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Journal articles on the topic 'Chemiluminescent immunoassays'

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Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Kricka, L. J., and T. P. Whitehead. "Chemiluminescent and bioluminescent immunoassays." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 5, no. 8 (January 1987): 829–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0731-7085(87)80101-2.

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2

Kricka, L. J., and G. H. G. Thorpe. "Enhanced chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassays." Parasitology Today 2, no. 4 (April 1986): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4758(86)90047-5.

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3

Tao, Xiaoqi, Song Zhou, Xiameng Yuan, and Hongjun Li. "Determination of chloramphenicol in milk by ten chemiluminescent immunoassays: influence of assay format applied." Analytical Methods 8, no. 22 (2016): 4445–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ay00792a.

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Development of 10 chemiluminescent immunoassays for the detection of CAP for a comparison study. First systematic assessment in sensitivity and robustness of different immunoassay formats based on diverse combinations of coating, reverse reaction and antibody source.

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4

Huang, Xianzhang, David C. Spink, Erasmus Schneider, Helen Ling, Alex J. Rai, Thomas G. Rosano, Baorong Chen, and Zhimin (Tim) Cao. "Measurement of Unconjugated Estriol in Serum by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Assessment of the Accuracy of Chemiluminescent Immunoassays." Clinical Chemistry 60, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 260–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2013.212126.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Unconjugated estriol (uE3) is routinely analyzed in clinical laboratories as risk assessment for Down syndrome. Immunoassays of various types are the most commonly used methods. The accuracies of RIAs and ELISAs for uE3 have been questioned, and to date there have been no independent studies investigating the accuracy of the relatively new chemiluminescent immunoassays. We developed and validated a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for uE3 measurements in serum. METHODS Serum samples from patients in the second trimester of pregnancy were used, and uE3 concentrations were measured by LC-MS/MS and the Beckman Coulter Access® 2 and Siemens IMMULITE 2000 automatic chemiluminescent immunoassay analyzers. RESULTS The LC-MS/MS method was validated and showed limit of detection 0.05 ng/mL; limit of quantification 0.2 ng/mL; linearity of response to 32 ng/mL; total imprecision of 16.2%, 10.4%, and 8.2% for uE3 at 1.10, 4.18, and 8.32 ng/mL, respectively; and analytical recoveries of 95.9%–104.2%. ANOVA of the correlation for LC-MS/MS results vs chemiluminescent immunoassays results showed R2 = 0.9678 (Access 2 = 0.9305 LC-MS/MS + 0.2177, Sy|x = 0.1786, P < 0.0001), and R2 = 0.9663 (IMMULITE 2000 = 0.8849 LC-MS/MS − 0.0403, Sy|x = 0.1738, P < 0.0001). Bland–Altman plots of uE3 results revealed concentration-dependent immunoassay biases. Mock risk analysis for Down syndrome showed no apparent difference in the risk assessment outcomes if the adjusted method-specific multiples of the median were used, and the assay imprecision was <10% CV. CONCLUSIONS Standardization of immunoassay methods for uE3 analysis is needed to improve the accuracy of the measurements.

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5

Klingler, Wolfgang, Gabriele Wiegand, and Rudolf Knuppen. "Chemiluminescent labels for steroid immunoassays." Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 27, no. 1-3 (January 1987): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4731(87)90292-5.

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6

Boland, J., G. Carey, E. Krodel, and M. Kwiatkowski. "The Ciba Corning ACS:180 benchtop immunoassay analyzer." Clinical Chemistry 36, no. 9 (September 1, 1990): 1598–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/36.9.1598.

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Abstract We describe a new clinical laboratory instrument, the ACS:180, used to automate heterogeneous immunoassay testing. The ACS:180 automates immunoassays in which paramagnetic particles are the solid phase and changes in chemiluminescence are measured. The system can accommodate both competitive and sandwich-type assay configurations. The microprocessor-based instrument fully automates each step of the assay, including sample and reagent addition, separation and wash of paramagnetic particles, and generation and acquisition of the chemiluminescent signal. The instrument has the flexibility to operate in random-access or batch mode. The time from application of sample to first result is less than 15 min; throughput is as much as 180 tests per hour.

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7

Bronstein, I., J. C. Voyta, G. H. Thorpe, L. J. Kricka, and G. Armstrong. "Chemiluminescent assay of alkaline phosphatase applied in an ultrasensitive enzyme immunoassay of thyrotropin." Clinical Chemistry 35, no. 7 (July 1, 1989): 1441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/35.7.1441.

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Abstract We compared a chemiluminescent assay and a colorimetric endpoint assay for measuring an alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) label in an enzyme immunoassay of thyrotropin (TSH). The substrate in the chemiluminescent assay is a derivative of adamantyl 1,2-dioxetane phosphate. On dephosphorylation, catalyzed by alkaline phosphatase, the 1,2-dioxetane decomposes further and emits a glow of light (lambda max 470 nm). We modified the Hybritech Tandem-E TSH High Sensitivity assay for chemiluminescent detection of bound alkaline phosphatase label by using this substrate (with 20-, 40-, and 60-min incubations). Detection limits (mean +2 SD of zero standard) were 6.0, 5.2, and 4.5 micro-int. units/L for these incubation periods, respectively, vs 20 micro-int. units/L for the conventional colorimetric version of the assay. Comparison of results for 44 clinical specimens assayed by the chemiluminescent (20-min incubation, y) and colorimetric (60-min endpoint, x) TSH immunoassays gave statistical values of: slope = 1.17, intercept = -0.22, and r = 0.98. Hemoglobin, but not bilirubin, lipids, or protein, interfered; but these interferents were removed by the washing steps in the enzyme immunoassay.

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8

Omi, Kazuya, Tsuyoshi Ando, Takuya Sakyu, Takashi Shirakawa, Yoshiaki Uchida, Asako Oka, Nobuyuki Ise, Katsumi Aoyagi, and Katsutoshi Goishi. "Noncompetitive Immunoassay Detection System for Haptens on the Basis of Antimetatype Antibodies." Clinical Chemistry 61, no. 4 (April 1, 2015): 627–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2014.232728.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Small molecules classified as haptens are generally measured by competitive immunoassay, which is theoretically inferior to noncompetitive sandwich immunoassay in terms of sensitivity and specificity. We created a method for developing sandwich immunoassays to measure haptens on the basis of antimetatype antibodies. METHODS We generated antimetatype monoclonal antibodies against a hapten–antibody immunocomplex using an ex vivo antibody development system, the Autonomously Diversifying Library (ADLib) system. We selected 2 haptens, estradiol (E2) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], as analytes. Sandwich immunoassays for these 2 haptens were developed by use of a 96-well microtiter plate and a fully automated chemiluminescence analyzer, and the performances of these immunoassays were investigated. RESULTS The developed assays exhibited sensitivity high enough to detect target haptens in serum samples. The limit of detection of the ELISA for E2 was 3.13 pg/mL, and that of the fully automated chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) system was 2.1 ng/mL for 25(OH)D. The cross-reactivity with immunoreactive derivatives was effectively improved compared with the competitive assay. The CVs for the sandwich ELISA for E2 were 4.2%–12.6% (intraassay) and 6.2%–21.8% (total imprecision). The CVs for the sandwich CLEIA for 25(OH)D were 1.0%–2.3% (intraassay) and 1.9%–3.5% (total imprecision). In particular, the sandwich CLEIA for 25(OH)D showed correlations of r = 0.99 with both LC-MS/MS and a commercially available 125I RIA. CONCLUSIONS Our method represents a potentially simple and practical approach for routine assays of haptens, including vitamins, hormones, drugs, and toxins.

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9

Wang, Hui, Xiaohui Bi, Lei Xu, and Yirong Li. "Negative interference by rheumatoid factor in alpha-fetoprotein chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 54, no. 1 (September 28, 2016): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004563216636646.

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Background Rheumatoid factor causes positive interference in multiple immunoassays. Recently, negative interference has also been found in immunoassays in the presence of rheumatoid factor. The chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay is widely used to determine serum alpha-fetoprotein. However, it is not clear whether the presence of rheumatoid factor in the serum causes interference in the chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay of alpha-fetoprotein. Methods Serum alpha-fetoprotein was determined using the ARCHITECT alpha-fetoprotein assay. The estimation of alpha-fetoprotein recovery was carried out in samples prepared by diluting high-concentration alpha-fetoprotein serum with rheumatoid factor-positive or rheumatoid factor-negative serum. Paramagnetic microparticles coated with hepatitis B surface antigen–anti-HBs complexes were used to remove rheumatoid factor from the serum. Results The average recovery of alpha-fetoprotein was 88.4% and 93.8% in the rheumatoid factor-positive and rheumatoid factor-negative serum samples, respectively. The recovery of alpha-fetoprotein was significantly lower in the rheumatoid factor-positive serum samples than in the rheumatoid factor-negative serum samples. In two of five rheumatoid factor-positive samples, a large difference was found (9.8%) between the average alpha-fetoprotein recoveries in the serially diluted and initial recoveries. Fourteen rheumatoid factor-positive serum samples were pretreated with hepatitis B surface antigen-anti-HBs complex-coated paramagnetic microparticles. The alpha-fetoprotein concentrations measured in the pretreated samples increased significantly. Conclusions It was concluded that the alpha-fetoprotein chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay is susceptible to interference by rheumatoid factor, leading to significantly lower results. Eliminating the incidence of negative interference from rheumatoid factor should be an important goal for immunoassay providers. In the meantime, laboratorians must remain alert to the negative interference by rheumatoid factor, and in some cases, pretreat rheumatoid factor-positive samples with blocking or absorbing reagents.

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Mičková, B., P. Rauch, A. Montoya, E. Ferri, F. Fini, and S. Girotti. "The determination of N-methylcarbamate pesticides using enzyme immunoassays with chemiluminescent detection." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 22, SI - Chem. Reactions in Foods V (January 1, 2004): S280—S282. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10681-cjfs.

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In the present work, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) with chemiluminescent detection for the determination of carbofuran, carbaryl and methiocarb were developed and the analytical parameters of these assays were compared with those of ELISAs with colorimetric detection. The sensitivity of immunochemical methods was expressed as detection limit, linear working range, and I<sub>50</sub> value. In comparison with colorimetric ELISA, the ability of the chemiluminescent reagents to detect lower concentrations of HRP allowed to decrease the optimal antibody and conjugate concentrations and to reach better analytical parameters. The experimental comparison of the analytical performance of the ELISAs was carried out by analysing simply diluted fruit juices, spiked at different concentration levels with the above mentioned pesticides. Recovery values for both ELISAs were around 100% and no matrix effects were observed when fruit juices were diluted 1:20 or more.

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Patterson, W., P. Werness, W. J. Payne, P. Matsson, C. Leflar, T. Melander, S. Quast, J. Stejskal, A. Carlson, and M. Macera. "Random and continuous-access immunoassays with chemiluminescent detection by Access automated analyzer." Clinical Chemistry 40, no. 11 (November 1, 1994): 2042–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/40.11.2042.

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Abstract The Access Immunoassay System is an automated random and continuous-access analyzer for use with heterogeneous enzyme immunoassays. The instrument stores refrigerated reagent packs for as many as 24 different immunoassays. Throughput is 50-100 tests per hour. One- and two-step, and sandwich and competitive formats, each with various incubation times, can be accommodated, and sample sizes can vary from 10 to 200 microL. A paramagnetic microparticle solid phase combines with a chemiluminescent substrate for signal generation. Within-run CVs for noninfectious disease assays were 2.0% to 9.2%; total CVs were 3.4% to 11.1%. Regression analysis of method comparison studies with established procedures yielded slopes of 0.84 to 1.12 and correlation coefficients > or = 0.94 for 12 of 14 assays (range 0.83-0.99). Compared with culture methods, the Access assay for Chlamydia in urogenital specimens demonstrated sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of 90%, 99.7%, 95%, and 99%, respectively.

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12

Sheng, Enze, Mei Du, Jiachuan Yang, Xiude Hua, and Minghua Wang. "Development of immunoassays for detecting oxyfluorfen residue in agricultural and environmental samples." RSC Advances 8, no. 9 (2018): 5020–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra12445g.

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13

Bowen, Raffick AR, Yung Chan, Mark E. Ruddel, Glen L. Hortin, Gyorgy Csako, Stephen J. Demosky, and Alan T. Remaley. "Immunoassay Interference by a Commonly Used Blood Collection Tube Additive, the Organosilicone Surfactant Silwet L-720." Clinical Chemistry 51, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 1874–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2005.055400.

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Abstract Background: A small number of immunoassays on several different types of analyzers were recently adversely affected by tube additives in Becton Dickinson (BD) Vacutainer® SST™, SST II, and Microtainer™ blood collection tubes. We examined the effect of a commonly used tube surfactant, Silwet™ L-720, on immunoassays and the mechanism for the interference. Methods: Immunoassays were performed on serum supplemented with Silwet L-720 on the IMMULITE™ 2500 and AxSYM™ analyzers. Direct effects of the surfactant on the chemiluminescent detection step of immunoassays and on antibody immobilization on the solid phase were examined. Results: Increasing the final surfactant concentration from 0 to 400 mg/L in serum significantly increased (∼51%) the apparent total triiodothyronine (TT3) concentrations measured on the IMMULITE 2500 but not the AxSYM analyzer. Several other competitive, but not noncompetitive, assays were also significantly affected by the surfactant on the IMMULITE 2500 analyzer. The effect was independent of serum components, and the surfactant had no direct effect on chemiluminescence reactions. The capture antibody, however, was displaced from the solid phase by incubation with solutions containing surfactant under conditions similar to the IMMULITE TT3 assay. Conclusions: The Silwet L-720 surfactant, which is used to coat the inner surfaces of tubes, appears to account for previously reported immunoassay interference by BD Vacutainer SST blood collection tubes. One of the mechanisms for the interference is the desorption of antibodies from the solid phase by the surfactant. The results identify an important factor in the selection of suitable blood collection tube surfactants and provide an approach for solving similar tube-assay interference problems in the future.

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14

Natrajan, Anand, and David Wen. "Effect of branching in remote substituents on light emission and stability of chemiluminescent acridinium esters." RSC Adv. 4, no. 42 (2014): 21852–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra02516d.

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15

Warkentin, Theodore E. "Challenges in Detecting Clinically Relevant Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Antibodies." Hämostaseologie 40, no. 04 (October 22, 2020): 472–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1223-3329.

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AbstractHeparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an antibody-mediated hypercoagulable state featuring high thrombosis risk and distinct pathogenesis involving immunoglobulin G-mediated platelet activation. The target of the immune response is a cationic “self” protein, platelet factor 4 (PF4), rendered antigenic by heparin. A key problem is that only a minority of anti-PF4/polyanion antibodies induced by heparin are pathogenic, i.e., capable of causing platelet activation and thereby clinical HIT. Since thrombocytopenia occurs frequently in hospitalized, heparin-treated patients, testing for “HIT antibodies” is common; thus, the problem of distinguishing between pathogenic and nonpathogenic antibodies is important. The central concept is that those antibodies that have platelet-activating properties demonstrable in vitro correlate well with pathogenicity, as shown by platelet activation tests such as the serotonin-release assay (SRA) and heparin-induced platelet activation assay. However, in most circumstances, immunoassays are used for first-line testing, and so it is important for clinicians to appreciate which immunoassay result profiles—in the appropriate clinical context—predict the presence of platelet-activating antibodies (Bayesian analysis). Clinicians with access to rapid, on-demand HIT immunoassays (e.g., particle gel immunoassay, latex immunoturbidimetric assay, chemiluminescent immunoassay) can look beyond simple dichotomous result interpretation (“negative”/“positive”) and incorporate semiquantitative interpretation, where, for example, a strong-positive immunoassay result (or even combination of two immunoassays) points to a greater probability of detecting platelet-activating antibodies, and hence supporting a diagnosis of HIT. Recent recognition of “SRA-negative HIT” has increased the importance of semiquantitative interpretation of immunoassays, given that strong immunoassay reactivity is a potential clue indicating possible HIT despite a (false) negative platelet activation assay.

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Marquette, Christophe A., and Loïc J. Blum. "Chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassays: a review of bioanalytical applications." Bioanalysis 1, no. 7 (October 2009): 1259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/bio.09.69.

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17

Porakishvili, Nino, John L. A. Fordham, Marie Charrel, Peter J. Delves, Torben Lund, and Ivan M. Roitt. "A low budget luminometer for sensitive chemiluminescent immunoassays." Journal of Immunological Methods 234, no. 1-2 (February 2000): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1759(99)00198-2.

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18

McConeghy, Kevin W., Siyun Liao, Douglas Clark, Philip Worboys, Steven L. Barriere, and Keith A. Rodvold. "Variability in Telavancin Cross-Reactivity among Vancomycin Immunoassays." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 58, no. 12 (September 15, 2014): 7093–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.03785-14.

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ABSTRACTTelavancin is a semisynthetic lipoglycopeptide with a dual mechanism of action against Gram-positive pathogens. Two brief reports have suggested potential cross-reactivity of telavancin with the vancomycin particle-enhanced turbidometric immunoassay (PETIA). The purpose of this study was to evaluate several commercially available vancomycin immunoassays (fluorescence polarization [FPIA], enzyme-multiplied immunoassays [EMIT], PETIA, and chemiluminescent immunoassay [CMIA]) for cross-reactivity with telavancin. Seven sites were selected to analyze serum samples for vancomycin. Each site received a set of samples (n= 18) which combined drug-free serum with telavancin, 7-OH telavancin metabolite, or vancomycin. Immunoassays demonstrating potential cross-reactivity were further evaluated by sending a duplicate sample set to multiple laboratories. Cross-reactivity was defined as the percent theoretical concentration (reported concentration/theoretical concentration × 100). No cross-reactivity was seen with FPIA or EMIT. Within the theoretical concentration range of 5 to 120 μg/ml of telavancin, the Synchron PETIA system reported vancomycin concentrations ranging from 4.7 to 54.2 μg/ml compared to vancomycin concentrations from 1.1 to 5.6 μg/ml for the Vista PETIA system. The Architect CMIA system reported vancomycin concentrations in the range of 0.27 to 0.97 μg/ml, whereas Advia Centaur XP CMIA reported vancomycin concentrations between 1.6 and 31.6 μg/ml. The Architect CMIA immunoassay had the lowest percent cross-reactivity (0.8 to 5.4%), while the Synchron PETIA immunoassay demonstrated the highest percent cross-reactivity (45.2 to 53.8%). Telavancin samples measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy were within 93.9 to 122% of theoretical concentrations. Vancomycin concentrations were not measured in any 7-OH telavancin-spiked sample. Vancomycin concentrations measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy were within 57.2 to 113% of theoretical concentrations. PETIA and CMIA measured vancomycin concentrations in telavancin-spiked samples. Significant variability in percent cross-reactivity was observed for each platform regardless of immunoassay method.

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Sun, Lova, Phyllis A. Gimotty, Suvasini Lakshmanan, and Adam Cuker. "Diagnostic accuracy of rapid immunoassays for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 115, no. 05 (2016): 1044–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th15-06-0523.

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SummaryThe platelet factor 4/heparin ELISA has limited specificity for heparininduced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and frequently does not provide same-day results. Rapid immunoassays (RIs) have been developed which provide results in 30 minutes or less. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of RIs for HIT. We searched the literature for studies in which samples from patients with suspected HIT were tested using a RI and a functional assay against which the performance of the RI could be measured. We performed sensitivity analyses of studies that directly compared different RIs with each other and with ELISAs. Estimates of sensitivity and specificity for each RI were calculated. Twenty-three articles, collectively involving six different RIs, met eligibility criteria. All RIs exhibited high sensitivity (0.96 to 1.00); there was wider variability in specificity (0.68 to 0.94). Specificity of the IgG-specific chemiluminescent assay (IgG-CA) was greater than the polyspecific chemiluminescent assay [0.94 (95 %CI 0.89–0.99) vs 0.82 (0.77–0.87)]. The particle gel immunoassay demonstrated greater specificity than the polyspecific ELISA [0.96 (0.95–0.97) vs 0.91 (0.89–0.92)]. The IgG-CA and lateral flow immunoassay [0.94 (0.91–0.97)] exhibited greater specificity than the IgG-specific ELISA [0.86 (0.82–0.90)]. Given their high sensitivity and rapid turnaround time, RIs are a reliable means of excluding HIT at the point-of-care in patients with low or intermediate clinical probability. Additionally, some RIs have greater specificity than HIT ELISAs. In summary, IgG-specific RIs appear to have improved diagnostic accuracy compared with ELISAs in patients with suspected HIT and may reduce misdiagnosis and overtreatment.

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20

Ashihara, Yoshihiro, and Mitsuo Isomura. "Development of sensitive detection methods using chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassays." SEIBUTSU BUTSURI KAGAKU 42, no. 4 (1998): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2198/sbk.42.281.

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21

Bronstein, Irena, Brooks Edwards, and John C. Voyta. "1,2-Dioxetanes: Novel chemiluminescent enzyme substrates. Applications to immunoassays." Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence 4, no. 1 (July 1989): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bio.1170040116.

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22

Wang, Zhouping, Jianqiang Hu, Yan Jin, Xin Yao, and Jinghong Li. "In Situ Amplified Chemiluminescent Detection of DNA and Immunoassay of IgG Using Special-Shaped Gold Nanoparticles as Label." Clinical Chemistry 52, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 1958–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2006.071399.

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Abstract Background: Au(III) catalyzed luminol chemiluminescence (CL) is classic in luminescence analysis. Recently, spherical gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) were found displaying far stronger catalytic activity on luminol CL than that of Au(III). Some methods based on Au-NPs probes have been developed for DNA detection or immunoassay. However, more complicated labeling or stripping procedures are often inescapable in these protocols. Methods: We synthesized specially shaped, irregular gold nanoparticles (IGNPs) and found their catalytic efficiency on luminol CL to be 100-fold greater than that of spherical Au-NPs. Using the IGNPs-functionalized DNA oligomers and the IGNPs-modified anti-IgG as in situ chemiluminescent probes, we established sandwich-type analytic methods for rapid, simple, selective, and sensitive sequence-specific DNA detection and for human plasma IgG immunoassay, respectively. We used 12 clinical human plasma samples to examine the precision and accuracy of the proposed method for IgG content determination. Results: Calibration curves for the oligonucleotide [ΔI = 15.73 + 27.55 (DNA) × 1010 (mol/L); R2 = 0.9936] and IgG [ΔI = 48.84 + 30.23 (IgG) × 1010 (mol/L); R2 = 0.9964] show good correlation, demonstrating the linear response over the concentrations tested (0.04–10 nmol/L for DNA, 0.05–10 nmol/L for IgG). The limit of detection, calculated based on 50 μL of a solution of calibrators, was 13 pmol/L for DNA and 17 pmol/L for IgG, with a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. We obtained good intra-and interassay reproducibility. The IgG contents in 12 human plasma samples obtained by the proposed method are identical with the data of clinical laboratory. Conclusions: We developed a simple and sensitive method for in situ amplified chemiluminescence detection of sequence-specific DNA and immunoassay of IgG by use of highly active, specially shaped, irregular gold nanoparticles (IGNPs) as label and confirmed by clinical samples test. This method has many desirable features including rapid detection, selectivity, and little required instrumentation. This new protocol may be quite promising, with potentially broad applications for clinical immunoassays and DNA hybridization analysis.

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23

Jansen, E. H. J. M., C. A. F. Buskens, and R. H. Van Den Berg. "Fast detection of homogeneous chemiluminescent immunoassays with a sensitive photoplate." Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 489, no. 1 (April 1989): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82902-3.

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24

Nie, Rongbin, Jingwen Huang, Xuexue Xu, and Li Yang. "Immunoassays Using Optical-Fiber Sensor with All-Directional Chemiluminescent Collection." Analytical Chemistry 92, no. 9 (April 13, 2020): 6257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00882.

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Aoyagi, Shigeo, Miyoko Kusumi, Akira Matsuyuki, Masako Maeda, and Akio Tsuji. "The reduction of nonspecific binding in chemiluminescent sandwich enzyme immunoassays." Journal of Immunological Methods 137, no. 1 (March 1991): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(91)90395-v.

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Thorpe, G. H., and L. J. Kricka. "Incorporation of enhanced chemiluminescent reactions into fully automated enzyme immunoassays." Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence 3, no. 2 (April 1989): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bio.1170030213.

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27

Blackburn, G. F., H. P. Shah, J. H. Kenten, J. Leland, R. A. Kamin, J. Link, J. Peterman, M. J. Powell, A. Shah, and D. B. Talley. "Electrochemiluminescence detection for development of immunoassays and DNA probe assays for clinical diagnostics." Clinical Chemistry 37, no. 9 (September 1, 1991): 1534–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/37.9.1534.

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Abstract Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has been developed as a highly sensitive process in which reactive species are generated from stable precursors (i.e., the ECL-active label) at the surface of an electrode. This new technology has many distinct advantages over other detection systems: no radioisotopes are used; detection limits for label are extremely low (200 fmol/L); the dynamic range for label quantification extends over six orders of magnitude; the labels are extremely stable compared with those of most other chemiluminescent systems; the labels, small molecules (approximately 1000 Da), can be used to label haptens or large molecules, and multiple labels can be coupled to proteins or oligonucleotides without affecting immunoreactivity, solubility, or ability to hybridize; because the chemiluminescence is initiated electrochemically, selectivity of bound and unbound fractions can be based on the ability of labeled species to access the electrode surface, so that both separation and nonseparation assays can be set up; and measurement is simple and rapid, requiring only a few seconds. We illustrate ECL in nonseparation immunoassays for digoxin and thyrotropin and in separation immunoassays for carcinoembryonic antigen and alpha-fetoprotein. The application of ECL for detection of polymerase chain reaction products is described and exemplified by quantifying the HIV1 gag gene.

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28

Stove, Veronique, Pedro Alía Ramos, Pierre Wallemacq, Michael Vogeser, Andre Schuetzenmeister, Christian Schmiedel, and Maria Shipkova. "Measurement of sirolimus concentrations in human blood using an automated electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA): a multicenter evaluation." Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) 56, no. 5 (April 25, 2018): 764–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2017-0583.

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AbstractBackground:Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of sirolimus is essential in transplant recipients. We evaluated the performance of a new electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) for measuring sirolimus concentrations in whole blood at five European laboratories.Methods:Study assessments included repeatability, intermediate precision and functional sensitivity (concentration at coefficient of variation [CV] of 20%) experiments. Method comparisons with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS; reference method) and two immunoassays (chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay [CMIA] and antibody-conjugated magnetic immunoassay [ACMIA]) were performed using native samples from patients with kidney transplants.Results:Imprecision testing CVs were ≤6.4% and ≤10.7% across the sirolimus concentration range for both repeatability and intermediate precision, respectively. The ECLIA showed excellent functional sensitivity: the CV did not reach 20%; the CV at the assay’s limit of quantitation (1.5 μg/L) was 7.0%. Agreement between the ECLIA and LC-MS/MS using native kidney samples was close, with weighted Deming regression analysis yielding a slope of 1.05, an intercept of 0.154 μg/L and a Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) of 0.94, while Bland-Altman analysis showed a combined mean bias of 0.41 μg/L (±2 standard deviation [SD], −1.96 to 2.68). The ECLIA also showed good correlation with the two other immunoassays: the CMIA (slope=0.91, intercept=0.112 μg/L and r=0.89) and the ACMIA (slope=0.99, intercept=0.319 μg/L and r=0.97).Conclusions:The ECLIA showed good precision, functional sensitivity and agreement with other methods of sirolimus measurement used in clinical practice, suggesting that the assay is suitable for TDM in transplant recipients and provides an alternative to LC-MS/MS.

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Sommese, Linda, Chiara Sabia, Antonella Esposito, Carmela Iannone, Maria Lourdes Montesano, and Claudio Napoli. "Comparison of performance of twoTreponema pallidumautomated chemiluminescent immunoassays in blood donors." Infectious Diseases 48, no. 6 (February 9, 2016): 483–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/23744235.2016.1142674.

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Nedelcu, Iulia, Raluca Jipa, Roxana Vasilescu, Cristian Băicuș, Costin-Ioan Popescu, Eliza Manea, Laura E. Stoichițoiu, et al. "Long-Term Longitudinal Evaluation of Six Commercial Immunoassays for the Detection of IgM and IgG Antibodies against SARS CoV-2." Viruses 13, no. 7 (June 26, 2021): 1244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13071244.

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The number of serological assays for SARS-CoV-2 has skyrocketed in the past year. Concerns have been raised regarding their performance characteristics, depending on the disease severity and the time of the analysis post-symptom onset (PSO). Thus, independent validations using an unbiased sample selection are required for meaningful serology data interpretation. We aimed to assess the clinical performance of six commercially available assays, the seroconversion, and the dynamics of the humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The study included 528 serum samples from 156 patients with follow-up visits up to six months PSO and 161 serum samples from healthy people. The IgG/total antibodies positive percentage increased and remained above 95% after six months when chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) IgG antiS1/S2 and electro-chemiluminescent assay (ECLIA) total antiNP were used. At early time points PSO, chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) IgM antiS achieved the best sensitivity. IgM and IgG appear simultaneously in most circumstances, and when performed in parallel the sensitivity increases. The severe and the moderate clinical forms were significantly associated with higher seropositivity percentage and antibody levels. High specificity was found in all evaluated assays, but the sensitivity was variable depending on the time PSO, severity of disease, detection method and targeted antigen.

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Diepersloot, Robert J. A., Yvonne van Zantvliet-van Oostrom, and Curt A. Gleaves. "Comparison of a Chemiluminescent Immunoassay with Two Microparticle Enzyme Immunoassays for Detection of Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 7, no. 6 (November 1, 2000): 865–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.7.6.865-866.2000.

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ABSTRACT A comparative evaluation of the following commercial immunoassays for the detection of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) was performed: the Abbott AxSYM, Abbott IMx, and DPC IMMULITE assays. The specificity was 100% for all assays. Twelve samples were identified and were confirmed to be positive for HBsAg by all three methods. One additional sample was identified as reactive and was confirmed to be positive by the Abbott AxSYM assay only. Prior to confirmation testing the DPC IMMULITE assay produced significantly fewer false-positive results than the Abbott AxSYM assay (P < 0.05).

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Li, Fang, Yufei Zhang, Jiachang Liu, and Jianbo He. "Luminol, horseradish peroxidase and antibody ternary codified gold nanoparticles for a label-free homogenous chemiluminescent immunoassay." Analytical Methods 10, no. 7 (2018): 722–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ay02743e.

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Gómez-Camarasa, Cristina, Ana Lara-Oya, Fernando Cobo, Antonio Sampedro-Martínez, Javier Rodríguez-Granger, José Gutierrez-Fernández, and José María Navarro-Marí. "Comparison of two chemiluminescent immunoassays in the detection of measles IgM antibodies." Journal of Virological Methods 237 (November 2016): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.08.018.

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Mickova, Barbora, Tomas Kovalczuk, Pavel Rauch, María José Moreno, Antonio Abad, Angel Montoya, Elida Ferri, Fabiana Fini, and Stefano Girotti. "Analytical performances of validated chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassays to detect N-methylcarbamate pesticides." Analytica Chimica Acta 528, no. 2 (January 2005): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2004.09.066.

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Maeda, Masako, Hidetoshi Arakawa, and Akio Tsuji. "Chemiluminescent assay of various enzyme activites and its application to enzyme immunoassays." Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence 4, no. 1 (July 1989): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bio.1170040121.

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36

Xu, Long, Xiao-yi Suo, Qi Zhang, Xin-ping Li, Chen Chen, and Xiao-ying Zhang. "ELISA and Chemiluminescent Enzyme Immunoassay for Sensitive and Specific Determination of Lead (II) in Water, Food and Feed Samples." Foods 9, no. 3 (March 8, 2020): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9030305.

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Lead is a heavy metal with increasing public health concerns on its accumulation in the food chain and environment. Immunoassays for the quantitative measurement of environmental heavy metals offer numerous advantages over other traditional methods. ELISA and chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA), based on the mAb we generated, were developed for the detection of lead (II). In total, 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of lead (II) were 9.4 ng/mL (ELISA) and 1.4 ng/mL (CLEIA); the limits of detection (LOD) were 0.7 ng/mL (ic-ELISA) and 0.1 ng/mL (ic-CLEIA), respectively. Cross-reactivities of the mAb toward other metal ions were less than 0.943%, indicating that the obtained mAb has high sensitivity and specificity. The recovery rates were 82.1%–108.3% (ic-ELISA) and 80.1%–98.8% (ic-CLEIA), respectively. The developed methods are feasible for the determination of trace lead (II) in various samples with high sensitivity, specificity, fastness, simplicity and accuracy.

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37

Lin, Jin-Ming, Akio Tsuji, and Masako Maeda. "Chemiluminescent flow injection determination of alkaline phosphatase and its applications to enzyme immunoassays." Analytica Chimica Acta 339, no. 1-2 (February 1997): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-2670(96)00487-4.

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38

An, Byoung-Gi, Hong-Rae Kim, Min-Jung Kang, Jae-Gwan Park, Young Wook Chang, and Jae-Chul Pyun. "Chemiluminescent lateral-flow immunoassays by using in-situ synthesis of CdS NW photosensor." Analytica Chimica Acta 927 (July 2016): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2016.04.048.

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Kim, Hong-Rae, Byoung-Gi An, Young Wook Chang, Min-Jung Kang, Jae-Gwan Park, and Jae-Chul Pyun. "Highly sensitive in situ-synthesized cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanowire photosensor for chemiluminescent immunoassays." Enzyme and Microbial Technology 133 (February 2020): 109457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109457.

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Natrajan, Anand, David Sharpe, and David Wen. "Zwitterionic reagents for labeling, cross-linking and improving the performance of chemiluminescent immunoassays." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 10, no. 9 (2012): 1883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2ob06807a.

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Makristathis, A., I. Zeller, D. Mitteregger, M. Kundi, and A. M. Hirschl. "Comprehensive evaluation of chemiluminescent immunoassays for the laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection." European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 36, no. 7 (February 8, 2017): 1253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096-017-2916-9.

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42

Raizman, Joshua, Paul Yip, and Vathany Kulasingam. "Automated chemiluminescent immunoassays for measurement of plasma renin: A method comparison versus radioimmunoassay." Clinical Biochemistry 47, no. 12 (August 2014): 1154–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.06.064.

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43

Chen, Dan, Lawrence Kaplan, and Qiang Liu. "Evaluation of two chemiluminescent immunoassays of ADVIA centaur for hepatitis B serology markers." Clinica Chimica Acta 355, no. 1-2 (May 2005): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cccn.2004.11.031.

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44

Strasburger, C. J., and F. Kohen. "Chemiluminescent labelled streptavidin (STAV) as a universal marker in steroid and peptide immunoassays." Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence 4, no. 1 (July 1989): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bio.1170040117.

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45

Rosário, Pedro Weslley S., Frederico F. Ribeiro Maia, Tales Alvarenga Fagundes, Flávio Palhano Vasconcelos, Ludmilla David Cardoso, and Saulo Purisch. "Antithyroglobulin antibodies in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma: methods of detection, interference with serum thyroglobulin measurement and clinical significance." Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia 48, no. 4 (August 2004): 487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-27302004000400008.

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Antithyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) were measured using a chemiluminescent immunoassay (ICMA) and an agglutination test. TgAb laboratory and clinical interference with Tg measurements were assessed. The course of TgAb concentration and disease status were compared during 3 years after initial treatment. The agglutination test failed to detect all titers < 10IU/mL (ICMA). Interference from TgAb was common at high titers, but even low antibody titers (< 5IU/mL) were able to interfere with Tg measurement. Cases of distant metastases with undetectable Tg (by IRMA) and those apparently free of disease and without thyroid remnants with Tg> 2ng/ml (by RIA) were identified among patients with TgAb. The exogenous Tg recovery test was normal (> 80%) by the two methods in 22% of patients with TgAb and confirmed laboratory interference. Absence of reduction in TgAb levels was a marker of persistent disease. In conclusion, TgAb should be determined by immunoassays; interference with Tg measurements occurred mainly but not always at high concentrations, with a normal Tg recovery test not excluding this interference. The behavior of TgAb is related to disease persistence or cure.

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Park, Jun, Libby Kellard, John Lynch, and Ajay Sharma. "High Throughput Cell-Based Immunoassays Using Filtration Plates (132.1)." Journal of Immunology 178, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2007): S245. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.132.1.

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Abstract Cell-based immunoassays require time consuming centrifugation/wash steps which can cause a substantial cell loss. We describe here automation compatible cell-based immunoassays using 96 well filtration plates. The method is rapid and robust, requiring no centrifugation based washing steps, and enables easy yet rigorous removal of unbound antibodies with little cell loss (<20%) even after extensive filtration (>10x). We tested the method for detecting surface and intracellular proteins via a high throughput flow cytometer. In all cases, reproducible results with excellent signal to noise ratio were detected. For surface protein detection, Jurkat cells were stained for CD45 and MFI (mean fluorescence intensity) of 504 +/-19 (CD45) and 12 +/-2 (isotype control) were obtained. For intracellular protein detection, anisomycin treated Jurkat cells and INF-γ treated U937 cells were stained for phospho-p38 (pT180/pY182) and phospho-Stat1 (pY701), respectively. MFI was 19.6 +/-1.8 (induced) and 5.2 +/-0.4 (not induced) for phosph-p38, and 44 +/-0.8 (induced) and 4.8+/-0.6 (not induced) for phospho-Stat1. In conclusion, reported method allows for sample incubation/preparation in the same plate, while removing the rate limiting centrifugation/wash steps. While we demonstrate its use in flow cytometry, the method is suitable for other cell-based immunoassays such as chemiluminescent protein detection.

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47

Thorpe, G. H., L. J. Kricka, S. B. Moseley, and T. P. Whitehead. "Phenols as enhancers of the chemiluminescent horseradish peroxidase-luminol-hydrogen peroxide reaction: application in luminescence-monitored enzyme immunoassays." Clinical Chemistry 31, no. 8 (August 1, 1985): 1335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/31.8.1335.

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Abstract Certain phenol derivatives, including p-iodophenol and p-phenylphenol, enhance light emission from the horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of cyclic diacyl hydrazides such as luminol. The light emission decays slowly (glowing for several minutes) and its intensity may be greater than 1000-fold that of the unenhanced reaction. The enhanced system enables rapid, sensitive assay of peroxidase conjugates. We describe its application in immunoassays for human choriogonadotropin, digoxin, and factor VIII-related antigen. Luminescent quantification of peroxidase labels has been directly incorporated into immunoassays based on beads, tubes, or microtiter plates, used in conjunction with photodetectors such as photomultiplier tubes or instant photographic film. Enhancement with phenol derivatives exceeds that achieved with 6-hydroxybenzothiazole derivatives and depends on pH and enhancer concentration. Emission spectra of phenol-enhanced and unenhanced reactions are remarkably similar, suggesting that the enhancers do not act as more efficient emitters but exert their action earlier in the complex reaction between peroxidase, oxidant, and luminol.

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48

Moriyama, Masako, Nobuhide Hayashi, Chinami Ohyabu, Masahiko Mukai, Seiji Kawano, and Shunichi Kumagai. "Performance Evaluation and Cross-Reactivity from Insulin Analogs with the ARCHITECT Insulin Assay,." Clinical Chemistry 52, no. 7 (July 1, 2006): 1423–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2005.065995.

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Abstract Background: Insulin measurement is used for the diagnosis of hypoglycemia and for insulin pharmacokinetic evaluations. We assessed the analytical and clinical performance of the ARCHITECT® insulin assay, a chemiluminescent immunoassay recently introduced for the ARCHITECT i2000 fully automated immunoassay analyzer (Abbott Laboratories). We also tested whether major insulin analogs cross-reacted with the immunoassay reagents. Methods: We used Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute protocols to assess the analytical performance of the ARCHITECT insulin assay and compared its accuracy with that of the E-test TOSOH II (IRI) from TOSOH Corporation. We used 3 recombinant insulin analogs (lispro, aspart, and glargine) to evaluate the cross-reactivity of insulin analogs with the ARCHITECT immunoassay reagent. Results: The total CV for the ARCHITECT assay was <5%. Correlation between the ARCHITECT insulin assay and the E-test TOSOH II (IRI) was satisfactory in the measured range, but we detected a slope deviation between the assays. The ARCHITECT insulin assay showed low cross-reactivity to the insulin analog aspart, whereas it detected the other insulin analogs, lispro and glargine, in concentrations as high as the theoretical concentrations. Conclusions: The ARCHITECT insulin assay showed favorable basic performance, including reproducibility, dilution linearity, detection limit, and effects of interfering substances. When interpreting results, clinicians and laboratory pathologists should be aware of the cross-reactivity of the ARCHITECT and other immunoassays to specific insulin analogs prescribed to diabetes patients.

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Schaap, A. P., H. Akhavan, and L. J. Romano. "Chemiluminescent substrates for alkaline phosphatase: application to ultrasensitive enzyme-linked immunoassays and DNA probes." Clinical Chemistry 35, no. 9 (September 1, 1989): 1863–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/35.9.1863.

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50

Godbole, S., S. Latha, R. Shanker, and P. Khanna. "Rapid detection of enteric viruses in contaminated water by nitrocellulose and chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassays." International Journal of Environmental Studies 42, no. 1 (September 1992): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207239208710781.

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