Relevant bibliographies by topics / Chemoreceptors

Academic literature on the topic 'Chemoreceptors'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Chemoreceptors"

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Lazovic, Biljana, Mirjana Zlatkovic-Svenda, Tijana Durmic, Zoran Stajic, Vesna Djuric, and Vladimir Zugic. "The regulation role of carotid body peripheral chemoreceptors in physiological and pathophysiological conditions." Medical review 69, no. 11-12 (2016): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1612385l.

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Introduction. The major oxygen sensors in the human body are peripheral chemoreceptors, also known as interoreceptors-as connected with internal organs, located in the aortic arch and in the body of the common carotid artery. Chemoreceptor function under physiological conditions. Stimulation of peripheral chemoreceptors during enviromental hypoxia causes a reflex-mediated increased ventilation, followed by the increase of the muscle sympatic activity, aiming to maintain tissue oxygen homeostatis, as well as glucosae homeostatis. Besides that, peripheral chemoreceptors interact with central chemoreceptors, responsible for carbon dioxide changes, and they are able to modulate each other. Chemoreceptor function in pathophysiological conditions. Investigations of respiratory function in many pathological processes, such as hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea, congestive heart failure and many other diseases that are presented with enhanced peripheral chemosensitivity and impaired functional sympatholysis ultimately determine the peripheral chemoreceptor role and significance of peripheral chemoreceptors in the process of those pathological conditions development. Considering this, the presumed influence of peripheral chemoreceptors is important in patients having the above mentioned pathology. Conclusion. The importance and the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in the course of the breathing control is still controversial, despite many scientific attempts to solve this problem. The main objective of this review is to give the latest data on the peripheral chemoreceptor role and to highlight the importance of peripheral chemoreceptors for maintaining of oxygen homeostasis in pateints with hypoxia caused by either physiological or pathological conditions.
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Lybarger, Suzanne R., and Janine R. Maddock. "Clustering of the Chemoreceptor Complex inEscherichia coli Is Independent of the Methyltransferase CheR and the Methylesterase CheB." Journal of Bacteriology 181, no. 17 (September 1, 1999): 5527–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.181.17.5527-5529.1999.

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ABSTRACT The Escherichia coli chemoreceptors and their associated cytoplasmic proteins, CheA and CheW, cluster predominantly at the cell poles. The nature of the clustering remains a mystery. Recent studies suggest that CheR binding to and/or methylation of the chemoreceptors may play a role in chemoreceptor complex aggregation. In this study, we examined the intracellular distribution of the chemoreceptors by immunoelectron microscopy in strains lacking either the methyltransferase CheR or the methylesterase CheB. The localization data revealed that, in vivo, aggregation of the chemoreceptor complex was independent of either CheR or CheB.
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Collins, Kieran D., Tessa M. Andermann, Jenny Draper, Lisa Sanders, Susan M. Williams, Cameron Araghi, and Karen M. Ottemann. "The Helicobacter pylori CZB Cytoplasmic Chemoreceptor TlpD Forms an Autonomous Polar Chemotaxis Signaling Complex That Mediates a Tactic Response to Oxidative Stress." Journal of Bacteriology 198, no. 11 (March 21, 2016): 1563–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00071-16.

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ABSTRACTCytoplasmic chemoreceptors are widespread among prokaryotes but are far less understood than transmembrane chemoreceptors, despite being implicated in many processes. One such cytoplasmic chemoreceptor isHelicobacter pyloriTlpD, which is required for stomach colonization and drives a chemotaxis response to cellular energy levels. Neither the signals sensed by TlpD nor its molecular mechanisms of action are known. We report here that TlpD functions independently of the other chemoreceptors. When TlpD is the sole chemoreceptor, it is able to localize to the pole and recruits CheW, CheA, and at least two CheV proteins to this location. It loses the normal membrane association that appears to be driven by interactions with other chemoreceptors and with CheW, CheV1, and CheA. These results suggest that TlpD can form an autonomous signaling unit. We further determined that TlpD mediates a repellent chemotaxis response to conditions that promote oxidative stress, including being in the presence of iron, hydrogen peroxide, paraquat, and metronidazole. Last, we found that all testedH. pyloristrains express TlpD, whereas other chemoreceptors were present to various degrees. Our data suggest a model in which TlpD coordinates a signaling complex that responds to oxidative stress and may allowH. pylorito avoid areas of the stomach with high concentrations of reactive oxygen species.IMPORTANCEHelicobacter pylorisenses its environment with proteins called chemoreceptors. Chemoreceptors integrate this sensory information to affect flagellum-based motility in a process called chemotaxis. Chemotaxis is employed during infection and presumably aidsH. pyloriin encountering and colonizing preferred niches. A cytoplasmic chemoreceptor named TlpD is particularly important in this process, and we report here that this chemoreceptor is able to operate independently of other chemoreceptors to organize a chemotaxis signaling complex and mediate a repellent response to oxidative stress conditions.H. pyloriencounters and must cope with oxidative stress during infection due to oxygen and reactive oxygen species produced by host cells. TlpD's repellent response may allow the bacteria to escape niches experiencing inflammation and elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.
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Prabhakar, Nanduri R., and Ying-Jie Peng. "Peripheral chemoreceptors in health and disease." Journal of Applied Physiology 96, no. 1 (January 2004): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00809.2003.

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Peripheral chemoreceptors (carotid and aortic bodies) detect changes in arterial blood oxygen and initiate reflexes that are important for maintaining homeostasis during hypoxemia. This mini-review summarizes the importance of peripheral chemoreceptor reflexes in various physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Carotid bodies are important for eliciting hypoxic ventilatory stimulation in humans and in experimental animals. In the absence of carotid bodies, compensatory upregulation of aortic bodies as well as other chemoreceptors contributes to the hypoxic ventilatory response. Peripheral chemoreceptors are critical for ventilatory acclimatization at high altitude. They also contribute in part to the exercise-induced hyperventilation, especially with submaximal and heavy exercise. During pregnancy, hypoxic ventilatory sensitivity increases, perhaps due to the actions of estrogen and progesterone on chemoreceptors. Augmented peripheral chemoreceptors have been implicated in early stages of recurrent apneas, congestive heart failure, and certain forms of hypertension. It is likely that chemoreceptors tend to maintain oxygen homeostasis and act as a defense mechanism to prevent the progression of the morbidity associated with these diseases. Experimental models of recurrent apneas, congestive heart failure, and hypertension offer excellent opportunities to unravel the cellular mechanisms associated with altered chemoreceptor function.
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García, Vanina, Jose-Antonio Reyes-Darias, David Martín-Mora, Bertrand Morel, Miguel A. Matilla, and Tino Krell. "Identification of a Chemoreceptor for C2and C3Carboxylic Acids." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 16 (June 5, 2015): 5449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01529-15.

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ABSTRACTChemoreceptors are at the beginnings of chemosensory signaling cascades that mediate chemotaxis. Most bacterial chemoreceptors are functionally unannotated and are characterized by a diversity in the structure of their ligand binding domains (LBDs). The data available indicate that there are two major chemoreceptor families at the functional level, namely, those that respond to amino acids or to Krebs cycle intermediates. Since pseudomonads show chemotaxis to many different compounds and possess different types of chemoreceptors, they are model organisms to establish relationships between chemoreceptor structure and function. Here, we identify PP2861 (termed McpP) ofPseudomonas putidaKT2440 as a chemoreceptor with a novel ligand profile. We show that the recombinant McpP LBD recognizes acetate, pyruvate, propionate, andl-lactate, withKD(equilibrium dissociation constant) values ranging from 34 to 107 μM. Deletion of themcpPgene resulted in a dramatic reduction in chemotaxis toward these ligands, and complementation restored a native-like phenotype, indicating that McpP is the major chemoreceptor for these compounds. McpP has a CACHE-type LBD, and we present data indicating that CACHE-containing chemoreceptors of other species also mediate taxis to C2and C3carboxylic acids. In addition, the LBD of NbaY ofPseudomonas fluorescens, an McpP homologue mediating chemotaxis to 2-nitrobenzoate, bound neither nitrobenzoates nor the McpP ligands. This work provides further insight into receptor structure-function relationships and will be helpful to annotate chemoreceptors of other bacteria.
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Ortega, Davi R., Aaron D. Fleetwood, Tino Krell, Caroline S. Harwood, Grant J. Jensen, and Igor B. Zhulin. "Assigning chemoreceptors to chemosensory pathways in Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 48 (November 13, 2017): 12809–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1708842114.

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In contrast to Escherichia coli, a model organism for chemotaxis that has 5 chemoreceptors and a single chemosensory pathway, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 has a much more complex chemosensory network, which consists of 26 chemoreceptors feeding into four chemosensory pathways. While several chemoreceptors were rigorously linked to specific pathways in a series of experimental studies, for most of them this information is not available. Thus, we addressed the problem computationally. Protein–protein interaction network prediction, coexpression data mining, and phylogenetic profiling all produced incomplete and uncertain assignments of chemoreceptors to pathways. However, comparative sequence analysis specifically targeting chemoreceptor regions involved in pathway interactions revealed conserved sequence patterns that enabled us to unambiguously link all 26 chemoreceptors to four pathways. Placing computational evidence in the context of experimental data allowed us to conclude that three chemosensory pathways in P. aeruginosa utilize one chemoreceptor per pathway, whereas the fourth pathway, which is the main system controlling chemotaxis, utilizes the other 23 chemoreceptors. Our results show that while only a very few amino acid positions in receptors, kinases, and adaptors determine their pathway specificity, assigning receptors to pathways computationally is possible. This requires substantial knowledge about interacting partners on a molecular level and focusing comparative sequence analysis on the pathway-specific regions. This general principle should be applicable to resolving many other receptor–pathway interactions.
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Gaudel, Fanny, Gaëlle Guiraudie-Capraz, and François Féron. "Limbic Expression of mRNA Coding for Chemoreceptors in Human Brain—Lessons from Brain Atlases." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 13 (June 25, 2021): 6858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136858.

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Animals strongly rely on chemical senses to uncover the outside world and adjust their behaviour. Chemical signals are perceived by facial sensitive chemosensors that can be clustered into three families, namely the gustatory (TASR), olfactory (OR, TAAR) and pheromonal (VNR, FPR) receptors. Over recent decades, chemoreceptors were identified in non-facial parts of the body, including the brain. In order to map chemoreceptors within the encephalon, we performed a study based on four brain atlases. The transcript expression of selected members of the three chemoreceptor families and their canonical partners was analysed in major areas of healthy and demented human brains. Genes encoding all studied chemoreceptors are transcribed in the central nervous system, particularly in the limbic system. RNA of their canonical transduction partners (G proteins, ion channels) are also observed in all studied brain areas, reinforcing the suggestion that cerebral chemoreceptors are functional. In addition, we noticed that: (i) bitterness-associated receptors display an enriched expression, (ii) the brain is equipped to sense trace amines and pheromonal cues and (iii) chemoreceptor RNA expression varies with age, but not dementia or brain trauma. Extensive studies are now required to further understand how the brain makes sense of endogenous chemicals.
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Smith, C. A., J. R. Rodman, B. J. A. Chenuel, K. S. Henderson, and J. A. Dempsey. "Response time and sensitivity of the ventilatory response to CO2 in unanesthetized intact dogs: central vs. peripheral chemoreceptors." Journal of Applied Physiology 100, no. 1 (January 2006): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00926.2005.

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We assessed the speed of the ventilatory response to square-wave changes in alveolar Pco2 and the relative gains of the steady-state ventilatory response to CO2 of the central chemoreceptors vs. the carotid body chemoreceptors in intact, unanesthetized dogs. We used extracorporeal perfusion of the reversibly isolated carotid sinus to maintain normal tonic activity of the carotid body chemoreceptor while preventing it from sensing systemic changes in CO2, thereby allowing us to determine the response of the central chemoreceptors alone. We found the following. 1) The ventilatory response of the central chemoreceptors alone is 11.2 (SD = 3.6) s slower than when carotid bodies are allowed to sense CO2 changes. 2) On average, the central chemoreceptors contribute ∼63% of the gain to steady-state increases in CO2. There was wide dog-to-dog variability in the relative contributions of central vs. carotid body chemoreceptors; the central exceeded the carotid body gain in four of six dogs, but in two dogs carotid body gain exceeded central CO2 gain. If humans respond similarly to dogs, we propose that the slower response of the central chemoreceptors vs. the carotid chemoreceptors prevents the central chemoreceptors from contributing significantly to ventilatory responses to rapid, transient changes in arterial Pco2 such as those after periods of hypoventilation or hyperventilation (“ventilatory undershoots or overshoots”) observed during sleep-disordered breathing. However, the greater average responsiveness of the central chemoreceptors to brain hypercapnia in the steady-state suggests that these receptors may contribute significantly to ventilatory overshoots once unstable/periodic breathing is fully established.
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Fortier, Emma M., Sophie Bouillet, Pascale Infossi, Amine Ali Chaouche, Leon Espinosa, Marie-Thérèse Giudici-Orticoni, Emilia M. F. Mauriello, and Chantal Iobbi-Nivol. "Defining Two Chemosensory Arrays in Shewanella oneidensis." Biomolecules 13, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom13010021.

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Shewanella oneidensis has 2 functional chemosensory systems named Che1 and Che3, and 27 chemoreceptors. Che3 is dedicated to chemotaxis while Che1 could be involved in RpoS post-translational regulation. In this study, we have shown that two chemoreceptors Aer2so and McpAso, genetically related to the Che1 system, form distinct core-signaling units and signal to Che1 and Che3, respectively. Moreover, we observed that Aer2so is a cytoplasmic dynamic chemoreceptor that, when in complex with CheA1 and CheW1, localizes at the two poles and the centre of the cells. Altogether, the results obtained indicate that Che1 and Che3 systems are interconnected by these two chemoreceptors allowing a global response for bacterial survival.
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Khursigara, Cezar M., Xiongwu Wu, and Sriram Subramaniam. "Chemoreceptors in Caulobacter crescentus: Trimers of Receptor Dimers in a Partially Ordered Hexagonally Packed Array." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 20 (August 8, 2008): 6805–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00640-08.

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ABSTRACT Chemoreceptor arrays are macromolecular complexes that form extended assemblies primarily at the poles of bacterial cells and mediate chemotaxis signal transduction, ultimately controlling cellular motility. We have used cryo-electron tomography to determine the spatial distribution and molecular architecture of signaling molecules that comprise chemoreceptor arrays in wild-type Caulobacter crescentus cells. We demonstrate that chemoreceptors are organized as trimers of receptor dimers, forming partially ordered hexagonally packed arrays of signaling complexes in the cytoplasmic membrane. This novel organization at the threshold between order and disorder suggests how chemoreceptors and associated molecules are arranged in signaling assemblies to respond dynamically in the activation and adaptation steps of bacterial chemotaxis.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Chemoreceptors"

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Lai, Runzhi. "Signal processing within and between bacterial chemoreceptors." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1337.

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Kazemian, Pedram. "Pulmonary neuroepithelial bodies as airway oxygen chemoreceptors." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0016/MQ54077.pdf.

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McQueen, Daniel Sinclair. "Studies on the pharmacology of carotid body chemoreceptors." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/24163.

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Yost, Christopher K. "Characterization of Rhizobium leguminosarum genes homologous to chemotaxis chemoreceptors." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ31082.pdf.

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Taylor, John Andrew 1960. "RESPIRATORY CHEMOSENSITIVITY IN SYNCHRONIZED SWIMMERS AND SWIM-TRAINED WOMEN." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276444.

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Reyes, Catalina. "Peripheral arterial chemoreceptors and their role in cardio-respiratory control." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44568.

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Peripheral arterial chemoreceptors show anatomical and functional similarities and differences among vertebrate groups. Fishes have widely distributed neuroepithelial cells containing serotonin in all gill arches and extrabranchial sites, while mammals have clustered glomus cells in the carotid bifurcation and aortic arch that contain a number of neurotransmitters. However, we do not know how peripheral arterial chemoreceptors of amphibians and reptiles compare to other groups. My thesis established the location, distribution, neurochemical content, reflex roles and plasticity of peripheral arterial chemoreceptors in representative amphibians and reptiles (snakes (Crotalus durissus); turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) and frogs (Rana catesbeiana)). I found functional chemosensory areas in the carotid bifurcation, aorta and pulmonary artery of rattlesnakes, the same locations where peripheral chemoreceptors are found in amphibians, turtles and tortoises. I used immunohistochemistry and tract tracing to identify putative O₂-sensing cells in snakes, turtles and frogs, and determined their neurochemical content and anatomical relation to branches of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. Although the structure and innervation pattern of these cells is clearly maintained among vertebrate taxa, the types of neurochemicals involved in oxygen chemotransduction seem to have increased in number progressing throughout the vertebrate taxa. While serotonin is found in all vertebrates, the presence of other neurotransmitters varied among species. Catecholamines were found in the chemosensory areas of amphibians, while turtles and snakes contained acetylcholine. While the serotonergic and catecholamine containing cells were organized singly or in small clusters in amphibians and reptiles, cholinergic cells in reptiles were always arranged in large clusters. Unlike mammals, anatomically distinct chemoreceptor groups in snakes did not differ in their reflex response. All chemosensory areas regulated the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, the latter through adjustments in heart rate and the cardiac shunt. Furthermore, changes in the breathing pattern of turtles resulted from daily changes in the sensitivity of chemoreceptors independent of metabolism, indicating that biological rhythms play a role in respiratory control in reptiles. My findings suggest that while O₂-sensing structures are essential among vertebrate groups, considerable plasticity exists for the specifics of location and neurochemicals, which is likely related to differing needs to match oxygen supply and demand.
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Nunes, Ana Rita Silva Martins. "O2/CO2-sensitive cyclic AMP-signalling pathway in peripheral chemoreceptors." Doctoral thesis, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. UNL, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/9153.

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RESUMO: O corpo carotídeo (CB) é um pequeno órgão sensível a variações na PaO2, PaCO2 e pH. As células tipo I (células glómicas) do corpo carotídeo, as unidades sensoriais deste órgão, libertam neurotransmissores em resposta às variações dos gases arteriais. Estes neurotransmissores atuam quer em recetores pré-sinápticos, localizados nas células tipo I, quer em recetores póssinápticos, localizados nas terminações do nervo do seio carotídeo, ou em ambos. A activação dos recetores pré-sinápticos modula a atividade do corpo carotídeo, enquanto que, a activação dos recetores pós-sinápticos, de carater excitatório, desencadeia um aumento da frequência de descarga das fibras do CSN, com subsequente despolarização dos neurónios do gânglio petroso, e posterior despolarização de um grupo específico de neurónios do centro respiratório central, desencadeando, como resposta final, hiperventilação. Estes recetores pré- e pós-sinápticos podem ser classificados em ionotrópicos ou metabotrópicos, estando os últimos acoplados a adenilatos ciclases transmembranares (tmAC). O mecanismo exato pelo qual as variações dos gases arteriais são detetadas pelo CB não se encontra ainda completamente elucidado, mas tem sido sugerido que alterações nos níveis de cAMP estejam associadas ao mecanismo de deteção de variações de O2 e CO2. Os níveis de cAMP podem ser regulados através da sua via de síntese, mediada por dois tipos de adenilatos ciclases: tmAC sensível aos eurotransmissores e adenilato ciclase solúvel (sAC)sensível a variações de HCO3/CO2, e pela sua via de degradação mediada por fosfodiesterases. A via de degradação do cAMP pode ser manipulada farmacologicamente, funcionando enquanto alvo terapêutico para o tratamento de patologias do foro respiratório (e.g. asma, hipertensão pulmonar, doença pulmonar obstructiva crónica e apneia do sono), que induzem um aumento da actividade do CB.O trabalho descrito nesta dissertação partiu da hipótese de que a actividade do CB é manipulada por fármacos, que interferem com a via de sinalização do cAMP, tendo sido nosso objectivo geral, investigar o papel do cAMP na quimiotransdução do CB de rato, e determinar se a actividade dos enzimas responsáveis pela via de sinalização do cAMP é ou não regulada por variações de O2/CO2. Assim, a relevância deste trabalho é a de estudar e identificar possíveis alvos moleculares (sAC, isoformas de tmAC e PDE) com potencial para serem usados no tratamento de patologias relacionadas com o controlo respiratório. A primeira parte do presente trabalho, centrou-se na caracterização farmacológica da PDE4 no CB e em tecidos não quimiorecetores (e.g. gânglio cervical superior e artérias carótidas), e na observação do efeito de hipóxia aguda na acumulação dos níveis de cAMP, induzidos pelos inibidores de PDE, nestes tecidos. A quantificação de cAMP foi efectuada por técnica imunoenzimática (EIA), tendo sido elaboradas curvas de dose-resposta para os efeitos de inibidores, não específicos (IBMX) e específicos para a PDE2 e PDE4 (EHNA, Rolipram e Ro 20-1724), nos níveis de cAMP acumulados, em situações de normóxia (20%O2/5%CO2) e hipóxia (5%O2/5%CO2). A caracterização das PDE no gânglio cervical superior foi aprofundada, utilizando-se a técnica de transferência de energia de ressonância por fluorescência (FRET) em culturas primárias de neurónios, na presença de inibidores não específicos (IBMX) e específicos para a PDE3 e PDE4 (milrinone e rolipram, respetivamente). Foram igualmente estudadas, através de RT-qPCR, as alterações na expressão de PDE3A-B e PDE4A-D, no gânglio cervical superior, em resposta a diferentes percentagens de oxigénio. Na segunda parte do trabalho investigou-se a via de síntese do cAMP no CB em resposta a variações na concentração de HCO3/CO2. Em concreto, o protocolo experimental centrou-se na caracterização da sAC, dado que a sua actividade é regulada por variações de HCO3/CO2. A caracterização da expressão e regulação da sAC, em resposta a variações de HCO3/CO2 ,foi efectuada no CB e em tecidos não quimioreceptores periféricos (e.g. gânglio cervical superior, petroso e nodoso) por qRT-PCR. A actividade deste enzima foi caracterizada indirectamente através da quantificação dos níveis de cAMP (quantificação por EIA), induzidos por diferentes concentrações de HCO3/CO2, na presença de MDL-12,33-A, um inibidore da tmAC. A expressão das isoformas da tmAC no CB e gânglio petroso foi determinada por RT-qPCR. Adicionalmente, estudámos a contribuição relativa da tmAC e sAC no mecanismo de sensibilidade ao CO2 no CB. Para o efeito foram estudadas as alterações: 1) nos níveis de cAMP (quantificado por EIA) na presença de diferentes concentrações de HCO3/CO2 e ao longo do tempo (5-30 min); 2) na ativação da proteína cinase A (PKA, FRET baseado em sensores) em células tipo I do CB; e 3) na frequência de descarga do CSN (registos) na presença e ausência de ativadores e inibidores da sAC,tmAC e PKA. Por último, foi caracterizada a expressão e actividade da sAC nos quimioreceptors centrais (locus ceruleus, rafe e medula ventro-lateral) através de técnicas de RT-qPCR e EIA. A expressão das isoformas da tmAC foi aprofundada no locus coeruleus através de RT-qPCR. Por fim, comparámos a contribuição da tmAC e sAC nos níveis de cAMP no locus coeruleus em condições de normocapnia e hipercapnia.O nosso trabalho teve os seguintes resultados principais: 1) PDE4 está funcional no corpo carotídeo, artérias carótidas e gânglio cervical superior de rato, embora a PDE2 só se encontre funcional neste último; 2) Os efeitos dos inibidores de PDE nos níveis de acumulação de cAMP foram exacerbados em situações de hipóxia aguda no CB e artérias carótidas, mas foram atenuados no gânglio cervical superior; 3) No gânglio cervical superior, diferentes tipos de células apresentaram uma caracterização específica de PDEs, sugerindo uma subpopulação de células neste gânglio com funções fisiológicas distintas; 4) Embora todas as isoformas de PDE4 e PDE3 estivessem presentes no gânglio, a PDE3a, PDE4b e a PDE4d foram as isoformas mais expressas. Por outro lado, incubações de gânglio cervical superior, em diferentes percentagens de oxigénio, não alteraram (não regularam) significativamente a expressão das diferentes isoformas de PDE neste órgão; 5) a sAC encontra-se expressa e funcional no CB e nos quimiorecetores centrais estudados (locus coeruleus, rafe e medula ventrolateral). A sAC apresenta maior expressão no CB comparativamente aos restantes orgãos estudados, exceptuando os testículos, orgão controlo. Variações de HCO3/CO2 de 0/0 para 24/5 aumentaram os níveis de cAMP no CB e quimiorecetores centrais, tendo sido o aumento mais significativo observado no CB. Concentrações acima dos 24mM HCO3/5%CO2 não induziram alterações nos níveis de cAMP, sugerindo que a actividade da sAC se encontra saturada em condições fisiológicas (normocapnia) e que este enzima não desempenha qualquer papel na deteção de situações de hipercapnia; 6) No CB, a expressão das isoformas tmAC1, tmAC4, tmAC6 e tmAC9 é mais elevada comparativamente à expressão da sAC; 7) Utilizamos diferentes inibidores da tmAC (MDL 12-330A, 500μM, 2’5’-ddADO, 30-300μM, SQ 22536, 200μM) e da sAC (KH7, 10-100μM) para estudar a contribuição relativa destes enzimas na acumulação do cAMP no CB. Tanto a tmAC como a sAC contribuem para a acumulação dos níveis de cAMP em condições de hipercapnia. Contudo, existe um maior efeito destes inibidores nas condições de 12 mM HCO3/2.5%CO2 do que em condições de normocapnia e hipercapnia, sugerindo um papel relevante destes enzimas na atividade do CB em situações de hipocapnia; 8) Não se observaram variações nos níveis de cAMP em resposta a diferentes concentrações de HCO3/CO2 ao longo do tempo (5-30 min). O efeito inibitório induzido por ddADO e KH7 foi sobreponível após 5 ou 30 minutos de incubação em todas as concentrações de HCO3/CO2 estudadas; 9) Por último, verificou-se um aumento na frequência da descarga do nervo do seio carotídeo entre as condições de normocapnia e hipercapnia acídica. Ao contrário do KH7 (10μM), o 2’5’-ddADO reduziu significativamente a frequência de descarga do nervo, quer em condições de normocapnia quer de hipercapnia acídica. Contudo, não se verificou aumento na frequência de descarga do nervo entre normocapnia e hipercapnia isohídrica, sugerindo que a sensibilidade à hipercapnia no CB é mediada por variações de pH. Em conclusão, os resultados decorrentes deste trabalho permitiram demonstrar que, embora os enzimas que medeiam a via de sinalização do cAMP possam ser bons alvos terapêuticos em condições particulares, a sua actividade não é específica para o CB. Os resultados sugerem ainda que o cAMP não é um mediador específico da transdução à hipercapnia neste orgão. Contudo, os nossos resultados demonstraram que os níveis de cAMP são mais elevados em condições fisiológicas, o que sugere que o cAMP possa ter uma função homeostática neste orgão. Por último, o presente trabalho demonstrou que os aumentos de cAMP descritos por outros em condições de hipercapnia, não são observáveis quando o pH se encontra controlado. ------------------ ABSTRACT: The work presented in this dissertation was aimed to establish how specific is cAMP-signaling pathways in the CB mainly in different CO2 conditions and how O2 concentrations alter/drives the manipulation of cAMP signaling in the CB. The experimental studies included in this thesis sought to investigate the role of cAMP in the rat CB chemotransduction mechanisms and to determine whether the enzymes that participate in cAMP signal transduction in the CB are regulated by O2/CO2. We characterized the enzymes involved in the cAMP-signaling pathway in the CB (sAC, tmAC, PDE) under different O2/CO2 conditions. Our results demonstrated that many of these enzymes are involved in CO2/O2 sensing and while they may be useful in treating conditions with alterations in CO2/O2 sensing,they will not be specific to chemoreception within the CB: 1) PDE4 is ubiquitously expressed in CB and non-chemoreceptor related tissues and their affinity to inhibitors change with O2 tensions in both CB and carotid arteries, and 2) sAC and tmAC are expressed in peripheral and central chemo- and non-chemoreceptor tissues and their effect on cAMP levels do not change between normocapnic and isohydric hypercapnic conditions. Our results provide evidence against a specific role of cAMP as a mediator for O2 and CO2 chemotransduction in the rat CB and emphasized the role of pH in CO2 sensitivity of the CB. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that cAMP levels are maintained higher under physiological conditions, supporting recent finding from our lab, which all together suggests that cAMP has a homeostatic function in this organ.
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8

Bormans, Arjan Frank. "Intradimer and interdimer methylation response by bacterial chemoreceptors to attractant stimulus." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4884.

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This study focuses on the mechanism of transmembrane signaling by Tar, the aspartate chemoreceptor of Escherichia coli. Like other bacterial chemoreceptors, Tar localizes to the cell membrane and relays information about the external chemical environment through the membrane to a cytoplasmic signaling domain. The output of the signaling domain controls the directional bias of the rotary flagellar motors of the cell. Net movement of a cell in a chemical gradient involves temporal comparison of the current concentration with the concentration in the recent (a few seconds) past. The current concentration is measured as the percent occupancy of the extracellular ligand-binding domain of the receptor, and the past is represented by the extent of covalent methylation of four conserved glutamyl residues in the cytoplasmic domain. Under steady-state conditions, the methylation level corresponds to ligand occupancy. Tar is a dimer, and much evidence suggests that dimers associate into trimers of dimers. Higher-order arrays of receptors form in the presence of the cytoplasmic proteins CheA and CheW. The conformational change generated by ligand binding is transmitted through the membrane by one subunit of a dimer. To examine whether this initially asymmetric signal becomes symmetric within the cytoplasmic domain, I examined aspartate-induced adaptive methylation of the two subunits of mutant Tar receptor heterodimers. In the presence of CheA and CheW, adaptive methylation after addition of aspartate was symmetric, but in their absence, although the level of methylation increased, the rates were different for the two subunits. I also found that cross-talk, at the level of adaptive methylation, occurs between different receptor types even in the absence of CheA and CheW. These results provide support for the idea that a tight association of receptor dimers within trimers of dimers allows for an actively signaling receptor to affect the methylation state, and thus presumably the signaling state, of receptors within a trimer that are not bound to an attractant ligand.
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9

Burleson, Mark Logan. "Oxygen-sensitive chemoreceptors and cardiovascular and ventilatory control in rainbow trout." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30963.

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Fish respond to changes in external (water) and internal (blood/tissue) O₂ levels by altering cardiovascular and ventilatory performance. These reflexes are mediated, for the most part, by O₂-sensitive chemoreceptors. Although the reflex responses of intact fishes have been characterized in detail, the receptors mediating these reflexes to hypoxia are poorly understood. To this end, afferent neural activity from O₂-sensitive chemoreceptors was recorded from the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX) in the isolated, perfused first gill arches of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Branchial O₂-sensitive chemoreceptors were sensitive to changes in external and/or internal O₂ tensions. Some receptors were sensitive to either internal or external O₂ levels and others were sensitive to both. External receptors showed an increase in activity as the PO₂ was decreased to about 40 torr. Below 40 torr, afferent activity was depressed but recovered as P₀₂s was increased. Reversible depression of O₂ receptor activity at low P₀₂s has been observed in mammalian O₂ receptors and is believed to illustrate the dependence of receptor activity on oxidative metabolism (Lahiri et al., 1983). Occluding perfusate flow through the gill had little effect on afferent activity indicating that the internal receptors were not very flow sensitive. Sodium cyanide, a potent O₂ receptor stimulant, dramatically increased afferent neural activity. The response characteristics of these receptors are similar to tuna gill and mammalian carotid body O₂ receptors and suggest that these may be the receptors that mediate the cardiovascular and ventilatory reflex responses of fishes to hypoxia. A number of different neurochemicals are thought be involved in O₂ transduction. Catecholamines are released into the circulation of fishes in response to hypoxia and it was hypothesized that adrenergic stimulation of O₂ receptors might contribute to the observed reflex responses. Epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulate O₂ receptors and ventilation in mammals (Fidone and Gonzalez, 1986). Although fish respond to large dosages of epinephrine and norepinephrine (100-1000 nmol/kg) with hyperventilation (lower dosages, 5 nmol/kg, have little or no effect in intact fish), the afferent neural activity from the branchial O₂ receptors was not affected by these neurochemicals. Thus, ventilatory responses to increased circulating catecholamines do not appear to be mediated by branchial O₂ receptors. Inhibition of O₂ receptor activity by propranolol was probably due to indirect effects. Dopamine elicited a dose-dependent brief burst of chemoreceptor activity followed by inhibition but had only modest effects on DA blood pressure and inhibited opercular pressure amplitude in intact fish. Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine) caused a transient increase in chemoreceptor activity. In intact fish, serotonin, stimulated heart rate, decreased DA blood pressure and stimulated ventilation. Cholinergic agonists (acetylcholine, nicotine and muscarine) significantly stimulated O₂ receptor discharge. Acetylcholine and nicotine increased heart rate, DA blood pressure and ventilation in intact fish, whereas, muscarine decreased heart rate and DA blood pressure and increased ventilation. Atropine inhibited O₂ receptor activity but had little affect on ventilation in intact fish. Cholinergic mechanisms appear to be more important than adrenergic mechanisms in controlling the cardiovascular and ventilatory reflex responses mediated by branchial Gysensitive chemoreceptors. The response characteristics of branchial O₂-sensitive chemoreceptors indicates that they are homologous to the O₂ receptors of the mammalian aortic and carotid bodies.
Science, Faculty of
Zoology, Department of
Graduate
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10

Douse, Mark Alan. "Baroreceptor and chemoreceptor activity during nasal stimulation in the muskrat (Ondatra zibethica)." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24631.

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Diving muskrats (Ondatra zibethica) invoke a series of cardiovascular and respiratory adjustments in response to stimulation of the nares with water. This dive response is characterized by apnoea, a decrease in cardiac output and an increase in peripheral resistance. The result is that blood flow is maintained to those organs most susceptible to oxygen deprivation, the heart and the brain. The initiation of the dive response in mammals is primarily the result of nasal stimulation with water. In addition, the baroreceptors acting via the baroreflex have been suggested to be involved in either the initiation or the maintenance of this response. The chemoreceptors, acting via the chemoreflex, have also been implicated in the maintenance of the dive response, although the importance of this contribution is controversial. The purpose of this thesis was to examine the role of the baroreceptors and chemoreceptors in the diving response of the muskrat. Changes in input from these receptors recorded from the cut carotid sinus nerve and their modulation by the carotid sinus efferent activity during nasal stimulation may have important implications for the role of the baroreceptors and chemoreceptors in the diving response. In the initial part of the dive, baroreceptor activity decreased, while chemoreceptor activity did not change. Subsequently, baroreceptor and chemoreceptor activity increased, exceeding pre-dive levels. This increase was not due to a change in receptor threshold or sensitivity induced by the nasal stimulation, but was a reflection of the increase in the usual stimulus modality of both receptor groups. The efferent activity recorded from the central end of the cut carotid sinus nerve was of two types, both of which responded to nasal stimulation. This change in the efferent discharge has the potential to modify afferent activity. Nasal stimulation caused one type of efferent activity (type A) to stop. The second type of efferent activity (type B) responded with an initial increase in discharge, returning to pre-dive levels after 6.6 seconds. Based-on the similar characteristics of these efferents to those of previous work it is postulated that the actions of the efferents would be to inhibit the baroreceptors and chemoreceptors during the initiation of the nasal stimulation, but to be less effective as the dive progressed. It is concluded that there is no contribution from the baroreceptors to the initiation of the diving bradycardia, although the lack of baroreceptor activity may contribute to the increase in peripheral resistance. Later in the dive, both heart rate and arterial blood pressure increase, despite a concomitant elevation in baroreceptor activity. The baroreceptors therefore have no role in the maintenance of the diving response. The initial inhibition of the chemoreceptors may be important to permit the full expression of the dive response, including a decrease in central respiratory output. Later in the dive the chemoreceptors may contribute to the maintenance and termination of the diving response.
Science, Faculty of
Zoology, Department of
Graduate
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Books on the topic "Chemoreceptors"

1

Acker, Helmut, Andrzej Trzebski, and Ronan G. O’Regan, eds. Chemoreceptors and Chemoreceptor Reflexes. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8938-5.

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1939-, Acker H., Trzebski A, O'Regan R. G, International Society of Arterial Chemoreception. Meeting, and International Congress of Physiological Sciences (31st : 1989 : Helsinki, Finland), eds. Chemoreceptors and chemoreceptor reflexes. New York: Plenum Press, 1990.

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D, Lambris John, Peers Chris, Cohen Irun R, Nurse Colin A, Gonzalez Constancio, Paoletti Rodolfo, Lajtha Abel, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Arterial Chemoreceptors: Arterial Chemoreceptors. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009.

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O’Regan, Ronan G., Philip Nolan, Daniel S. McQueen, and David J. Paterson, eds. Arterial Chemoreceptors. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2572-1.

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Gauda, Estelle B., Maria Emilia Monteiro, Nanduri Prabhakar, Christopher Wyatt, and Harold D. Schultz, eds. Arterial Chemoreceptors. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91137-3.

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Gonzalez, Constancio, Colin A. Nurse, and Chris Peers, eds. Arterial Chemoreceptors. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2259-2.

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Conde, Sílvia V., Rodrigo Iturriaga, Rodrigo del Rio, Estelle Gauda, and Emília C. Monteiro, eds. Arterial Chemoreceptors. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32371-3.

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Hayashida, Yoshiaki, Constancio Gonzalez, and Hisatake Kondo, eds. THE ARTERIAL CHEMORECEPTORS. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-31311-7.

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Ribeiro, J. A., and David J. Pallot, eds. Chemoreceptors in Respiratory Control. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-1155-1.

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Constancio, Gonzalez, ed. The carotid body chemoreceptors. Austin: Landes Bioscience, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Chemoreceptors"

1

Fidone, S., C. Gonzales, B. Dinger, and L. Stensaas. "Transmitter Dynamics in the Carotid Body." In Chemoreceptors and Chemoreceptor Reflexes, 3–14. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8938-5_1.

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Rumsey, W. L., R. Iturriaga, D. F. Wilson, S. Lahiri, and D. Spergel. "Phosphorescence and Fluorescence Imaging: New Tools for the Study of Carotid Body Function." In Chemoreceptors and Chemoreceptor Reflexes, 73–79. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8938-5_10.

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Blessing, M. H., E. Dumitrescu, and D. v. Kortzfleisch. "Erythropoietin-Associated Antigen in the Human Carotid Body." In Chemoreceptors and Chemoreceptor Reflexes, 81–84. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8938-5_11.

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Kummer, W. "Efferent Innervation of the Carotid Body and Carotid Sinus in the Guinea Pig." In Chemoreceptors and Chemoreceptor Reflexes, 85–89. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8938-5_12.

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Pequignot, J. M., S. Hellström, and M. Hellström. "The Catecholamine Metabolism in Rat Carotid Body: Is there any Efferent Regulation during Long-Term Hypercapnia ?" In Chemoreceptors and Chemoreceptor Reflexes, 91–94. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8938-5_13.

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Kummer, W. "Are Chemoreceptor Neurons Dopaminergic?" In Chemoreceptors and Chemoreceptor Reflexes, 95–98. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8938-5_14.

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Kumar, G. K., N. S. Cherniack, and N. R. Prabhakar. "Biochemical Analysis of Neutral Endopeptidase Activity of the Cat Carotid Body." In Chemoreceptors and Chemoreceptor Reflexes, 99–102. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8938-5_15.

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Prabhakar, N. R., M. Runold, N. S. Cherniack, and G. K. Kumar. "Analysis of Chemoreceptor Responses to Tachykinins in Rats, Cats, and Rabbits." In Chemoreceptors and Chemoreceptor Reflexes, 103–6. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8938-5_16.

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Tierens, A., M. Decramer, and J. Lauweryns. "Influence of Hypercapnia on Rabbit Intrapulmonary Neuroepithelial Bodies: Microfluorimetrical and Morphometrical Study." In Chemoreceptors and Chemoreceptor Reflexes, 107–10. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8938-5_17.

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Goniakowska-Witalińska, L., J. M. Lauweryns, and L. Van Ranst. "Neuroepithelial Bodies in the Lungs of Bombina Orientalis (Boul.)." In Chemoreceptors and Chemoreceptor Reflexes, 111–17. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8938-5_18.

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Conference papers on the topic "Chemoreceptors"

1

Peña, Jason, and Leonardo Dagdug. "Elliptical chemoreceptors: The key to an effective absorption." In IWOSP 2021, INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON STATISTICAL PHYSICS. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0133058.

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Schoening, Michael J., Peter Schroth, Hans Lueth, Hans E. Hummel, and Stefan Schuetz. "Insect chemoreceptors coupled to silicon transistors as innovative biosensors." In Environmental and Industrial Sensing, edited by Tuan Vo-Dinh and Stephanus Buettgenbach. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.417445.

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Jendzjowsky, N., A. Roy, and R. Wilson. "Th2 Cytokines Stimulate Carotid Body Chemoreceptors via TRPV1 Channels." In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a5603.

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Colosimo, Alfredo. "An allosteric model for the functional plasticity of olfactory chemoreceptors." In Proceedings of the 5th Italian Conference — Extended to Mediterranean Countries. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812792013_0037.

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Albert, Tyler J., and Erik R. Swenson. "Peripheral Chemoreceptor Responsiveness And Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction In Humans." In American Thoracic Society 2011 International Conference, May 13-18, 2011 • Denver Colorado. American Thoracic Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2011.183.1_meetingabstracts.a5033.

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Balioz, N. V., and S. G. Krivoshshekov. "Adaptive chemoreceptor plasticity and reactivity of the cardio-respiratory system in athletes under hypoxic loads." In VIII Vserossijskaja konferencija s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem «Mediko-fiziologicheskie problemy jekologii cheloveka». Publishing center of Ulyanovsk State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34014/mpphe.2021-19-22.

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An exploration of 110 healthy men (not involved in sports and athletes) with the use of hypoxic loads was carried out. It is established that the specifics of the regulation of gas exchange depend on the nature of training loads (aerobic or mixed), which are manifested in the parameters of chemoreflector reactivity, the pattern of external respiration, gas exchange and activity of the autonomic nervous system under hypoxic load. As sports qualifications grow, the mechanisms of intersystem integration of the functions of the cardio-respiratory system are improved, which is manifested in an increase in cardiorespiratory coherence. Key words: athletes, hypoxia, cardiorespiratory system, gas exchange of the body, chemoreceptor reactivity.
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Dick, Thomas E., Yee-Hsee Hsieh, Anurak Thungtong, Mikkel Fishman, Kenneth A. Loparo, and Nanduri R. Prabhakar. "Differential Expression Of Respiratory-Modulated Sympathetic Activity Evoked Chemoreceptor Activation In Rats." In American Thoracic Society 2010 International Conference, May 14-19, 2010 • New Orleans. American Thoracic Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2010.181.1_meetingabstracts.a3711.

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Mitaka, Yuki. "Caste-specific and sex-specific expression of chemoreceptor genes in a termite." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.111807.

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Vidybida, A. K. "Cooperative mechanism for improving discriminating ability in chemoreceptor neuron and other sensory devices." In International Conference on Optoelectronic Information Technologies, edited by Sergey V. Svechnikov, Volodymyr P. Kojemiako, and Sergey A. Kostyukevych. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.429720.

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