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Journal articles on the topic 'Chemistry of humic substances'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Steinberg, Christian E. W., Thomas Meinelt, Maxim A. Timofeyev, Michal Bittner, and Ralph Menzel. "Humic substances." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 15, no. 2 (July 3, 2007): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2007.07.434.

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2

McDonald, Suzanne, Andrea G. Bishop, Paul D. Prenzler, and Kevin Robards. "Analytical chemistry of freshwater humic substances." Analytica Chimica Acta 527, no. 2 (December 2004): 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2004.10.011.

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3

Klavins, Maris, and Oskars Purmalis. "Humic substances as surfactants." Environmental Chemistry Letters 8, no. 4 (July 25, 2009): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10311-009-0232-z.

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4

Klavins, M., and L. Eglı̄te. "Immobilisation of humic substances." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 203, no. 1-3 (April 2002): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-7757(01)01066-4.

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5

Perminova, Irina V. "From green chemistry and nature-like technologies towards ecoadaptive chemistry and technology." Pure and Applied Chemistry 91, no. 5 (May 27, 2019): 851–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-1110.

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Abstract Nature-like technologies can be considered as a logical development of green chemistry principles implemented to design novel materials and processes aimed at mimicking and reproducing natural life-sustaining mechanisms on molecular level. Humic substances which penetrate throughout the entire environment and represent from 50 to 90% of organic matter in soil and water ecosystems, play multiple life-sustaining functions on Earth. To name a few, HS regulate transport and availability of biogenic elements to plants, immobilize and mitigate toxicity of hazardous elements in the contaminated ecosystems, protect plants from non-specific abiotic stresses, play key role for fertility of soils determining water-retention and structure. Here we represent a novel platform for nature-inspired synthesis of soft and hybrid (nano)materials aimed at their use for soil and water clean up, carbon sequestration, soil fertility restoration. It is based on a smart use of natural hyperbranched polyelectrolytes – humic substances, which possess multiple functional groups including carboxyl, hydroxyl, amide, and others. Multiple functional groups of HS make them amenable both for classical chemical modification as well as for producing interpolyelectrolyte complexes. In this work, we present both approaches for manufacturing silicon-containing humic derivatives and supramolecular complexes with acquired new property – self-adhesion to both inorganic and bio-surfaces. The synthesis is conducted using humic materials from different sources and functional organosilanes. Self-assembly of the supramolecular silicon-humic systems occurs with formation of humic-silsesquioxane networks capable to adhere to mineral surfaces. This process is similar to immobilization of organic coatings to mineral surfaces. We have shown how this process can be realized in the ground waters for the purposes of the environmental clean up. We have also proposed to use the silicon-humic complexes for improving humus content of soils and for reconstructing soil restoration processes both in the lab and in the field. Another field of our research is synthesis of iron-containing humics-stabilized nanoparticles (NPs), which can be used as a source for plants nutrition instead of synthetic iron chelates. The idea is based on the natural phenomenon that in soils, water-stable sols of iron-containing NPs are formed due to complexing with HS, which can bind large amounts of poorly ordered iron (hydr)oxides providing for stabilization of colloidal iron in the form of NPs. It has been numerously shown that the presence of HS improves iron acquisition by plants in soils, but there was no systematic study so far with respect to a relationship between size and crystallinity of humics-stabilized iron-containing NPs and their availability to plants. We have conducted such a study and could establish conditions when humics-stabilized NPs could be taken up by plants with similar efficiency as FeEDTA. The presented data demonstrate good prospects for a use of green humics-based materials in nature-like technologies. We also hope that these studies will give rise to new branch of chemistry and technology which can be called ecoadaptive chemistry and technology.

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6

Jarukas, Laurynas, Liudas Ivanauskas, Giedre Kasparaviciene, Juste Baranauskaite, Mindaugas Marksa, and Jurga Bernatoniene. "Determination of Organic Compounds, Fulvic Acid, Humic Acid, and Humin in Peat and Sapropel Alkaline Extracts." Molecules 26, no. 10 (May 18, 2021): 2995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26102995.

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Black, brown, and light peat and sapropel were analyzed as natural sources of organic and humic substances. These specific substances are applicable in industry, agriculture, the environment, and biomedicine with well-known and novel approaches. Analysis of the organic compounds fulvic acid, humic acid, and humin in different peat and sapropel extracts from Lithuania was performed in this study. The dominant organic compound was bis(tert-butyldimethylsilyl) carbonate, which varied from 6.90% to 25.68% in peat extracts. The highest mass fraction of malonic acid amide was in the sapropel extract; it varied from 12.44% to 26.84%. Significant amounts of acetohydroxamic, lactic, and glycolic acid derivatives were identified in peat and sapropel extracts. Comparing the two extraction methods, it was concluded that active maceration was more efficient than ultrasound extraction in yielding higher amounts of organic compounds. The highest amounts of fulvic acid (1%) and humic acid and humin (15.3%) were determined in pure brown peat samples. This research on humic substances is useful to characterize the peat of different origins, to develop possible aspects of standardization, and to describe potential of the chemical constituents.

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7

Janoš, Pavel. "Separation methods in the chemistry of humic substances." Journal of Chromatography A 983, no. 1-2 (January 2003): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01687-4.

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8

Anderson, H. A., A. Hepburn, J. D. Miller, M. Stewart, R. C. Ferrier, and T. A. B. Walker. "Humic substances of surface waters." Analytica Chimica Acta 232 (1990): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-2670(00)81220-9.

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9

Kotzias, D., M. Herrmann, A. Zsolnay, R. Beyerle-Pfnür, H. Parlar, and F. Korte. "Photochemical aging of humic substances." Chemosphere 16, no. 7 (January 1987): 1463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(87)90086-5.

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10

Klavins, Maris, Linda Eglite, and Andris Zicmanis. "Immobilized humic substances as sorbents." Chemosphere 62, no. 9 (March 2006): 1500–1506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.06.015.

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11

Koopal, Luuk K., Willem H. van Riemsdijk, and David G. Kinniburgh. "Humic matter and contaminants. General aspects and modeling metal ion binding." Pure and Applied Chemistry 73, no. 12 (January 1, 2001): 2005–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200173122005.

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Humic substances are soil and fresh-water components that play an important role in the binding and transport of both organic and inorganic contaminants. Transport of the contaminants due to ground- and fresh-water dynamics is directly related to the risks associated with contaminations. The mobility of soluble humic substances is related to their interaction with soil mineral particles. Some key references for the binding of organic and inorganic contaminants and for the binding of humics to mineral particles are presented. Humic substances also play a role in the analysis of the contaminants in natural waters and with remediation of water or soil polluted with pesticides, heavy metal ions, and radionuclides. These aspects are illustrated with some examples. The problems that are encountered with the modeling of the binding of contaminants to humics and of heavy metal ions in particular are illustrated by considering the nonideal competitive adsorption model (NICA) extended with electrostatic interactions. The NICA-Donnan model gives quite good results for the description of metal ion binding, as is illustrated for metal ion binding to purified peat humic acid (PPHA). Finally, some remarks are made with respect to the use of the NICA-Donnan model in general purpose speciation programs and of simplified versions of the model for predictions under restricted environmental conditions.

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12

Jones, Malcolm N., and Nicholas D. Bryan. "Colloidal properties of humic substances." Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 78, no. 1 (August 1998): 1–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-8686(98)00058-x.

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13

Ghio, Andrew J., and Michael C. Madden. "Human lung injury following exposure to humic substances and humic-like substances." Environmental Geochemistry and Health 40, no. 2 (August 1, 2017): 571–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10653-017-0008-5.

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14

Erny, Guillaume L., Bruna M. Gonçalves, and Valdemar I. Esteves. "Immobilized humic substances and immobilized aggregates of humic substances as sorbent for solid phase extraction." Journal of Chromatography A 1306 (September 2013): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.057.

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15

Petkewich, Rachel. "Humic substances have regular structural patterns." Environmental Science & Technology 36, no. 19 (October 2002): 373A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es022432a.

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16

Abramov, E. G., and A. A. Bezzubov. "Electrosorptive separation of humic substances." Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology 29, no. 3 (June 2007): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1063455x07030022.

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17

Haitzer, Markus, George R. Aiken, and Joseph N. Ryan. "Binding of Mercury(II) to Aquatic Humic Substances: Influence of pH and Source of Humic Substances." Environmental Science & Technology 37, no. 11 (June 2003): 2436–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es026291o.

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18

Hur, Jin, and Mark A. Schlautman. "Influence of Humic Substance Adsorptive Fractionation on Pyrene Partitioning to Dissolved and Mineral-Associated Humic Substances†." Environmental Science & Technology 38, no. 22 (November 2004): 5871–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es049790t.

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19

Palmer, Noel E., and Ray von Wandruszka. "The influence of aggregation on the redox chemistry of humic substances." Environmental Chemistry 6, no. 2 (2009): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en08081.

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Environmental context. The ability of humic substances (decaying plant and animal matter) to partake in redox reactions in the environment depends on the extent to which the various humic polymers aggregate in solution to form larger particles. This aggregation, in turn, is predicated on the solution conditions, especially ionic strength, the pH, and the types of cations present. Abstract. Aggregation and conformation play an important role in the aqueous redox chemistry of humic substances (HS). The reduction potentials of dissolved humic and fulvic acids vary with pH, ionic strength, and type of humate used, and depending on the solution conditions, they can abiotically reduce various species. Changes in HS reduction potential ranged from 60 to 140 mV on addition of divalent cations, whereas no significant changes were observed with equivalent additions of monovalent cations. Dynamic light scattering measurements showed that this behaviour paralleled the size changes obtained with humic aggregates under the same conditions. The effect was more pronounced at higher pH, where divalent cations caused a significant decrease in the average hydrodynamic radius, whereas monovalent cations did not. At pH 4, neither mono- nor divalent cations substantially affected aggregate sizes. Quinoid moieties, which are known to play an important role in the redox chemistry of HS, displayed fluorescence excitation–emission matrices with features related to changes in the reduction potential of HS. An increase in the reduction potential (Eh) induced by the addition of Ca2+, for instance, caused a red shift in the excitation–emission matrix maximum.

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20

Bittner, Michal, Nadine Saul, and Christian E. W. Steinberg. "Antiandrogenic activity of humic substances." Science of The Total Environment 432 (August 2012): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.056.

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21

Martin, F., F. J. Gonzalez-Vila, and G. Almendros. "Diborane reduction of humic substances." Science of The Total Environment 62 (January 1987): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(87)90491-8.

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22

Ansone-Bertina, Linda, Karina Upska, Linda Dobkevica, Jorens Kviesis, Raimonds Meija, and Maris Klavins. "Immobilised Humic Substances as Low-Cost Sorbents for Emerging Contaminants." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (March 28, 2021): 3021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11073021.

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Environmental pollution with contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) is a worldwide problem that is receiving increasing attention. Although these substances have been released in the aquatic environment for a long time, wastewater treatment plants are still incapable of removing emerging contaminants completely. Consequently, trace metals, metalloids and pharmaceuticals, as well as surfactant leftovers, are often found in environmental samples. Environmentally friendly and cost-effective sorbents such as humic substances can be used for purification if their sorption properties are increased by immobilization. To our knowledge, immobilized humic substances have not been widely studied as sorbents up to now. In this study, humic substances were immobilized to obtain low-cost sorbents. The chosen methods for characterization of the obtained sorbents showed successful immobilization. Traditional pollutants, such as Cr(III) (a metal), As(V) (a metalloid) and chlorpromazine (a pharmaceutical), were used as representative contaminants. Sorption experiments were conducted using the batch system, and sorption was also studied based on the sorbent dosage, initial concentration of the studied element or substance, solution pH and sorption time. The results show that all the obtained immobilized humic substances in this study can be used as sorbents to remove contaminants from water. At the same time, from these humic substances, only those immobilized using iron compounds are suitable for the removal of arsenic.

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23

Dolmaa, G., GP Aleksandrova, MB Lesnichaya, B. Nominsetseg, G. Ganzaya, B. Bayraa, BG Sukhov, D. Regdel, and BA Trofimov. "Properties of humic substances isolated from different natural sources." Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 14 (October 1, 2014): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjc.v14i0.199.

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The purpose of study was to determine properties of humic substances by combination of modern and traditional methods. Humic substances isolated from three different sources from Mongolia such as peloid from Lake Gurban nuur, coal from Baganuur deposit and oil shale from Shine khudag deposit. On the basis of determination H/C and O/C atomic ratios in humic substances by elemental analysis, confirmed existing of aromatic structures in the molecules and oxidized functional groups. Have been studied the structure of humic substances by spectral method. For example infrared spectrums showed that humic substances are characterizing with poly-structural components, with different quantity in the samples. Light adsorption of samples in the UV-Vis region, a decrease on the absorption intensity with an increase of the wave length was observed (Fig. 2). The high ratio Н/С, attributed to stretching of C=C bond of aromatic rings in IR spectrums, the high content of functional groups, lower extinction coefficients, confirmed that aromatic fragments to prevail than aliphatic chain fragments in structure of all studied HS. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjc.v14i0.199 Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 14 (40), 2013, p51-56

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24

Garnier-Sillam, É., S. Hariyento, and Y. Bourezgui. "Humic substances in peat (Sumatra, Indonesia)." Analusis 27, no. 5 (June 1999): 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/analusis:1999270405.

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25

Paing, J., E. Gomez, and B. Picot. "Humic Substances interactions with sedimentary phosphorous." Analusis 27, no. 5 (June 1999): 436–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/analusis:1999270436.

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26

Premovic, Pavle, Milena Krsmanovic, Bratislav Todorovic, Mirjana Pavlovic, Nikola Nikolic, and Dragan Djordjevic. "Geochemistry of the cretaceous-tertiary boundary (Fish Clay) at Stevns Klint (Denmark): Ir, Ni and Zn in kerogen." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 71, no. 7 (2006): 793–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0607793p.

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Geochemical analyses of trace metals (Ir, Ni and Zn) in the kerogen of the black marl of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary succession (Fish Clay) at Stevns Klint (H?jerup Church) were undertaken. The data for this kerogen were in accordance with a previous hypothesis that this (insoluble) geoorganic polymer was derived from humic substances (mainly humic acids) of a nearshore soil. Substantial proportions of Ir, Ni and Zn within the kerogen structure were probably contained in these substances arriving at the sedimentary site. It is proposed that these humics were probably transported by acid surface waters (induced by the KT asteroid impact) into the shallow marine basin of Stevns Klint. It is also suggested that local leaching/weathering of the asteroidal impact fallout on the land near these waters played an important role in providing Ir, Ni and Zn for these substances. Apparently, Ir, Ni and Zn of the kerogen were created by the chondritic component of the impact ejecta fallout.

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27

Boggs, Mark A., Travis Minton, Wenming Dong, Samuel Lomasney, Mohammed R. Islam, Baohua Gu, and Nathalie A. Wall. "Interactions of Tc(IV) with Humic Substances." Environmental Science & Technology 45, no. 7 (April 2011): 2718–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es103390z.

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28

Weis, M., G. Abbt-Braun, and F. H. Frimmel. "Humic-like substances from landfill leachates — Characterization and comparison with terrestrial and aquatic humic substances." Science of The Total Environment 81-82 (June 1989): 343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(89)90142-3.

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29

Sonke, Jeroen E. "Lanthanide−Humic Substances Complexation. II. Calibration of Humic Ion-Binding Model V†." Environmental Science & Technology 40, no. 24 (December 2006): 7481–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es060490g.

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30

Boullemant, Amiel, Jean-Pierre Gagné, Claude Fortin, and Peter G. C. Campbell. "Interactions of hydrophobic metal complexes and their constituents with aquatic humic substances." Environmental Chemistry 4, no. 5 (2007): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en07046.

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Environmental context. Lipophilic metal complexes, because they can readily cross biological membranes, are especially bioavailable. However, in natural waters these complexes do not necessarily exist in a free state, i.e. they may bind to the organic matter (humic substances) that is present in natural waters. It follows that the in situ bioavailability of lipophilic metal complexes will tend to be less than that measured in simple laboratory experiments. Abstract. The ability of dissolved humic substances (HS: fulvic and humic acids) to complex cationic metals is well known, but their interactions with neutral lipophilic metal complexes are little understood. In the present study, we have examined the behaviour of two such complexes ( Cd L 2 0 -->Cd L02: L = DDC = diethyldithiocarbamate, or L = XANT = ethylxanthate) in the presence of Suwannee River Humic and Fulvic acids. Interactions between the neutral complexes and the humic substances were assessed by excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy at pH 5.5 and 7.0, and by equilibrium dialysis experiments (500 Da cut-off). The EEM measurements were carried out by titrating the humic substances (6.5 mg C L–1) with Cd, in the absence or presence of ligand L (1 µM DDC or 100 µM XANT). Given the very high stability constants for the complexation of cadmium by DDC and XANT and the excess ligand concentration, virtually all (>96%) of the Cd added to the L + HS matrix was calculated to be present as the neutral Cd L 2 0 -->CdL20 complex over the entire pH range tested. For both humic substances, addition of DDC or XANT alone led to shifts in the fluorescence spectra at both pH values, indicating that the DDC– and XANT– anions likely interact by electrostatic or hydrogen bonding within the humic molecules. The subsequent addition of Cd to these L + HS systems resulted in a disproportionately large enhancement of the fluorescence intensities of individual EEM peaks, this fluorescence enhancement being only slightly decreased by the shift from pH 7.0 to 5.5. We interpret this enhancement as evidence that the two neutral complexes associate with the humic substances, presumably by forming ternary complexes (Ln-Cd-HS). Hydrophobic interactions between the humic substances and the neutral complexes may also contribute, but to a lesser extent, as demonstrated by partitioning calculations based on the lipophilicity of the neutral complexes. The association of the neutral complexes with Suwannee River Humic Acid was confirmed by dialysis experiments.

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31

Smailer, Steven M., and William B. White. "The luminescent humic substances in speleothems." Applied Geochemistry 36 (September 2013): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.06.002.

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32

Likhacheva, N. A., and E. A. Zaharova. "Study of Detoxifying Ability of Oxidized Humic Substances under the Conditions of Oil Pollution of Soils." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 625, no. 3 (2021): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/0023-1169-2021-625-3-53-56.

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The article presents the results of research on the oxidative modification of humic substances of brown coal of the Tyulgan deposit. The detoxifying effect of the obtained substances in relation to petroleum hydrocarbons was studied using the bioassay method. During the evaluation, a noticeable increase in the detoxifying ability was found in the result of chemical modification of humic substances. The greatest detoxifying effect in relation to oil pollution of the soil was observed for humic substances modified by oxidation and amounted to 19 and 42% at doses of 0.01 and 0.1% by weight. accordingly. The detoxifying effect of native humic substances is significantly lower: 9 and 2 % at doses of 0.01% and 0.1% by weight. accordingly. Thus, the prospects of using oxidized humic substances as sorbents-detoxicants during phytoremediation of oil-contaminated soil are shown.

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33

Miano, T. M., and N. Senesi. "Synchronous excitation fluorescence spectroscopy applied to soil humic substances chemistry." Science of The Total Environment 117-118 (May 1992): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(92)90071-y.

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34

Klavinš, Maris. "HUMIC SUBSTANCES IN SURFACE WATERS OF LATVIA." Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry 28, no. 2 (June 1998): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408349891194388.

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35

Klavins, M., L. Eglite, and J. Serzane. "Methods for Analysis of Aquatic Humic Substances." Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry 29, no. 3 (September 1999): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408349891199383.

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36

Kudryavtsev, Alexey V., Irina V. Perminova, and Valery S. Petrosyan. "Size-exclusion chromatographic descriptors of humic substances." Analytica Chimica Acta 407, no. 1-2 (February 2000): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00814-4.

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37

VUKOVIĆ, Marija, Tomislav DOMANOVAC, and Felicita BRIKI. "Removal of humic substances by biosorption." Journal of Environmental Sciences 20, no. 12 (January 2008): 1423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(08)62543-7.

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38

Francois, R. "Iodine in marine sedimentary humic substances." Science of The Total Environment 62 (January 1987): 341–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(87)90519-5.

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39

Matsuda, Hiroaki, Youki Ose, Takahiko Sato, Hisamitsu Nagase, Hideaki Kito, and Katsumi Sumida. "Mutagenicity from ozonation of humic substances." Science of The Total Environment 117-118 (May 1992): 521–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(92)90116-a.

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40

Hutta, Milan, and Róbert Góra. "Novel stepwise gradient reversed-phase liquid chromatography separations of humic substances, air particulate humic-like substances and lignins." Journal of Chromatography A 1012, no. 1 (September 2003): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(03)01177-4.

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41

Premovic, Pavle, Maja Stankovic, Mirjana Pavlovic, and Milos Djordjevic. "Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary Fish Clay at Højerup (Stevns Klint, Denmark): Zn, Pb and REE in kerogen." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 73, no. 4 (2008): 453–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0804453p.

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Geochemical analyses of Zn, Pb and rare earth elements (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb and Lu) in the kerogen of the black marl at the Cretaceous - Paleogene boundary Fish Clay at H?jerup were performed. Substantial proportions of the Zn, Pb and rare earths were probably contained in terrestrial humic substances (the kerogen precursor) arriving at the marine sedimentary site. This is in accord with a previous hypothesis that kerogen is mainly derived from humic acids of an oxic soil in of the adjacent coastal areas of eastern Denmark. It is also suggested that humics enriched in Zn, Pb and rare earth elements were transported mainly through fluvial transport into the deposition site of the Fish Clay. Local weathering/leaching of the impact-eject fallout on the land surface and local terrestrial rocks by impact-induced? acid surface waters perhaps played an important role in providing Zn, Pb and rare earths to these humic substances. Apparently, chondritic and non-chondritic Zn originated from the impact fallout; Pb and rare earth elements were most likely sourced by exposed rocks in the coastal areas of eastern Denmark.

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42

Amador, JoséA, Peter J. Milne, Cynthia A. Moore, and Rod G. Zika. "Extraction of chromophoric humic substances from seawater." Marine Chemistry 29 (January 1990): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(90)90002-t.

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43

Weng, Willem H. Van Riemsdijk, Luuk K. Koopal, and Tjisse Hiemstra. "Adsorption of Humic Substances on Goethite: Comparison between Humic Acids and Fulvic Acids†." Environmental Science & Technology 40, no. 24 (December 2006): 7494–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es060777d.

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44

Ishiguro, Munehide, Wenfeng Tan, and Luuk K. Koopal. "Binding of cationic surfactants to humic substances." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 306, no. 1-3 (October 2007): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.12.024.

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45

Chassapis, Konstantinos, Maria Roulia, Evangelia Vrettou, Despina Fili, and Monica Zervaki. "Biofunctional Characteristics of Lignite Fly Ash Modified by Humates: A New Soil Conditioner." Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications 2010 (2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/457964.

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Fly ash superficially modified with humic substances from the Megalopolis lignitic power plant was prepared and evaluated for agricultural uses. UV-vis spectrophotometry and IR spectroscopy revealed that fly ash shows high sorption efficiency towards humic substances. Adsorption proceeds stepwise via strong Coulombic and hydrophophic forces of attraction between guest and host materials. Langmuir, Freundlich, BET, Harkins-Jura, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models were employed to evaluate the ongoing adsorption and shed light to the physicochemical properties of the sorbent-adsorbate system. Humic substances desorption and microbial cultivation experiments were also carried out to examine the regeneration of the humates under washing and explore the possibility of this material acclimatizing in real soil conditions, both useful for biofunctional agricultural applications.

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46

Galambos, Ildikó, Gyula Vatai, and Erika Bekássy-Molnár. "Membrane screening for humic substances removal." Desalination 162 (March 2004): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-9164(04)00033-5.

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Summers, R. Scott, and Paul V. Roberts. "Activated carbon adsorption of humic substances." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 122, no. 2 (April 1988): 367–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9797(88)90372-4.

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Nederlof, Maarten M., Johannes C. M. De Wit, Willem H. Van Riemsdijk, and Luuk K. Koopal. "Determination of proton affinity distributions for humic substances." Environmental Science & Technology 27, no. 5 (May 1993): 846–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00042a006.

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de Wit, Johannes C. M., Willem H. van Riemsdijk, and Luuk K. Koopal. "Proton binding to humic substances. 1. Electrostatic effects." Environmental Science & Technology 27, no. 10 (September 1993): 2005–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00047a004.

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Bartschat, Bettina M., Steven E. Cabaniss, and Francois M. M. Morel. "Oligoelectrolyte model for cation binding by humic substances." Environmental Science & Technology 26, no. 2 (February 1992): 284–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00026a007.

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