Journal articles on the topic 'Chemosensory communication'
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Campos, Stephanie M., and Selma S. Belkasim. "Chemical Communication in Lizards and a Potential Role for Vasotocin in Modulating Social Interactions." Integrative and Comparative Biology 61, no. 1 (May 3, 2021): 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icab044.
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Synopsis Lizards use chemical communication to mediate many reproductive, competitive, and social behaviors, but the neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying chemical communication in lizards are not well understood and understudied. By implementing a neuroendocrine approach to the study of chemical communication in reptiles, we can address a major gap in our knowledge of the evolutionary mechanisms shaping chemical communication in vertebrates. The neuropeptide arginine vasotocin (AVT) and its mammalian homolog vasopressin are responsible for a broad spectrum of diversity in competitive and reproductive strategies in many vertebrates, mediating social behavior through the chemosensory modality. In this review, we posit that, though limited, the available data on AVT-mediated chemical communication in lizards reveal intriguing patterns that suggest AVT plays a more prominent role in lizard chemosensory behavior than previously appreciated. We argue that these results warrant more research into the mechanisms used by AVT to modify the performance of chemosensory behavior and responses to conspecific chemical signals. We first provide a broad overview of the known social functions of chemical signals in lizards, the glandular sources of chemical signal production in lizards (e.g., epidermal secretory glands), and the chemosensory detection methods and mechanisms used by lizards. Then, we review the locations of vasotocinergic populations and neuronal projections in lizard brains, as well as sites of peripheral receptors for AVT in lizards. Finally, we end with a case study in green anoles (Anolis carolinensis), discussing findings from recently published work on the impact of AVT in adult males on chemosensory communication during social interactions, adding new data from a similar study in which we tested the impact of AVT on chemosensory behavior of adult females. We offer concluding remarks on addressing several fundamental questions regarding the role of AVT in chemosensory communication and social behavior in lizards.
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Leathers, Kyle W., Brenden T. Michaelis, and Matthew A. Reidenbach. "Interpreting the Spatial-Temporal Structure of Turbulent Chemical Plumes Utilized in Odor Tracking by Lobsters." Fluids 5, no. 2 (May 24, 2020): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids5020082.
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Olfactory systems in animals play a major role in finding food and mates, avoiding predators, and communication. Chemical tracking in odorant plumes has typically been considered a spatial information problem where individuals navigate towards higher concentration. Recent research involving chemosensory neurons in the spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, show they possess rhythmically active or ‘bursting’ olfactory receptor neurons that respond to the intermittency in the odor signal. This suggests a possible, previously unexplored olfactory search strategy that enables lobsters to utilize the temporal variability within a turbulent plume to track the source. This study utilized computational fluid dynamics to simulate the turbulent dispersal of odorants and assess a number of search strategies thought to aid lobsters. These strategies include quantification of concentration magnitude using chemosensory antennules and leg chemosensors, simultaneous sampling of water velocities using antennule mechanosensors, and utilization of antennules to quantify intermittency of the odorant plume. Results show that lobsters can utilize intermittency in the odorant signal to track an odorant plume faster and with greater success in finding the source than utilizing concentration alone. However, the additional use of lobster leg chemosensors reduced search time compared to both antennule intermittency and concentration strategies alone by providing spatially separated odorant sensors along the body.
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Ishida, Yuko, Wataru Tsuchiya, Takeshi Fujii, Zui Fujimoto, Mitsuhiro Miyazawa, Jun Ishibashi, Shigeru Matsuyama, Yukio Ishikawa, and Toshimasa Yamazaki. "Niemann–Pick type C2 protein mediating chemical communication in the worker ant." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 10 (February 24, 2014): 3847–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1323928111.
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Ants are eusocial insects that are found in most regions of the world. Within its caste, worker ants are responsible for various tasks that are required for colony maintenance. In their chemical communication, α-helical carrier proteins, odorant-binding proteins, and chemosensory proteins, which accumulate in the sensillum lymph in the antennae, play essential roles in transferring hydrophobic semiochemicals to chemosensory receptors. It has been hypothesized that semiochemicals are recognized by α-helical carrier proteins. The number of these proteins, however, is not sufficient to interact with a large number of semiochemicals estimated from chemosensory receptor genes. Here we shed light on this conundrum by identifying a Niemann–Pick type C2 (NPC2) protein from the antenna of the worker Japanese carpenter ant, Camponotus japonicus (CjapNPC2). CjapNPC2 accumulated in the sensillum cavity in the basiconic sensillum. The ligand-binding pocket of CjapNPC2 was composed of a flexible β-structure that allowed it to bind to a wide range of potential semiochemicals. Some of the semiochemicals elicited electrophysiolgical responses in the worker antenna. In vertebrates, NPC2 acts as an essential carrier protein for cholesterol from late endosomes and lysosomes to other cellular organelles. However, the ants have evolved an NPC2 with a malleable ligand-binding pocket as a moderately selective carrier protein in the sensillum cavity of the basiconic sensillum. CjapNPC2 might be able to deliver various hydrophobic semiochemicals to chemosensory receptor neurons and plays crucial roles in chemical communication required to perform the worker ant tasks.
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Goehler, Lisa E., Ron P. A. Gaykema, Michael K. Hansen, Karl Anderson, Steven F. Maier, and Linda R. Watkins. "Vagal immune-to-brain communication: a visceral chemosensory pathway." Autonomic Neuroscience 85, no. 1-3 (December 2000): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1566-0702(00)00219-8.
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van Schooten, Bas, Jesyka Meléndez-Rosa, Steven M. Van Belleghem, Chris D. Jiggins, John D. Tan, W. Owen McMillan, and Riccardo Papa. "Divergence of chemosensing during the early stages of speciation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 28 (June 29, 2020): 16438–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1921318117.
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Chemosensory communication is essential to insect biology, playing indispensable roles during mate-finding, foraging, and oviposition behaviors. These traits are particularly important during speciation, where chemical perception may serve to establish species barriers. However, identifying genes associated with such complex behavioral traits remains a significant challenge. Through a combination of transcriptomic and genomic approaches, we characterize the genetic architecture of chemoperception and the role of chemosensing during speciation for a young species pair ofHeliconiusbutterflies,Heliconius melpomeneandHeliconius cydno. We provide a detailed description of chemosensory gene-expression profiles as they relate to sensory tissue (antennae, legs, and mouthparts), sex (male and female), and life stage (unmated and mated female butterflies). Our results untangle the potential role of chemical communication in establishing barriers during speciation and identify strong candidate genes for mate and host plant choice behaviors. Of the 252 chemosensory genes,HmOBP20(involved in volatile detection) andHmGr56(a putative synephrine-related receptor) emerge as strong candidates for divergence in pheromone detection and host plant discrimination, respectively. These two genes are not physically linked to wing-color pattern loci or other genomic regions associated with visual mate preference. Altogether, our results provide evidence for chemosensory divergence betweenH. melpomeneandH. cydno, two rarely hybridizing butterflies with distinct mate and host plant preferences, a finding that supports a polygenic architecture of species boundaries.
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Getz, Wayne M., and Robert E. Page. "Chemosensory Kin-communication Systems and Kin Recognition in Honey Bees." Ethology 87, no. 3-4 (April 26, 2010): 298–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1991.tb00254.x.
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Zhou, Wen, and Denise Chen. "Sociochemosensory and Emotional Functions." Psychological Science 20, no. 9 (September 2009): 1118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02413.x.
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Olfaction and emotion are distinctively different systems. Nevertheless, there are reasons to suspect that they influence each other on the social level. Functionally, olfactory chemosensory communication is used by a wide range of animals to convey individual and group identity, as well as attraction or repulsion. Anatomically, the olfactory brain overlaps with the socioemotional brain, and is believed to have contributed to the evolution of the latter. Little is known about how the functional and anatomical links are manifested in behavior, however. Using human olfaction as a model, we demonstrate that chemosensory recognition of individuals—one of the most ubiquitous forms of social communication—is interconnected with both the cognitive and the visual processing of emotion. Our results provide the first behavioral evidence for mechanisms being shared by a sensory system and emotion.
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Santos, Pablo S. C., Maja Mezger, Miriam Kolar, Frank-Uwe Michler, and Simone Sommer. "The best smellers make the best choosers: mate choice is affected by female chemosensory receptor gene diversity in a mammal." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1893 (December 19, 2018): 20182426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2426.
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The products of the genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are known to be drivers of pathogen resistance and sexual selection enhancing offspring genetic diversity. The MHC further influences individual odour types and social communication. However, little is known about the receptors and their volatile ligands that are involved in this type of chemical communication. Here, we have investigated chemosensory receptor genes that ultimately enable females to assess male genes through odour cues. As a model, we used an invasive population of North American raccoons ( Procyon lotor ) in Germany. We investigated the effect of two groups of chemosensory receptor genes—trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) and olfactory receptors (ORs)—on MHC-dependent mate choice. Females with more alleles of the TAAR or OR loci were more likely to choose a male with a diverse MHC. We additionally found that MHC class I genes have a stronger effect on mate choice than the recently reported effect for MHC class II genes, probably because of their immunological relevance for viral resistance. Our study is among the first to show a genetic link between behaviour and chemosensory receptor genes. These results contribute to understanding the link between genetics, olfaction and associated life-history decisions.
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Snow, James B. "NIDCD Research in Human Communication." American Journal of Rhinology 8, no. 2 (March 1994): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/105065894781874467.
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The mission of the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) is to support and conduct biomedical and behavioral research and research training on normal mechanisms as well as diseases and disorders of hearing, balance, smell, taste, voice, speech, and language. The National Strategic Research Plan, developed in 1989, guides the research supported and conducted by the Institute in each of its seven areas of interest. Each year two sections of the plan are updated. The chemical senses section of the plan was updated in January 1993. Some of the research goals, opportunities, and priorities in olfaction recommended by the panel are presented. Several examples of NIDCD-supported olfactory research are also highlighted. Research opportunities for foreign scientists in the Institute's intramural laboratories are outlined along with opportunities for international collaborations through the NIDCD. NIDCD funding for chemosensory research is provided.
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Oleszkiewicz, A., F. Kunkel, M. Larsson, and T. Hummel. "Consequences of undetected olfactory loss for human chemosensory communication and well-being." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1800 (April 20, 2020): 20190265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0265.
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Olfactory perception has implications for human chemosensory communication and in a broader context, it affects well-being. However, most of the studies investigating the consequences of olfactory loss have recruited patients who have already been categorized as having a dysfunctional sense of smell and sought help in an ENT clinic. We revisit these findings by distinguishing subjects with olfactory impairment from a group of subjects who all declared a normal sense of smell when enrolling for this study. In the initial sample of 203 individuals, we found 59 to have impaired olfaction and four with marginal olfactory performance, not useful in daily life. Interestingly, we found a significant between-group difference in cognitive functioning, further supporting the notion of the relationship between cognition and olfactory performance. However, their chemosensory communication and well-being appeared not to be different from subjects with normosmia. Impaired olfactory function certainly has a severe impact on daily life but more so in individuals who are bothered with it and decide to seek treatment. The limited-to-no olfactory perception in the fraction of subjects who neither complain about it nor seek help in ENT clinics does not seem to have a major effect on their social, cognitive, emotional and health functioning. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Olfactory communication in humans’.
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Maruska, Karen P., and Julie M. Butler. "Reproductive- and Social-State Plasticity of Multiple Sensory Systems in a Cichlid Fish." Integrative and Comparative Biology 61, no. 1 (May 10, 2021): 249–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icab062.
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Synopsis Intra- and inter-sexual communications are vital to the survival and reproductive success of animals. In species that cycle in and out of breeding or other physiological condition, sensory function can be modulated to optimize communication at crucial times. Little is known, however, about how widespread this sensory plasticity is across taxa, whether it occurs in multiple senses or both sexes within a species, and what potential modulatory substances and substrates are involved. Thus, studying modulation of sensory communication in a single species can provide valuable insights for understanding how sensory abilities can be altered to optimize detection of salient signals in different sensory channels and social contexts. The African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni uses multimodal communication in social contexts such as courtship, territoriality, and parental care and shows plasticity in sensory abilities. In this review, we synthesize what is known about how visual, acoustic, and chemosensory communication is used in A. burtoni in inter- and intra-specific social contexts, how sensory funtion is modulated by an individual’s reproductive, metabolic, and social state, and discuss evidence for plasticity in potential modulators that may contribute to changes in sensory abilities and behaviors. Sensory plasticity in females is primarily associated with the natural reproductive cycle and functions to improve detection of courtship signals (visual, auditory, chemosensory, and likely mechanosensory) from high-quality males for reproduction. Plasticity in male sensory abilities seems to function in altering their ability to detect the status of other males in the service of territory ownership and future reproductive opportunities. Changes in different classes of potential modulators or their receptors (steroids, neuropeptides, and biogenic amines) occur at both peripheral sensory organs (eye, inner ear, and olfactory epithelium) and central visual, olfactory, and auditory processing regions, suggesting complex mechanisms contributing to plasticity of sensory function. This type of sensory plasticity revealed in males and females of A. burtoni is likely more widespread among diverse animals than currently realized, and future studies should take an integrative and comparative approach to better understand the proximate and ultimate mechanisms modulating communication abilities across taxa.
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Iversen, Katrine D., Maurice Ptito, Per Møller, and Ron Kupers. "Enhanced Chemosensory Detection of Negative Emotions in Congenital Blindness." Neural Plasticity 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/469750.
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It is generally acknowledged that congenitally blind individuals develop superior sensory abilities in order to compensate for their lack of vision. Substantial research has been done on somatosensory and auditory sensory information processing of the blind. However, relatively little information is available about compensatory plasticity in the olfactory domain. Although previous studies indicate that blind individuals have superior olfactory abilities, no studies so far have investigated their sense of smell in relation to social and affective communication. The current study compares congenitally blind and normal sighted individuals in their ability to discriminate and identify emotions from body odours. A group of 14 congenitally blind and 14 age- and sex-matched sighted control subjects participated in the study. We compared participants’ abilities to detect and identify by smelling sweat from donors who had been watching excerpts from emotional movies showing amusement, fear, disgust, or sexual arousal. Our results show that congenitally blind subjects outperformed sighted controls in identifying fear from male donors. In addition, there was a strong tendency that blind individuals were also better in detecting disgust. Our findings reveal that congenitally blind individuals are better at identifying ecologically important emotions and provide new insights into the mechanisms of social and affective communication in blindness.
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Balakrishnan, R., and G. Pollack. "The role of antennal sensory cues in female responses to courting males in the cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus." Journal of Experimental Biology 200, no. 3 (January 1, 1997): 511–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.3.511.
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Courtship communication in the field cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus is multimodal, involving a minimum of both acoustic and chemical cues. The acoustic signal, or courtship song, is necessary to elicit normal levels of female mounting of the male during courtship. Antennal input is also crucial since antennectomized females show highly reduced levels of mounting. Immobilization of the scape­pedicel and pedicel­flagellum joints of female antennae had no effect on mounting probability, suggesting that mechanosensory input from chordotonal organs at the base of the antenna is not necessary. The antennal flagellum is a multimodal sensory organ, which contains both mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors. In order to dissect the roles of different flagellar modalities, we treated antennae with zinc sulphate. This suppressed a well-characterized contact-chemosensory behaviour, initiation of courtship by males, and eliminated responsiveness of most chemosensory hairs as assayed electrophysiologically. Zinc sulphate treatment had no effect on a tactile antennal reflex, indicating that it selectively silenced chemoreceptors. Treatment of antennae with zinc sulphate reduced mounting levels nearly as much as antennectomy, suggesting that the main antennal cue required for the mounting responses is chemosensory, rather than mechanosensory, in nature.
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Hong-Liang, Li, Zhang Ya-Li, Wang Hai-Yan, Gao Qi-Kang, and Cheng Jia-An. "Spatio-temporal expression analysis of two kinds of chemical communication-related proteins in the worker bee Apis cerana cerana Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Apidae)." Chinese Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology 6, no. 2 (August 2009): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479236209990209.
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AbstractThe spatio-temporal expressed profiles of two kinds of chemical communication-related protein genes, the odorant-binding protein of Ac-ASP2 and chemosensory protein of Ac-ASP3, were identified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results obtained using the 2−ΔΔCt method showed that Ac-ASP2 was a gene coding antenna-specific protein that did not express in larvae and pupae, but had discontinuous high abundance periods at 1, 9, 15, 27 and 30 days. The expressing abundance at such periods was at least ten times higher than that at other periods. From the distribution of Ac-ASP3 mRNA observed in different tissues, the transcript levels seemed to be higher in the wings, abdomen and thorax (of order ~106), and lower in the legs, antennae and head (of order ~105). From highest to lowest, the original copy number was found in the various body parts in the following order: wings, abdomen, thorax, legs, antenna, and head. The results suggest that Ac-ASP3 has an intimate relation with the chemosensory behaviour of wings and abdomen in Apis cerana cerana.
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Pause, Bettina M., Dunja Storch, and Katrin T. Lübke. "Chemosensory communication of aggression: women's fine-tuned neural processing of male aggression signals." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1800 (April 20, 2020): 20190270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0270.
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The current study is the first to examine the central nervous processing of aggression chemosignals within men and women by means of chemosensory event-related potential (CSERP) analysis. Axillary sweat was collected from 17 men and 17 women participating in a competitive computer game (aggression condition) and playing a construction game (control condition). Sweat samples were pooled with reference to donor gender and condition, and presented to 23 men and 25 women via a constant flow olfactometer. Ongoing electroencephalogram was recorded from 61 scalp locations, CSERPs (P2, P3-1, P3-2) were analysed and neuronal sources calculated (low-resolution electromagnetic tomography, LORETA). Women, especially, showed larger P3-1 and P3-2 amplitudes in response to male as compared with female aggression signals (all p values < 0.01). The peak activation of this effect was related to activity within the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (Brodmann area 8). As male aggression commonly targets physical harm, the competence of the human brain to sensitively detect male aggression signals is considered to be highly adaptive. The detection of male aggression signals seems to be of higher importance for women than for men. It is suggested that the processing of male aggression signals in women induces an immediate response selection. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Olfactory communication in humans’.
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Schubert, Stephanie N., Lynne D. Houck, Pamela W. Feldhoff, Richard C. Feldhoff, and Sarah K. Woodley. "The effects of sex on chemosensory communication in a terrestrial salamander (Plethodon shermani)." Hormones and Behavior 54, no. 2 (July 2008): 270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.03.009.
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Zhou, Wen, Xiaoying Yang, Kepu Chen, Peng Cai, Sheng He, and Yi Jiang. "Chemosensory Communication of Gender through Two Human Steroids in a Sexually Dimorphic Manner." Current Biology 24, no. 10 (May 2014): 1091–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.035.
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Wu, Lixian, Xin Zhai, Liangbin Li, Qiang Li, Fang Liu, and Hongxia Zhao. "Identification and Expression Profile of Chemosensory Genes in the Small Hive Beetle Aethina tumida." Insects 12, no. 8 (July 21, 2021): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12080661.
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Aethina tumida is a parasite and predator of honeybee causing severe loss to the bee industry. No effective and environmentally friendly methods are available to control this pest at present. Chemosensory genes play key roles in insect behavior which can potentially be used as targets for developing environmentally friendly pest control agents. In this study, the putative chemosensory genes in antennae and forelegs of A. tumida involved in olfaction or contact chemical communication of adults were investigated using RNA transcriptome sequencing and PCR methods. Based on transcriptomic data, unigenes encoding 38 odorant receptors (ORs), 24 ionotropic receptors (IRs), 14 gustatory receptors (GRs), 3 sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs), 29 odorant binding proteins (OBPs), and 22 chemosensory proteins (CSPs) were identified. The analyses of tissue expression profiles revealed that genes encoding 38 ORs, 13 antennal IRs, 11 GRs, 1 SNMP, 24 OBPs, and 12 CSPs were predominately expressed in antennae. No significant differences in expression levels of these genes were found between males and females. Genes encoding 5 non-NMDA iGluRs, 3 GRs, 2 SNMPs, 5 OBPs, and 12 CSPs were predominately expressed in forelegs. RT-PCR assays for SNMPs, OBPs and CSPs further revealed that 3 OBPs (AtumOBP3, 26 and 28) and 3 CSPs (AtumCSP7, 8 and 21) were highly expressed in antennae. Our results enrich the gene inventory of A. tumida and facilitate the discovery of potential novel targets for developing new pest control measures.
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Buchinger, Tyler J., Weiming Li, and Nicholas S. Johnson. "Behavioral evidence for a role of chemoreception during reproduction in lake trout." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 72, no. 12 (December 2015): 1847–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0351.
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Chemoreception is hypothesized to influence spawning site selection, mate search, and synchronization of gamete release in chars (Salvelinus spp.), but behavioral evidence is generally lacking. Here, we provide a survey of the behavioral responses of reproductive male and female lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) to natural conspecific chemosensory stimuli. A flow-through laboratory assay with side-by-side artificial spawning reefs was used to evaluate behavioral preferences of spawning-phase males and females for chemosensory stimuli from juveniles and from spawning-phase males and females. Males and females preferred male and juvenile stimuli over no stimuli, but only had weak preferences for female stimuli. Only females had a preference for male over juvenile stimuli when given a direct choice between the two. The unexpected observation of male attraction to male stimuli, even when offered female stimuli, indicates a fundamental difference from the existing models of chemical communication in fishes. We discuss our results from the perspectives of prespawning aggregation, mate evaluation, and spawning synchronization. Identification of specific components of the stimuli will allow confirmation of the function and may have management implications for native and invasive populations of lake trout that are ecologically and economically important.
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Biggs, Lindsey M., and Michael Meredith. "Activation of Calcium Binding Protein-ir Neurons in Medial Amygdala during Chemosignal Processing." Chemical Senses 45, no. 6 (May 9, 2020): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaa030.
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Abstract The medial amygdala receives sensory input from chemical signals important in mammalian social communication. As measured by immediate-early gene expression, its responses to different chemosignals differ in the spatial patterns of neuronal activation and in the types of cells activated. Medial amygdala projections to basal forebrain contribute to generation of appropriate behavioral responses and GABA neurons are important for these functions, both as interneurons and as projection neurons. Here we investigate responses of male golden-hamster medial amygdala neurons expressing immunoreactivity (ir) for calbindin (CB), calretinin (CR) and parvalbumin (PV), calcium binding proteins (CBPs), which can distinguish different GABAergic neuron types. CB-ir and CR-ir cells had significant responses to female hamster chemosignals and showed different spatial patterns across medial amygdala. Responses to chemosignals from unfamiliar females were significantly reduced in males with sexual experience, compared with naive males. Medial amygdala did not express PV-ir cells and the adjacent intercalated nucleus, which has been implicated in medial amygdala chemosensory responses did not express any of the CBPs investigated here. This additional evidence for chemosensory specificity in the response of medial amygdala to social chemical signals, in cells characterized by CBP expression, suggests multiple GABA circuit elements may be involved in information processing for behavioral response.
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MOSBAH, Amor, Valérie CAMPANACCI, Audrey LARTIGUE, Mariella TEGONI, Christian CAMBILLAU, and Hervé DARBON. "Solution structure of a chemosensory protein from the moth Mamestra brassicae." Biochemical Journal 369, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20021217.
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Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are believed to be involved in chemical communication and perception. A number of such proteins, of molecular mass 13kDa, have been isolated from different sensory organs of a wide range of insect species. Several CSPs have been identified in the antennae and proboscis of the moth Mamestra brassicae. CSPMbraA6, a 112-amino-acid antennal protein, has been expressed in a soluble form in large quantities in the Escherichi coli periplasm. NMR structure determination of CSPMbraA6 has been performed with 1H- and 15N-labelled samples. The calculated structures present an average root mean square deviation about the mean structure of 0.63Å for backbone atoms and 1.27Å for all non-hydrogen atoms except the 12 N-terminal residues. The protein is well folded from residue 12 to residue 110, and consists of a non-bundle α-helical structure with six helices connected by αα loops. It has a globular shape, with overall dimensions of 32Å×28Å×24Å. A channel is visible in the hydrophobic core, with dimensions of 3Å×9Å×21Å. In some of the 20 solution structures calculated, this channel is closed either by Trp-94 at one end or by Tyr-26 at the other end; in some other solutions, this channel is closed at both ends. Binding experiments with 12-bromododecanol indicate that the CSPMbraA6 structure is modified upon ligand binding.
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Liu, Yuanzhen, Alexis Beaurepaire, Curtis W. Rogers, Dawn Lopez, Jay D. Evans, Lars Straub, Peter Neumann, Steven C. Cook, and Qiang Huang. "Gene Expression and Functional Analyses of Odorant Receptors in Small Hive Beetles (Aethina tumida)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 13 (June 27, 2020): 4582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21134582.
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Olfaction is key to many insects. Odorant receptors (ORs) stand among the key chemosensory receptors mediating the detection of pheromones and kairomones. Small hive beetles (SHBs), Aethina tumida, are parasites of social bee colonies and olfactory cues are especially important for host finding. However, how interactions with their hosts may have shaped the evolution of ORs in the SHB remains poorly understood. Here, for the first time, we analyzed the evolution of SHB ORs through phylogenetic and positive selection analyses. We then tested the expression of selected OR genes in antennae, heads, and abdomens in four groups of adult SHBs: colony odor-experienced/-naive males and females. The results show that SHBs experienced both OR gene losses and duplications, thereby providing a first understanding of the evolution of SHB ORs. Additionally, three candidate ORs potentially involved in host finding and/or chemical communication were identified. Significantly different downregulations of ORs between the abdomens of male and female SHBs exposed to colony odors may reflect that these expression patterns might also reflect other internal events, e.g., oviposition. Altogether, these results provide novel insights into the evolution of SHB ORs and provide a valuable resource for analyzing the function of key genes, e.g., for developing biological control. These results will also help in understanding the chemosensory system in SHBs and other beetles.
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Ibáñez, Alejandro, and Richard C. Vogt. "Chemosensory discrimination of conspecifics in the juvenile yellow-spotted river turtle Podocnemis unifilis." Behaviour 152, no. 2 (2015): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003240.
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Chelonians are very promising models to explore the role of chemical communication in social contexts. However, it still remains unknown how chemical signals may influence most behavioural patterns in turtles. In this study, we examined whether juvenile yellow-spotted river turtles (Podocnemis unifilis) use chemical cues released into water by other conspecifics to orientate towards them. To test our hypothesis, we compared the behavioural response (i.e., activity level and latency time) of juveniles when exposed to chemical stimuli obtained from other conspecifics (i.e., other juveniles and adult females), as compared to their response in clean water (i.e., the baseline). The results obtained in the study showed that juvenile P. unifilis increased their activity in response to chemical cues of female adult conspecifics. These findings suggest that juvenile turtles may chemically orientate themselves towards adult females during migratory processes. Efficient detection of conspecific chemical cues by juveniles is necessary for particular individuals to aggregate before migrating to habitats with more abundant food resources. Our study provides a framework for future research that should disentangle the role of chemical cues in mass migration of freshwater turtles.
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González-González, Angélica, María E. Rubio-Meléndez, Gabriel I. Ballesteros, Claudio C. Ramírez, and Rubén Palma-Millanao. "Sex- and tissue-specific expression of odorant-binding proteins and chemosensory proteins in adults of the scarab beetle Hylamorpha elegans (Burmeister) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)." PeerJ 7 (June 12, 2019): e7054. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7054.
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In this study, we addressed the sex- and tissue-specific expression patterns of odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and chemosensory proteins (CSPs) in Hylamorpha elegans (Burmeister), an important native scarab beetle pest species from Chile. Similar to other members of its family, this scarab beetle exhibit habits that make difficult to control the pest by conventional methods. Hence, alternative ways to manage the pest populations based on chemical communication and signaling (such as disrupting mating or host finding process) are highly desirable. However, developing pest-control methods based on chemical communication requires to understand the molecular basis for pheromone recognition/chemical perception in this species. Thus, with the aim of discovering olfaction-related genes, we obtained the first reference transcriptome assembly of H. elegans. We used different tissues of adult beetles from males and females: antennae and maxillary palps, which are well known for embedded sensory organs. Then, the expression of predicted odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and chemosensory proteins (CSPs) was analyzed by qRT-PCR. In total, 165 transcripts related to chemoperception were predicted. Of these, 16 OBPs, including one pheromone-binding protein (PBP), and four CSPs were successfully amplified by qRT-PCR. All of these genes were differentially expressed in the sensory tissues with respect to the tibial tissue that was used as a control. The single predicted PBP found was highly expressed in the antennal tissues, particularly in males, while several OBPs and one CSP showed male-biased expression patterns, suggesting that these proteins may participate in sexual recognition process. In addition, a single CSP was expressed at higher levels in female palps than in any other studied condition, suggesting that this CSP would participate in oviposition process. Finally, all four CSPs exhibited palp-biased expression while mixed results were obtained for the expression of the OBPs, which were more abundant in the palps than in the antennae. These results suggest that these chemoperception proteins would be interesting novel targets for control of H. elegans, thus providing a theoretical basis for further studies involving new pest control methods.
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Hickner, Paul V., Nataliya Timoshevskaya, Ronald J. Nowling, Frédéric Labbé, Andrew D. Nguyen, Mary Ann McDowell, Carolina N. Spiegel, and Zainulabeuddin Syed. "Molecular signatures of sexual communication in the phlebotomine sand flies." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 14, no. 12 (December 28, 2020): e0008967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008967.
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Phlebotomine sand flies employ an elaborate system of pheromone communication wherein males produce pheromones that attract other males to leks (thus acting as an aggregation pheromone) and females to the lekking males (sex pheromone). In addition, the type of pheromone produced varies among populations. Despite the numerous studies on sand fly chemical communication, little is known of their chemosensory genome. Chemoreceptors interact with chemicals in an organism’s environment to elicit essential behaviors such as the identification of suitable mates and food sources. Thus, they play important roles during adaptation and speciation. Major chemoreceptor gene families, odorant receptors (ORs), gustatory receptors (GRs) and ionotropic receptors (IRs) together detect and discriminate the chemical landscape. Here, we annotated the chemoreceptor repertoire in the genomes of Lutzomyia longipalpis and Phlebotomus papatasi, major phlebotomine vectors in the New World and Old World, respectively. Comparison with other sequenced Diptera revealed a large and unique expansion where over 80% of the ~140 ORs belong to a single, taxonomically restricted clade. We next conducted a comprehensive analysis of the chemoreceptors in 63 L. longipalpis individuals from four different locations in Brazil representing allopatric and sympatric populations and three sex-aggregation pheromone types (chemotypes). Population structure based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and gene copy number in the chemoreceptors corresponded with their putative chemotypes, and corroborate previous studies that identified multiple populations. Our work provides genomic insights into the underlying behavioral evolution of sexual communication in the L. longipalpis species complex in Brazil, and highlights the importance of accounting for the ongoing speciation in central and South American Lutzomyia that could have important implications for vectorial capacity.
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Lamanna, Allison C., Jason E. Gestwicki, Laura E. Strong, Sara L. Borchardt, Robert M. Owen, and Laura L. Kiessling. "Conserved Amplification of Chemotactic Responses through Chemoreceptor Interactions." Journal of Bacteriology 184, no. 18 (September 15, 2002): 4981–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.184.18.4981-4987.2002.
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ABSTRACT Many bacteria concentrate their chemoreceptors at the cell poles. Chemoreceptor location is important in Escherichia coli, since chemosensory responses are sensitive to receptor proximity. It is not known, however, whether chemotaxis in other bacteria is similarly regulated. To investigate the importance of receptor-receptor interactions in other bacterial species, we synthesized saccharide-bearing multivalent ligands that are designed to cluster relevant chemoreceptors. As has been shown with E. coli, we demonstrate that the behaviors of Bacillus subtilis, Spirochaete aurantia, and Vibrio furnissii are sensitive to the valence of the chemoattractant. Moreover, in B. subtilis, chemotactic responses to serine were increased by pretreatment with saccharide-bearing multivalent ligands. This result indicates that, as in E. coli, signaling information is transferred among chemoreceptors in B. subtilis. These results suggest that interreceptor communication may be a general mechanism for modulating chemotactic responses in bacteria.
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Yang, Haibo, Junfeng Dong, Ya-Lan Sun, Zhenjie Hu, Qi-Hui Lyu, and Dingxu Li. "Identification and expression profiles of candidate chemosensory receptors in Histia rhodope (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae)." PeerJ 8 (September 24, 2020): e10035. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10035.
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Insect olfaction and vision play important roles in survival and reproduction. Diurnal butterflies mainly rely on visual cues whereas nocturnal moths rely on olfactory signals to locate external resources. Histia rhodope Cramer (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae) is an important pest of the landscape tree Bischofia polycarpa in China and other Southeast Asian regions. As a diurnal moth, H. rhodope represents a suitable model for studying the evolutionary shift from olfactory to visual communication. However, only a few chemosensory soluble proteins have been characterized and information on H. rhodope chemoreceptor genes is currently lacking. In this study, we identified 45 odorant receptors (ORs), nine ionotropic receptors (IRs), eight gustatory receptors (GRs) and two sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) from our previously acquired H. rhodope antennal transcriptomic data. The number of chemoreceptors of H. rhodope was less compared with that found in many nocturnal moths. Some specific chemoreceptors such as OR co-receptor (ORco), ionotropic receptors co-receptor, CO2 receptors, sugar receptors and bitter receptors were predicted by phylogenetic analysis. Notably, two candidate pheromone receptors (PRs) were identified within a novel PR lineage. qRT-PCR results showed that almost all tested genes (22/24) were predominantly expressed in antennae, indicating that they may be important in olfactory function. Among these antennae-enriched genes, six ORs, five IRs and two GRs displayed female-biased expression, while two ORs displayed male-biased expression. Additionally, HrhoIR75q.2 and HrhoGR67 were more highly expressed in heads and legs. This study enriches the olfactory gene inventory of H. rhodope and provides the foundation for further research of the chemoreception mechanism in diurnal moths.
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Dal Bò, Elisa, Claudio Gentili, and Cinzia Cecchetto. "Human Chemosignals and Brain Activity: A Preliminary Meta-analysis of the Processing of Human Body Odors." Chemical Senses 45, no. 9 (October 14, 2020): 855–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaa067.
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Abstract Across phyla, chemosignals are a widely used form of social communication and increasing evidence suggests that chemosensory communication is present also in humans. Chemosignals can transfer, via body odors, socially relevant information, such as specific information about identity or emotional states. However, findings on neural correlates of processing of body odors are divergent. The aims of this meta-analysis were to assess the brain areas involved in the perception of body odors (both neutral and emotional) and the specific activation patterns for the perception of neutral body odor (NBO) and emotional body odor (EBO). We conducted an activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis on 16 experiments (13 studies) examining brain activity during body odors processing. We found that the contrast EBO versus NBO resulted in significant convergence in the right middle frontal gyrus and the left cerebellum, whereas the pooled meta-analysis combining all the studies of human odors showed significant convergence in the right inferior frontal gyrus. No significant cluster was found for NBOs. However, our findings also highlight methodological heterogeneity across the existing literature. Further neuroimaging studies are needed to clarify and support the existing findings on neural correlates of processing of body odors.
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Rathinakumar, A., Mauricio Cantor, K. Senthilkumar, P. Vimal, P. Kaliraj, and G. Marimuthu. "Social grooming among Indian short-nosed fruit bats." Behaviour 154, no. 1 (2017): 37–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003410.
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Social grooming is conspicuous in group-living mammals. Bats are gregarious and may groom each other, but the motivation for such social behaviour remains unclear. Here, we describe patterns and infer function of social grooming in tent-making Indian short-nosed fruit bats. Combining field and captivity observations, we found that males and their harem of females mutually groom and apply bodily secretions to one another in tight clusters. Mutual grooming is more commonly initiated by females, before emergence flight at dusk, and during the non-mating season. The within-harem association pattern suggests males may recognize female reproductive status via social grooming. Chemical analysis of the secretions applied during grooming revealed volatile organic compounds that may be involved in chemosensory-mediated communication and/or mate choice. These fruit bat harems were previously seen as simple aggregations, with limited interactions among individuals. Our findings suggest social grooming is multi-functional, with potential implications for the bats’ social lives.
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Silk, Mayo, Ryall, and Roscoe. "Semiochemical and Communication Ecology of the Emerald Ash Borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)." Insects 10, no. 10 (September 27, 2019): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10100323.
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Knowledge of buprestid chemical ecology is sparse but the appearance of the invasive pest Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire in North America has provided the impetus to study in detail the semiochemistry and ecology of this important buprestid. The macrocyclic lactone (3Z)-12-dodecenolide [(3Z)-lactone] is identified as a key antennally-active compound that is produced by females and attracts males. Though a weak trap attractant alone, when combined with the host kairomone (3Z)-hexenol and the important visual cue of a green canopy trap, significant increases in male trap capture occur, thus defining (3Z)-lactone as both a sex pheromone of A. planipennis as well as the first and only known buprestid pheromone. The non-natural stereoisomer (3E)-12-dodecenolide and the saturated analog, 12-dodecanolide also exhibit mimetic activities towards male A. planipennis, suggesting a notable plasticity in this pheromonal structural motif. Efficient synthetic routes to these compounds have been developed. A series of fluoro-12-dodecanolides has also been synthesized containing CF2 groups as a strategy to bias the conformational space accessed by these macrolides and to assess if the analogs may act as mimetics for 12-dodecanolide pheromones associated in A. planipennis. These compounds also afford a unique opportunity to study the binding affinities of lactone surrogates with A. planipennis chemosensory proteins and olfactory receptors. Some progress has also been made in identifying the genes involved in the reception, processing and degradation of volatiles in this invasive insect. It is now evident that the behavior and ecology of A. planipennis involves a complex pattern of sensory modalities, including visual, tactile, olfactory and potentially acoustic components. Earlier reviews focused on studies of attractive host volatiles in development of a trapping system for early detection and visual and contact phenomena in A. planipennis mate finding. This review will update the semiochemistry and chemical ecology of A. planipennis and discuss studies on chemistry and behavior that have identified female-produced pheromone components and host kairomones.
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Giuliani, Cristina, Claudio Franceschi, Donata Luiselli, Paolo Garagnani, and Stanley Ulijaszek. "Ecological Sensing Through Taste and Chemosensation Mediates Inflammation: A Biological Anthropological Approach." Advances in Nutrition 11, no. 6 (July 10, 2020): 1671–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmaa078.
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ABSTRACT Ecological sensing and inflammation have evolved to ensure optima between organism survival and reproductive success in different and changing environments. At the molecular level, ecological sensing consists of many types of receptors located in different tissues that orchestrate integrated responses (immune, neuroendocrine systems) to external and internal stimuli. This review describes emerging data on taste and chemosensory receptors, proposing them as broad ecological sensors and providing evidence that taste perception is shaped not only according to sense epitopes from nutrients but also in response to highly diverse external and internal stimuli. We apply a biological anthropological approach to examine how ecological sensing has been shaped by these stimuli through human evolution for complex interkingdom communication between a host and pathological and symbiotic bacteria, focusing on population-specific genetic diversity. We then focus on how these sensory receptors play a major role in inflammatory processes that form the basis of many modern common metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and aging. The impacts of human niche construction and cultural evolution in shaping environments are described with emphasis on consequent biological responsiveness.
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Li, Ya Ying, Rong Jiang Ma, Chuan Bei Tian, Jin Ge Yuan, Ya Jing Xu, Han Qiu Chen, and Huai Liu. "Molecular characterization of three Niemann–Pick type C2 proteins in the predatory mite Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes (Acari: Phytoseiidae)." Systematic and Applied Acarology 25, no. 8 (August 8, 2020): 1421–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.25.8.5.
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In arthropods, a host of studies focused on insect olfactory systems, where most functional proteins including odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and chemosensory proteins (CSPs) have been identified. However, in other arthropods such as ticks and mites, genes encoding for OBPs and CSPs are absent. The Niemann-Pick type C2 (NPC2), as a third class of binding proteins, was indicated as potential carriers for semiochemicals and participants in chemical communication. Here, we cloned three full-length NPC2 genes (NbNPC2-1, NbNPC2-2 and NbNPC2-3) from a predatory mite Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and investigated the expression levels of these genes by quantitative real-time PCR. These NPC2 proteins possessed a conserved motif of six cysteines paired in three disulfide bridges with a coincidence to insect OBPs. The 3D molecular modeling of NbNPC2 showed ligand-binding pocket of NbNPC2-1 was composed of a flexible β-structure that contributed to binding to a wide range of potential semiochemicals. Three NPC2 genes all possessed one signal peptide revealed their specific character as secretory proteins. Three NPC2 genes in N. barkeri displayed the highest expression levels in adult males, suggesting a putative role in detecting of the female sex pheromones and highly specific binding to female sex pheromone. The expression levels were lowest in the stage of eggs and increased with developmental stage growing, indicating that NPC2 genes were continuously expressed in post-embryonic stages. NbNPC2-1 in the stage of adult females was expressed 6 and 4 times higher than that of larva and nymph, suggesting NbNPC2-1 might contribute an important role in odor recognition of adult females to hunt for suitable areas for the oviposition and predation. These results showed that NPC2 genes might be involved in chemical communications of adult males, and that NbNPC2-1 preformed specified olfactory functions in adult females. This study provided a foundation for research to determine the roles of NPC2 proteins acting as odorant carrier and involved in chemical communication in phytoseiid mites.
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Bierbower, S. M., J. Nadolski, and R. L. Cooper. "Sensory Systems and Environmental Change on Behavior during Social Interactions." International Journal of Zoology 2013 (2013): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/573802.
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The impact of environmental conditions for transmitting sensory cues and the ability of crayfish to utilize olfaction and vision were examined in regards to social interactive behavior. The duration and intensity of interactions were examined for conspecific crayfish with different sensory abilities. Normally, vision and chemosensory have roles in agonistic communication ofProcambarus clarkii; however, for the blind cave crayfish (Orconectes australis packardi), that lack visual capabilities, olfaction is assumed to be the primary sensory modality. To test this, we paired conspecifics in water and out of water in the presence and absence of white light to examine interactive behaviors when these various sensory modalities are altered. For sighted crayfish, in white light, interactions occurred and escalated; however, when the water was removed, interactions and aggressiveness decreased, but, there was an increase in visual displays out of the water. The loss of olfaction abilities for blind cave and sighted crayfish produced fewer social interactions. The importance of environmental conditions is illustrated for social interactions among sighted and blind crayfish. Importantly, this study shows the relevance in the ecological arena in nature for species survival and how environmental changes disrupt innate behaviors.
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Engsontia, Patamarerk, and Chutamas Satasook. "Genome-Wide Identification of the Gustatory Receptor Gene Family of the Invasive Pest, Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier, 1790)." Insects 12, no. 7 (July 5, 2021): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12070611.
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The red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) is a highly destructive pest of oil palm, date, and coconut in many parts of Asia, Europe, and Africa. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has called for international collaboration to develop a multidisciplinary strategy to control this invasive pest. Previous research focused on the molecular basis of chemoreception in this species, particularly olfaction, to develop biosensors for early detection and more effective bait traps for mass trapping. However, the molecular basis of gustation, which plays an essential role in discriminating food and egg-laying sites and chemical communication in this species, is limited because its complete gustatory receptor gene family still has not been characterized. We manually annotated the gene family from the recently available genome and transcriptome data and reported 50 gustatory receptor genes encoding 65 gustatory receptors, including 7 carbon dioxide, 9 sugar, and 49 bitter receptors. This study provides a platform for future functional analysis and comparative chemosensory study. A better understanding of gustation will improve our understanding of this species’ complex chemoreception, which is an important step toward developing more effective control methods.
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Zernecke, Rebekka, Katrin Haegler, Anna Maria Kleemann, Jessica Albrecht, Tilman Frank, Jennifer Linn, Hartmut Brückmann, and Martin Wiesmann. "Effects of Male Anxiety Chemosignals on the Evaluation of Happy Facial Expressions." Journal of Psychophysiology 25, no. 3 (January 2011): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000047.
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The communication of chemosensory alarm signals is well explored in mammals. In humans the effects of anxiety substances might seem to be less important due to their high-developed visual system, and their sophisticated ability to communicate via speech and body language. Nevertheless, an increasing number of studies suggest an effect of chemosignals of anxiety on human physiology and behavior. In the present study two kinds of human sweat were collected from 21 males during a bicycle workout and a visit of a high rope course, and were then applied to 15 different healthy male participants during an emotion evaluation task. Participants were instructed to rate emotional male faces of different morphing levels (neutral-happy) by using a visual analog scale under exposure of three different samples (exercise sweat, anxiety sweat, and control material). Our study revealed that men rated happy faces as less happy under the influence of anxiety sweat compared to the exercise and the control conditions; significant differences were demonstrated only for ambiguous emotional faces. In conclusion, chemosignals of anxiety comprised in human sweat are communicated between males; they diminish the evaluation of ambiguous happy male facial expressions in men and thereby influence the perception of emotional faces.
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Zhang, Jing, Qian Cong, Emily A. Rex, Winnie Hallwachs, Daniel H. Janzen, Nick V. Grishin, and Don B. Gammon. "Gypsy moth genome provides insights into flight capability and virus–host interactions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 5 (January 14, 2019): 1669–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1818283116.
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Since its accidental introduction to Massachusetts in the late 1800s, the European gypsy moth (EGM; Lymantria dispar dispar) has become a major defoliator in North American forests. However, in part because females are flightless, the spread of the EGM across the United States and Canada has been relatively slow over the past 150 years. In contrast, females of the Asian gypsy moth (AGM; Lymantria dispar asiatica) subspecies have fully developed wings and can fly, thereby posing a serious economic threat if populations are established in North America. To explore the genetic determinants of these phenotypic differences, we sequenced and annotated a draft genome of L. dispar and used it to identify genetic variation between EGM and AGM populations. The 865-Mb gypsy moth genome is the largest Lepidoptera genome sequenced to date and encodes ∼13,300 proteins. Gene ontology analyses of EGM and AGM samples revealed divergence between these populations in genes enriched for several gene ontology categories related to muscle adaptation, chemosensory communication, detoxification of food plant foliage, and immunity. These genetic differences likely contribute to variations in flight ability, chemical sensing, and pathogen interactions among EGM and AGM populations. Finally, we use our new genomic and transcriptomic tools to provide insights into genome-wide gene-expression changes of the gypsy moth after viral infection. Characterizing the immunological response of gypsy moths to virus infection may aid in the improvement of virus-based bioinsecticides currently used to control larval populations.
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Saul-Gershenz, Leslie, Jocelyn G. Millar, J. Steven McElfresh, and Neal M. Williams. "Deceptive signals and behaviors of a cleptoparasitic beetle show local adaptation to different host bee species." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 39 (September 10, 2018): 9756–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1718682115.
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Chemosensory signals play a key role in species recognition and mate location in both invertebrate and vertebrate species. Closely related species often produce similar but distinct signals by varying the ratios or components in pheromone blends to avoid interference in their communication channels and minimize cross-attraction among congeners. However, exploitation of reproductive signals by predators and parasites also may provide strong selective pressure on signal phenotypes. For example, bolas spiders mimic the pheromones of several moth species to attract their prey, and parasitic blister beetle larvae, known as triungulins, cooperatively produce an olfactory signal that mimics the sex pheromone of their female host bees to attract male bees, as the first step in being transported by their hosts to their nests. In both cases, there is strong selection pressure on the host to discriminate real mates from aggressive mimics and, conversely, on the predator, parasite, or parasitoid to track and locally adapt to the evolving signals of its hosts. Here we show local adaptation of a beetle, Meloe franciscanus (Coleoptera: Meloidae), to the pheromone chemistry and mate location behavior of its hosts, two species of solitary bees in the genus Habropoda. We report that M. franciscanus’ deceptive signal is locally host-adapted in its chemical composition and ratio of components, with host bees from each allopatric population preferring the deceptive signals of their sympatric parasite population. Furthermore, in different locales, the triungulin aggregations have adapted their perching height to the height at which local male bees typically patrol for females.
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Wulff, Juan P., Diego F. Segura, Francisco Devescovi, Irina Muntaabski, Fabian H. Milla, Alejandra C. Scannapieco, Jorge L. Cladera, and Silvia B. Lanzavecchia. "Identification and characterization of soluble binding proteins associated with host foraging in the parasitoid wasp Diachasmimorpha longicaudata." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 17, 2021): e0252765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252765.
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The communication and reproduction of insects are driven by chemical sensing. During this process, chemical compounds are transported across the sensillum lymph to the sensory neurons assisted by different types of soluble binding proteins: odorant-binding proteins (OBPs); chemosensory proteins (CSPs); some members of ML-family proteins (MD-2 (myeloid differentiation factor-2)-related Lipid-recognition), also known as NPC2-like proteins. Potential transcripts involved in chemosensing were identified by an in silico analysis of whole-body female and male transcriptomes of the parasitic wasp Diachasmimorpha longicaudata. This analysis facilitated the characterization of fourteen OBPs (all belonging to the Classic type), seven CSPs (and two possible isoforms), and four NPC2-like proteins. A differential expression analysis by qPCR showed that eleven of these proteins (CSPs 2 and 8, OBPs 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11, and NPC2b) were over-expressed in female antenna and two (CSP 1 and OBP 12) in the body without antennae. Foraging behavior trials (linked to RNA interference) suggest that OBPs 9, 10, and 11 are potentially involved in the female orientation to chemical cues associated with the host. OBP 12 seems to be related to physiological processes of female longevity regulation. In addition, transcriptional silencing of CSP 3 showed that this protein is potentially associated with the regulation of foraging behavior. This study supports the hypothesis that soluble binding proteins are potentially linked to fundamental physiological processes and behaviors in D. longicaudata. The results obtained here contribute useful information to increase the parasitoid performance as a biological control agent of fruit fly pest species.
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Castillo, Paula, Nathan Le, and Qian Sun. "Comparative Antennal Morphometry and Sensilla Organization in the Reproductive and Non-Reproductive Castes of the Formosan Subterranean Termite." Insects 12, no. 7 (June 24, 2021): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12070576.
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Antennae are the primary sensory organs in insects, where a variety of sensilla are distributed for the perception of the chemical environment. In eusocial insects, colony function is maintained by a division of labor between reproductive and non-reproductive castes, and chemosensation is essential for regulating their specialized social activities. Several social species in Hymenoptera display caste-specific characteristics in antennal morphology and diversity of sensilla, reflecting their differential tasks. In termites, however, little is known about how the division of labor is associated with chemosensory morphology among castes. Using light and scanning electron microscopy, we performed antennal morphometry and characterized the organization of sensilla in reproductive (female and male alates) and non-reproductive (worker and soldier) castes in the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. Here, we show that the antennal sensilla in alates are twice as abundant as in workers and soldiers, along with the greater number of antennal segments and antennal length in alates. However, all castes exhibit the same types of antennal sensilla, including basiconicum, campaniformium, capitulum, chaeticum I, chaeticum II, chaeticum III, marginal, trichodeum I, and trichodeum I. The quantitative composition of sensilla diverges between reproductive and non-reproductive castes, but not between female and male alates or between worker and soldier castes. The sensilla display spatial-specific distribution, with basiconicum exclusively and capitulum predominantly found on the ventral side of antennae. In addition, the abundance of chemosensilla increases toward the distal end of antennae in each caste. This research provides morphological signatures of chemosensation and their implications for the division of labor, and suggests future neurophysiological and molecular studies to address the mechanisms of chemical communication in termites.
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Vergara, Rodrigo C., Alejandra Torres-Araneda, Diego A. Villagra, Robert A. Raguso, Mary T. K. Arroyo, and Cristian A. Villagra. "Are eavesdroppers multimodal? Sensory exploitation of floral signals by a non-native cockroach Blatta orientalis." Current Zoology 57, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 162–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/57.2.162.
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Abstract The study of multi-modal communication has only recently been extended to innate and learned interactions between flowers and their animal visitors, and usually only to pollinators. Here we studied the relevance of floral scent and visual display of a night blooming, putatively hawkmoth-pollinated plant Oenothera acaulis (Onagraceae) in the attraction of non-native cockroaches Blatta orientalis (Blattodea: Blattidae), which function as facultative floral larcenists in coastal habitats of central Chile. We experimentally decoupled visual (corolla) and olfactory (fragrance) stimuli by presenting paper corollas and green mesh bags, with or without a freshly-picked natural flower inside. We then contrasted the behavioral responses of roaches in these treatments with those to the natural combination of traits in actual flowers and their respective control treatments, measuring the roaches’ frequency of first visits, mean and total residence time spent in each treatment. The roaches primarily used olfactory cues when approaching O. acaulis flowers at two biologically relevant spatial scales. In addition, the presence of conspecific roaches had a strong influence on recruitment to the experimental arena, increasing the statistical differences among treatments. Our results suggest a primacy of floral fragrance over visual stimuli in the foraging responses of B. orientalis. Olfactory cues were necessary and sufficient to attract the roaches, and the visual cues presented in our manipulations only marginally increased their attraction within a 20 cm diameter of the stimulus. The full spectrum of floral visitation behavior was not elicited by the artificial flowers, suggesting the need for additional tactile or contact chemosensory stimuli not provided by paper. Although the nitrogenous scent compounds that we found in O. acaulis flowers are almost exclusively found in hawkmoth-pollinated flowers, the attractiveness of these compounds to a non-native, facultative flower-visiting insect indicates that they do not function as pollinator-specific signals for hawkmoth attraction.
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Czarnik, Anthony W. "Chemical Communication in Water Using Fluorescent Chemosensors." Accounts of Chemical Research 27, no. 10 (October 1994): 302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar00046a003.
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CZARNIK, A. W. "ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Communication in Water Using Fluorescent Chemosensors." ChemInform 26, no. 19 (August 18, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199519280.
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Van Arman, Scott A., and Anthony W. Czarnik. "Chemical communication of enzymatic ATP hydrolysis using a fluorescent chemosensor." Supramolecular Chemistry 1, no. 2 (February 1993): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10610279308040653.
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Chahal, Mandeep K., Muniappan Sankar, and Ray J. Butcher. "An insight into the communication between β-olefin/phenyl olefin-mediated acceptors and porphyrin π-system: a way to establish porphyrin based chemodosimeters and chemosensors." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 6 (2017): 4530–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp08396j.
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Porphyrins bearing electron acceptors attached to β-carbon through olefin or phenyl–olefin bridges act as chemodosimeters for CN− as well as chemosensors for F−, CN− and OAc− ions depends on acceptor strength and position.
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Wang, Bin, Ma Jing, and Ma Xiangmei. "Synthesis, characterization and fluorescent performance studies of novel diphenyl sulfone-functionalized water-soluble polymer." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 85, no. 11 (2020): 1463–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc200407041w.
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In this communication, a novel water-soluble diphenyl sulfone-functionalized polymer was successfully synthesized through a facile hydrothermal synthesis route and then characterized by FT-IR, UV?Vis, 1H-NMR and 13C- -NMR spectroscopy. Fluorescence quenching experiments revealed that the fluorescence intensities of the resulting diphenyl sulfone-functionalized polymers were linear with the concentrations of Fe3+ and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) in the concentration ranges of (5.0?24.9)?10-8 and (5.0?50.0)?10-7 mol dm-3, with detection limits of 2.8?10-8 and 2.2?10-7 mol dm-3, respectively. These results created opportunities for the development of novel chemosensors by introducing selective fluorescent groups into polymeric materials.
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Mutic, Smiljana, Yvonne F. Brünner, Rea Rodriguez-Raecke, Martin Wiesmann, and Jessica Freiherr. "Chemosensory danger detection in the human brain: Body odor communicating aggression modulates limbic system activation." Neuropsychologia 99 (May 2017): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.02.018.
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Liu, Jian-Xun, Shi-Lin Mei, Xian-He Chen, and Chang-Jiang Yao. "Recent Advances of Near-Infrared (NIR) Emissive Metal Complexes Bridged by Ligands with N- and/or O-Donor Sites." Crystals 11, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11020155.
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Near-infrared (NIR) emissive metal complexes have shown potential applications in optical communication, chemosensors, bioimaging, and laser and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) due to their structural tunability and luminescence stability. Among them, complexes with bridging ligands that exhibit unique emission behavior have attracted extensive interests in recent years. The target performance can be easily achieved by NIR light-emitting metal complexes with bridging ligands through molecular structure design. In this review, the luminescence mechanism and design strategies of NIR luminescent metal complexes with bridging ligands are described firstly, and then summarize the recent advance of NIR luminescent metal complexes with bridging ligands in the fields of electroluminescence and biosensing/bioimaging. Finally, the development trend of NIR luminescent metal complexes with bridging ligands are proposed, which shows an attractive prospect in the field of photophysical and photochemical materials.
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Yoon, Juyoung, and Anthony W. Czarnik. "Fluorescent chemosensors of carbohydrates. A means of chemically communicating the binding of polyols in water based on chelation-enhanced quenching." Journal of the American Chemical Society 114, no. 14 (July 1992): 5874–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00040a067.
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Berg, Christopher J., and Jonathan D. Kaunitz. "Gut chemosensing: implications for disease pathogenesis." F1000Research 5 (September 30, 2016): 2424. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.9208.1.
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The ability of humans to sense chemical signals in ingested substances is implicit in the ability to detect the five basic tastes; sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami. Of these, sweet, bitter, and umami tastes are detected by lingual G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Recently, these receptors were also localized to the gut mucosa. In this review, we will emphasize recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms and consequences of foregut luminal chemosensing, with special emphasis on cell surface GPCRs such as the sweet and proteinaceous taste receptors (TASRs), short- and long-chain fatty acid (FA) receptors, and bile acid receptors. The majority of these luminal chemosensors are expressed on enteroendocrine cells (EECs), which are specialized endocrine cells in the intestine and pancreas that release gut hormones with ligand activation. These gut hormones are responsible for a wide variety of physiologic and homeostatic mechanisms, including glycemic control, appetite stimulation and suppression, regulation of gastric emptying, and trophic effects on the intestinal epithelium. Released from the EECs, the gut peptides have paracrine, autocrine, and endocrine effects. Additionally, EECs have unique direct connections to the enteric nervous system enabling precise transmission of sensory data to and communication with the central nervous system. We will also describe how gut sensors are implicated in gut hormone release, followed by examples of how altered gut chemosensing has been implicated in pathological conditions such as metabolic diseases including diabetes and obesity, functional dyspepsia, helminthic infections, colitis, gastric bypass surgery, and gastric inflammation and cancer.
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Wang, Xiaocui, Thomas A. Verschut, Jean-Christophe Billeter, and Martine E. Maan. "Seven Questions on the Chemical Ecology and Neurogenetics of Resource-Mediated Speciation." Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9 (February 18, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.640486.
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Adaptation to different environments can result in reproductive isolation between populations and the formation of new species. Food resources are among the most important environmental factors shaping local adaptation. The chemosensory system, the most ubiquitous sensory channel in the animal kingdom, not only detects food resources and their chemical composition, but also mediates sexual communication and reproductive isolation in many taxa. Chemosensory divergence may thus play a crucial role in resource-mediated adaptation and speciation. Understanding how the chemosensory system can facilitate resource-mediated ecological speciation requires integrating mechanistic studies of the chemosensory system with ecological studies, to link the genetics and physiology of chemosensory properties to divergent adaptation. In this review, we use examples of insect research to present seven key questions that can be used to understand how the chemosensory system can facilitate resource-mediated ecological speciation in consumer populations.