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1
Kawada, Tatsuya. "(Invited) Chemo-Mechanical Coupling Phenomena in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2018-01, no. 32 (April 13, 2018): 1930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2018-01/32/1930.
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The materials and the structure of solid oxide fuel cells are designed to avoid thermo-mechanical damages under various operation conditions. However, inherent risk of chemo-mechanical failures are still not fully understood. This paper aims to review the recent works related to this topic, and to address some issues which have not been widely recognized. The coupling of chemistry and mechanics are classified into four types, i.e. (1) chemically driven strain, (2) chemically modified mechanical properties, (3) mechanically driven chemical reactions, and (4) mechanically modified chemical (physical) properties. Since chemical energies are much larger than mechanical energy accommodated in SOFC, the former two types (type(1) and (2)) of chemo-mechanical coupling have been recognized as more important than the others, and have been studied intensively. An example of type-1 phenomena is chemical expansion of mixed conducting oxides with e.g. (La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3 cathode, LaCrO3 based interconnect, and CeO2 based or (La,Sr)(Ga,Mg,Co)O3 electrolytes. Since the transient behavior as well as steady state distribution of oxygen potential inside the constituent solids is essential to know the effect of the chemical strain, Terada et al. developed a computer code “SIMUDEL” of an FEM-based calculation of oxygen potential. This code considers “chemical capacitance” due to nonstoichiometry of the materials to treat the transient responses, and the results of the calculation can be transported into some of major commercial programs for structure analysis. Volume change of a nickel cermet anode is also an important feature of type-1 coupling which must be considered in determining fabrication and operation processes. The electrode shrinks on reduction and expands on re-oxidation as expected from the lattice size of the metal and the oxide. However, under certain conditions, a porous cermet was found to “shrink” upon oxidation. It took place only during light re-oxidation around 400C. Under this condition the formation of NiO was not obvious from XRD, whereas weight gain was observed by thermo-gravimetry. Careful observation of the microstructure of a porous Ni revealed that, upon shrinkage, the particle-to-particle separation changed partly due to the neck growth between the particles and to the change of the connection angle of the particles. Further study is underway to elucidate the detailed mechanism of the oxidation-induced shrinkage. The change of mechanical properties such as elastic moduli and fracture strength are also dependent on defect concentration and its motion in the lattice (type-2 coupling). Young’s modulus of nonstoichiometric oxides show dependences not only on temperature but also on pO2 through the change of defect concentration. Also, domain boundary shift of ferroelastic phase of LSCF was found to be correlated with the defect concentration. As is discussed for the anomaly of Young’s modulus of YSZ around 400˚C, the motion of oxide ion vacancies may also have correlation with the ferroelastic strain observed with Sc and Ce doped ZrO2 electrolyte above 300˚C. Another interesting type-2 coupling is with the lightly oxidized Ni cermet electrode. It was found that the creep rate of Ni-YSZ cermet at 400˚C was dramatically increased when oxygen-containing gas was introduced. This may be by a correlated mechanism with the above mentioned oxidation induced shrinkage. Several reports, including those from our group, have been published on the effect of mechanical stress on defect formation (type-3 coupling) of nonstoichiometric oxides determined by experiments or by calculation. As is expected from thermodynamic consideration, the experimentally determined effect was not large, e.g. 1G Pa stress was equivalent to 1/5 order of magnitude shift of chemical potential of oxygen for nonstoichiometry of LSCF. Similarly, only minor effect on a practical system was reported for type-4 coupling. However, those phenomena can have significant effect on long-term stability if cation mobility and their driving force are modified at a strained interfaces or grain boundaries.
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Musso, Guido, Giulia Scelsi, and Gabriele Della Vecchia. "Elasto – plastic modelling of the behaviour of non - active clays under chemo – mechanical actions." E3S Web of Conferences 205 (2020): 04011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020504011.
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Environmental variables such as temperature, matric suction and pore fluid composition are well known to influence the hydro-mechanical behavior of clays and shales. The type and the relevance of this influence depends on the mineralogical composition and on the fabric of the material. Soil activity is an engineering proxy for mineralogical composition which can be used for a preliminary characterization of the expected type of behaviour under chemical actions, if those do not imply very significant cation exchange or pH variations. Very large chemo-mechanical effects occur in highly active soils used in engineering works such as barriers for nuclear waste or landfills, however concentration changes also impact on the mechanical behavior of non – active soils and rocks, such as illitic or natural blends of clays. Such materials are widely distributed in nature and their mechanical response upon chemical changes can be problematic in many cases. Examples of engineering relevance include vast slope instabilities promoted by fabric changes due to desalinization in Scandinavian quick clays, and instability or convergence issues for boreholes drilled in shales exposed to muds with a different chemical composition from the one of the pore fluid. An elastoplastic model is formulated to simulate the volumetric behaviour of such materials along chemical and mechanical loads. In addition to the parameters of the Modified Cam Clay, it requires defining the dependency of the elasto-plastic compliance and reference void ratio on pore fluid salinity. The model performs well against experiments from literature where complex chemo-mechanical histories were imposed.
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Abdullah, Nur Athirah, Mohd Saiful Asmal Rani, Masita Mohammad, Muhammad Hanif Sainorudin, Nilofar Asim, Zahira Yaakob, Halim Razali, and Zeynab Emdadi. "Nanocellulose from agricultural waste as an emerging material for nanotechnology applications – an overview." Polimery 66, no. 3 (March 23, 2021): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2021.3.1.
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It has been shown that in the last decades nanotechnology plays a key role not only in science but more and more often in industry as well. Recent research has shown that agricultural waste is a possible feedstock to produce nanocellulose which can be used for different applications, such as a biosensor, semiconductor and reinforcing agent. The use of agro-waste as a precursor not only offers advantages for raw material costs, but also for the climate, low processing costs, availability and convenience. It also helps to address environmental issues, such as illness, foul odor and concerns with indoor use. Different processes, such as chemical treatment, mechanical treatment and chemo-mechanical treatment, have been used to extract nanocellulose from agro-waste. This article highlights the latest technologies used to acquire agro-waste nanocellulose, as well as existing advances in and applications of nanocellulose technologies.
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Zhang, Xuan, Mo Yang, Kambiz Vafai, and Cengiz S. Ozkan. "Design and Analysis of Microcantilevers for Biosensing Applications." JALA: Journal of the Association for Laboratory Automation 8, no. 2 (April 2003): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1535-5535-04-00264-3.
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We have analyzed the detection of microcantilevers utilized in biosensing chips. First, the primary deflection due to the chemical reaction between the analyte molecules and the receptor coating, which produces surface stresses on the receptor side is analyzed. Oscillating flow conditions, which are the main source of turbulence in cantilever based biosensing chips, are found to produce substantial deflections in the microcantilever at relatively large frequency of turbulence. Then mechanical design and optimization of piezoresistive cantilevers for biosensing applications is studied. Models are described for predicting the static behavior of cantilevers with elastic and piezoresistive layers. Chemo-mechanical binding forces have been analyzed to understand issues of saturation over the cantilever surface. Furthermore, the introduction of stress concentration regions during cantilever fabrication has been discussed which greatly enhances the detection sensitivity through increased surface stress, and novel microcantilever assemblies are presented for the first time that can increase the deflection due to chemical reaction. Finally an experiment was made to demonstrate the shift of resonant frequency of cantilever used as biosensor. The relation between resonant frequency shift and the surface stress was analyzed.
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Dayang, A. I. H. Habibah, Sitisaiyidah Saiwari, Wilma Dierkes, and Jacques W. M. Noordermeer. "Influence of Ground Tyre Rubber Devulcanisates on Morphology and Properties of Tread Tyre Formulation." Advanced Materials Research 1024 (August 2014): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1024.159.
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The use of reclaimed and devulcanised material in virgin rubber compounds has attracted the attention of many rubber industries due to increasing raw material costs, diminishing resources and growing awareness of environmental issues. Several methods have been developed to reclaim rubber waste, for example, thermo-and chemo-mechanical processes, microwave regeneration, microbial action and ultrasonic regeneration. However, extensive research on processes for high-quality recycling materials based on waste tyres is still lacking. In this study, optimised processing conditions for the devulcanisation of whole passenger car tyres using diphenyldisulphide (DPDS) as a devulcanisation aid will be applied. The devulcanised ground tyre rubber (D-GTR) obtained from the process was blended on top of the original tyre tread formulation at different concentrations. The results so far indicate that the addition of D-GTR influences the properties of the blend, but to a lesser extent than the commercially used powder or reclaim types do, for which loadings less than 5% can be applied. The main reason for the influence of D-GTR on the rubber properties is inhomogeneities in the D-GTR/virgin rubber blend and quality aspects of raw GTR.
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Hosseinpour, Sepanta, Ashwin Nanda, Laurence J. Walsh, and Chun Xu. "Microbial Decontamination and Antibacterial Activity of Nanostructured Titanium Dental Implants: A Narrative Review." Nanomaterials 11, no. 9 (September 8, 2021): 2336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11092336.
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Peri-implantitis is the major cause of the failure of dental implants. Since dental implants have become one of the main therapies for teeth loss, the number of patients with peri-implant diseases has been rising. Like the periodontal diseases that affect the supporting tissues of the teeth, peri-implant diseases are also associated with the formation of dental plaque biofilm, and resulting inflammation and destruction of the gingival tissues and bone. Treatments for peri-implantitis are focused on reducing the bacterial load in the pocket around the implant, and in decontaminating surfaces once bacteria have been detached. Recently, nanoengineered titanium dental implants have been introduced to improve osteointegration and provide an osteoconductive surface; however, the increased surface roughness raises issues of biofilm formation and more challenging decontamination of the implant surface. This paper reviews treatment modalities that are carried out to eliminate bacterial biofilms and slow their regrowth in terms of their advantages and disadvantages when used on titanium dental implant surfaces with nanoscale features. Such decontamination methods include physical debridement, chemo-mechanical treatments, laser ablation and photodynamic therapy, and electrochemical processes. There is a consensus that the efficient removal of the biofilm supplemented by chemical debridement and full access to the pocket is essential for treating peri-implantitis in clinical settings. Moreover, there is the potential to create ideal nano-modified titanium implants which exert antimicrobial actions and inhibit biofilm formation. Methods to achieve this include structural and surface changes via chemical and physical processes that alter the surface morphology and confer antibacterial properties. These have shown promise in preclinical investigations.
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Jurgens, Raymond W. "Thoughts and experience 10 years post surgery from a cancer researcher and survivor: The burdens of a prostate cancer survivor." Journal of Clinical Oncology 34, no. 3_suppl (January 20, 2016): e290-e290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2016.34.3_suppl.e290.
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e290 Background: There are a myriad of experiences reported from various cancer survivors, but few individuals have been involved with cancer drug development, speaking publicly to prostate cancer groups, working privately with prostate cancer survivors and studying the psychosocial aspects of post treatment patients. Methods: N/A Results: The postsurgical and post treatment issues , particularly ED are either not discussed by the patient due to embarrassment or lack of knowledgeable of the type of questions to ask, or not addressed directly by the HCP. Unlike other oncological disciplines, the prostate cancer patient is confronted with major decisions on which treatment approach to choose from which therapeutic discipline. The clinicians they are meeting are explaining their expertise on radiation, surgery, chemo, or other interventions leading the patient to become overwehlemed at these choices. There are few “neutral” voices talking to the patient on which procedure or treatment would suit him best. In addition to the treatment decisions the patient is also told about watch and wait approach. Besides the tough decision for the patient to choose the right approach for himself, he is shown data by each treatment specialty from postsurgical & other treatments relative to the percentage success rates for ED and continence that the patient may expect. These numbers through data from the participating surgical centers etc are typically very inflated. Many patients leave thinking they will return to normal function in x amount of months, only to find that they are quite dysfunctional for much longer or in some cases never gaining functionality. The last part of the discussion is what is available for these men with continuing dysfunction. Potential options exist but for many men they are met with mixed results. The treatments for ED are quite expensive to most men, and in many cases do not work. When the diesterase inhibitors fail to work for the patient, options for ED remain vary greatly-from mechanical interventions to various chemical and pharmacological approaches, and the patient has no voice to turn to get non biased information needed to help with the next steps. Conclusions: Suggestions for the HCP.
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Klomsiri, Chananat, Edward Grimley, Jon Roussey, Carolina Livi, Casey Wegner, Brandon H. McNaughton, Steve Levers, et al. "Abstract 6089: Novel workflow enables enhanced tissue dissociation and gentle clean-up for single cell applications." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 6089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-6089.
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Abstract With genomic instability being a hallmark of cancer, heterogeneity within solid tumors is prevalent. Intra-tumoral heterogeneity contributes strongly to clinical outcomes. In fact, heterogeneity is often cited as a driver of therapeutic failure, chemo-resistance, and recurrence of disease. Current bulk profiling analysis of tumors is limited in its ability to provide the level of granularity necessary for uncovering aspects of heterogeneity that contribute to poor outcomes. Thus, it is imperative to gain a deeper understanding of tumors at the single-cell level. To properly analyze tumor heterogeneity at the single-cell level it is critical that quality methods for tissue dissociation and cell purification be utilized. While the most frequently used workflows rely on a combination of enzymatic and mechanical dissociation of the tissue followed by RBC lysis to remove contaminating red blood cells, these approaches tend to be harsh on cells leading to activation of cell stress pathways or even the loss of target cells due to their death during processing. The analysis of tumor heterogeneity has long been hampered by issues with low yield and sample preparation-induced alterations in cell physiology. To alleviate these issues, we present a workflow that couples Cellsonics’ SimpleFlow™ with Akadeum’s Buoyancy Activated Cell Sorting (BACS™) Microbubbles for gentle and effective tumor dissociation and clean-up that does not compromise precious samples. Cellsonics’ SimpleFlow™ system features the proprietary Bulk Lateral Ultrasonic™ (BLU™) energy to generate single cells from solid tissue with unparalleled speed, quality, and sample integrity. SimpleFlow™ is engineered to enable any lab to obtain the full spectrum of heterogeneous cell populations while maintaining the native gene expression patterns across all cell types. Single cell samples can be generated from solid tissues in 4-10 minutes under cold temperature without the use of enzymes. Akadeum’s BACS™ Microbubble technology features low-density microbubbles that are functionalized to capture an array of analytes including particular cell types. Akadeum’s BACS™ Microbubbles enable the purification of cell types of interest quickly, easily, and without sacrificing cell health and physiology. In this study, The SimpleFlow™ system was used to dissociate fresh tissues from mice to obtain a heterogeneous suspension of single cells. Following the dissociation, up to 99% of RBCs were removed from samples using Akadeum’s Mouse RBC Depletion. In subsequent studies, cancer cells were spiked into tissue samples prior to processing to assess their recovery and physiology. The novel workflow presented here combing SimpleFlow™ and microbubbles demonstrates the recovery of the full spectrum of cells and did not harm tumor cell recovery or health. Citation Format: Chananat Klomsiri, Edward Grimley, Jon Roussey, Carolina Livi, Casey Wegner, Brandon H. McNaughton, Steve Levers, Vibhu Vivek, Dan Snyder, Doug Summers, Ma Phiengsai. Novel workflow enables enhanced tissue dissociation and gentle clean-up for single cell applications [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 6089.
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Sasaki, J., T. Tsuruga, B. H. Soltani, Takahito Mitsuta, Y. B. Tian, Jun Shimizu, Li Bo Zhou, et al. "Study on Improvement of Material Removal Rate in Chemo-Mechanical Grinding (CMG) of Si Wafer." Key Engineering Materials 389-390 (September 2008): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.389-390.13.
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Silicon wafer thinning process is meeting great challenges to fulfill requirements of ultra-thin IGBT for automotive applications. Chemo-mechanical grinding (CMG) process is potentially emerging stress relief thinning process which combines the advantages of fixed abrasive machining and chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). A major issue in CMG of Si wafers is the relatively low material removal rate (MRR). This paper studies the influence of the wheel specifications and grinding conditions on the MRR of CMG. Two sets of three-factor two-level full factorial designs of experiment (DOE)[1] are employed to reveal the main effects and interacted effects of CMG wheel specifications and grinding parameters on MRR. The optimal combination scenarios for improving MRR of CMG are analysized and obtained. By use of the optimal CMG wheel and grinding parameters, the MRR of more than 60nm/min is achieved.
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Takahashi, H., Y. B. Tian, J. Sasaki, Jun Shimizu, Li Bo Zhou, Y. Tashiro, Hisao Iwase, and Sumio Kamiya. "Effects of Sodium Carbonate and Ceria Concentration on Chemo-Mechanical Grinding of Single Crystal Si Wafer." Advanced Materials Research 76-78 (June 2009): 428–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.76-78.428.
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Chemo-mechanical grinding (CMG) process is a promising process for large-sized Si substrate fabrication at low cost. An encountered issue in current CMG process of Silicon (Si) wafers is metallic contaminations on ground Si wafer surface, which is attributed to the existence of sodium carbonate in wheel compounds. In this paper, four different CMG wheels were developed and grinding experiments were conducted to study the effects of exclusion of sodium carbonate and concentration of ceria abrasive on grinding performance. The grinding characteristics of the four wheels were analysized and discussed to reveal the effects of different compositions.
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Carvalho, Alexandre P. L., Laura C. L. Nardello, Fernanda S. Fernandes, Fernanda P. Bruno, Luiza R. Paz, Elaine F. Iglecias, Heitor M. Honório, Márcia P. A. Mayer, Giulio Gavini, and Ericka T. Pinheiro. "Effects of Contemporary Irrigant Activation Schemes and Subsequent Placement of an Interim Dressing on Bacterial Presence and Activity in Root Canals Associated with Asymptomatic Apical Periodontitis." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 3 (March 20, 2020): 854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030854.
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New tools for activating endodontic irrigants have evolved, yet their impact on root canal disinfection, in comparison to the passive placing of an inter-visit medication, have not yet been fully elucidated. The use of DNA- and rRNA-based methods may cast some new light on this issue, as they allow a comparison to be made between microbial presence and activity. Therefore, the aim of this single-arm intervention trial is to evaluate the antibacterial effect of endodontic procedures using both molecular methods. Root canal samples were obtained from 20 patients with asymptomatic apical periodontitis after each treatment step: access cavity, chemo-mechanical preparation, adjunctive procedures (XP-endo Finisher file and passive ultrasonic irrigation), calcium hydroxide medication, and 2nd-visit root canal preparation. DNA and cDNA from the samples were subjected to quantitative polymerase chain reaction with universal primers for the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Chemo-mechanical preparation promoted a drastic reduction in bacterial levels and activity, whereas the adjunctive procedures did not make a significant contribution to further disinfection. At the 2nd visit, bacteria were active after the use of calcium hydroxide medication; however, they were significantly reduced after a 2nd-visit preparation. Consequently, the lowest bacterial levels were found at the end of the treatment. This clinical trial, which used an rRNA and rDNA combined approach, confirmed previous studies showing that root canal preparation represents the main strategy for root canal disinfection.
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Teo, Jun Hao, Florian Strauss, Felix Walther, Yuan Ma, Seyedhosein Payandeh, Torsten Scherer, Matteo Bianchini, Jürgen Janek, and Torsten Brezesinski. "The interplay between (electro)chemical and (chemo)mechanical effects in the cycling performance of thiophosphate-based solid-state batteries." Materials Futures 1, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 015102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2752-5724/ac3897.
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Abstract Solid-state batteries (SSBs) are a promising next step in electrochemical energy storage but are plagued by a number of problems. In this study, we demonstrate the recurring issue of mechanical degradation because of volume changes in layered Ni-rich oxide cathode materials in thiophosphate-based SSBs. Specifically, we explore superionic solid electrolytes (SEs) of different crystallinity, namely glassy 1.5Li2S-0.5P2S5-LiI and argyrodite Li6PS5Cl, with emphasis on how they affect the cyclability of slurry-cast cathodes with NCM622 (60% Ni) or NCM851005 (85% Ni). The application of a combination of ex situ and in situ analytical techniques helped to reveal the benefits of using a SE with a low Young’s modulus. Through a synergistic interplay of (electro)chemical and (chemo)mechanical effects, the glassy SE employed in this work was able to achieve robust and stable interfaces, enabling intimate contact with the cathode material while at the same time mitigating volume changes. Our results emphasize the importance of considering chemical, electrochemical, and mechanical properties to realize long-term cycling performance in high-loading SSBs.
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Wang, Peng, Wenjie Qu, Wei‐Li Song, Haosen Chen, Renjie Chen, and Daining Fang. "Electro–Chemo–Mechanical Issues at the Interfaces in Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries." Advanced Functional Materials, April 16, 2019, 1900950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201900950.
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Datta, Dibakar, Partha Mukherjee, and Wilson K. S. Chiu. "Special Section on Mechanics of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion." Journal of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage, September 23, 2021, 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4052531.
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Abstract The increasing population growth, depletion of natural resources, and rising energy demand have sparked enormous research endeavors in electrochemical energy storage and conversion. For example, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries are ubiquitous in everyday life. Mechanics plays a critical role in designing a wide range of energy technologies. The emerging field of electro-chemo-mechanics, the interplay of mechanics and electrochemistry, is crucial for understanding the coupled physiochemical processes. The electrochemical phenomena can govern the mechanical response such as stress generation, deformation, fracture initiation/propagation, elasticity, plasticity, etc. Similarly, mechanical phenomena also influence the electrochemical properties such as device reliability, durability, etc. Therefore, the in-depth mechanical study of electrochemical systems is urgently necessary for fundamental science and technological applications. Over the past few years, there has been significant progress in modeling, theories, and experimental characterizations of mechanical aspects of energy storage and conversion. This timely special issue addressed some recent advances in electro-chemo-mechanics. We have selected eight papers covering a wide range of issues in batteries and fuel cells such as (i) deformation, microstructural changes, creep, overcharge detection and prevention, optimization of structural parameters in batteries, (ii) temperature and load variations, metal-free cathode catalyst in fuel cells. The selected papers cover a gamut of electrochemical-mechanics centric research in energy storage and conversion.
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Zhang, Xuan, Mo Yang, and Cengiz S. Ozkan. "Optimization of Biosensing Microcantilever Devices." MRS Proceedings 773 (2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-773-n6.1.
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AbstractOptimization of piezoresistive microcantilevers for biosensing applications has been studied using finite element analysis. Models have been described for predicting the static behavior of cantilevers with elastic and piezoresistive layers for analyte-receptor binding. The high-sensitivity cantilevers can be used to detect changes in surface stress due to the binding and hybridization of biomolecules. Chemo-mechanical binding forces have been analyzed to understand the issues of saturation over the cantilever surface. The introduction of stress concentration regions during cantilever fabrication has also been discussed which enhances the detection sensitivity through increased surface stress.
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Renuka Balakrishna, Ananya. "Crystallographic Design of Intercalation Materials." Journal of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage, June 22, 2022, 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4054858.
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Abstract Intercalation materials are promising candidates for reversible energy storage and are, for example, used as lithium-battery electrodes, hydrogen-storage compounds, and electrochromic materials. An important issue preventing the more widespread use of these materials is that they undergo structural transformations (of up to ~10% lattice strains) during intercalation, which expand the material, nucleate microcracks, and, ultimately, lead to material failure. Besides the structural transformation of lattices, the crystallographic texture of the intercalation material plays a key role in governing ion-transport properties, generating phase separation microstructures, and elastically interacting with crystal defects. In this review, I provide an overview of how the structural transformation of lattices, phase transformation microstructures, and crystallographic defects affect the chemo-mechanical properties of intercalation materials. In each section, I identify the key challenges and opportunities to crystallographically design intercalation compounds to improve their properties and lifespans. I predominantly cite examples from the literature of intercalation cathodes used in rechargeable batteries, however, the identified challenges and opportunities are transferable to a broader range of intercalation compounds.