Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Chewing lice'

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This study to aimed investigate the community of ectoparasites associated with birds in the Mata do Olho D ?gua, in the municipality of Maca?ba, Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brazil, its structure and the ambiental and hosts influential variables on it, and to verify microhabitats preferences by species of chewing lice and feather mites. We examined 172 individuals belonging to 38 species of Passeriformes and non-Passeriformes. 12 new geographic records are reported and 11 host-parasite associations not yet known for chewing lice and feather mites species. Significant relationship was found between the abundance of chewing lice and the variables total length (r = 0.29, p <0.05) and exposed culmen (r = 0.38, p <0.05) of the hosts. A principal component (PC1) accounted for 90.1% of the hosts morphological variation was significantly influential on the abundance of chewing lice (p <0.05), indicating that the morphological characteristics of the hosts may be positively influencing the abundance of these ectoparasites. Significantly higher frequency of individuals with high loads of chewing lice was detected during the dry period (x ? = 8.5, p <0.05), corroborating studies that propose that birds of arid environments suffer as much pressure as those of parasitic humid environments. Analyses of null models of co-occurrence and niche overlap showed a high degree of structure in the feather mites and chewing lice assemblies, when compared with other groups, and preferences in the use of microhabitats by taxa identified. These results corroborate ecological theories in host-parasite systems, contribute to the knowledge of ectoparasites associated with neotropical birds, and the need for experimental studies, as well as further deepening the biology of these arthropods
O presente estudo teve como objetivos investigar a comunidade de ectoparasitos associada a aves Mata do Olho D ?gua, localizada no munic?pio de Maca?ba, Rio Grande do Norte, BR, sua estrutura e a influ?ncia de vari?veis ambientais e morfol?gicas dos hospedeiros, al?m de averiguar prefer?ncias de microh?bitat pelas esp?cies de ?caros de pena e mal?fagos em associadas ?s aves em estudo. Foram examinados 172 indiv?duos pertencentes a 38 esp?cies de aves Passeriformes e n?o-Passeriformes. S?o reportados 12 novos registros geogr?ficos para o Brasil e 11 associa??es ainda n?o conhecidas com hospedeiros de ?caros de pena e mal?fagos. Foi detectada rela??o significativa entre abund?ncia de mal?fagos e as vari?veis comprimento total (r= 0,29; p<0,05) e c?lmen exposto (r= 0,38; p<0,05) dos hospedeiros. Uma componente principal (CP1) respons?vel por 90,1% da varia??o morfol?gica dos hospedeiros foi significativamente influente sobre a abund?ncia de mal?fagos (p<0,05), indicando que caracter?sticas morfol?gicas dos hospedeiros podem estar influenciando positivamente a abund?ncia desses ectoparasitos. Frequ?ncia significativamente maior de indiv?duos com altas cargas de mal?fagos foi dectada durante o per?odo de seca (x?= 8,5; p<0,05), corroborando estudos que prop?em que aves de ambientes ?ridos sofrem tanta press?o parasit?ria quanto aquelas de ambientes ?midos. An?lises de modelos nulos de coocorr?ncia e sobreposi??o de nicho apontaram alto grau de estrutura nas assembleias de ?caros e mal?fagos, quando comparadas com outros grupos, e prefer?ncias no uso de microh?bitats pelos t?xons identificados. Estes resultados corroboram teorias ecol?gicas nos sistemas parasito-hospedeiro, contribuem para o conhecimento dos ectoparasitos associados ?s aves neotropicais e apontam a necessidade de estudos experimentais, assim como maior aprofundamento na biologia desses artr?podos

Entende-se que indivíduos com comprometimento periodontal moderado/avançado generalizado pela reduzida inserção óssea, consequentemente teria sua função mastigatória alterada. No entanto, esse assunto é escasso na literatura, dificultando a identificação dos reais efeitos da doença periodontal na função mastigatória. Por conseguinte, este estudo objetivou comparar a eficiência dos ciclos mastigatórios (eletromiografia), a performance mastigatória (trituração), o limiar de deglutição, a força de mordida e qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde oral - QvO, considerando a proporção altura óssea/comprimento do dente (OA/D). Propôs-se também correlacionar as variáveis estudadas com OA/D e mobilidade dental. Participaram voluntários com condição periodontal saudável à periodontite avançada generalizada (n=24; 23-76 anos), distribuídos em dois grupos (n=12), grupo controle - GC (OA/D<50%) e teste - GT (OA/D> 50%). O registro eletromiográfico foi utilizado para mensurar a Eficiência dos Ciclos Mastigatórios pela integral da envoltória dos músculos masseteres e temporais durante a mastigação do parafilme, “biocápsula”, uva passa e amendoim, além da avaliação do Limiar de Deglutição. A Peformance Mastigatória foi avaliada por meio da mastigação habitual (10 segundos) da “biocápsula” com “beads” e a Força de Mordida máxima na região de molar direita e esquerda pelo dinamômetro. Utilizouse o questionário OHIP-14br como instrumento de avaliação da QvO. Nos testes de comparação aplicou-se Teste t de student para amostras independentes (p<0,05). Encontrou-se diferença estatisticamente significante da eficiência mastigatória entre GC e GT (p=0,006) e Força de Mordida do lado esquerdo (p=0,023). Para o Limiar de Deglutição não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre GC e GT para mastigação das uvas passas e amendoim até que o alimento estivesse pronto para deglutir (Tempo; p=0,097 e p=0,161 e Número de ciclos; p=0,058 e p=0,230). Na análise da Eficiência dos Ciclos Mastigatórios não houve diferença entre GC e GT. Os dados da QvO foram analisados por meio do teste U de Mann-Whitney para a comparação de cada questão, das subescalas e da somatória de todo o OHIP-14Br entre GC e GT. Diferenças estatisticamente significantes foram encontradas para as questões “incomodado ao comer alimento” (p=0,001) e “preocupado com a saúde periodontal” (p=0,002), para as subescalas “dor física” (p= 0,003), “desconforto psicológico” (p= 0,008) e “limitação física” (p=0,033), e na somatória total do OHIP-14Br (p=0,001). Aplicou-se correlação parcial para Performance Mastigatória, Força de Mordida e Eficiência dos Ciclos Mastigatórios e correlação de Spearman para QoV (p<0,05). Para os testes de correlação considerou-se a OA/D dos sextantes direitos (média s1+s6 - SD) e esquerdos (média s3+s4 - SE). Correlação significante foi encontrada entre PM e inserção óssea do SD (p=0,005) e SE (p=0,004); a QoV e inserção óssea (p=0,003) e mobilidade dental (p=0,000). Na mastigação da biocápsula (p=0,005) e amendoins (p=0,008) a integral da envoltória do masseter esquerdo apresentou correlação com a mobilidade dental do SD. Dentro dos limites deste estudo, pode-se afirmar que a perda da estrutura do periodonto afeta negativamente a função mastigatória e a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal. Sendo que, a função mastigatória e a qualidade de vida tem relação com a perda da inserção óssea e mobilidade dental.
It is understood that individuals with moderate/severe generalized form of periodontal disease by reduced supporting alveolar bone would consequently have their masticatory function changed. However, the literature on this subject is scarce, which makes it difficult to identify the actual effects of periodontal disease on masticatory function. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the masticatory cycle efficiency (electromyography), masticatory performance (comminution of food), swallowing threshold, bite force and oral health-related quality of life- OHRQoL, considering the proportion of alveolar bone height/ tooth length (AB/T). It also proposed to correlate the variables studied with AB/T and dental mobility. Volunteers (n = 24; 23-76 years) with healthy periodontal condition to generalized form of periodontal disease were distributed into two groups (n = 12): control group-CG (AB/T<50%) and test group TG (AB/T>50%). The electromyography recording was used to measure the masticatory cycle efficiency by the ensemble average of masseter and temporal muscles during chewing of parafilm, \"biocapsule\", raisin and peanut, in addition to the assessment of swallowing threshold. The Masticatory Performance was evaluated by habitual mastication (10 seconds) of \"biocapsule\" with beads and the maximum Bite Force in the right and left molar region by the dynamometer. The OHIP-14br questionnaire was used to assess the OHRQoL. In comparison tests, the Students t-test was applied for independent samples (p < 0.05). The tests showed statistically significant differences of the masticatory efficiency between CG and TG (p = 0.006) and bite force on the left side (p = 0.023).For the swallowing threshold, no statistically significant difference was found between CG and TG for chewing of raisins and peanuts until the food was ready to be swallowed (Time: p = 0.097 and p = 0.161, Number of Cycles: p = 0.058 and p = 0.230). In the analysis of Masticatory Cycle Efficiency, there was no difference between CG and TG. OHRQoL data was analyzed by the MannWhitney U test to compare each question, subscales and the OHIP-14Br total sum between CG and TG. Statistically significant differences were found for questions \"Found it uncomfortable to eat any foods\" (p = 0.001) and \"Been self-conscious about periodontal health\" (p = 0.002), for the subscales, physical pain\" (p = 0.003), \"psychological discomfort\" (p = 0.008) and \"physical limitation\" (p = 0.033), and the OHIP-14Br total sum (p = 0.001). Partial correlation was applied to masticatory performance, bite force and masticatory cycle efficiency, and the Spearman correlation to OHRQoL (p<0.05). For the correlation tests, the AB/T of the right (mean s1 + s6-RS) and left sextants (average s3 + s4- LS) was considered. Significant correlation was found between performance masticatory and supporting alveolar bone of RS (p = 0.005) and LS (p = 0.004); the OHRQoL and supporting alveolar bone (p = 0.003) and dental mobility (p = 0.000). In biocapsule (p = 0.005) and peanut chewing (p = 0.008), the ensemble average of the left masseter muscle presented correlation with the RS dental mobility. Within the study limits, we can say that periodontium loss negatively affects the masticatory function and the quality of life related to oral health, assuming that the masticatory function and quality of life are related to supporting alveolar bone loss and dental mobility.

O presente estudo realizou teste de campo para uma versão em Português do questionário de qualidade de vida da Universidade de Washington (UW-QOL, quarta versão), com o intuito de avaliar a capacidade do questionário em descrever padrões diferenciais de qualidade de vida de pacientes com câncer de boca no contexto brasileiro, e incentivar avaliações dessa natureza em diferentes contextos culturais. Foram entrevistados 143 pacientes com carcinoma epidermóide de boca e orofaringe atendidos no Complexo Hospitalar Heliópolis, usando um questionário especificamente desenvolvido para esta finalidade. Dados colhidos do prontuário do paciente informaram características sócio-demográficas desses pacientes, sua condição clínica e os tratamentos efetuados. A auto-avaliação de qualidade de vida foi estratificada segundo categorias sócio-demográficas e clínicas, como estratégia para apreciar a capacidade do questionário em discriminar os domínios mais afetados em diferentes quadros de qualidade de vida. Os pacientes com tumores maiores, os que tinham tumores localizados na orofaringe ou na porção posterior da boca, os que apresentaram metástases regionais e os que foram submetidos a radioterapia apresentaram indicações significantemente menos elevadas (p < 0,05) de qualidade de vida. Mastigar, ansiedade, engolir e saliva foram os domínios de pior pontuação; dor, engolir, mastigar e saliva foram as queixas mais freqüentes na semana que antecedeu a entrevista. O questionário foi bem aceito e facilmente respondido pelos pacientes, permitindo a identificação de relevantes contrastes e similaridades entre os grupos de respondentes. Seu uso regular em ambiente hospitalar pode contribuir para antecipar intervenções voltadas à redução de impacto das aplicações terapêuticas e à gestão dos tratamentos.
This study performed a field trial of a Portuguese version of the University of Washington quality of life questionnaire (UW-QOL, fourth version), aiming at fostering these studies in cross-cultural contexts, and at appraising the questionnaire’s ability in identifying differential patterns of health-related quality of life of patients with cancer of mouth and oropharynx in the Brazilian context. We interviewed 143 patients undergoing treatment for oral squamous cell carcinoma at a large Brazilian hospital (Complexo Hospitalar Heliópolis), using a questionnaire specifically developed for this purpose. Hospital records informed socio-demographic characteristics of these patients, their clinical status, and treatments already performed. The self-report of quality of life was stratified by categories of socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of patients, as a strategy for assessing the ability of the questionnaire in discriminating the most affected domains for patients presenting different conditions. Patients presenting larger tumours, neoplasm in the oropharynx or in posterior parts of the mouth, those affected by regional metastasis and those already treated with radiotherapy presented significantly (p < 0.05) poorer scores of quality of life. Chewing, anxiety, swallowing and saliva were the poorest rated domain; pain, swallowing, chewing and saliva were the most frequent complaints during the week preceding the interview. The questionnaire was well accepted and easily answered by patients, and allowed the identification of relevant contrasts and similarities among subsets of respondents. Its regular use in hospital settings can contribute for anticipating interventions aimed at reducing the impact of therapeutic applications and at subsequent patient management.

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar fatores associados com a deterioração da função mastigatória autorreferida em idosos participantes do Estudo Sabe (Saúde, Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento) com 60 anos e mais do Município de São Paulo entre os anos de 2000 e 2006. Foi realizada pesquisa tipo caso controle aninhada a uma coorte. A população do estudo foi de 890 idosos de ambos os sexos, dos quais foram identificados 236 casos e 654 controles. Utilizou-se técnica de análise exploratória contendo dados relativos a variáveis demográficas e socioeconômicas, cognitivas, saúde bucal, autoavaliação de saúde, hábitos e estilo de vida, incapacidades, acessibilidade a serviços de saúde e tipo de moradia. A distribuição do evento nos casos e controles nas categorias de exposição foi analisada utilizando-se o teste Quí-q uadrado de Pearson. Na análise univariada identificou-se as variáveis de maior associação para a elaboração do modelo de regressão logística múltipla hierárquica. Idealizado em cinco níveis: demográfico, socioeconômico, comportamental, autoavaliação de saúde geral e dificuldades e por último relacionado à dentição. Em conformidade teórica a esse tipo de modelo, na sequência apresentada, foram considerados mais distais e mais proximais ao desfecho, do primeiro nível ao último respectivamente. Após os devidos ajustes, obteve-se como resultado para risco para déficit mastigatório: referir mais da metade de dentes perdidos (OR= 1,8; p= 0,033); avaliar-se com memória ruim (OR= 2,8; p= 0,001); ser viúvo (OR= 1,6; p= 0,038); ter renda inferior a dois salários mínimos (OR= 1,9; p= 0,004 ) e ter mais que 75 anos de idade (OR= 2,0; p< 0, 0001). Sugere-se que os serviços de saúde considerem os resultados e direcionem especial atenção em educação e prevenção na população adulta, a fim de atingir a senilidade com, no mínimo, 50 por cento dos dentes nas arcadas dentárias
The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with self-reported impairment of masticatory function in elderly participants of the Estudo SABE (Saúde, Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento) aged 60 and more in São Paulo between 2000 and 2006. It was done a case-control study nested within a cohort. The study population consisted of 890 elderly of both sexes, of which were identified 236 cases and 654 controls. It was used the exploratory analysis method containing data related to variables of sociodemographic and socioeconomic, cognitive, oral health, mental health and self-assessment, habits and lifestyle, disability, accessibility to health services and housing type. The distribution of the event in cases and controls of exposition categories was analyzed using Pearson Chi-Square test. Univariable analysis identified variables were stronger association for the development of the multiple logistic regression hierarchy model. Conceived in five levels: demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, and self-assessment of general health problems and ultimately related to teething. Pursuant to this kind of theoretical model, presented in sequence, were considered the most distal and proximal to the outcome of the first level to the last respectively. After the appropriate adjustments, was obtained as a result to risk for a deficit of masticatory function: refer more than half of missing teeth (OR = 1,8; p = 0.033); evaluated with poor memory (OR = 2,8; p = 0,001); being widowed (OR = 1,6; p = 0.038); having an income below two minimum wages (OR = 2,0 ; p = 0.004) and more than 75 years old. It is suggested that health services consider the results and direct special attention to education and prevention in the adult population in order to reach old age with at least 50 per cent of teeth in the dental arches

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
Nos últimos anos, os malófagos mastigados têm-se tornado objecto de extenso e inovadores estudos sobre a relação entre hospedeiro-parasita e a sua co-evolução. Adicionalmente a condição da população de passarideos é um indicador de alterações ambientais, devido à sua sensibilidade a efeitos negativos, tal como a poluição. Paralelamente o conhecimento dos níveis de infestação de hospedeiros passarideos por ectoparasites permite o uso destes dados como representativos do bem-estar ecológico do biotipo. No contexto da Grécia, esta área geográfica é de grande importância para espécies de passerideos migratórias e autóctones, pois proporcionando uma grande variedade de habitats. E com registros de 442 species de aves, das quais, 242 são autóctones, e as restantes migratórias. Apesar destes números, existe falta de dados relativamente à fauna de ftirápteros na Grécia. Logo, o objectivo principal deste trabalho é providenciar o primeiro estudo parasitológico de ectoparasites em aves. O trabalho de campo foi conduzido, em diversos locais, dentro dos Parques Nacionais de Koroneia e Volvi no Norte da Grécia. De 2013 a 2016, compreendendo 9 sessões captura ornitológica, nas quais foram examinados 729 espécies de aves e um total de 560 espécimes de malófagos foram coletados e examinados em condições laboratoriais. Este estudo parasitológico permitiu compreender melhor a relação entre hospedeiroparasita e descobrir novas associações. Adicionalmente, a revisão da relação entre Acrocephalus melanopogon e o complexo Philopterus sp., e re-descrever a espécie Philopterus acrocephalus. Os resultados, também, demonstraram ser similares a outros trabalhos em malófagos mastigadores em aves na Europa, os quais parecem apresentar uma aparente deterioração dos habitats. Em suma, o melhor conhecimento do complexo sistema de hospedeiro-parasita providencia ferramentas para o desenvolvimento de medidas de conservação ambiental e fauna selvagem.
In recent years, chewing lice have been the subject of extensive and innovative studies on host-parasite relationship and co-evolution (Smith, 2003). Furthermore, the fitness of the wild passerine population is an indicator of environmental changes as they sensitively react to pollution and other negative effects. Also, the knowledge concerning the infestation of passerine hosts by ectoparasites allows also the use of ectoparasites infestation as a sentinel of the overall ecological status of a biotope. Within the Greek context this geographical area holds a great importance local and migratory European bird species by providing a great variety of habitats. With a recorded 442 bird species, of which, 242 are locally breeding, while the rest are migratory birds. Despite this data concerning louse fauna of birds living in Greece are practically lacking. Hence the main aim of this work was to provide the first parasitological survey conducted on ectoparasites of birds. The field work was conducted, within several locations, inside Koroneia and Volvi National Park in Northern Greece. From 2013 to 2016, comprising 9 ornithological ringing sessions, where a total of 729 birds were examined and a total of 560 lice specimens were collected and further examined under laboratory conditions. This parasitological study allows to a better understanding of the host-parasite relations and discover new associations. Moreover, this study allowed a review of the association between Acrocephalus melanopogon and Philopterus-complex, and a redescription of Philopterus acrocephalus. The parasitological results also mimic other reports of bird’s chewing lice from Europe, that present a suggestive deterioration of habitats. Ultimately the better knowledge of the complex parasite-host systems may also provide tools for designing successful measures for wildlife and environment conservation.

Over 19 years chewing lice data from Canada geese and mallards were collected. From Canada geese (n=300) 48,669 lice were collected, including Anaticola anseris, Anatoecus dentatus, Anatoecus penicillatus, Ciconiphilus pectiniventris, Ornithobius goniopleurus, and Trinoton anserinum. The prevalence of all lice on Canada geese was 92.3% and the mean intensity was 175.6 lice per bird. From mallards (n=269) 6,986 lice were collected which included: Anaticola crassicornis, A. dentatus, Holomenopon leucoxanthum, Holomenopon maxbeieri and Trinoton querquedulae. The prevalence of lice on mallards was 55.4% and the mean intensity was 42.0 lice per bird. Based on CO1, A. dentatus and Anatoecus icterodes were synonymised as A. dentatus. Anatoecus was found exclusively on the head, Anaticola was found predominantly on the wings, Ciconiphilus, Holomenopon and Ornithobius were observed in several body regions and Trinoton was found most often on the wings of mallards.

碩士
臺北醫學大學
牙醫學系碩博士班
95
The purpose of this research was to assess the oral-health related quality of life among the institutionalized elderly and to identify its relevant factors. Cognitively coherent residents in two institutions in Taipei were recruited into the study using a convenient sampling technique and cross-sectional data was collected. A total of 224 subjects participated in this study. Demographic characteristics, chronic conditions, physical function, cognitive function, and geriatric oral- health related quality of life assessment (Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index；GOHAI) were collected through face-to-face interviews, while information regarding dentition status, periodontal status, occlusion status and prosthetic status were collected through clinical examination. Results showed that the average GOHAI score was 50.7 out of 100, with 44.2% of subjects scored less than 50. Multivariate linear regression showed that, after controlling for demographic characteristics, the Eichner index, kinds of eating food and functional dependency are significant predictors of GOHAI scores. The model explained 17.5% of the total variance. Examining the three domains (physiological, social, and discomfort) of GOHAI individually, results showed that the Eichner index was highly correlated with the physiological domain of GOHAI, but not with the social or discomfort domains. The model explained 30.2% of the variance in the physiological domain. Eichner index is the most important predictor of oral-health related quality of life among the institutionalized elderly. Dental health policy should emphasize on using an objective and self-reported assessment for screening subjects in need of early intervention.

碩士
高雄醫學大學
口腔衛生學系碩士在職專班
105
Background: With a mean number of 14 missing teeth founded in the elderly whose age are over 65-year-old in Taiwan, it is assumed that the percentage of the elderly with edentulous could be high up to 21%. Due to the percentage of edentulous occurred in the elderly keeps raised, the health of the elderly is affected and fastened the speed that people get aged, then cause many systematic complications as a result. When an old person has a serious situation of missing teeth, the chewing ability will be affected accordingly and thus his oral health-related quality of life gets affected as well. Objective: This study is aim to realize what factors causes the situation of missing teeth in the elderly and to find out how much degree that the numbers of missing teeth would affect one''s chewing ability and oral health-related quality of life. Method: The participants for this study are the old people whose age over 65-year-old live in the Dongshan remote community in Tainan City. The 300 participants are chose by purposive sampling and study with cross-sectional study. The way to record the numbers of missing teeth is using oral check list and collect the population information, the oral health related information such knowledge, attitude and behaviors, surroundings, the chewing ability and oral health-related quality of life by interviewing with the elderly personally, Conclusion: When analyzing with multivariable linear regression analysis, we found out that after changing the variable of population, the factors such as Age(above 75yr vs. below 74yr)(B=5.51; 95%CI=4.01, 7.01), P value<0.001; Gender(male vs. female)(B=1.77; 95%CI=0.46, 3.08), P value=0.008; Time for brushing teeth(less than two minutes vs. two minutes or more)(B=3.21; 95%CI=0.72, 5.70), P value=0.012; Brush with toothpaste or tooth powder(yes vs. no)(B=4.04; 95%CI=1.61, 6.48), P value=0.001; Frequency of brushing(less than two times vs. two times or more)(B=2.03; 95%CI=0.46, 3.61), P value=0.012; availability to a dentistry(far vs. nearby)(B=-1.69; 95%CI=0.32, 3.06), P value=0.016, are significant correlation to the numbers of missing teeth. Factors such as Age(older than 75yr vs. younger than 74yr)(B=-2.82, 95%CI=-4.57, -1.07), P value=0.002; Education (below junior high school vs. above junior high school)(B=-2.44; 95%CI=-4.55, -0.33), P value=0.024; Numbers of missing teeth(B=-0.61; 95%CI=-0.81, -0.41), P value<0.001, are approved to be significant correlation to chewing ability. Factors such as Gender (male vs female) (B=1.80; 95%CI=0.33, 3.26), P value=0.016; Education (beyond junior high school vs. above junior high school) (B=4.78; 95%CI=2.61, 6.94), P value<0.001; Average monthly income(less than 10,000 vs. more than 10,001) (B=1.88; 95%CI=0.36, 3.41), P value=0.015; Chewing ability (B=-0.66; 95%CI=-0.78, -0.54), P value<0.001; are all significant correlation to oral health-related quality of life. Discussion: As the conclusion indicates, the teeth cleaning behavior and the availability to a dentistry for the elderly in remote community are strongly related to the numbers of missing teeth which is significant correlate to the chewing ability and then approved to be strongly connected to the oral health-related quality of life. The numbers of missing teeth are strongly closed to chewing ability and oral health-related quality of life. By improving the availability to a dentistry and insufficient medical resource in remote communities, promoting widely about oral health and exactly cleaning teeth and maintaining oral health do make some attributes to decrease the possibility to loss teeth for the elderly and thus to improve the chewing ability and increase the oral health-related quality of life. Keywords: the elderly, the number of missing teeth, chewing ability, oral health-related quality of life

碩士
國立臺灣大學
流行病學與預防醫學研究所
101
Background: Most of literatures on the adverse health effects of areca nut chewing, smoking, or drinking rarely assessed the joint effect of areca nut chewing combined with the other two habits on specific causes of death and also life expectancy (all-cause death) due to unfamiliarity with the methodology making allowance for competing causes of death or lacking of a longitudinal population-based study. Objectives: This study aimed to elucidate the effect of joint use of areca nut chewing with smoking and drinking on the life expectancy with the Keelung Community-based Screening (KCIS) program. Materials and Methods: A total of 107,006 subjects participating the KCIS program between 1999 and 2009 were enrolled in the current study. The KCIS program provided screening for multiple cancers and chronic diseases for Keelung residents aged 20 years or older. Structural questionnaire was administed to collect data on the life habits, and medical history (including personal and family histories). To measure life expectancy and mortality rate, the mortality until the end of 2009 for each participant was ascertained from the National Cause of Death Register. Over a mean follow-up of 6.32 years, the 6,947 deaths occurred. Comparison between groups with and without those habits by different disease categories in mortality was further conducted. Person years and number of death in two groups were used to estimate the relative ratio of mortality for the overall group and age-specific group. Several leading causes of death including carcinoma, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic respiratory disease, and chronic liver disease or cirrhosis were selected for elucidating case-specific relative mortality. By using standard life table methods, age specific mortality rates were used to estimate life expectancy from aged 30. We categorized the three main risk factors: areca-nut chewer (current, ex-user, and none); smoker (current, ex-user, and none); alcoholic (current, ex-user, and none) and then separately estimated life expectancy from age 30 in each of the different combinations of these risk factors. Result: There were 42,494 male (39.71%) and 64,512 female (60.29%) participants in the current study. Among them, 8.0% was areca-nut chewer. 43.8% was smoker, and 37.7 %was alcoholic in male. 0.6% was areca-nut chewer. 8.0% was smoker, and 7.8 %was alcoholic in female. In males,the proportion of ever smoking increases with advancing age up to 50 years being from 40 % for age group 20-29 to 64% for age group 40-49,and then declined to 58% for age group 50-69,47% for those aged 70 years and older.The similar finding was noted for alcohol drinking.Regarding areaca nut chewing, it was rampant among young adults aged 20-30 years then declined with advancing age from 11% for age group 40-49 to 0.48% for those aged 70 years and older.The proportion of ever smoking for females was lower then that for males.It was prevalent among those aged 20-39 years and decrease with age form 13% for age group 20-29 to 6~8% for old age group.The similar findings were noted for alcohol drinking.The habit of areca nut chewing was rare in females,being constant but less than 1% for all age groups. For all-causes death, the adjusted relative rate (RR) for former areca-nut chewer versus non-chewer was 1.39 (95%CI: 1.18-1.63). The 1.80 (95%CI: 1.55-2.08) of RR was found for current areca-nut chewer versus non-chewer. The RR for former smoker (relative to non-smoker) was 1.16 (95%CI: 1.05-1.27) and was 1.53 (95%CI: 1.43-1.62) for current smoker. The RR for former drinker (relative to non-drinker) was 1.28 (95%CI: 1.16-1.41) and was 0.90 (95%CI: 0.84-0.97) for current drinker. The RR for high dose chewer (over 20 pieces per day) (relative to non-chewer) was 3.03 (95%CI: 2.12-4.32). The RR for high dose smoker (over 20 sticks per day) (relative to non-smoker) was 1.69 (95%CI: 1.50-1.91). The RR for high dose drinker (over 2 glasses per day) (relative to non-drinker) was 1.84 (95%CI: 1.52-2.22). For specific-diseases death, current areca-nut chewers had high risk on chronic liver disease or cirrhosis (RR: 6.12; 95%CI: 3.64-10.29), cerebrovascular disease (RR: 2.49; 95%CI:1.58-3.92), accidence (RR: 2.74; 95%CI: 1.60-4.71), and suicide (RR: 1.93; 95%CI: 1.13-1.31). The current smokers had high risk on carcinoma (RR: 1.7; 95%CI: 1.51-1.90), oral cancer (RR: 3.18; 95%CI: 1.34-7.57), esophageal cancer (RR: 3.61; 95%CI: 2.01-6.51), cardiovascular disease (RR: 1.6; 95%CI: 1.36-1.95), cerebrovascular disease (RR: 1.32; 95%CI: 1.06-1.64), pneumonia (RR: 1.39; 95%CI: 1.05-1.84), , and suicide (RR: 1.9; 95%CI: 1.27-2.76). The current drinkers had high risk on esophageal cancer (RR: 1.97; 95%CI: 1.13-3.44). The risk of death was still significantly higher for ex-chewer in comparison with non-chewer. In these areas, the average life expectancy for male and female was 52.88 years and 56.51 years at age 30, respectively. Compared with subjects without any baseline risk factors, the life expectancy of ever smoker was shorter by 3.27 and 2.78 years for male and female from age 30, respectively. Compared with subjects without any baseline risk factors, the life expectancy of ever areca-nut chewer was shorter by 3.76 and 3.07 years for male and female from age 30, respectively. Compared with subjects without any baseline risk factors, the life expectancy of drinker was shorter by 1.67 and 1.0 years for male and female from age 30, respectively. Conclusion: This research was to explore the relation between the risk factors, smoking, drinking, and betel nut chewing and life expectancy. It was found that the three risk factors showed a significant influence on all-cause death and life expectancy. The dose-response relationships for deaths were also noted for areca nut chewing, smoking and drinking. The results were very useful to apply the life-style modification based on the light of risk factors from our findings to increase life expectancy by health education.

碩士
高雄醫學大學
口腔衛生科學研究所碩士在職專班
97
Objective: To understand the life stress, deviant behavior, and parenting style associated with children’s cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking and betel quid chewing in elementary schools in Ping-tung County. Method: We used the source of data from a cross-sectional study in 2008 in Pintung County, Taiwan. A sample of grade 3 to 6 school-aged children (mean age 10 years), using a multistage random sampling, was collected from 26 elementary schools (n=2,341). A multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine the influence variables had on ever-smoking, -drinking, and -chewing status of elementary schools students. Results: The prevalence of ever-smoking, -drinking, and -chewing among Pin-tung school children was 13.28%, 11.57%, and 13.43%, respectively. The rate of three risk behaviors was increasing with higher grade level. Life stress, deviant behavior, and parenting style were significantly associated with three risk behaviors. Furthermore, children with authoritarian parenting style were less likely to smoke cigarette and chew betel quid when compared with children with the indulgent patenting style, after adjustment for other characteristics (Adjusted Odd Ratio (AOR)=1.56, 95%CI=1.11-2.19；AOR=2.07, 95%CI=1.16-3.05, respectively). Conclusion: These findings suggested that the school programs/activities should include tobacco, alcohol, and betel nuts prevention curriculum in the early stage. Moreover, more attention should be paid on schoolchild personality factor that taught them how to manage stress and strengthen the family support system.

abstract: Across primates, molar-emergence age is strongly correlated to life-history variables, such as age-at-first-reproduction and longevity. This relationship allows for the reconstruction of life-history parameters in fossil primates. The mechanism responsible for modulating molar-emergence age is unknown, however. This dissertation uses a biomechanical model that accurately predicts the position of molars in adults to determine whether molar emergence is constrained by chewing biomechanics throughout ontogeny. A key aspect of chewing system configuration in adults is the position of molars: the distal-most molar is constrained to avoid tensile forces at the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Using three-dimensional data from growth samples of 1258 skulls, representing 21 primate species, this research tested the hypothesis that the location and timing of molar emergence is constrained to avoid high and potentially dangerous tensile forces at the TMJ throughout growth. Results indicate that molars emerge in a predictable position to safeguard the TMJ during chewing. Factors related to the size of the buffer zone, a safety feature that creates greater stability at the TMJ during biting, account for a large portion of both ontogenetic and interspecific variation in the position of emergence. Furthermore, the rate at which space is made available in the jaws and the duration of jaw growth both determine the timing of molar emergence. Overall, this dissertation provides a mechanical and developmental model for explaining temporal and spatial variation in molar emergence and a framework for understanding how variation in the timing of molar emergence has evolved among primates. The findings suggest that life history is related to ages at molar emergence through its influence on the rate and duration of jaw growth. This dissertation provides support for the functionally integrated nature of craniofacial growth and has implications for the study of primate life history evolution and masticatory morphology in the fossil record.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Anthropology 2017

碩士
國立陽明大學
護理學系
105
As this research is a cross-sectional study, which aims to older adults above 65 years old in this Chang Gung Health and Culture Village, we collect characteristics of elderly demography, body health, oral health, chewing ability and life quality through questionnaire. A total of 166 research targets have been completed. In addition, we examine the relativity of demographic variations, body health, oral health, chewing ability and quality of life with one-way ANOVA, Independent T test, Pearson correlation coefficient, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis test. Also, we analyze chewing ability is the mediator of life quality through Multiple linear regression, and eventually predict the dangerous risks that impact life quality. According to what we find out in the research results in this Health and Culture Village, the age, economic condition, instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), tooth implantation, fixed and removable dentures, the condition and adaptability of dentures, the shake and fall of denture, the number of remaining tooth, the number of loose teeth and removable dentures are all related to chewing ability, which indicates apparent connection with their life quality (p=0.000, r=-0.668). Also, chewing ability is the mediator of the number of loose teeth, removable and fixed dentures in terms of life quality. What’s more, the research on risky factors we predict which influence their quality of life shows that those who suffer from periodontal disease and those who have poor chewing ability will make their quality of life lower.Consequently, chewing ability especially is the most important factor that impacts their quality of life. Through the research results, we find out chewing ability is the main risky factor that influence quality of life. Hence, with regard to older adults’ chewing ability, how the medical team in this Health and Culture Village evaluates, traces and enhances their chewing ability is extremely significant. We suggest to take older adults’ chewing ability into regular evaluation so that they can discover the change of chewing ability as early as possible and provide proper treatment or referral, which can recover or enhance elders’ chewing functions and militate degradation of their life quality

碩士
國防醫學院
公共衛生學研究所
91
Objective：This study was aiming to examine the all-cause mortality and life expectancy in relation to different habitual patterns of cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and betel-nut chewing in Taiwan. Methods：The present study was based on study populations from two prospective studies conducted in 19 townships in Taiwan including 25,188 men and 15,445 women aged above 30 years. The vital status of study subjects was assessed by data linkage with National Death Certification System during the follow-up period between 1982 and 2001. Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results：During the follow-up period, 4,700 men and 1,289 women died. The statistical analyses showed that the adjusted RR for all-cause mortality between smokers and nonsmokers was 1.34 (95% CI: 1.22-1.52) for men and 1.48 (95% CI: 1.07-2.03) for women. The adjusted RR between drinkers and nondrinkers was 1.3 (95% CI: 1.17-1.45) for men and 0.87 (95% CI: 0.61-1.24) for women. The adjusted RR between betel nut chewers and non-chewers was 1.17 (95% CI: 1.01-1.37) for men and 0.53 (95% CI: 0.20-1.44) for women. In men, as compared to subjects who were non-smoking, non-drinking, and non-betel nut chewing, individuals who were smoking, drinking, and betel nut chewing had 2.16 times (95% CI: 1.72-2.70) higher risk of all-cause mortality. In terms of life expectancy, compared with nonsmokers, smokers at age 30 had a 17% shorter life expectancy. Compared with nondrinkers, drinkers at age 30 had a 9% shorter life expectancy. Compared with betel nut non-chewers, chewers at age 30 had a 5% shorter life expectancy. Conclusions：The study results indicate a more deleterious health effect of cigarette smoking than alcohol drinking and betel-nut chewing. From public health viewpoint, smoking cessation would prevent smoking-attributable premature deaths.