Relevant bibliographies by topics / Chemistry major

Academic literature on the topic 'Chemistry major'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Chemistry major"

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Avargil, Shirly, Zehavit Kohen, and Yehudit Judy Dori. "Trends and perceptions of choosing chemistry as a major and a career." Chemistry Education Research and Practice 21, no. 2 (2020): 668–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9rp00158a.

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In many countries, the choice of a STEM career, especially in chemistry, is decreasing. A shortage of appropriately skilled workers can become a threat to any country's future achievements. Our research strives to understand behavioral trends and career choice factors related to personal and environmental themes. Building on the foundations of the Social Cognitive Career Theory, the research sheds light on prospective trends and retrospective perceptions of chemistry-related professionals in choosing chemistry in high school, as a career, and as a STEM occupation. To analyze the prospective trends in choosing chemistry, we used data curated by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics on 545 778 high school graduates. For the retrospective perceptions of choosing a chemistry career, we investigated three research groups (N = 190): chemists and chemical engineers, chemistry teachers, and third year undergraduate chemistry students. We found that choosing chemistry as a major and profession decreases from high school to higher education. Women tend to choose chemistry more than men at high school and university levels, and minorities tend to choose it more in high school but less in higher education compared to non-minorities. Task-oriented self-efficacy was the factor which contributed the most to chemistry career choice in all three research groups. The theoretical contribution is the unique SCCT application through the integration of both the prospective views on the behavioral theme and the retrospective views on the personal and environmental themes. Furthermore, we present new chemistry-related factors within the personal theme of this theoretical framework that can extend the SCCT framework.
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Whittingham, M. Stanley. "Materials in the Undergraduate Chemistry Curriculum." MRS Bulletin 15, no. 8 (August 1990): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400058942.

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Although solids are one of the three states of matter, and the solid state is pervasive throughout science and our lives, students would not know it from the standard chemistry curriculum, which still emphasizes small molecules. Despite this education, a significant proportion (more than 30%) of all chemists end up as practitioners of materials chemistry, either in inorganic solids or in polymers, and they must therefore obtain on-the-job education. Not only should this need be reflected in the curriculum, but it should be possible through modern areas of chemistry such as materials to bring some of the excitement of the practicing chemist to the undergraduate student's first chemistry course, perhaps turning around the flight from science, and from chemistry and physics in particular. The American Chemical Society is encouraging this approach through the proposal of a certified BS degree in chemistry with emphasis in materials. To place the present position in perspective, one only needs to look at the recent figures tabulated by the National Science Foundation; there is a tremendous attrition of students planning to major in science and engineering during the freshman year (See Table I).Potential science majors are indeed there, but they are being lost due to their first experiences, which are usually in general chemistry and calculus, and a lesser number in biology and physics. It is therefore imperative that these courses encourage students rather than kill their enthusiasm.
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LONG, JANICE R. "NSF's Chemistry Division Plans Major Reorganization." Chemical & Engineering News 64, no. 19 (May 12, 1986): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v064n019.p014.

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Mayo, Dana W., Mono M. Singh, Ronald M. Pike, and Zvi Szafran. "A major revolution in the chemistry laboratory." Educación Química 10, no. 2 (August 30, 2018): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fq.18708404e.1999.2.66492.

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<span>A historical perspective on the origins of Microscale Chemistry in the USA and of the motivation behind it is presented here by one of the fathers of Microscale Chemistry and his colleagues. The success achieved can be understood in the light of the establishment of many programs and centers around the world.</span>
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Buckle, Derek R., Paul W. Erhardt, C. Robin Ganellin, Toshi Kobayashi, Thomas J. Perun, John Proudfoot, and Joerg Senn-Bilfinger. "Glossary of terms used in medicinal chemistry. Part II (IUPAC Recommendations 2013)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 85, no. 8 (July 31, 2013): 1725–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-rec-12-11-23.

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The evolution that has taken place in medicinal chemistry practice as a result of major advances in genomics and molecular biology arising from the Human Genome Project has carried with it an extensive additional working vocabulary that has become both integrated and essential terminology for the medicinal chemist. Some of this augmented terminology has been adopted from the many related and interlocked scientific disciplines with which the modern medicinal chemist must be conversant, but many other terms have been introduced to define new concepts and ideas as they have arisen. In this supplementary Glossary, we have attempted to collate and define many of the additional terms that are now considered to be essential components of the medicinal chemist’s expanded repertoire.
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Nakano, Shun, Takahiro Yamamoto, and Naoki Isshiki. "Major-element chemistry of Nishiyama volcano, Hachijojima." JOURNAL OF MINERALOGY, PETROLOGY AND ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 86, no. 2 (1991): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2465/ganko.86.72.

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Basu-Dutt, Sharmistha, Charles Slappey, and Julie K. Bartley. "Making Chemistry Relevant to the Engineering Major." Journal of Chemical Education 87, no. 11 (November 2010): 1206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed100220q.

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Garson, Mary, and Laura McConnell. "The IUPAC100 Global Women’s Breakfast Empowering Women in Chemistry." Chemistry International 42, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ci-2020-0107.

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AbstractOn February 12, 2019, women chemists from over 50 different countries shared breakfast. They were taking part in the international networking event Empowering Women in Chemistry, an activity to celebrate the centenary of IUPAC. Women have made enormous contributions to the advancement of chemistry over the last 100 years, including as winners of Nobel prizes and many other major international awards, but they rarely take time to celebrate these achievements.
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Gui'e, Tan, Zeng Xiuqiong, Li Xiuling, Zhao Huarong, and Wang Yanguang. "Explorations in Foundational Chemistry Experiment Teaching for the Non-chemistry Major Undergraduates." University Chemistry 30, no. 6 (2015): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3866/pku.dxhx20150621.

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George, Babu, V. P. Wystrach, and Ronald Perkins. "Why do students choose chemistry as a major?" Journal of Chemical Education 62, no. 6 (June 1985): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed062p501.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Chemistry major"

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Angell, Scott Edward. "Genomic and metagenomic approaches to natural product chemistry." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2671.

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Sanchez, Richard P. Jr. "Cationic Ruthenium Catalysts for Olefin Hydrovinylation." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2009-08-2929.

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Li, Chunmei. "Designing phase selective soluble polymers for applications in organic chemistry." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969/105.

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Cao, Qianwen. "Mass Balance of Major, Minor and Trace Elements During AFBC Combustion of Fuels." TopSCHOLAR®, 1997. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/899.

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The proposed ASTM procedures for the determination of 13 major and minor., and 11 trace elements, in solid coal and coke combustion residues by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) were checked for routine use. In this study, the ICP analysis values and XRF analysis values of major and minor elements in two kinds of coal and two kinds of limestone were compared. It was shown that over 95% closure of the mass balances of the 24 major, minor, and trace elements was obtained with the proposed ASTM procedure. Also, it was demonstrated that trace elements may be lost through combustion. From six combustion runs, the composition of the fly ashes produced in the FBC burns was determined by XRF analysis. The total carbon, inorganic carbon, and unburned carbon in the fly ashes were also determined. The combustion efficiency of the AFBC system was calculated by comparing the carbonto-iron ratios in the unburned fuel to that in the fly ashes.
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Zavala-Ruiz, Zarixia 1977. "Structure studies of the human class II major histocompatibility complex protein HLA-DR1." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17842.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemistry, 2004.
Vita.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 149-162).
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) proteins are heterodimeric membrane glycoproteins that bind antigens in the form of short peptides within the cell and present them to the T cell receptors on the surface T cells. In this thesis work, the structural aspects of the human class II MHC protein HLA-DR1 in complex with different peptides and also in the peptide-free form were investigated. Biochemical, crystallographic, and immunological analyses of an unusually long peptide antigen derived from HIV-gag (p24) and its interaction with HLA-DR1 and a HIV-specific CD4+ T cell clone were studied. The HIV-gag (p24) peptide binds in an unexpected conformation, with its C- terminal region making a hairpin turn that bends back over the groove. The residues at the C-terminus are critical for T-cell recognition, and disruption of the hairpin turn abrogates the immune response. The results suggest a new mode of MHC-peptide-TCR interaction. A set of viral peptide analogs designed to increase binding affinity for HLA-DR while maintaining antigenic interactions with a virus-specific T cell receptor were designed, tested and analyzed. Ultimately, a N-methyl substitution at position 7 is shown to increase binding affinity by displacement of one of three water molecules bound between the MHC and peptide. The results have implications for design of peptido-mimetic vaccines, and are discussed in the broad context of other attempts to increase protein-ligand interaction through displacement of tightly bound water molecules. The role for the P10 shelf in peptide binding site was investigated. Crystallographic studies confirm the formation of a P10 shelf that is lined with highly polymorphic residues. Biochemical studies were conducted
(cont.) on a series of peptides different at the P10 position on four HLA-DRl(P10) mutants showing that this shelf has some specificity and can be involved in the discrimination of peptides that bind to class II MHC proteins. Studies of the empty, peptide-free form of HLA-DR1 were conducted by NMR spectroscopy showing that the conformation of this empty form is not in a molten globule-like state and that in general is similar to that of the peptide-loaded form but with several differences. Preliminary characterization of the peptide-receptive and peptide-averse forms of the empty HLA-DR1 is described.
by Zarixia Zavala-Ruiz.
Ph.D.
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Carven, Gregory J. (Gregory John) 1975. "Insight into the structure and function of empty class II major histocompatibility complexes." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17736.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemistry, June 2004.
Vita.
Includes bibliographical references.
Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins bind peptides and present them at the cell surface for interaction with CD4+ T cells as part of the system by which the immune system surveys the body for signs of infection. Peptide binding is known to induce conformational changes in class II MHC proteins on the basis of a variety of hydrodynamic and spectroscopic approaches, but the changes have not been clearly localized within the overall class II MHC structure. Local structural changes were mapped for HLA-DR1, a common human class II MHC variant, using a series of monoclonal antibodies which recognize the beta subunit and are specific for the empty conformation. Additional structural information was obtained using side chain-specific chemical modification and identification of modified residues by in-gel tryptic digestion and mass spectrometric peptide mapping. Together, the chemical modification studies and the mapping results illuminate aspects of the structure of the empty forms and the nature of the peptide-induced conformational change. Empty class II MHC proteins have been observed on the surface of immature dendritic cells in both humans and mice. Immature DC also secrete a protease activity that is capable of generating antigenic peptides from whole antigen. The protease activity secreted by dendritic cells is characterized and the role of empty MHC proteins in dendritic cell antigen presentation is discussed.
by Gregory J. Carven.
Ph.D.
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Lim, Ah Kee. "Factors influencing career choice of bioscience and chemistry double major graduates from Malaysia." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/28021.

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The thesis explores the career decisions of a case of graduates who have completed a Bioscience and Chemistry double major award. The study seeks to explore the careers these graduates have entered, and the factors influencing their choice. The study also looked into the extent of the link between the jobs and the disciplines studied. The career path taken was also explored. The findings of the study will enhance better preparation of future graduates for diversified careers. This study used mixed methods to collect and analyse data. The first part of this study used a questionnaire to quantify those factors that influenced the career decisions. The second part of the study employed a qualitative method. Specifically, interviews of eleven graduates selected from the initial quantitative study provided a data source for developing a deeper understanding about their career decisions. The integration of results from the quantitative and qualitative methods provided in-depth answers for the five research questions. The study shows that 30% of graduates surveyed were with discipline-related jobs, 50 % with jobs somewhat related to their curriculum and 20 % with discipline- unrelated jobs. Reasons for choosing non-discipline-related jobs were: being bored with routine laboratory jobs, having low salaries, being confined to the laboratory or lack of job opportunities. Cognitive values were considered to be more important than environmental and affective values in career choice. The factors considered to be most important were opportunity for growth, having interesting jobs, having a considerate boss, and having job responsibility. Financial rewards were ranked 14 out of 32 factors. Influences from family and lecturers were not as important. However employability skills played a role in career choice. The study concluded that career decision-making is a complicated process. The findings of this study may contribute to the literature of career choice of science graduates in Malaysia, and have implications for the practice and future research in the innovative careers of science graduates.
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Korley, Robert E. C. "Characterization of a major protein of the mouse perinuclear theca." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0035/MQ64383.pdf.

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Rishard, Mohamed Zuhair Mohamed. "Spectroscopic and theoretical investigation of selected cyclic and bicyclic molecules in their ground and excited electronic states." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2030.

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Stelzhammer, Viktoria. "Major depressive disorder : molecular profiling to aid drug target discovery." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607830.

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Books on the topic "Chemistry major"

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Environmental chemistry: Chemistry of major environmental cycles. Hackensack, NJ: Imperial College Press, 2005.

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T, Degens Egon, Kempe Stephan, Richey Jeffrey Edward 1946-, International Council of Scientific Unions. Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment., and United Nations Environment Programme, eds. Biogeochemistry of major world rivers. Chichester: Published on behalf of the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU), and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) by Wiley, 1991.

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Baird, Ronald J. Industrial plastics: Basic chemistry, major resins, modern industrial processes. South Holland, Ill: Goodheart-Willcox Co., 1986.

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Fox, P. F. Cheese: Chemistry, Physics and Microbiology: Volume 2 Major Cheese Groups. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993.

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A, Smith Richard. Analysis and interpretation of water-quality trends in major U.S. rivers, 1974-81. Washington, DC: GPO, 1987.

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Smith, Richard A. Analysis and interpretation of water-quality trends in major U.S. rivers, 1974-81. [Reston, Va.?]: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1987.

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Radell, Mary Jo. Major-ion and selected trace-metal chemistry of the Biscayne aquifer, southeast Florida. Tallahassee, Fla: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1991.

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Radell, Mary Jo. Major-ion and selected trace-metal chemistry of the Biscayne aquifer, southeast Florida. Tallahassee, Fla: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1991.

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Radell, Mary Jo. Major-ion and selected trace-metal chemistry of the Biscayne aquifer, southeast Florida. Tallahassee, Fla: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1991.

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Radell, Mary Jo. Major-ion and selected trace-metal chemistry of the Biscayne aquifer, southeast Florida. Tallahassee, Fla: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Chemistry major"

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Strauss, Anselm L., Lee Rainwater, and W. Lloyd Warner. "Major Groups within Chemistry." In The Professional Scientist, 36–48. New York: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315134260-5.

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Cheymol, André. "Formulation in Major Organic Chemistry Industries." In Formulation, 19–30. Hoboken, NJ USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118616574.ch2.

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Coward, L. Andrew. "Major Anatomical Structures." In Towards a Theoretical Neuroscience: from Cell Chemistry to Cognition, 131–205. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7107-9_6.

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Heaton, Alan. "The World’s Major Chemical Industries." In An Introduction to Industrial Chemistry, 62–94. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0613-9_5.

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Heaton, C. A. "The World’s Major Chemical Industries." In an introduction to Industrial Chemistry, 45–78. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6438-6_4.

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Wijaya, Christofora Hanny, Wahyu Wijaya, and Bhavbhuti M. Mehta. "General Properties of Major Food Components." In Handbook of Food Chemistry, 1–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41609-5_35-1.

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Wijaya, Christofora Hanny, Wahyu Wijaya, and Bhavbhuti M. Mehta. "General Properties of Major Food Components." In Handbook of Food Chemistry, 15–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36605-5_35.

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James, C. S. "Experimental procedures — Estimation of major food constituents." In Analytical Chemistry of Foods, 71–135. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2165-5_5.

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Rippey, B. "The major ion chemistry of Lough Neagh." In Monographiae Biologicae, 75–90. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2117-2_5.

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Orsat, Valérie, Ramesh Murugesan, and Debasri Ghosh. "Chemistry of Millets: Major and Minor Constituents." In Handbook of Millets - Processing, Quality, and Nutrition Status, 103–28. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7224-8_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Chemistry major"

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Pang, Ling-Yan, Hao Zhou, and Hui Liu. "Course Reform of Structural Chemistry in Material Major." In ICDEL 2020: 2020 the 5th International Conference on Distance Education and Learning. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3402569.3402574.

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Zhu, Wufu, Wenhui Wang, Shan Xu, Yuping Guo, Qidong Tang, and Pengwu Zheng. "Teaching Reformation of Medicinal Chemistry Course of Pharmacy Major and Pharmaceutical Engineering Major." In 2015 International Conference on Social Science and Higher Education. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icsshe-15.2015.87.

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Land, Lynton S. "The major ion chemistry of saline brines in sedimentary basins." In AIP Conference Proceedings Vol. 154. AIP, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.36392.

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Kielkowski, Pavel, and Michal Hocek. "Polymerase synthesis of modified DNA containing cytosine in major groove." In XVth Symposium on Chemistry of Nucleic Acid Components. Prague: Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/css201112359.

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Cai, Weijian. "Teaching Discussion of the Organic Chemistry Curriculum for Environmental Engineering Major." In 2016 International Conference on Education, E-learning and Management Technology. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iceemt-16.2016.26.

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Brownson, Cindy, and Mark R. Noll. "MAJOR ELEMENT AND NUTRIENT CHEMISTRY OF GREEN AND ROUND LAKES, NY." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-304535.

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Kurman, Matthew, Robert Natelson, Nicholas Cernansky, and David Miller. "Preignition Oxidation Chemistry of the Major JP-8 Surrogate Component: n-Dodecane." In 47th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including The New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2009-1526.

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Craddock, Henry A., Karen Mutch, Kay Sowerby, Stuart Wilson McGregor, Jim Cook, and Colin Strachan. "A Case Study in the Removal of Deposited Wax From a Major Subsea Flowline System in the Gannet Field." In International Symposium on Oilfield Chemistry. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/105048-ms.

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Lowenstein, Tim K., Javier Garcia Veigas, Dioni I. Cendón, and Lluís Gibert Beotas. "RAPID CHANGES IN MAJOR ION CHEMISTRY OF SEAWATER AND THE END-PERMIAN MASS EXTINCTION." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-299971.

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Wade, Heather. "Measurement Uncertainty for Chemistry & Microbiology." In NCSL International Workshop & Symposium. NCSL International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/wsproceedings.2020.25.

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Labs making chemical and/or microbiological measurements have long been left out of the measurement uncertainty discussion at major physical metrology conferences. As a result, calculating measurement uncertainty for chemical and microbiological analysis can leave many physical metrologists scratching their heads in wonder. The rules we have learned for calculating electrical or dimensional uncertainties do not transfer as smoothly. The good news is that there are proven methods and guidance how to calculate measurement uncertainty for chemical and microbiological measurements. There is also guidance on what to do when measurement uncertainty cannot be calculated.
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Reports on the topic "Chemistry major"

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Bruton, C. J., and B. E. Viani. Ion sorption onto hydrous ferric oxides: Effect on major element fluid chemistry at Aspo, Sweden. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/270704.

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Bunce, Lauren, Tim Lowenstein, and Elliot Jagniecki. Spring, River, and Lake Water Analyses from the Great Salt Lake Basin, Northern Utah. Utah Geological Survey, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/ofr-745.

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The accompanying database is a compilation of major and minor ion chemistry data from spring, river, and lake water samples collected in and around Great Salt Lake (GSL), northern Utah. The purpose of this database is to provide an updated analysis of previously sampled spring, river, and lake water chemistries by Kirby and others (2019) (https://doi.org/10.34191/ofr-699) and to add additional locations and water chemistry of unsampled springs in the area around GSL to better understand solute load and groundwater contribution.
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Reid, M. S., X. Wang, N. Utting, and C. Jiang. Comparison of water chemistry of hydraulic-fracturing flowback water from two geological locations at the Duvernay Formation, Alberta, Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329276.

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We analyzed and compared the water chemistry between 17 Fox Creek region samples, each from a different well, and 23 Three Hills region samples from a single well. Overall, the two regions were similar in chemical composition but showed small differences in some lower abundance dissolved elements. Additionally, we investigated changes in water chemistry of FPW over time from a single well. The majority of water quality parameters and water chemistry remained constant over the 7-month sampling time. Major ion chemistry showed increasing concentrations of Ca and Mg, and a decreasing concentration of SO4. Several trace elements also showed small trends of both increasing and decreasing concentrations over time. There was a strong correlation between Ca and Mg concentrations in both the Fox Creek region samples and Three Hills region samples, which is an indication of the mixing of formation water. However, the correlation between B and Sr was different among two region samples, which is likely due to the delayed mixing of formation water with the fracturing fluids during the flowback at different time periods of post fracturing. Likewise, Fox Creek region samples showed correlations between concentrations of Cl and Ca, Na and Ca, and Na and Mg, but these correlations were not seen in the Three Hills region samples. Geochemical modeling demonstrates that there are potential scales formed in the flowback water, but most of the minerals are still in the dissolution state in the formation. Stable isotopic analysis confirmed the mixing of injection water and the formation water.
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Dorr, Brian S., Kristi L. Sullivan, Paul D. Curtis, Richard B. Chipman, and Russell D. McCullough. Double-crested Cormorants. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, August 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7207735.ws.

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The history of conflict between double-crested cormorants and human interest in fisheries is long and convoluted. Overall, double-crested cormorants are not major consumers of commercial and sportfish species. However, exceptions have been recorded at specific sites with documented impacts on local fisheries. Double-crested cormorants can have a significant impact on vegetation at breeding sites through normal nesting activities. Their guano is acidic and can change soil chemistry, killing ground vegetation and irreversibly damaging nest trees. Humans should avoid direct contact with excrement from wildlife, including droppings from cormorants. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) has the primary responsibility and authority for managing migratory bird populations in the U.S. This publication will focus on the double-crested cormorant, which is the most numerous and widely dispersed of the species.
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5

Husson, Scott M., Viatcheslav Freger, and Moshe Herzberg. Antimicrobial and fouling-resistant membranes for treatment of agricultural and municipal wastewater. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598151.bard.

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This research project introduced a novel membrane coating strategy to combat biofouling, which is a major problem for the membrane-based treatment of agricultural and municipal wastewaters. The novelty of the strategy is that the membrane coatings have the unique ability to switch reversibly between passive (antifouling) and active (antimicrobial) fouling control mechanisms. This dual-mode approach differs fundamentally from other coating strategies that rely solely on one mode of fouling control. The research project had two complementary objectives: (1) preparation, characterization, and testing of dual-mode polymer nanolayers on planar surfaces and (2) evaluation of these nanolayers as membrane modifiers. The first objective was designed to provide a fundamental understanding of how polymer nanolayer chemistry and structure affect bacterial deposition and to demonstrate the reversibility of chemical switching. The second objective, which focused on membrane development, characterization, and testing, was designed to demonstrate methods for the production of water treatment membranes that couple passive and active biofouling control mechanisms. Both objectives were attained through synergistic collaboration among the three research groups. Using planar silicon and glass surfaces, we demonstrated using infrared spectroscopy that this new polymer coating can switch reversibly between the anti-fouling, zwitterion mode and an anti-microbial, quaternary amine mode. We showed that switching could be done more than 50 times without loss of activity and that the kinetics for switching from a low fouling zwitterion surface to an antimicrobial quaternary amine surface is practical for use. While a low pH was required for switching in the original polymer, we illustrated that by slightly altering the chemistry, it is possible to adjust the pH at which the switching occurs. A method was developed for applying the new zwitterionic surface chemistry onto polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration membranes. Bacteria deposition studies showed that the new chemistry performed better than other common anti-fouling chemistries. Biofilm studies showed that PESultrafiltration membranes coated with the new chemistry accumulated half the biomass volume as unmodified membranes. Biofilm studies also showed that PES membranes coated with the new chemistry in the anti-microbial mode attained higher biofilm mortality than PES membranes coated with a common, non-switchablezwitterionic polymer. Results from our research are expected to improve membrane performance for the purification of wastewaters prior to use in irrigation. Since reduction in flux due to biofouling is one of the largest costs associated with membrane processes in water treatment, using dual-mode nanolayer coatings that switch between passive and active control of biofouling and enable detachment of attached biofoulants would have significant economic and societal impacts. Specifically, this research program developed and tested advanced ultrafiltration membranes for the treatment of wastewaters. Such membranes could find use in membrane bioreactors treating municipal wastewater, a slightly upgraded version of what presently is used in Israel for irrigation. They also may find use for pretreatment of agricultural wastewaters, e.g., rendering facility wastewater, prior to reverse osmosis for desalination. The need to desalinate such impaired waters water for unlimited agricultural use is likely in the near future.
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6

Smith, I. R., S. J. A. Day, R C Paulen, and D. G. Pearson. Chemical studies of kimberlite indicator minerals from stream sediment and till samples in the southern Mackenzie region (NTS 85B, C, F, G), Northwest Territories, Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329080.

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Till (n=196) and stream sediment (n=60) samples were collected in the area south and west of Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories (NTS 85B, C, F, and G), over the course of 3 summer field seasons. Samples were processed to recover kimberlite and other indicator minerals. This report summarizes results of the kimberlite indicator mineral (KIM) studies, including measures of KIM mineral types, abundances, and chemistry (major, trace, and rare earth elements). KIMs were present in 24% of the samples collected, and only 183 KIM grains in total were recovered, of which Cr-pyrope garnets were the most abundant (65.6%). Chemical analyses revealed strong similarities to the Drybones Bay and Mud Lake kimberlites which are situated 50 to &amp;gt;100 km to the northeast, roughly aligned with prominent glacially streamlined landform flowsets in this field area. Results suggest there is little evidence for undetected kimberlite outcrop or sub-crop in the study area.
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7

Brenan, J. M., K. Woods, J. E. Mungall, and R. Weston. Origin of chromitites in the Esker Intrusive Complex, Ring of Fire Intrusive Suite, as revealed by chromite trace element chemistry and simple crystallization models. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328981.

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To better constrain the origin of the chromitites associated with the Esker Intrusive Complex (EIC) of the Ring of Fire Intrusive Suite (RoFIS), a total of 50 chromite-bearing samples from the Black Thor, Big Daddy, Blackbird, and Black Label chromite deposits have been analysed for major and trace elements. The samples represent three textural groups, as defined by the relative abundance of cumulate silicate phases and chromite. To provide deposit-specific partition coefficients for modeling, we also report on the results of laboratory experiments to measure olivine- and chromite-melt partitioning of V and Ga, which are two elements readily detectable in the chromites analysed. Comparison of the Cr/Cr+Al and Fe/Fe+Mg of the EIC chromites and compositions from previous experimental studies indicates overlap in Cr/Cr+Al between the natural samples and experiments done at &amp;gt;1400oC, but significant offset of the natural samples to higher Fe/Fe+Mg. This is interpreted to be the result of subsolidus Fe-Mg exchange between chromite and the silicate matrix. However, little change in Cr/Cr+Al from magmatic values, owing to the lack of an exchangeable reservoir for these elements. A comparison of the composition of the EIC chromites and a subset of samples from other tectonic settings reveals a strong similarity to chromites from the similarly-aged Munro Township komatiites. Partition coefficients for V and Ga are consistent with past results in that both elements are compatible in chromite (DV = 2-4; DGa ~ 3), and incompatible in olivine (DV = 0.01-0.14; DGa ~ 0.02), with values for V increasing with decreasing fO2. Simple fractional crystallization models that use these partition coefficients are developed that monitor the change in element behaviour based on the relative proportions of olivine to chromite in the crystallizing assemblage; from 'normal' cotectic proportions involving predominantly olivine, to chromite-only crystallization. Comparison of models to the natural chromite V-Ga array suggests that the overall positive correlation between these two elements is consistent with chromite formed from a Munro Township-like komatiitic magma crystallizing olivine and chromite in 'normal' cotectic proportions, with no evidence of the strong depletion in these elements expected for chromite-only crystallization. The V-Ga array can be explained if the initial magma responsible for chromite formation is slightly reduced with respect to the FMQ oxygen buffer (~FMQ- 0.5), and has assimilated up to ~20% of wall-rock banded iron formation or granodiorite. Despite the evidence for contamination, results indicate that the EIC chromitites crystallized from 'normal' cotectic proportions of olivine to chromite, and therefore no specific causative link is made between contamination and chromitite formation. Instead, the development of near- monomineralic chromite layers likely involves the preferential removal of olivine relative to chromite by physical segregation during magma flow. As suggested for some other chromitite-forming systems, the specific fluid dynamic regime during magma emplacement may therefore be responsible for crystal sorting and chromite accumulation.
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8

Chefetz, Benny, Baoshan Xing, and Yona Chen. Interactions of engineered nanoparticles with dissolved organic matter (DOM) and organic contaminants in water. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699863.bard.

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Background: Engineered carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are expected to be increasingly released into the environment with the rapid increase in their production and use. The discharged CNTs may interact with coexisting contaminants and subsequently change environmental behaviors and ecological effects of both the CNTs themselves and the contaminants. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a critical role in the transport of CNTs in the aquatic environment, affecting both CNT's surface properties through adsorption, and its colloidal stability in solution. Therefore, CNT-bound DOM complexes may interact with coexisting contaminants, thus affecting their environmental fate. With increasing production and use of CNTs, there is an increasing risk that humans could be exposed to CNTs mainly through ingestion and inhalation. Since CNTs can be carriers of contaminants due to their high adsorption affinity and capacity, the distribution of these nanoparticles in the environment holds a potential environmental and health risk. Project objectives: The overall goal of this project was to gain a better understanding of the environmental behavior of engineered nanoparticles with DOM and organic pollutant in aqueous systems. The scope of this study includes: characterizing various types of engineered nanoparticles and their interaction with DOM; binding studies of organic contaminants by nanoparticles and DOM-nanoparticle complexes; and examining interactions in DOM-nanoparticles-contaminant systems. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: DOM has a pronounced effect on colloidal stability of CNTs in solution and on their surface chemistry and reactivity toward associated contaminants. The structure and chemical makeup of both CNTs and DOM determine their interactions and nature of formed complexes. CNTs, contaminants and DOM can co-occur in the aquatic environment. The occurrence of co-contaminants, as well as of co-introduction of DOM, was found to suppress the adsorption of organic contaminants to CNTs through both competition over adsorption sites and direct interactions in solution. Furthermore, the release of residual contaminants from CNTs could be enhanced by biomolecules found in the digestive as well as the respiratory tracts, thus increasing the bioaccessibility of adsorbed contaminants and possibly the overall toxicity of contaminant-associated CNTs. Contaminant desorption could be promoted by both solubilization and sorptive competition by biological surfactants. Scientific and agricultural implications: The information gained in the current project may assist in predicting the transport and fate of both CNTs and associated contaminants in the natural environment. Furthermore, the results imply a serious health risk from contaminant-associated CNTs.
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9

Carpita, Nicholas C., Ruth Ben-Arie, and Amnon Lers. Pectin Cross-Linking Dynamics and Wall Softening during Fruit Ripening. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7585197.bard.

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Our study was designed to elucidate the chemical determinants of pectin cross-linking in developing fruits of apple and peach and to evaluate the role of breakage cross-linkages in swelling, softening, and cell separation during the ripening. Peaches cell walls soften and swell considerably during the ripening, whereas apples fruit cells maintain wall firmness but cells separate during late stages of ripening. We used a "double-reduction" technique to show that levels of non-methyl esters of polyuronic acid molecules were constant during the development and ripening and decreased only in overripe fruit. In peach, methyl and non-methyl esters increased during the development and decreased markedly during the ripening. Non-methyl ester linkages in both fruit decreased accompanied fruit softening. The identity of the second component of the linkage and its definitive role in the fruit softening remain elusive. In preliminary examination of isolated apples cell walls, we found that phenolic compounds accumulate early in wall development but decrease markedly during ripening. Quantitative texture analysis was used to correlate with changes to wall chemistry from the fresh-picked ripe stage to the stage during storage when the cell separation occurs. Cell wall composition is similar in all cultivars, with arabinose as the principal neutral sugar. Extensive de-branching of these highly branched arabinans pre-stages softening and cell-cell separation during over-ripening of apple. The longer 5-arabinans remain attached to the major pectic polymer rhamnogalacturonan I (RG I) backbone. The degree of RG I branching, as judged from the ratios of 2-Rha:2,4-Rha, also decreases, specially after an extensive arabinan de-branching. Loss of the 4-Rham linkages correlated strongly with the softening of the fruit. Loss of the monomer or polymer linked to the RG I produce directly or indirectly the softening of the fruit. This result will help to understand the fruit softening and to have better control of the textural changes in fruit during the ripening and especially during the storage. 'Wooliness', an undesirable mealy texture that is induced during chilling of some peach cultivars, greatly reduces the fruit storage possibilities. In order to examine the hypothesis that the basis for this disorder is related to abnormality in the cell wall softening process we have carried out a comparative analysis using the resistant cultivar, Sunsnow, and a sensitive one, Hermosa. We investigated the activity of several pectin- and glycan-modifying enzymes and the expression of their genes during ripening, chilling, and subsequent shelf-life. The changes in carbohydrate status and in methyl vs. non-methyl uronate ester levels in the walls of these cultivars were examined as well to provide a basis for comparison of the relevant gene expression that may impact appearance of the wooly character. The activities of the specific polygalacturonase (PGase) and a CMC-cellulase activities are significantly elevated in walls of peaches that have become wooly. Cellulase activities correlated well with increased level of the transcript, but differential expression of PGase did not correspond with the observed pattern of mRNA accumulation. When expression of ethylene biosynthesis related genes was followed no significant differences in ACC synthase gene expression was observed in the wooly fruit while the normal activation of the ACC oxidase was partially repressed in the Hermosa wooly fruits. Normal ripening-related loss of the uronic acid-rich polymers was stalled in the wooly Hermosa inconsistent with the observed elevation in a specific PGase activity but consistent with PG gene expression. In general, analysis of the level of total esterification, degree of methyl esterification and level of non-methyl esters did not reveal any major alterations between the different fruit varieties or between normal and abnormal ripening. Some decrease in the level of uronic acids methyl esterification was observed for both Hermosa and Sunsnow undergoing ripening following storage at low temperature but not in fruits ripening after harvest. Our results support a role for imbalanced cell wall degradation as a basis for the chilling disorder. While these results do not support a role for the imbalance between PG and pectin methyl esterase (PME) activities as the basis for the disorder they suggest a possible role for imbalance between cellulose and other cell wall polymer degradation during the softening process.
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10

Raymond, Kara, Laura Palacios, Cheryl McIntyre, and Evan Gwilliam. Status of climate and water resources at Chiricahua National Monument, Coronado National Memorial, and Fort Bowie National Historic Site: Water year 2019. National Park Service, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293370.

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Climate and hydrology are major drivers of ecosystems. They dramatically shape ecosystem structure and function, particularly in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Understanding changes in climate, groundwater, and water quality and quantity is central to assessing the condition of park biota and key cultural resources. The Sonoran Desert Network collects data on climate, groundwater, and surface water at 11 National Park Service units in southern Arizona and New Mexico. This report provides an integrated look at climate, groundwater, and springs conditions at Chiricahua National Monument (NM), Coronado National Memorial (NMem), and Fort Bowie National Historic Site (NHS) during water year (WY) 2019 (October 2018–September 2019). Overall annual precipitation at Chiricahua NM and Coronado NMem in WY2019 was approximately the same as the normals for 1981–2010. (The weather station at Fort Bowie NHS had missing values on 275 days, so data were not presented for that park.) Fall and winter rains were greater than normal. The monsoon season was generally weaker than normal, but storm events related to Hurricane Lorena led to increased late-season rain in September. Mean monthly maximum temperatures were generally cooler than normal at Chiricahua, whereas mean monthly minimum temperatures were warmer than normal. Temperatures at Coronado were more variable relative to normal. The reconnaissance drought index (RDI) indicated that Chiricahua NM was slightly wetter than normal. (The WY2019 RDI could not be calculated for Coronado NMem due to missing data.) The five-year moving mean of annual precipitation showed both park units were experiencing a minor multi-year precipitation deficit relative to the 39-year average. Mean groundwater levels in WY2019 increased at Fort Bowie NHS, and at two of three wells monitored at Chiricahua NM, compared to WY2018. Levels in the third well at Chiricahua slightly decreased. By contrast, water levels declined in five of six wells at Coronado NMem over the same period, with the sixth well showing a slight increase over WY2018. Over the monitoring record (2007–present), groundwater levels at Chiricahua have been fairly stable, with seasonal variability likely caused by transpiration losses and recharge from runoff events in Bonita Creek. At Fort Bowie’s WSW-2, mean groundwater level was also relatively stable from 2004 to 2019, excluding temporary drops due to routine pumping. At Coronado, four of the six wells demonstrated increases (+0.30 to 11.65 ft) in water level compared to the earliest available measurements. Only WSW-2 and Baumkirchner #3 have shown net declines (-17.31 and -3.80 feet, respectively) at that park. Springs were monitored at nine sites in WY2019 (four sites at Chiricahua NM; three at Coronado NMem, and two at Fort Bowie NHS). Most springs had relatively few indications of anthropogenic or natural disturbance. Anthropogenic disturbance included modifications to flow, such as dams, berms, or spring boxes. Examples of natural disturbance included game trails, scat, or evidence of flooding. Crews observed 0–6 facultative/obligate wetland plant taxa and 0–3 invasive non-native species at each spring. Across the springs, crews observed six non-native plant species: common mullein (Verbascum thapsus), spiny sowthistle (Sonchus asper), common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus), Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana), rabbitsfoot grass (Polypogon monspeliensis), and red brome (Bromus rubens). Baseline data on water quality and water chemistry were collected at all nine sites. It is likely that that all nine springs had surface water for at least some part of WY2019, though temperature sensors failed at two sites. The seven sites with continuous sensor data had water present for most of the year. Discharge was measured at eight sites and ranged from < 1 L/minute to 16.5 L/minute.
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