Academic literature on the topic 'Chemicals - Safety measures'
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Journal articles on the topic "Chemicals - Safety measures"
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KITANO, Masaru. "OECD's safety measures for chemicals." Journal of Environmental Conservation Engineering 16, no. 10 (1987): 690–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5956/jriet.16.690.
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Arai, Shinichi. "Measures Concerning the Safety of Chemicals in the Environment." Japan journal of water pollution research 9, no. 9 (1986): 555–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2965/jswe1978.9.555.
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Moraru, Roland Iosif, Mihai Popescu-Stelea, and Gabriel Bujor Bǎbuţ. "Chemical risk ranking and evaluation: case study in a paint manufacturing company." MATEC Web of Conferences 373 (2022): 00001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202237300001.
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As economies grow and the use of chemicals becomes more and more widespread, the adoption of effective control measures allows for safer use of chemicals on an industrial scale. Chemical hazards can have severe negative consequences for both the health of employees, the safety of personnel and facilities (fire and explosion risk) and the environment. To characterize them, it is necessary to combine the inherent hazards associated to chemicals with their conditions of use that may generate emissions and exposures. Various methods, both qualitative and quantitative are available worldwide for chemical risk assessment, but unfortunately in Romania this important aspect is treated in a minimalist manner, which can often be considered as insufficiently rigorous. In this perspective, the present paper aims to validate through a practical case study conducted in a Romanian paint manufacturing company, the application of a simplified method of chemical risks prioritization and assessment. The obtained results allowed the substantiation of the control measures of these risks, being also able to constitute an instrument of raising awareness for all the interested parties (occupational safety and health inspectors, managers, safety officers, supervisors, workers), in the effective management of the chemical risks.
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Zhao, Laijun, Ying Qian, Qing-Mi Hu, Ran Jiang, Meiting Li, and Xulei Wang. "An Analysis of Hazardous Chemical Accidents in China between 2006 and 2017." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (August 18, 2018): 2935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082935.
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From the perspective of characteristics and causes, probability and forecast, and safety management evaluation, this paper analyzes 3974 hazardous chemical casualty accidents that occurred between 2006 and 2017 in China. The trends, monthly and hourly distributions, lifecycles, chemical and accident types, and the direct and indirect causes of casualty accidents are analyzed first. To estimate the probability of casualty accidents, the Poisson regression model is employed. The time series model is developed to forecast the number of casualty accidents. The safety management of hazardous chemicals is evaluated based on an inverted U-shaped curve that fits the relationship between the number of casualty accidents and petrochemical industry outputs. Moreover, measures for improving the safety management of hazardous chemicals are provided based on the analysis, forecast, and evaluation. The results show that the probability of 200–600 casualty accidents occurring per year in China is 59.10%. Sixteen of thirty provinces are identified as having better safety management with regard to hazardous chemicals.
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Bu, Quan Min, Zhan Jun Wang, and Xing Tong. "Research on Cause Analysis and Safety Management for Road Transportation Accidents of Dangerous Chemicals." Applied Mechanics and Materials 361-363 (August 2013): 2282–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.361-363.2282.
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With increasing transport amount of dangerous chemicals, the number of transportation accidents also rises, thus safe transport of dangerous chemicals becomes more critical. In this article, existing problems in dangerous chemicals transportation and corresponding reasons are analyzed. Through combination of domestic and foreign advanced technology and national conditions, control strategies and measures for safe transportation of dangerous chemicals are studied in depth, in is proposed that preventive measures need to be taken. The preventive measures include establishing a management system, risk early warning mechanism and transport information platform which are based on modern information technology, establishing transport industry standard, ensuring good security propaganda work, setting emergency and consultation service system, carrying out special rectification work for transportation safety, so as to ensure scientific, reasonable and effective control of dangerous chemicals transport, reduce and avoid related accidents.
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Abd Ali, Ali, Naser Shaalan, Wedad Al-Dahhan, Nany Hairunisa, and Emad Yousif. "A Technical Evaluation of a Chemistry Laboratory: A Step Forward For Maintaining Safety Measures." Oriental Journal of Physical Sciences 2, no. 1 (June 25, 2017): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojps02.01.06.
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Chemistry laboratories have been classified as dangerous workplaces as many hazardous chemicals are used within. Some of these chemicals have a high risk score and dealing with them without taking into considerations any potential damage to properties/people is absolutely unprofessional and irresponsible. In this regard, in order to offer a reasonable protection for people and facilities, we deduce a feasible safety practice based on our thorough evaluation for one of the chemistry laboratories in our academic institution (Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Women, Baghdad University). This evaluation revealed that safety precautions must be always adopted within any chemistry laboratory and safety officer must regularly inspect laboratories to check their compliance with safety standards. Herein, we present our evaluation, and observations as well as thoughts to promote this chemistry laboratory in terms of safety measures.
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Idris, M. A., and S. Chelliapan. "Assessment of safety control measures for centralized Chlorine gas system." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1143, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1143/1/012025.
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Abstract As a glove manufacturing plant, the chemical is one of the most highly used materials. Some chemicals impact human health, environmental aspects, and physical hazards such as highly flammable gas. Chlorine gas is one of them. Besides the accidental release of chlorine gas incidents, ill-health issues are another aspect that should be taken care of. This study aims to determine the current chlorine concentration at a centralized chlorine gas manifold system in a rubber glove manufacturing plant and evaluate the existing safety control measures. A concept of safety by design, inherently safety, and the fail-safe system was considered during the study. The results show that the chlorine concentration level during drum replacement by the crew is at an average of 1.154 ppm and the standard deviation at 0.3478. The highest concentration was at 1.8 ppm. The wet scrubber assessment was done using the Industrial Ventilation and visual assessments and measurements within the system, including capture velocity, face velocity, and duct velocity or transport velocity. Other assessed parameters are total pressure, static pressure, and velocity pressure. The assessment found that the duct performance for all parameters complies with a minimum requirement of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) guidelines.
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Prodanchuk, M. G., O. P. Kravchuk, N. V. Kurdil, V. A. Raks, V. S. Mikhailov, and P. V. Aleinov. "Reference Centre for Identification and Control of Chemicals: Role and Place in the National System of Chemical Safety." Ukrainian Journal of Modern Toxicological Aspects 89, no. 2 (November 18, 2020): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33273/2663-4570-2020-89-2-14-19.
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In 2014 Ukraine accepted the OSCE proposal to develop an Integrated Chemical Safety and Security Program in Ukraine (ICSSP) aiming to develop a collaborative framework between the Ukrainian partners, the OSCE and the international partners for an effective and coordinated actions to ensure chemical safety and security. The main goal of the ICSSP program is to improve Ukraine’s ability to prevent, prepare for and respond to inappropriate handling of chemicals.Effective chemical safety will help to increase the level of protection of chemical materials, associated facilities and vehicles. ICSSP also had to ensure the implementation of modern solutions and coordinated approaches to strengthen the protection of critical infrastructure in Ukraine. A comprehensive review, conducted as the first step in the implementation of ICSSP, showed that the program should be aimed at introducing national activities in the field of chemical safety by a wide range of national authorities with a focus on the development of legislative and administrative measures for the implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540 in the chemical industry. Realization of the program objectives will provide: — creating a national (regional) Reference Centre for Identification and Control of Chemicals, able to make expert conclusions regarding hazardous chemicals and precursors quickly and reliably; — expanding opportunities to detect chemicals, conduct toxicological studies, including for the purpose of export control and forensic investigations, and the possibility to clarify the nature and characteristics of “unknown” chemicals; — improving capabilities of regional network of chemical analytical laboratories to identify toxic chemicals and ability to conduct joint research, as well as to train laboratory personnel and to exchange good laboratory practices. The National Reference Centre can serve as a model laboratory and national (regional) training platform for the dissemination of knowledge and best practices.It can help to solve regional problems, because the neighbouring countries Moldova, Georgia, Azerbaijan and even some EU countries also need such assistance. Key Words: chemical safety, Reference Centre, preventive toxicology.
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Ishchenko, A., N. Stuchynska, L. Haiova, and E. Shchepanskiy. "Chemical safety in the context of environmental goals of sustainable development." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 915, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/915/1/012032.
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Abstract The aim of the article is to carry out a systematic analysis of the components of chemical safety in the context of the environmental aspect of sustainable development goals and to identify those components with the help of competent health professionals. Hazardous chemicals can travel for long distances, be accumulated in the environment as well as cause adverse effects on human health through food chains. The action of toxicants of inorganic and organic nature occurs due to the violation of metabolic processes, inhibition of enzymes, and biotransformation of xenobiotics into more toxic compounds. Physicians must be clearly aware of the relationship in the “toxicant-pathology” system; understand the molecular mechanisms of the hazardous chemicals action; use terminology regarding toxicological characteristics of toxicants; conduct educational, treatment, and prevention activities among the population; acquire information on regulations governing the management of chemical compounds. The next component of chemical safety is the knowledge of approaches to chemical labeling and safety measures for working with chemical products throughout their life cycle. Proper interpretation of the type and level of hazard will enable taking necessary precautions and following relevant safety rules while working with chemical products.
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Li, Yizhe. "Enhancing Hazardous Chemical Management in Chinese University Laboratories: Strategies for Safety and Efficiency." Journal of Electronic Research and Application 8, no. 1 (January 18, 2024): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/jera.v8i1.5980.
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This paper examines the management of hazardous chemicals in Chinese university laboratories, identifying keychallenges and proposing improvements. It reviews current practices and safety measures, highlighting deficiencies suchas inadequate safety systems and insufficient awareness among personnel. The study emphasizes the necessity of tailoredsafety management systems, the integration of digital tracking technologies like Radio Frequency Identification, andenhanced safety training for staff. The proposed recommendations aim to mitigate risks and enhance laboratory safety andefficiency. In conclusion, the paper asserts that a comprehensive approach, encompassing improved management systems,technological advancements, and educational initiatives, is essential for safer chemical handling in academic researchenvironments
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Chemicals - Safety measures"
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Thivhafuni, Phumudzo Olga. "Managing chemicals at the University of Limpopo : A safety perspective." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/842.
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Thesis (MBA.) --University of Limpopo, 2008Chemicals are found to be enormously dangerous on the health and safety criteria. In academic laboratories, chemical safety has always been a major concern. Safety risks are either not perceived at all, or perceived to be less dangerous than what they actually are. The climate of safety in any organization consists of employees’ attitudes towards, and perceptions of safety behaviour. In academic departments, safety is influenced by factors such as the organisational environment, management attitude and commitment, the nature of the job or task, and the personal attributes of the individual. This study is concerned with safety climate and chemical management practices in academic departments. More specifically, it investigates the safety perceptions, attitudes, and chemical management behaviours of university employees. It represents the empirical results of a questionnaire survey administered in a university department and direct observations of safe and unsafe chemical management behaviours, targeting employees who work with chemicals. Based upon the survey analysis results, this study demonstrates that employees in the academic departments under study have a good degree of risk awareness and a relatively high degree of safety consciousness. The results also reveal employees’ intentional unsafe chemical management behaviours. Further, it was found, empirically, that overall employees’ intentional unsafe behaviours seem to be best explained by employees’ perceptions of management attitude and commitment to safety, social and physical work environment, priority for safety, as well as their perception of the risk they are generally exposed to in their work environment. The study, thus, establishes that perceptions of management attitudes and actions have a direct effect on employees’ behaviour. There is a positive correlation between workers’ safety climate and chemical management safe behaviour in academic departments.
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Walsh, Wendy. "Hazardous substances legislation in the educational environment : strategies for compliance." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1997.
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The Queensland Workplace Health and Safety Act 1995, Regulation,Compliance Standards and Advisory Standards provide a framework for improving levels of workplace health and safety. The Act outlines particular health and safety obligations placed on all members of the workforce. In 1995, the Workplace Health and Safety (Hazardous Substances) Compliance Standard was released. This compliance standard was based on National
Model Regulations for Hazardous Substances. This legally binding compliance standard has prompted the Department of Education, Queensland to begin
appraising its position in light of new regulations.
The aim of this study was to examine the most appropriate method for achieving compliance with Hazardous Substances legislation in the Educational Environment. The population of the study was drawn from the Department of
Education, Queensland which is diverse in both educational environment and geographical location. The study consisted of the distribution and analysis of a
survey to two sample populations of school Principals (n=90) and regional Occupational Health and Safety Advisers (n=11) of which 77 and 11 surveys were completed and returned respectively. The results highlighted the fact that although 87% of school Principals sampled
were aware of Hazardous Substances Legislation only 62% had altered their practices in order to comply with the law. Major barriers were identified to achieving compliance including insufficient resources, insufficient time and the complexity of the legislation.
The literature highlighted the nature of hazardous substances in the educational
setting as opposed to that in heavy industry. The differences emphasising the
probable time, resources and interpretation of law when numerous substances
in small controlled amounts are in use as opposed to large volumes of a few
substances.
Principals and Regional Occupational Health and Safety Advisers identified
methods of assistance that would be of most benefit to educational facilities. They were eager to receive assistance that would minimise time and resource
expenditure such as generic assessments of risk, a state wide systems approach in the form of a support document and access to training. Access to disposal assistance and advice was another form of assistance sought . Although disposal is not specifically addressed in the Workplace
Health and Safety (Hazardous Substances) Compliance Standard, 1995, the
ultimate outcome of compliance requires the disposal of excess quantities of
substances not in current use.It was concluded that although the hazardous substances legislation is
mandatory, many schools in Queensland are currently unable to comply without a statewide strategy of assistance. The use of the theory of Participative
Management in the collection of information was useful in obtaining relevant and meaningful data. Recommendations drawn from this study based on the requirements for legislative compliance and the requirements of educational locations within the Department of Education (Queensland) were as follows:
• Development of a support document providing a clear process for the
management of hazardous substances in schools.
• Provision of a coordinated, statewide approach to purchasing and disposal of
hazardous substances.
• Development of generic strategies through the shared use of knowledge and
expertise available.
• Development of policy reflecting the response of the Department of Education to the requirements of school locations.
The effectiveness of the implementation of these recommendations and the benefits of participative management in the development of policy may provide
topics for further research within this area.
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Chan, Wai-man, and 陳偉文. "The control and management of dangerous substances and chemicals in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253945.
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Moore, Albert W. "A computer-based training course for assessing material safety data sheet comprehension." Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06232009-063332/.
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Kwayiba, Thamsanqa Felix. "Workers' perceptions of occupational safety and health administration measures at Sasol Infrachem in Sasolburg." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1001090.
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This is a qualitative study that seeks to explore the workers’ perceptions towards the occupational safety and health administration (OSHA) system at the petrochemical industrial plant Sasol Infrachem in Sasolburg. It provides a platform for shop floor workers to express their subjective perceptions of the company’s OSHA measures by answering open ended questions. The study advances the notion that notwithstanding the safety managers’ efforts towards ensuring a safety regime in the workplace, however lucrative these might be, to really ensure a safe working environment in the workplace will always depend on the individual workers’ motivation to participate safely at work at any given time to ensure his/her safety and that of others. The study explores this subject by considering how they perceive these safety strategies, their vigilance, attitudes, their ownership of these and their inclination to comply with the occupational safety and health administration measures of Sasol. This study follows a Postmodernist theoretical framework emphasizing differences. Difference is a first and foremost identity feature of human beings. This goes for both their external and internal qualities. How workers perceive and relate to safety concepts will always be shaped by the differences among them. The study also makes use of the Environmental Justice Theory as a central theme, that holds that one life lost is one too many. At the forefront of industries are shop floor workers who are most vulnerable to workplace incident.The study assumes this premise with regard to their safety and health in the workplace
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Tattersall, Anna Susanna Magdalena. "Oorsake van aangemelde landbouchemikalievergiftigings in die Boland : 1996-2000." Thesis, Cape Technikon, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2265.
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Thesis (MTech (Nursing))--Cape Technikon, 2003.The developed countries of the world utilise 80% of the agricultural chemicals that are used in the agricultural sector. A total of 99% of all agricultural chemical poisoning occurs in developing countries. South Africa is classified as a developing country. During the five-year period from 1996 - 2000, 36.2% (50 cases) of the average number of cases of agricultural chemical poisoning that were reported in South Africa were in the Western Cape. Three out of four (75%) deaths as a result of agricultural chemicals during the same period were in the Western Cape. The agricultural activities that are undertaken in the Western Cape are labour intensive and various agricultural chemicals are applied continuously to meet the quality requirements of the export market. The purposes of this study were: i) to determine which factors contributed to the reported cases of agricultural chemical poisoning in the Winelands, Overberg and Breede River District Councils during the five-year period from 1January 1996 until31 December 2000, ii) to determine what procedure was followed to report these cases of poisoning, iii) to determine whether a biological monitoring programme was in place at the time of the reported poisonings, and iv) to group and to analyse the recommendations that were made during the investigation. The research methodology included a literature study to establish a theoretical framework. A descriptive retrospective quantitative research design was applied.
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Bakand, Shahnaz Safety Science Faculty of Science UNSW. "Development of in vitro methods for toxicity assessment of workplace air contaminants." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Safety Science, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/24246.
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Exposure to air contaminants is significantly associated with both short-term and long-term health effects. However, the precise mechanisms that derive such effects are not always understood. While an extensive background database from in vivo toxicological studies have been developed, most toxicity data is from oral and dermal chemical exposures rather than inhalation exposure. There is a need to explore new alternative approaches to provide toxicity information particularly on this technically demanding area. This research explores the potential of in vitro methods for toxicity assessment of workplace air contaminants. A tiered approach for in vitro toxicity testing of workplace contaminants was designed in which appropriate air sampling and exposure techniques were developed. A diversified battery of in vitro assays including the MTS (tetrazolium salt, Promega), NRU (neutral red uptake, Sigma) and ATP (adenosine triphosphate, Promega) and a multiple human cell system including: A549- lung derived cells; HepG2-liver derived cells, and skin fibroblasts were used. Primarily the application and merits of in vitro methods for prediction of toxicity of selected workplace contaminants including Ammonium hydroxide, Cadmium chloride, Cobalt chloride, Formaldehyde, Glutaraldehyde, Manganese chloride, Mercuric chloride, Sodium dichromate, Sulphureous acid and Zinc chloride was confirmed. To study the toxicity of airborne contaminants an indirect exposure method was established using air sampling techniques followed by static and dynamic direct exposure methods by culturing cells on porous membranes to reveal representative data relating to human airborne exposures. The static method enabled the measurement of an airborne IC50 (50% inhibitory concentration) value for selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including: Xylene (IC50 = 5,350-8,200 ppm) and Toluene (IC50 = 10,500- 16,600 ppm) after 1 hr exposure. By implementing the dynamic method, airborne IC50 values were calculated for gaseous contaminants including: NO2 (IC50 = 11 ?? 3.54 ppm; NRU), SO2 (IC50 = 48 ?? 2.83 ppm; ATP) and NH3 (IC50 = 199 ?? 1.41 ppm; MTS). A higher sensitivity of in vitro methods was observed compared to in vivo published data. A range of in vitro bioassays in conjunction with exposure techniques developed in this thesis may provide an advanced technology for a comprehensive risk assessment of workplace air contaminants.
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Grilly, Joshua David. "Switchable Solvents for Novel Chemical Processing." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7461.
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This work seeks to develop new solvents for environmentally benign chemical synthesis. Switchable solvents are a new class of compounds that change properties upon the application of some stimulus such as heat, UV light, or pH. We have developed the use of a new solvent, thiirane oxide, that has chemical properties similar to DMSO. Thiirane oxide, however, undergoes facile decomposition to two gases at temperatures above 100 C, which is much lower than the temperature required for removing DMSO. Thus we have a solvent with excellent solvation properties, but with a built-in switch for easier removal. However, thiirane oxide leaves behind sulfurous products which make the reverse reaction to reform the solvent unfeasible. We are also developing the use of another solvent, piperylene sulfone, which is expected to have good solvent properties, yet with decomposition products that can be reacted to reform the solvent. This thesis also details the work to date on piperylene sulfone.
Gas-expanded liquids (GXLs) also show promise as a new reaction medium. In order to design solvent systems that take full advantage of this medium, we desire to understand the microstructure of these fluids. To that end, we are using cage reactions to probe solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interactions at the molecular level. This thesis discusses the current research on using cage reactions to probe the structure of GXLs.
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Muralidhara, Anitha. "Physico-chemical safety issues pertaining to biosourced furanics valorization with a focus on humins as biomass resource." Thesis, Compiègne, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019COMP2508.
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Le travail de recherche présenté dans ce manuscrit fait partie intégrante d’un projet de recherche collaborative financé par l’Union-Européenne (Il s’agit d’un projet H2020 de type « Marie-Curie Action »), dénommé HUGS (pour « HUmins as Green and Sustainable precursors for eco-friendly building-blocks and materials »). Ce projet de recherche implique 5 partenaires (INERIS/UTC, France, Avantium, Pays-Bas, Université de Sophia Antipolis/CNRS, France, l’université de Cordoue, Espagne et le LIKAT de l’université de Rostock en Allemagne). La recherche menée dans ce projet est essentiellement structurée via la mise en place de 5 programmes sous-jacents de doctorat (intitulé « Doctorat industriel européen » dans l’appel d’offre H2020 (H2020-MSCA-ITN-2015) auquel a répondu le consortium de recherche), mis en place lors du lancement du projet « HUGS » en 2016. L’objectif premier du projet HUGS concerne l’étude de divers chemins de valorisation à haute valeur ajoutée des humines. Ces résidus de biomasse, à l’instar des lignines se présentent comme des sources de carbone renouvelable à faible coût, en émergence dans nombre de bioraffineries modernes. Les humines sont des résidus complexes résultant du procédé de déshydratation par catalyse acide des polysaccharides (sucres en C5 et C6) contenus dans la biomasse lignocellulosique, ayant des cycles furaniques dans sa structure polymère. Le travail présenté ici est centré essentiellement sur les questionnements de sécurité soulevés par la phase de développement du projet. De manière plus ciblée, des actions prioritaires ont été définies, à savoir l’obtention d’un premier profilage des risques à caractère physicochimique des humines, ainsi qu’une première évaluation des risques des composés furaniques, lesquels constituent une famille de composés potentiellement très grande et représentent une voie encourageante vers le développement de nouveaux synthons au service d’une économie biosourcée. Les humines étant des résidus fatals, leur réutilisation sure et durable constitue aussi une étape stratégique dans le contexte de l’économie circulaire. De manière opérationnelle, le travail a compris les principaux axes de recherche suivants : • Revue bibliographique continue tout au long du travail de thèse concernant les humines, les composés furaniques et les matériaux associés (polymères) en termes de données relatives à la sécurité et ayant conduit aux principales informations suivantes: o Rareté /absence d’études sur les dangers physiques des humines et nombres de composés furaniques, car ces produits sont souvent au premier stade de leur développement o Malgré une la disponibilité très limitée de données pertinentes sur la sécurité, le constat est fait que les aspects de toxicité (par ingestion) sont le plus souvent le point focal des études, au détriment de l’examen des dangers physiques.o Seuls quelques composés furaniques (ethers, esters) ont spécifiquement fait l’objet de l’étude de certaines caractérisations en lien avec la sécurité (par exemple en termes de stabilité thermique), dans le cas d’application comme composants biosourcés de carburants innovants o De nombreuses variables influent sur les caractéristiques des humines et notamment leur méthode de production : ce qui signifie que les résultats obtenus sur les humines dans le cadre de ce projet (une seule source d’approvisionnement) mériteraient des travaux de consolidation dans le futur • Développements analytiques intégrant un premier examen de la distribution des points d’éclair en fonction des chaleurs de combustion des composés furaniques et une analyse des chaleurs de combustion de ces mêmes composés furaniquesThe present research work was integrated as part of the EU-funded project named HUGS (HUmins as Green and Sustainable precursors for eco-friendly building blocks and materials), involving 5 main partners (Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques - France, Avantium - the Netherlands, Institut de Chimie de Nice - France, Universidad De Cordoba- Spain and Leibniz - Institut Fur Katalyse Ev An Der Universitat Rostock- Germany). The project is essentially supported through five European Industrial Doctorate fellowships put in place when the HUGS-MSCA-ITN-2015 program was launched in 2016. The primary objective of the HUGS project was to explore several valorization pathways of so-called “humins” in order to add value and create better business cases. Humins (and similarly lignins) are the side products that may become low-cost feedstock resulting from a number of future biorefineries and sugar conversion processes. Humins are complex residues resulting from the Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration and condensation of sugars, having furan-rings in their polymeric structures. The work presented in this specific part of the HUGS project is essentially focusing on safety-related topics of all components and subsequent applications related to sugar dehydration technology. Priority actions were devoted to a first insight on the characterization of physicochemical safety profiles of the side-product humins and main (parent) furanic products. Some members of this large family of compounds (e.g. RMF and FDCA) have high volume potential which results in opening new doors towards the development of furanbased building blocks and a bio-based economy. Humins are residues or side products which can be burnt for energy. However, its safe and sustainable use in high-value applications could also become a key milestone in the so-called circular economy. In practice, the work has been developed in two main locations: primarily at the INERIS lab, located in Verneuil-en-Halatte and at Avantium, located in Amsterdam. Nearly all experimental research after the production of the components at Avantium was performed at INERIS. This involved the evaluation of physicochemical hazards of both humins (crude industrial humins and humin foams obtained by thermal curing) and a series of furanic compounds. Avantium is involved in the commercialization of humins, furanics and furanic polymers/materials as novel chemicals and materials. The work has encompassed: An extensive bibliographical review of humins, furanics, and their related products (polymers, composites) resulted in the following main conclusions o A lack of physicochemical safety-oriented studies for many furanic compounds and for humins was observed as these products are still in the early stage of development and only a few may be commercialized in the next 5 years.o Despite the limited availability of safety-related data, more studies on toxicity aspects have been conducted for a selected number of furanics than physicochemical safety-related aspects. o A few furanic family members that have been evaluated as biofuel components were found to have given better emphasis on addressing some physicochemical safety attributes. o Every modification of the process for acid-catalyzed sugar dehydration (such as solvent, temperature, residence time and sugar concentration) will result in different humins, which would certainly demand further characterization and safety profiling of the resulting humins. • Analytical development integrating the first examination of flash point distribution versus the Net Heating Values, and analysis of total heats of combustion of furanic compounds. • Design and development of experimental plan addressing the safety-related key parameters such as thermal stability, self-heating risks, fire-risk-assessment and flammability limits depending on the need for specific tests and availability of the test samples
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Carelse, Valery Vanessa. "An analysis of the safety practices at Sasol Polymers by applying a safety culture framework." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/8523.
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Thesis (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Many organisations have reached plateaus in their safety performance and are constantly exploring new methods to improve. Traditional safety practices e.g. engineering solutions, safety management systems, and other administrative controls do not enable organisations to make the required step change in safety performance. Safety culture is a new safety “buzz word” and is promoted as a phenomenon that could assist organisations in improving safety performance in their endeavour to safety excellence. It is however, a relatively new concept and research in this field was completed during the past two decades only. Safety culture is a multi-dimensional, dynamic and complex concept. An improved understanding of the safety culture concept is required to enable organisations to determine the value of pursuing safety culture enhancement in their quest for superior safety performance.
Books on the topic "Chemicals - Safety measures"
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Mahn, William J. Academic laboratory chemical hazardsguidebook. New York, N.Y: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991.
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Rebecca, Allen, and Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain), eds. Chemical safety data sheets. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 1992.
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1940-, Tamura Masamitsu, ed. Safety of reactive chemicals. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier, 1987.
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Bach, P. H. b. 1946., International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry., International Programme on Chemistry Safety., World Health Organization, International Labour Organisation, and United Nations Environment Programme, eds. Chemical safety matters. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
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1932-, Benuzzi A., and Zaldívar J. M. 1958-, eds. Safety of chemical batch reactors and storage tanks. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.
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Heindel, George D. Introduction to chemical laboratory safety. Washington, D.C: American Chemical Soceity, 1991.
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American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Center for Chemical Process Safety., ed. Guidelines for chemical transportation risk analysis. New York: Center for Chemical Process Safety of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1995.
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Brown, A. L. Rural safety: Chemicals and dangerous substances. Chatswood, NSW: Inkata Press, 1995.
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Britton, Laurence G. Avoiding static ignition hazards in chemical operations. New York: Center for Chemical Process Safety of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1999.
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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response and United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention Office, eds. Chemical safety for your community: Grant products you can use. [Washington, DC]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1996.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Chemicals - Safety measures"
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Chivers, G. E. "Health and Safety Hazards and Precautions in Chemical Laboratories." In Handbook of Laboratory Health and Safety Measures, 87–119. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9363-7_7.
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Chivers, G. E. "Health and Safety Hazards and Precautions in Chemical Laboratories." In Handbook of Laboratory Health and Safety Measures, 101–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7897-4_7.
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Nabil, Shariful Kibria, Nadira Mustari, and Mohidus Samad Khan. "Sources and Health Impacts of Chemical Contaminants in Foods." In Techniques to Measure Food Safety and Quality, 31–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68636-9_3.
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Gaberthüel, Matthias, Brigitte Slaats, and Melanie Goll. "What does it take to develop a nematicide today and for the future?" In Integrated nematode management: state-of-the-art and visions for the future, 439–45. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247541.0061.
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Abstract There are three major drivers for the development of a next-generation chemical nematicide. The first key element of a new nematicide is strong intrinsic potency against all economically relevant plant parasitic nematodes to ensure maximum protection leading to best return on investment for this measure, in yield, to the farmer. Secondly, the chemical should have an improved human and environmental safety profile in comparison to commercially available nematicides in the market, thus overcoming existing and future global regulatory constraints. The final driver is the ease of use of the product to provide a convenient, simple and effective method of application such as a seed-applied technology. This chapter discusses the history of nematicides, nematicide development, and the use of chemical nematicides as an important tool in integrated nematode management. It describes the application of prediction models, crop rotations, cultivation system adaptation and breeding to support chemical nematicides in the management of nematodes. Future nematicide development trends are also mentioned.
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Villa, Valeria, Genserik Reniers, and Valerio Cozzani. "Application of Economic Analysis to the Selection of Security Measures Against Environmental Accidents in a Chemical Installation." In Enhancing CBRNE Safety & Security: Proceedings of the SICC 2017 Conference, 281–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91791-7_32.
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Nwaogu, Chukwudi. "Improving Food Security by Adapting and Mitigating Climate Change-Induced Crop Pest: The Novelty of Plant-Organic Sludge in Southern Nigeria." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1659–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_135.
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AbstractClimate change is a global issue threatening food security, environmental safety, and human health in tropical and developing countries where people depend mainly on agriculture for their livelihood. Nigeria ranks among the top in the global yam production. It has the largest population in Africa and has been able to secure food for its growing population through food crops especially yam. Unfortunately, the recent increase in termites’ colonies due to climate change threatens yam yield. Besides harming man and environment, pesticides are expensive and not easily accessible to control the pests. This prompted a study which aimed at applying a biotrado-cultural approach in controlling the termites, as well as improving soil chemical properties and yam production. The study hypothesized that Chromolaena odorata and Elaeis guineensis sludge improved soil nutrient and yam yield and consequently decreased termites’ outbreak. In a randomized design experiment of five blocks and five replicates, five different treatments including unmanaged (UM), Vernonia amygdalina (VA), Chromolaena odorata (CO), Elaeis guineensis (EG) liquid sludge, and fipronil (FP) were applied in termites-infested agricultural soil. Data were collected and measured on the responses of soil chemical properties, termites, and yam yield to treatments using one-way ANOVA, regression, and multivariate analyses. The result showed that Chromolaena odorata (CO) and EG treatments were the best treatments for controlling termites and increase yam production. Termites were successfully controlled in VA and FP treatments, but the control was not commensurate with yam production. The experiment needs to be extended to other locations in the study region. It also requires an intensive and long-term investigation in order to thoroughly understand (i) the influence of climate change on the termites’ outbreak, (ii) the extent of termite damage to the crops, (iii) the impacts of climate change and variability on yam yields, (iii) the agricultural and economic benefits of the applied treatments, and (iv) the ecological and human health safety of the treatments.
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Bu, Quanmin, Jun He, and Xing Tong. "Analysis on the reasons and response measures for accidents of dangerous chemicals transport." In Progress in Mine Safety Science and Engineering II, 705–10. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b16606-134.
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Ranjeeta Palas Chatterjee, Dr. "FOOD ADULTERANTS AND XENOBIOTICS." In Futuristic Trends in Agriculture Engineering & Food Sciences Volume 3 Book 1, 214–24. Iterative International Publisher, Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58532/v3bcagp1ch17.
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The book chapter on "Food Adulterants and Xenobiotics" unfolds a critical examination of the substances that find their way into the food we consume, posing potential risks to our health. It unravels the deceptive practices of food adulteration, where artificial colors, flavorings, preservatives, fillers, and pesticides infiltrate our meals. The chapter navigates through the types and sources of these adulterants, shedding light on their impact on nutritional quality and overall safety. Simultaneously, it explores the realm of xenobiotics, foreign substances like heavy metals and industrial chemicals that can contaminate our food chain. The chapter explains about the xenobiotics, its types and sources,the health implications, detection and analysis of food adulterants and xenobiotics, the regulatory measures and food safety standards, mitigation strategies for ensuring food safety and the future perspectives and challenges. The discussion spans the health implications of these additives and contaminants, encompassing acute toxicity, chronic health effects, and allergic reactions. To empower readers with awareness, the chapter outlines various detection and analysis methods, ranging from sophisticated laboratory techniques to rapid screening tests. It also emphasizes the regulatory measures and standards in place to ensure food safety. Offering a holistic view, the chapter serves as a practical guide, encouraging consumers to make informed choices, regulators to enforce stringent measures, and the food industry to prioritize the production of safe and unadulterated food for a healthier global populace.
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Clouthier, Martin P., Luc Cormier, Marc Hodapp, and Damilare Ogungbemide. "Dust explosions: Safety measures." In Methods in Chemical Process Safety, 193–228. Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.mcps.2019.05.001.
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Chandra Kashyap, Gyan, Praveen Chokhandre, and Shri Kant Singh. "Responsiveness of Occupational Health Risk and Preventive Measures Practice by the Workers Employed in Tannery Occupation in Kanpur, India." In Occupational Health [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95110.
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Occupational health covers all aspects of health and safety in the workplace and has a strong focus on primary prevention of hazards. The objective of the study was to understand the extent of awareness about occupational health risks involved in tannery occupation and adopted preventive measures by the tannery workers of Kanpur, India. Information for the present research was strained from a cross-sectional household study of tannery workers in the Jajmau area of Kanpur. The survey was piloted through the period January–June 2015, and 284 samples were collected. The prevalence of awareness of tannery work is very hazardous in nature varies from 73–93% among the tannery workers. Tannery workers having a middle-school level of education were 3.01 times more likely to be aware of the hazards as compared to the illiterate workers. Tannery workers aged 36 and above were less likely to aware of a hazardous work environment. Further, tannery workers who belong to the younger cohort (16–24 years) reported a higher awareness of respiratory problems (38%), skin complaints (59%), and gastrointestinal issues (21%) than those aged 36 years and above. About one-third of Beam house workers (33%) and over a quarter (26%) of the wet finishing had moderate to high dermal contact with the chemicals. The study’s outcomes give a clear indication of the effect of the workstation environment on the health status of workers and require the use of adequate measures to improve the facilities and thereby the health status of tannery workers.
Conference papers on the topic "Chemicals - Safety measures"
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Stoyanova, Antoaneta. "PREVENTION IN THE REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR STORAGE OF CHEMICALS AND MIXTURES." In THE LAW AND THE BUSINESS IN THE CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY 2020. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/lbcs2020.94.
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Preventing the risk of accidents and fires with hazardous substances limits their consequences for human life and health, as well as for the environment in general. Therefore, an assessment of compliance with the necessary regulatory criteria and documentation of the classification of chemicals and preparations is needed. The purpose of this study is to perform an analysis of regulatory requirements related to chemicals and mixtures and to present a methodology for assessing and managing their compatibility during storage according to their hazard class. The adopted safety measures and requirements are aimed at ensuring the safety of the storage of hazardous chemicals and materials, because they cause many hazards to both human health and the environment. This material is aimed at business operators related to the transport and storage of dangerous goods, as well as companies that use and store chemicals as raw materials for the production of their chemical products.
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Popovic, Predrag L. "REPAIR OF UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES." In Assessment, maintenance and rehabilitation of structures. Association of Civil Engineers of Serbia, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sgisxiii.01pp.
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Underground structures are often exposed to soil and water pressures, various aggressive chemicals, temperature variations, and the impact and vibrations of the equipment used. These often result in chemical attack on concrete, corrosion of steel reinforcing and loss of load-carrying capacity of the steel framing. To properly evaluate and repair underground structures, one has to apply a combination of geotechnical engineering, knowledge of materials and of structural engineering. Underground work requires special safety measures and training of workers and engineers. In addition to potential for dangerous gases and vertical fall hazards, the spaces to work in are very restricted. This paper present investigations and methods for repairs for typical mine shafts, tunnels and underpinning of building and bridge foundations. Types of deterioration are described, and various methods of repairs are presented.
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Inaudi, Daniele, Roberto Walder, and Rob de Bont. "Fast Detection and Localization of Small Leaks in Toxic Pipelines Using Distributed Fibre Optic Sensors." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33443.
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Over the past decades, several major industrial accidents led the chemical industries handling large quantities of dangerous substances and national regulation bodies to reinforce the safety and prevention measures of their installations, in compliance with local laws such as the Seveso II directive in Europe. Indeed, leakages of chemicals can be at the origin of toxic releases, which can have severe consequences on the installations as well as on the environment and nearby inhabitants. Industries are prompted to take all possible measures to reduce the occurrence of such catastrophic events by implementing additional technical safety barriers in order to prevent or mitigate any potential danger on their key structures such as pipelines, reactors, storages, transfer lines, etc. Pipeline leakages may have different origins, such as corrosion, fatigue, material flaws, shocks, abnormal temperatures, extreme pressures, or excessive deformations caused by ground movement. In the case of liquefied or pressurized gases, leakages can be detected by the rapid drop of temperature due to the evaporation of the released liquid and its evaporation gases or due to gas expansion. These local thermal anomalies can be reliably detected by a fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing system able to detect temperature changes of the order of 1°C, with 1m spatial resolution and 10s response time. A fiber optic cable is installed all along the whole length of the pipeline and is connected to a measurement system that can automatically detect temperature anomalies which are telltale of leakages and generate an alert to initiate appropriate response actions on the affected pipeline section. Such a system has been permanently deployed at several industrial and chemicals sites were functional and operational tests have also been carried out. This paper will present the system architecture and installation at an ammonia production, storage, shipping and processing site. Results of simulated leakage detection tests on ammonia pipeline and long-term operation in normal conditions will also be presented.
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Tayab, Muhammad, Hamda Al Suwaidi, Hind Al Zaabi, Pravin Kumar, Vishal Shah, and Abdulla Saif. "Preventing Process Safety Incidents in Upstream & Downstream Oil & Gas Operations by a Systematic Approach to Strengthen Process Safety & Asset Integrity Barriers." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/216025-ms.
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Abstract By prioritizing process safety and asset integrity, ADNOC has established a strong safety culture and a track record of safe and reliable operations. Its commitment to safety has helped to prevent incidents and protect its personnel, the environment, and its assets. Process safety incidents in the oil and gas industry can have serious consequences, including injury or loss of life, environmental damage, and damage to assets. Such incidents can occur during exploration, production, transportation, and refining of oil and gas. Some common process safety incidents in the oil and gas industry include: Blowouts: Blowouts occur when there is an uncontrolled release of oil or gas from a well. They can be caused by a number of factors, including equipment failure, human error, and natural disasters.Fires and explosions: Fires and explosions can occur due to a variety of reasons, including equipment failure, leaks, and human error. These incidents can cause significant damage to assets, as well as injury or loss of life.Chemical releases: Chemical releases can occur during the handling and processing of hazardous materials, such as hydrocarbons and chemicals used in production processes. These incidents can result in environmental damage, as well as injury or loss of life.Structural failures: Structural failures can occur due to equipment failure, natural disasters, or inadequate maintenance. These incidents can cause damage to equipment and facilities, as well as injury or loss of life. An analysis of over 50 Process Safety Events (PSE) involving Loss of Primary Containment (LoPC), both from Upstream & Downstream segments of Oil & gas operations was performed. The causes of these events were mapped with elements of process safety and asset integrity framework to identify focus areas. Preventing process safety incidents in the oil and gas industry requires a comprehensive approach that includes identifying and assessing risks, implementing preventive measures, establishing barriers, monitoring and maintaining barriers, and training personnel. Companies must also comply with relevant regulations and standards, and continuously improve their safety systems and procedures to ensure that risks are minimized and incidents are prevented. The results indicated that deficiencies and inadequacies in risk identification contributed to majority of process safety events. To prevent process safety incidents, companies like ADNOC must implement a comprehensive process safety management system that focuses more on risk assessments, and safety training. In addition, companies must prioritize asset integrity management to prevent equipment failures and maintenance issues that can lead to process safety incidents.
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Bra¨hler, Georg, K. Froschauer, P. Welbers, and D. Boyes. "The PBMR Fuel Plant: Proven Technology in Advanced Safety Environment." In Fourth International Topical Meeting on High Temperature Reactor Technology. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/htr2008-58060.
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The PBMR Fuel Plant (PFP), to be constructed at the Pelindaba site near Johannesburg will fuel the first South African Pebble Bed Modular Reactor. The qualification of the PBMR fuel shall be based on past experience with fuel which was produced in the German NUKEM/HOBEG plant and irradiated in the German AVR reactor. Accordingly, the PFP must produce the same fuel as the German plant did, and consequently, the design of the PFP has in essence to be a copy of the NUKEM/HOBEG plant. As a reminder this plant had been operated in accordance with the German regulatory rules which were defined in the years 1970/80. Since then, the requirements with regard to radiological protection, criticality safety and emission control have been significantly tightened, and of course the PFP must be designed in accordance with the most advanced international norms and standards. The implications which follow from these two potentially conflicting requirements, as defined above, are highlighted, and technical solutions are presented. Hence, the change from administrative criticality safety control to technical control, i.e. the application of safe geometry as far as possible, and the introduction of technical solutions for the remaining safe mass regime will be described. A lot of equipment in the Kernel area and in the recycling areas needed to be redesigned in safe geometry. The sensitive processes for Kernel Calcining, for the Coating and the Overcoating remain under safe mass regime, but the safety against criticality is completely independent from staff activities and based on technical measures. A new concept for safe storage of large volumes of Uranium-containing liquids has been developed. Also, the change from relatively open handling of Uranium to the application of containment enclosures wherever release of radioactivity into the room atmosphere is possible, will be addressed. This change required redesign of all process steps requiring the handling of dry Uranium oxides and uncoated Kernels. Finally, the introduction of processes for the near-total recycling of Uranium and chemicals, as well as for decontamination and purification of liquid and gaseous effluents will be presented. These processes were not available from NUKEM/HOBEG fuel facility and needed to be developed now, also following the above mentioned requirements, with respect to criticality safety and radiological protection.
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Balkey, J. J., J. F. Kleinsteuber, and R. E. Wieneke. "Successful Implementation of a Behavioral Safety Program at the Los Alamos National Laboratory Plutonium Facility." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4592.
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Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) is one of two design laboratories in the United States Department of Energy (DOE) weapons complex, with over 60 years of experience in handling hazardous and radioactive materials. Actinide research and development are performed in two nuclear facilities. The Plutonium Facility has been in operation since 1978, and the Chemistry and Metallurgy Research (CMR) Facility was built in 1952. The Nuclear Materials Technology (NMT) Division is responsible for operating both facilities in a safe and environmentally sound manner. At these NMT Division nuclear facilities, the primary hazards that are associated with chemicals and radioactive materials are well controlled, with minimal risk to the workforce and the public. Most workforce injuries are physical or ergonomic in nature. In an effort to increase safety awareness and to decrease accidents and incidents, a program focusing on identifying and eliminating unsafe behaviors was initiated. This process is named ATOMICS (for Allowing Timely Observations Measures Increased Commitment to Safety). Workers are trained on how to conduct safety observations of one another and given guidance on specific behaviors to note. Observations are structured to have minimal impact on the workload and are shared by the entire workforce. This program has effectively decreased an already low accident rate and will make long-term sustainability possible. The behavior-based safety process engages the workforce in the implementation and utilization of their own safety initative. The process is based on the simple act of having workers observe other workers and provide feedback on safe and at-risk behaviors. Observations typically take 10 to 15 minutes. Observations are strictly conducted under the conditions that no names are used and no blame is placed. A prospective observer takes 2 days of training on how to perform observations. To date, this behavioral safety program has been effective in further reducing the low accident/injury rate for the division. Most of the division’s workforce has taken observer training, and about half of those trained perform approximately 2500 observations per year on work conducted in NMT Division nuclear facilities.
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Schulz, Terry L., Timothy S. Andreychek, Yong J. Song, and Kevin F. McNamee. "Westinghouse AP1000 Solution to Long-Term Cooling Debris Concerns." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-76026.
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The AP1000 is a pressurized water reactor with passive safety features and extensive plant simplifications that provides significant and measurable improvements in safety, construction, reliability, operation, maintenance and costs. The design of the AP1000 incorporates a standard approach, which results in a plant design that can be constructed in multiple geographical regions with varying regulatory standards and expectations. The AP1000 uses proven technology, which builds on more than 2,500 reactor years of highly successful Westinghouse PWR operation. The AP1000 received Final Design Approval by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission in September 2004. The AP1000 Nuclear Power Plant uses natural recirculation of coolant to cool the core following a postulated Loss Of Coolant Accident (LOCA). Recirculation screens are provided in strategic areas of the plant to remove debris that might migrate with the water in containment and adversely affect core cooling. The approach used to avoid the potential for debris to plug the AP1000 recirculation screens is consistent with the guidance identified in Regulatory Guide 1.82 Revision 3, the Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) Industry Guidance of NEI 04–07, and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s Safety Evaluation on NEI 04–07. Various contributors to screen plugging were considered, including debris that could be produced by a LOCA, resident containment debris and post accident chemical products that might be generated in the coolant pool that forms on the containment floor post-accident. The solution developed for AP1000 includes three major aspects, including the elimination of debris sources by design, features that prevent transportation of debris to the screens and the use of large advanced screen designs. Measures were taken to design out debris sources including fibers, particles and chemicals. Available industry data from walkdowns in existing plants is used to determine the characteristics and amounts of the fibrous and particulate debris that could exist in containment prior to the LOCA. Materials used in the AP1000 containment are selected to eliminate post accident chemical debris generation. Large, advanced screen designs that can tolerate significant quantities of debris have been incorporated. Testing has been performed which demonstrates that the AP1000 screens will have essentially no head loss considering the debris that could be transported to them. Testing has also been performed on an AP1000 fuel assembly that demonstrates that it will also have essentially no head loss considering the debris that could be transported to it.
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Liu, Nan, Yan Chen, Yi Du, and Quanlei Luo. "Research on Safety Measures of Distributed PV generation System." In International Conference on Chemical,Material and Food Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/cmfe-15.2015.176.
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Baltazar, A., A. Ferreira, A. Lança, D. Barreira, J. Almeida, and T. Neves. "Chemical risks of plant protection products—preventive measures." In Selected Contributions From the International Symposium Occupational Safety and Hygiene (Sho 2017). CRC Press/Balkema P.O. Box 11320, 2301 EH Leiden, The Netherlands: CRC Press/Balkema, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315164809-102.
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Hering, Wolfgang, Alexandru Onea, Angela Jianu, Jens Reiser, Sven Ulrich, and Robert Stieglitz. "Liquid metals, materials and safety measures to progress to CSP 2.0." In SOLARPACES 2018: International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5117597.
Full textReports on the topic "Chemicals - Safety measures"
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Madrzykowski, Daniel. Firefighter Equipment Operational Environment: Evaluation of Thermal Conditions. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/igfm4492.
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The goal of this study was to review the available literature to develop a quantitative description of the thermal conditions firefighters and their equipment are exposed to in a structural fire environment. The thermal exposure from the modern fire environment was characterized through the review of fire research studies and fire-ground incidents that provided insight and data to develop a range of quantification. This information was compared with existing standards for firefighting protective equipment to generate a sense of the gap between known information and the need for improved understanding. The comparison of fire conditions with the thermal performance requirements of firefighter protective gear and equipment demonstrates that a fire in a compartment can generate conditions that can fail the equipment that a firefighter wears or uses. The review pointed out the following: 1. The accepted pairing of gas temperature ranges with a corresponding range of heat fluxes does not reflect all compartment fire conditions. There are cases in which the heat flux exceeds the hazard level of the surrounding gas temperature. 2. Thermal conditions can change within seconds. Experimental conditions and incidents were identified in which firefighters would be operating in thermal conditions that were safe for operation based on the temperature and heat flux, but then due to a change in the environment the firefighters would be exposed to conditions that could exceed the protective capabilities of their PPE. 3. Gas velocity is not explicitly considered within the thermal performance requirements. Clothing and equipment tested with a hot air circulating (convection) oven are exposed to gas velocities that measure approximately 1.5 m/s (3 mph). In contrast, the convected hot gas flows within a structure fire could range from 2.3 m/s (5 mph) to 7.0 m/s (15 mph). In cases where the firefighter or equipment would be located in the exhaust portion of a flow path, while operating above the level of the fire, the hot gas velocity could be even higher. This increased hot gas velocity would serve to increase the convective heat transfer rate to the equipment and the firefighter, thereby reducing the safe operating time within the structure. 4. Based on the limited data available, it appears currently available protective clothing enables firefighters to routinely operate in conditions above and beyond the "routine" conditions measured in the fire-ground exposure studies conducted during the 1970s. The fire service and fire standards communities could benefit from an improved understanding of: • real world fire-ground conditions, including temperatures, heat flux, pressure, and chemical exposures; • the impact of convection on the thermal resistance capabilities of firefighting PPE and equipment; and • the benefits of balancing the thermal exposures (thermal performance requirements) across different components of firefighter protective clothing and safety equipment. Because it is unlikely due to trade offs in weight, breathe-ability, usability, cost, etc., that fireproof PPE and equipment will ever be a reality, fire officers and fire chiefs need to consider the capabilities of the protection that their firefighters have when determining fire attack strategies and tactics to ensure that the PPE and equipment is kept within its design operating environment, and that the safety buffer it provides is maintained.
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Tandon, Samarth, and Ravi Krishnamurthy. PR-328-223812-R01 Tools and Methods to Assess Pipe Material Properties from Inside the Pipeline. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0000047.
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With the energy transition to alternative fuels like ethanol and hydrogen, the use of existing pipeline networks to transport these fuels would be the most economical. Pipeline tensile and fracture toughness material property characterization would be essential for fitness-for-service for alternate fuel transportation. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) Gas Transmission 49 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 192 states that if there is missing or inadequate material documentation, an operator must "implement a program to test pipe samples to establish material properties". The Maximum Operating Pressure (MOP) and Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure (MAOP) should be established using the record evidence and integrity management, requiring material properties like grade, yield, and tensile strength. Incomplete or partial records are inadequate for establishing MOP or MAOP. The current research explores tools and technologies that can reliably assess the material properties of components of a steel pipeline from the inside of the pipeline without requiring extensive excavation. The material properties in consideration are yield strength, toughness, ductility, hardness, and fracture toughness. Additionally, chemical composition and distribution and morphology of phases and grain structure characterization would be beneficial. The long seam weld type characterization assists with pipeline integrity management. Characterization of mechanical properties, including grade, fracture behavior, and metallurgical properties, is invaluable in confirming MOP and MAOP. More importantly, material characterization allows operators to determine these pipelines' suitability for alternative fuel transportation. The research explores mainly two different ILI technologies, MFL and Eddy Current, that can be used for material property characterization. Five different ILI technology providers were contacted, and their ILI technology reviewed for material property determination. One robotic inspection technology for hardness measurement was also explored. The study reviews the technologies, provides performance measures and recommendations for future research work.
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Dick, Warren, Yona Chen, and Maurice Watson. Improving nutrient availability in alkaline coal combustion by-products amended with composted animal manures. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7587240.bard.
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Hypothesis and Objectives: We hypothesized that coal combustion products (CCPs), including those created during scrubbing of sulfur dioxide from flue gases, can be used alone or mixed with composted animal manures as effective growth media for plants. Our specific objectives were, therefore, to (1) measure the chemical, physical and hydraulic properties of source materials and prepared mixes, (2) determine the optimum design mix of CCPs and composted animal manures for growth of plants, (3) evaluate the leachate water quality and plant uptake of selected elements from prepared mixes, (4) quantify the interaction between composted animal manures and B concentrations in the mixes, (5) study the availability of P to plants growing in the mixes, and (6) determine the microbial community and siderophores involved in the solubilization of Fe and its transfer to plants. Background: In recent years a major expansion of electricity production by coal combustion has taken place in Israel, the United States and the rest of the world. As a result, a large amount of CCPs are created that include bottom ash, fly ash, flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and other combustion products. In Israel 100,000 tons of fly ash (10% of total CCPs) are produced each year and in the US a total of 123 million tons of CCPs are produced each year with 71 million tons of fly ash, 18 million tons of bottom ash and 12 million tons of FGD gypsum. Many new scrubbers are being installed and will come on-line in the next 2 to 10 years and this will greatly expand the amount of FGD gypsum. One of the main substrates used in Israel for growth media is volcanic ash (scoria; tuff). The resemblance of bottom coal ash to tuff led us to the assumption that it is possible to substitute tuff with bottom ash. Similarly, bottom ash and FGD gypsum were considered excellent materials for creating growth mixes for agricultural and nursery production uses. In the experiments conducted, bottom ash was studied in Israel and bottom ash, fly ash and FGD gypsum was studied in the US. Major Achievements: In the US, mixes were tested that combine bottom ash, organic amendments (i.e. composts) and FGD gypsum and the best mixes supported growth of tomato, wheat and marigolds that were equal to or better than two commercial mixes used as a positive control. Plants grown on bottom ash in Israel also performed very well and microelements and radionuclides analyses conducted on plants grown on bottom coal ash proved it is safe to ingest the edible organs of these plants. According to these findings, approval to use bottom coal ash for growing vegetables and fruits was issued by the Israeli Ministry of Health. Implications: Bottom coal ash is a suitable substitute for volcanic ash (scoria; tuff) obtained from the Golan Heights as a growth medium in Israel. Recycling of bottom coal ash is more environmentally sustainable than mining a nonrenewable resource. The use of mixes containing CCPs was shown feasible for growing plants in the United States and is now being evaluated at a commercial nursery where red sunset maple trees are being grown in a pot-in-pot production system. In addition, because of the large amount of FGD gypsum that will become available, its use for production of agronomic crops is being expanded due to success of this study.
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Dick, Warren, Yona Chen, and Maurice Watson. Improving nutrient availability in alkaline coal combustion by-products amended with composted animal manures. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695883.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Hypothesis and Objectives: We hypothesized that coal combustion products (CCPs), including those created during scrubbing of sulfur dioxide from flue gases, can be used alone or mixed with composted animal manures as effective growth media for plants. Our specific objectives were, therefore, to (1) measure the chemical, physical and hydraulic properties of source materials and prepared mixes, (2) determine the optimum design mix of CCPs and composted animal manures for growth of plants, (3) evaluate the leachate water quality and plant uptake of selected elements from prepared mixes, (4) quantify the interaction between composted animal manures and B concentrations in the mixes, (5) study the availability of P to plants growing in the mixes, and (6) determine the microbial community and siderophores involved in the solubilization of Fe and its transfer to plants. Background: In recent years a major expansion of electricity production by coal combustion has taken place in Israel, the United States and the rest of the world. As a result, a large amount of CCPs are created that include bottom ash, fly ash, flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and other combustion products. In Israel 100,000 tons of fly ash (10% of total CCPs) are produced each year and in the US a total of 123 million tons of CCPs are produced each year with 71 million tons of fly ash, 18 million tons of bottom ash and 12 million tons of FGD gypsum. Many new scrubbers are being installed and will come on-line in the next 2 to 10 years and this will greatly expand the amount of FGD gypsum. One of the main substrates used in Israel for growth media is volcanic ash (scoria; tuff). The resemblance of bottom coal ash to tuff led us to the assumption that it is possible to substitute tuff with bottom ash. Similarly, bottom ash and FGD gypsum were considered excellent materials for creating growth mixes for agricultural and nursery production uses. In the experiments conducted, bottom ash was studied in Israel and bottom ash, fly ash and FGD gypsum was studied in the US. Major Achievements: In the US, mixes were tested that combine bottom ash, organic amendments (i.e. composts) and FGD gypsum and the best mixes supported growth of tomato, wheat and marigolds that were equal to or better than two commercial mixes used as a positive control. Plants grown on bottom ash in Israel also performed very well and microelements and radionuclides analyses conducted on plants grown on bottom coal ash proved it is safe to ingest the edible organs of these plants. According to these findings, approval to use bottom coal ash for growing vegetables and fruits was issued by the Israeli Ministry of Health. Implications: Bottom coal ash is a suitable substitute for volcanic ash (scoria; tuff) obtained from the Golan Heights as a growth medium in Israel. Recycling of bottom coal ash is more environmentally sustainable than mining a nonrenewable resource. The use of mixes containing CCPs was shown feasible for growing plants in the United States and is now being evaluated at a commercial nursery where red sunset maple trees are being grown in a pot-in-pot production system. In addition, because of the large amount of FGD gypsum that will become available, its use for production of agronomic crops is being expanded due to success of this study.