual differences in reactive rumination and negative affect." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/15649.
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The present study explores the relationships between reactive ruminative style,
daily reactive rumination, and daily negative affect, both within the same day, and across
days. Further, the extent to which perceived social support moderates the effect of a
reactive ruminative style on daily reactive rumination was explored. One hundred and
seventy-six individuals were interviewed and completed a structured diary twice daily for
one week. The results of hierarchical linear modeling suggested that reactive ruminative
style and daily reactive rumination interacted to predict fluctuations of daily negative
affect within the same day. Next day fluctuations in negative affect were predicted by a
reactive ruminative style. Furthermore, results indicated that perceived social support
interacted with a reactive ruminative style to predict both same day and next day daily
reactive rumination. Relevance to both reactive rumination theory and the stress and
coping literatures are discussed.Arts, Faculty of
Psychology, Department of
Graduate
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Hashim, Hairul A. "Precompetitive anxiety, gum chewing, and diaphragmatic breathing." 2003. http://www.oregonpdf.org.
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Soares, José Bernardo Pedroso Couto. "Chewing lice in birds of Northern Greece." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10348/8089.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaNos últimos anos, os malófagos mastigados têm-se tornado objecto de extenso e inovadores estudos sobre a relação entre hospedeiro-parasita e a sua co-evolução. Adicionalmente a condição da população de passarideos é um indicador de alterações ambientais, devido à sua sensibilidade a efeitos negativos, tal como a poluição. Paralelamente o conhecimento dos níveis de infestação de hospedeiros passarideos por ectoparasites permite o uso destes dados como representativos do bem-estar ecológico do biotipo. No contexto da Grécia, esta área geográfica é de grande importância para espécies de passerideos migratórias e autóctones, pois proporcionando uma grande variedade de habitats. E com registros de 442 species de aves, das quais, 242 são autóctones, e as restantes migratórias. Apesar destes números, existe falta de dados relativamente à fauna de ftirápteros na Grécia. Logo, o objectivo principal deste trabalho é providenciar o primeiro estudo parasitológico de ectoparasites em aves. O trabalho de campo foi conduzido, em diversos locais, dentro dos Parques Nacionais de Koroneia e Volvi no Norte da Grécia. De 2013 a 2016, compreendendo 9 sessões captura ornitológica, nas quais foram examinados 729 espécies de aves e um total de 560 espécimes de malófagos foram coletados e examinados em condições laboratoriais. Este estudo parasitológico permitiu compreender melhor a relação entre hospedeiroparasita e descobrir novas associações. Adicionalmente, a revisão da relação entre Acrocephalus melanopogon e o complexo Philopterus sp., e re-descrever a espécie Philopterus acrocephalus. Os resultados, também, demonstraram ser similares a outros trabalhos em malófagos mastigadores em aves na Europa, os quais parecem apresentar uma aparente deterioração dos habitats. Em suma, o melhor conhecimento do complexo sistema de hospedeiro-parasita providencia ferramentas para o desenvolvimento de medidas de conservação ambiental e fauna selvagem.
In recent years, chewing lice have been the subject of extensive and innovative studies on host-parasite relationship and co-evolution (Smith, 2003). Furthermore, the fitness of the wild passerine population is an indicator of environmental changes as they sensitively react to pollution and other negative effects. Also, the knowledge concerning the infestation of passerine hosts by ectoparasites allows also the use of ectoparasites infestation as a sentinel of the overall ecological status of a biotope. Within the Greek context this geographical area holds a great importance local and migratory European bird species by providing a great variety of habitats. With a recorded 442 bird species, of which, 242 are locally breeding, while the rest are migratory birds. Despite this data concerning louse fauna of birds living in Greece are practically lacking. Hence the main aim of this work was to provide the first parasitological survey conducted on ectoparasites of birds. The field work was conducted, within several locations, inside Koroneia and Volvi National Park in Northern Greece. From 2013 to 2016, comprising 9 ornithological ringing sessions, where a total of 729 birds were examined and a total of 560 lice specimens were collected and further examined under laboratory conditions. This parasitological study allows to a better understanding of the host-parasite relations and discover new associations. Moreover, this study allowed a review of the association between Acrocephalus melanopogon and Philopterus-complex, and a redescription of Philopterus acrocephalus. The parasitological results also mimic other reports of bird’s chewing lice from Europe, that present a suggestive deterioration of habitats. Ultimately the better knowledge of the complex parasite-host systems may also provide tools for designing successful measures for wildlife and environment conservation.
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Lee, Chi-Jui, and 李琪瑞. "Changes of Betel Nut Chewing among Students from 4th to 12th Grade: Behavior Patterns and Onset of Betel Nut Chewing." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88075512473366187844.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
健康政策與管理研究所
101
Objective: To investigate behavior patterns, onset of betel nut chewing, and the influential factors among students from 4th to 12th Grade. Methods: Data was obtained from the second cohort of the Children and Adolescent Behaviors in Long-term Evolution project. The original sample numbers were 2,687 students on 4th Grade. Participants included 2,295 students who were followed from 4th to 12th Grade(2001-2009) and completely answered specific items for group-based trajectory model and logistic regression analysis. On the other hand, after excluding the missing values and already had chewed betel nuts on 4th Grade, 2,043 participants for survival analysis. 5 individual-level factors, 6 environmental-level factors, and other 2 behavior-level factors were studied the relation to the behavior patterns and onset of betel nut chewing. Results: 1.The highest proportion of betel nut chewing among nine grades was on 12th Grade(3.46%), and the lowest proportion was on 6th Grade(0.29%). The highest incident rate of betel nut chewing was 0.02 on 11th and 12th Grade. Besides, the highest hazard rate of beginning betel nut chewing was 0.02 on 11th Grade. During nine years, the cumulative proportion of never chewing was 0.93. 2.There were 2 trajectory patterns of betel nut chewing, including "continuing not chewing"(93.90%) and "the chewing probability obviously increasing"(6.10%). 3.Male, living in Hsinchu County, having had experiences on smoking or drinking, and surrounding peers or friends chewing betel nuts, which caused the increasing chewing probability and earlier onset of betel nut chewing. Conclusion: The proportion of betel nut chewing increased with time going by, and 11th Grade might be the critical time of onset among students from 4th to 12th Grade. Based on the findings we recommend that the betel nut prevention should start from the elementary-school stage, construct supportive environment without betel nuts, and consider male students with having had smoking or drinking experiences, poor course performance, or poor family support to educate. On political aspect, we should place importance on the cluster effect between smoking, drinking, and chewing betel nuts together when progressing betel nut prevention programs.
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Hsu, Bi Hwei, and 徐碧惠. "Prevalence Rates of Areca Quid Chewing and Cigarette Smoking and Health Knowledge and Attitude toward Areca Quid Chewing in Taipei City." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77788592634309179788.
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碩士高雄醫學大學
口腔衛生科學研究所碩士在職專班
90
Abstract The habit of chewing areca quid has a significant impact on the whole community, environment and the health of people in Taiwan. The purposes of this research were to investigate the prevalence rate of areca quid chewing and cigarette smoking together with the health knowledge and attitude toward areca quid chewing in Taipei City. A stratified multi-stage cluster sampling with probability proportional to size was designed. Each participant was given a personal interview by public health nurses. Regression analysis was used to show the relationship between the knowledge and attitude of areca quid chewers. Four hundreds and eight adults (190 men, 218 women) were interviewed. The prevalence rates of chewing areca quid were currently 9.23% for men and 0% for women respectively. While the prevalence rates of lifetime areca quid chewer were 18.5% for male and 0% for female. The prevalence rates of cigarette smoking were 47.3% for men and 2.9% for women respectively. While the prevalence rates of lifetime cigarette smoking were 54% for men and 4.2% for women. People who were smoking only consisted of 36.8% , and those who were chewing areca quid only consisted of 1.3% and 17.2% had both habits. Regarding the knowledge that chewing areca quid is harmful to oral cavity, more than half of the interviewers did not know the additives of areca quid could harm their mouth, 30%~40% did not know it could cause periodontal disease or tooth abrasion, and 41.2% did not know the relation between chewing areca quid and dental caries. The average score of the knowledge about areca quid was 47.32(±24.05). The average score of the attitude to chewing areca quid is 3.07 (from Max. 5). It meaned the attitude to chewing areca quid from people in Taipei and Taiwan were both stand in the middle. In analysis of the variables related to areca quid chewing, sex, age marital status, occupation, education, birth and self-perception of tooth health showed statistically significant associated. In comparative analysis of the knowledge about areca quid, men was apparently better than women, but there was no difference for the attitude. Age, marital status and education were significantly different both in knowledge and attitude about areca quid. Occupation showed statistically significantly different in knowledge, but no difference in attitude. The regression analysis showed that, sex, age, education and self-perception of general health were significantly related to the knowledge about areca quid. On the other hand education, self-perception of tooth health and knowledge score about areca quid were significantly related to the attitude toward areca quid. As for the behavior of chewing areca quid, education, attitude to areca quid and habit of cigarette smoking showed statistically significant relationship. The result of this study revealed that the prevalence of chewing areca quid among the adults in Taipei City was getting higher, it grew 130% with 15 years. The trend of prevalence also shifted to younger age and higher educated people. Nevertheless the knowledge about and attitude to areca quid were very poor. More education to those high risk groups were needed. On account of most people stand in the middle about the attitude of chewing areca quid, it would make the promotion for quitting the habit of chewing areca quid more important. In the future study, we need to emphasize on the cause of these bad habits and the real reasons why they could not stop chewing areca quid, and design the model to educate people to refuse chewing areca quid. We hope to minimize the number of people chewing areca quid in Taipei City. Keywords: areca quid chewing ; cigarette smoking ; prevalence ; knowledge, attitude and practice
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"Betel nut consumption in contemporary Taiwan: gender, class and social identity." 2006. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5892889.
Full textAbstract:
Liu Huwy-min.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 184-191).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract --- p.iii
Acknowledgements --- p.vi
Table of Contents --- p.viii
Chapter Chapter 1: --- The Introduction --- p.1
Taiwan Betel Nut Puzzle
The History of Betel Nut
Betel Nut on Mainland China
Betel Nut in Taiwan
The Dutch (1624-62) and Zheng (1662-84) Rule
Qing Rule (1683-1895)
Japanese Rule (1895-1945)
Post World War II (1945-1970)
1970 to the Present
The Economy and the State Transformation
Selling Betel Nut in Contemporary Taiwan
Betel nut Production
Betel Nut Shops
Betel Nut Beauties
Objectives and Significance of Researching Betel Nut Consumption in Taiwan
Chapter Chapter 2: --- Betel Nut Consumption as Contested Discourse --- p.32
Meeting Betel Nut Consumers: Fieldwork at the Garden
The Betel Nut Shop and Its Owners
Research Methods
Seeing Betel Nut Consumers: Informants in Taiwan's Context
Betel Nut Consumption in Mainstream Discourse
Biomedical Discourse
"""Cultural Survival"" Discourse"
Environmentalist Discourse
Substance Abuse Discourse
Discourses and Contestation
Chapter Chapter 3: --- Gender and Betel Nut Consumption --- p.64
Gendered Consumption
Stimulant Substances and Gender
A Male or Masculine Habit?
Women's Rebellion and Modernity
Masculinity and Adulthood
Male Group Chhit-Tho
Chhit-tho Lang
The Taste of Adulthood
Entering Society
"Masculinity, Rebellion, and Power"
Chapter Chapter 4: --- Class and Betel Nut Consumption --- p.92
"""No Class Distinction, Just being Siwen or not"""
"Discourse, Resistance, and Modernity"
Hygiene and Modernity
"""Only A Matter of Hygiene"" as Resistance"
Framing Individual Choice
Energizing Substance
In the Name of Work
The Contestation of Class
Chapter Chapter 5: --- Social Identity and Betel Nut Consumption --- p.123
Two Myths
Framework of Ethnic Relations in Taiwan
Native Taiwanese vs. Mainlanders
The Story of Taike
"Two Nationalisms, Two Identities"
Localities and Nationalism
Ethnicity and Betel Nut Chewing
"Constructing Ethnicity, Competing Discourses"
"Ethnicity, Social Identity, and Class"
Aborigines vs. Native Taiwanese
The Origin Myth of Betel Nut: the Aborigines
From Chhi-a to Pau-Hiu-a
Unpacking the Aborigine Myth
Authenticity and Legitimacy
Local Knowledge
Ethnic Identity as an Ideology
Chapter Chapter 6: --- Conclusion --- p.158
Is It Traditional?
The Rise of Betel Nut Consumption in Taiwan
Political Economic Aspects
Cultural Aspects
Masculinity and Power
"Class and Capitalism,"
Nationalism and Authenticity
Combining Political Economy and Culture
Cultural Intimacy
Bibliography --- p.185
Appendix --- p.193
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Lai, Ching-Shiun, and 賴清薰. "Investigation of Factors Associated with Betel Quid Chewing Quitting." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/34213046744266805099.
Full textAbstract:
碩士高雄醫學大學
口腔衛生科學研究所碩士班
94
Background: It is estimated that about 2.5 million Taiwan residents (17% of the males, 1% of the females) regularly use betel quid. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has reported that chewing betel quid with or without tobacco is carcinogenic. The rate of oropharyngeal cancer in Taiwan (10.8 per 100,000) is second only to that in India (12.8-23.2 per 100,000) and is much higher than those in Thailand, the Philippines and Singapore. These higher and increasing cancer rates are related to the yearly increase in the incidence of betel quid chewing in Taiwan. Little information, however, is available on the demonstrated success of interventions in stopping the chewing of betel quid. Part of the reason may be a lack of understanding of the characteristics of betel quid chewers. Study Objectives: The purpose of this study was to provide useful data for a future abstinence project by identifying the factors related to betel quid chewing quitting. Methods: The study was cross-sectional. Data on demographic variables, psychological factors and substance-use behaviors were collected via questionnaires from 326 participants. Results: Multiple stepwise logistic regression analysis indicated that the areca/betel quid chewers who were less educated (OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.34-0.98) were least likely to try to stop. Among the chewers who tried to quit, those employed as full-time drivers (OR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.14-4.39), and had drinking habits (OR = 2.41, 95% CI = 1.24-4.66), and preferred to chew only betel quid wrapped with leaf (OR = 4.44, 95% CI = 1.99-9.90) were more likely to fail. Chewers who failed to quit had a lower internal health locus of control compared with those who successfully quit (1-point increments, OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.90-0.98). Conclusions: The results suggest that health educators and researchers can better influence people’s chewing behavior if the importance of chewers’ education level, job type, substance use (i.e. drinking habits, type of betel quid), and level of health locus of control are all taken into consideration when devising interventions.
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Chung, Lien-Ching, and 鍾蓮清. "Complex Segregation Analysis of Betel Habitual Chewing in Aborigines." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38697900525988738362.
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Lai, Hong-Yun, and 賴鴻韻. "Electroencephalography study of physiological response to betel quid chewing." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/78859592538674383890.
Full textAbstract:
碩士嘉南藥理科技大學
產業安全衛生與防災研究所
98
Betel quid chewing is a very popular habit in Taiwan. The effects on betel quid chewing are usually negative. Most of the betel quid consumers think that chewing betel quid would spirit up and relax themselves. Few studies with objective results verify the effects on chewing betel quid mentioned above. The study attempted to evaluate the effect on betel quid chewing by using electroencephalography (EEG). Twenty subjects conducted EEG measures and acquired the ERP induced from a modified Flanker task. EEG power and the ERP induced from a modified flanker tasks would be measured from subjects of experimental group before and 10 min after chewing betel quid. Behavior responses and EEG measurements are recorded on a personal computer. For EEG power, three EEG basic power indices including θ,α, and β and three EEG ratio indices including θ/α,β/α, and (θ+α)/β are calculated from EEG measurements were employed to evaluate the subjects’ arousal levels after chewing betel quid. The amplitude and latency of P300 component of ERP were used to evaluate the variations of the subjects’ cognitive functions for betel quid chewing. The response time (RT) and error rate(ER) from flanker tasks were employed to evaluate the subjects’ behavior responses after chewing betel quid. The EEG power indices, P300 component of ERP incorporated RT and ER were used to evaluate the effect on arousal level and cognitive function for betel quid chewing. For comparing the effects on chewing to arouse spirit and release stress, the subjects of control group chewing a chewing gum and the EEG, ERP, RT and ER were measured with the same procedure mentioned above. The result showed that basic index θ was significantly decreased and α increased after chewing betel quid. Both ratio indices θ/α and β/α?庪ere significantly reduced, indicated lowered fatigue index and decreased alertness level i.e., arose the spirit and got relaxation. The grand average of P300 latency in the experimental group was significantly reduced, indicated lower cognitive response, but no significant difference on P300 amplitude. Reaction time and error rate from the flanker task. were decreased after chewing betel quid. On the hand, subjects’ blood pressures and heart rates showed a significantly change in the experimental group, indicated chewing betel quid has a significant effect on the sympathetic. The study found that both chewing gum and betel quid enhance similar arousal level. Chewing gum can also refresh and relax oneself as the effect of chewing betel quid. The author proposes the betel nut consumer could change chewing gum to get refreshment and relaxation. Chewing gum can achieve the same effect as betel quid, but not to harm oral health and spoil the environmental sanitation.
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Miller, Brian I. "Chewing gum and non-smokers response to a laboratory stressor /." 2005. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/etd/umi-okstate-1329.pdf.
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Miller, Brian Isaac. "Chewing gum and cigarette smokers response to a laboratory stressor /." 2007. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/etd/umi-okstate-2372.pdf.
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