Relevant bibliographies by topics / Chemicals

Academic literature on the topic 'Chemicals'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Chemicals"

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Lim, Hong Lyuer, Eun-Hae Huh, Da-An Huh, Jong-Ryeul Sohn, and Kyong Whan Moon. "Priority Setting for the Management of Chemicals Using the Globally Harmonized System and Multivariate Analysis: Use of the Mahalanobis-Taguchi System." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 17 (August 27, 2019): 3119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173119.

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This study aims to provide a new methodology using the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) and the Mahalanobis–Taguchi System (MTS) that can be used to assess the overall hazard of a chemical using GHS information. Previously, hazardous chemicals were designated and managed by the Chemical Management Act, but many more chemicals are now in use. Damage prediction modeling programs predict the extent of damage and proactively manage high-risk chemicals, but the lack of physical and chemical characterization information relating to chemicals has limitations that cannot be modeled. To overcome such limitations, a new method of chemical management prioritization was developed using the GHS and Mahalanobis–Taguchi System (MTS). For effective management, the risk of a chemical can be ranked according to a comprehensive risk assessment and calculated through multivariate analysis using the GHS. Relative hazards are then identified using MTS multivariate analysis with GHS information, even when there is insufficient information about the chemical’s characteristics, and the method can be applied to a large number of different chemicals.
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Skelhorn, John, and Candy Rowe. "Frequency-dependent taste-rejection by avian predation may select for defence chemical polymorphisms in aposematic prey." Biology Letters 1, no. 4 (August 31, 2005): 500–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0359.

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Chemically defended insects advertise their unpalatability to avian predators using conspicuous aposematic coloration that predators learn to avoid. Insects utilize a wide variety of different compounds in their defences, and intraspecific variation in defence chemistry is common. We propose that polymorphisms in insect defence chemicals may be beneficial to insects by increasing survival from avian predators. Birds learn to avoid a colour signal faster when individual prey possesses one of two unpalatable chemicals rather than all prey having the same defence chemical. However, for chemical polymorphisms to evolve within a species, there must be benefits that allow rare chemical morphs to increase in frequency. Using domestic chicks as predators and coloured crumbs for prey, we provide evidence that birds taste and reject proportionally more of the individuals with rare defence chemicals than those with common defence chemicals. This indicates that the way in which birds attack and reject prey could enhance the survival of rare chemical morphs and select for chemical polymorphism in aposematic species. This is the first experiment to demonstrate that predators can directly influence the form taken by prey's chemical defences.
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Jyoti Das, Rashmi. "Chemical Safety Assessment of Inorganic Chemicals used in an Undergraduate Chemistry Laboratory." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12, no. 8 (August 5, 2023): 348–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr23728014319.

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Lee, Hyo Eun, Seok J. Yoon, Jong-Ryeul Sohn, Da-An Huh, Seok-Won Jang, and Kyong Whan Moon. "Suitability Assessment of Legal Regulation of Chemical Concentrations According to Vapor Pressure and Damage Radius." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 3 (January 26, 2019): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030347.

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Many chemicals used in the industrial field present risks, which differ depending on their chemical properties. Additionally, their various physicochemical properties change considerably with concentration. Many chemicals are used in customized processes in factories in the form of different aqueous solutions. The Korean Chemicals Control Act evaluates “hazardous chemicals,” describes their risks to the public, and regulates their concentration. To prepare against chemical accidents, factories construct models of potential damage radius, which is greatly influenced by a chemical’s vapor pressure. This study selected substances with widely varying vapor pressures (hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, aqueous ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide) and compared the results of different modeling programs (KORA, ALOHA, PHAST, and RMP*Comp) for various aqueous solution concentrations. The results showed that damage radius and vapor pressure increased similarly for each substance. Damage radius was negligible at low concentrations for all substances studied. Damage radius of ammonia solution increased with vapor pressure. Hydrogen fluoride is not found in aqueous solution at concentrations of less than 37%, and hydrogen peroxide does not show a large damage radius at low concentrations. However, the Chemicals Control Act strictly regulates hydrogen fluoride concentration beginning at 1%, hydrogen chloride and aqueous ammonia at 10%, and hydrogen peroxide at 6%. To effectively prepare against chemical accidents, we must examine scientifically-based, suitable regulations based on physicochemical properties.
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Dixon, Holly M., Georgina Armstrong, Michael Barton, Alan J. Bergmann, Melissa Bondy, Mary L. Halbleib, Winifred Hamilton, et al. "Discovery of common chemical exposures across three continents using silicone wristbands." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 2 (February 2019): 181836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181836.

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To assess differences and trends in personal chemical exposure, volunteers from 14 communities in Africa (Senegal, South Africa), North America (United States (U.S.)) and South America (Peru) wore 262 silicone wristbands. We analysed wristband extracts for 1530 unique chemicals, resulting in 400 860 chemical data points. The number of chemical detections ranged from 4 to 43 per wristband, with 191 different chemicals detected, and 1339 chemicals were not detected in any wristband. No two wristbands had identical chemical detections. We detected 13 potential endocrine disrupting chemicals in over 50% of all wristbands and found 36 chemicals in common between chemicals detected in three geographical wristband groups (Africa, North America and South America). U.S. children (less than or equal to 11 years) had the highest percentage of flame retardant detections compared with all other participants. Wristbands worn in Texas post-Hurricane Harvey had the highest mean number of chemical detections (28) compared with other study locations (10–25). Consumer product-related chemicals and phthalates were a high percentage of chemical detections across all study locations (36–53% and 18–42%, respectively). Chemical exposures varied among individuals; however, many individuals were exposed to similar chemical mixtures. Our exploratory investigation uncovered personal chemical exposure trends that can help prioritize certain mixtures and chemical classes for future studies.
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Mowat, Douglas. "Chemical Exchange Directory — advertising chemicals online." Online Review 13, no. 4 (April 1989): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb024314.

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Brady, Francis. "Chemicals: Membranes meet chemical industry requirements." Filtration + Separation 49, no. 3 (May 2012): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(12)70143-x.

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Tomassoni, Anthony J., Robert N. E. French, and Frank G. Walter. "Toxic Industrial Chemicals and Chemical Weapons." Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 33, no. 1 (February 2015): 13–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.emc.2014.09.004.

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IDE, FUMIO. "Surface treatment. Chemical modification. Chemicals, graftcopolymerization." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 59, no. 11 (1986): 601–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.59.601.

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Lee, Duk-Hee, and David R. Jacobs Jr. "New approaches to cope with possible harms of low-dose environmental chemicals." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 73, no. 3 (January 11, 2019): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-210920.

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Low-dose environmental chemicals including endocrine-disrupting chemicals can disturb endocrine, nervous and immune systems. Traditional chemical-focused approaches, strict regulation and avoidance of exposure sources, can help protect humans from individual or several chemicals in the high-dose range, but their value in the low-dose range is questionable. First, exposure sources to problematic environmental chemicals are omnipresent, and many common pollutants present no safe level. In this situation, the value of any effort focusing on individual chemicals is very limited. Second, critical methodological issues, including the huge number of environmental chemicals, biological complexity of mixtures and non-linearity, make it difficult for risk assessment-based regulation to provide reliable permissible levels of individual chemicals. Third, the largest exposure source is already internal; human adipose tissue contains the most complex chemical mixtures. Thus, in the low-dose range, a paradigm shift is required from a chemical-focused to a human-focused approach for health protection. Two key questions are (1) how to control toxicokinetics of chemical mixtures to decrease their burden in critical organs and (2) how to mitigate early harmful effects of chemical mixtures at cellular levels. Many lifestyles can be evaluated for these purposes. Although both the chemical-focused and human-focused approaches are needed to protect humans, the human-focused holistic approach must be the primary measure in the low-dose range of environmental chemicals.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Chemicals"

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ATZORI, LUCIANO. "Chemical Recycling of Carbon Dioxide to Chemicals and Fuels." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/255982.

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The increasing attention toward climate change is promoting research in the development of suitable strategies for CO2 emissions mitigation. Among these, Carbon Capture and Utilisation strategies (CCUs) appear as the most promising, as they permit to reduce the carbon dioxide emitted in atmosphere, at the same time satisfying the requirements for a sustainable development. Currently, the amount of carbon dioxide consumed in chemical recycling processes represents a very small fraction of the total emissions, thus a net increase in CO2 exploitation through the development of efficient processes and catalysts is required. In this context, the present work deals with the study of different processes aiming to convert CO2 into cyclic carbonates, methane, and methanol, which can cover a very important role in terms of CCUs impact. For each process, suitable heterogeneous catalysts were prepared and extensively characterised by means of different experimental techniques. Cyclic carbonates synthesis through CO2 reaction with epoxides was studied by using imidazolium-based catalysts prepared by means of a one-pot immobilisation procedure over Al_SBA-15 supports having different Si/Al molar ratios. All the catalysts were found highly active in the conversion of both epichlorohydrin and styrene oxide under different reaction conditions. Unlike styrene oxide, epichlorohydrin was found to favour the detachment of the imidazolium moieties more weakly bonded to the surface supports; however, leaching phenomena were observed to occur only during the first catalytic run, highlighting that the prepared materials can be successfully used in multiple catalytic cycles. NiO/CeO2 mixed oxides prepared through two unconventional synthesis procedures were tested for the CO2 hydrogenation to methane under different reaction conditions. A first series was prepared through the “Hard-Template” method, while the second one was obtained by means of the “Soft-Template” strategy. All the prepared materials were found very active and selective toward methanation. The pivotal role of ceria both as promoter and active component was clearly observed; in fact, besides to improve the reducibility and the dispersion of NiO species, ceria is also responsible for the activation of CO2 through the formation of oxygenated intermediates. In addition, the presence of strong Ni-Ce interactions was found to be crucial in ensuring a high catalytic performance also in unfavourable reaction conditions. CO2 hydrogenation to methanol was studied on two different series of Cu-based catalysts, prepared from hydrotalcitic precursors or by the “Soft-Template” approach. The influence of different supports and promoters such as ZnO, Al2O3, ZrO2, and CeO2 on the catalytic performance was investigated. Promising catalytic results were observed by using the catalysts prepared from hydrotalcitic precursors. ZrO2 and CeO2 were found to increase CO2 conversion and CH3OH selectivity, respectively, suggesting that beneficial effects could be obtained by optimizing their concentration. The catalytic results observed by using the Soft-Templated Cu-based samples confirmed the crucial role of ZnO, whose efficient interaction with Cu is needed in order to get high catalytic performances.
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Ekaireb, Sally Elizabeth. "Dispersion of chemicals and reactions of dispersed chemicals." Thesis, City University London, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254963.

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Johal, Amrit. "Chemicals from lignin." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.716671.

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This Thesis investigates the production of high-value chemicals, such as vanillin and guaiacol, by the decomposition and oxidation of lignin in high temperature water. Currently, there is significant global interest in developing chemical production methods that utilise biorenewable feedstocks in place of crude oil and natural gas. Lignin, a complex set of biopolymers found in wood, straw and similar plant materials, is a viable biorenewable raw material for the production of aromatic chemicals. However, currently lignin is mostly used as a low-value fuel in pulp mills. Chapter 1 highlights the concerns that have led to the current demand for greater utilisation of biomass. In that respect, the potential uses of lignin are described. Supercritical water is discussed in relation to green chemistry and specifically as a medium for carrying out oxidation reactions on methyl aromatics. The equipment and methodology used for carrying out experiments and the instruments used for product analysis are described in Chapter 2. Preliminary work that was carried out is described in Chapter 3. These experiments look at the stabilities and oxidation of monomeric aromatic aldehydes, acids and phenols in high temperature water. These substrates each contained either a p-hydroxyphenyl, guaiacyl or syringyl unit. The work in Chapter 4 examined the use of metal bromides and hydrobromic acid as catalysts in the oxidation of three lignin model compounds; 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol, 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol and eugenol. These reactions were performed in the near-critical to supercritical region of water. Lignin samples from both Kraft pulping and sulfite pulping sources were shown to breakdown to vanillin, vanillic acid and guaiacol through oxidative treatment in a high temperature water continuous-flow reactor. This work is described in Chapter 5. The overall conclusions of this Thesis are summarised in Chapter 6.
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Mustarichie, Resmi. "Chemicals from biomass." Thesis, Mustarichie, Resmi (1986) Chemicals from biomass. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1986. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/51172/.

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Agricultural and forest residues as well as urban waste derived from forest products contain significant amounts of cellulose which could be converted into ethanol, a liquid fuel. To realize this potential it is necessary to hydrolyze the cellulose-bearing materials to sugars. The present state of knowledge of the biomass conversion and structure and its hydrolysis was reviewed. A detailed study of the gaseous hydrogen chloride hydrolysis was made to examine the possibility of producing ethanol from biomass with a simple process. Such information using jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata), pine (Pinus radiata), and wheat (Triticum vulgare var. Egret) straw as typical substrates provided worthwile data relating to Australian conditions and led to a better understanding of biomass hydrolysis. Under optimum conditions a sugar yield of 92% of theoretical was achieved from whole biomass without pretreatment. A model was developed to describe the hydrogen chloride-wood reaction process which consists of three consecutive major steps: (a) precooling involving adsorption of gaseous hydrogen chloride, (b) the main hydrolysis, and (c) completion of the reaction by posthydrolysis. Conditions and associated problems of each temperature controlled step were fully investigated. Thermodynamic calculations concerning heating temperature and mass balance calculations were The made. effect of pretreatments on the hydrolysis was studied. Infrared spectroscopic as well as electron microscopic methods were used to understand the process. Biomass analysis was fully studied with the result that considerable improvements were made in the procedures for analyzing cellulose. hemicellulose, and lignin and for analyzing the hydrolysis and degradation products from those polysaccharides. It is proposed, for example, that saturated hydrogen chloride replace the usual 72 % sulphuric acid in the standard cellulose analysis procedure.
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Bailey, Trevor. "Chemical management in research laboratories : South-Eastern Australia, 1997." Thesis, Federation University Australia, 1997. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/164876.

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"Through a comprehensive literature review this project examines the necessary components of a laboratory chemical safety program, including requirements under the new hazardous substance regulations. It also examines, via a survey, the problems associated with the laboratory use of chemicals and with compliance with the new regulations. Finally the current situation in Australia and the approach research laboratories must take in the future to achieve compliance with the new regulatory package are reviewed."
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Cunningham, William. "Catalytic conversion of terpene feedstocks into value-added chemicals and commodity chemicals." Thesis, University of Bath, 2018. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.760985.

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There is currently much interest in developing biorenewable alternatives to the multitude of bulk and fine chemicals required by a modern society that are currently sourced from non-renewable petroleum sources. However many of the biomass sources that have been considered as replacement chemical feedstocks for oil such as cellulosic materials or fatty acids are highly oxygenated and are not well suited to constructing the aromatic rings present in many drug molecules. Terpenes, on the other hand, are an abundant class of biomass derived hydrocarbons that are deoxygenated and amenable to aromatisation. Monoterpenes in particular can be easily separated from aqueous environments and can potentially be upgraded into a range of commodity, fine chemicals and drug molecules; complimenting the other biomass chemical sources. Epoxidation is an especially useful transformation for the formation of important intermediates in the synthesis of fine and bulk chemicals such as pharmaceuticals and polymers. We have optimized a selective, solvent free epoxidation process based upon a tungsten polyoxometalate catalyst that works for a broad range of commonly available terpenes, including crude sulphate turpentine, having expanded its scope and developed an optimal protocol that enables epoxidation in shorter reaction times, with fewer additives, at milder temperatures and without the need for undesirable solvents compared to previous epoxidation protocols. We have also investigated various other catalytic methods to selectively epoxidize the other alkene substitution patterns present in a wide variety of terpene substrates that enables access to a number of key terpene bis-epoxides and this is discussed in chapter 2.We have also combined the optimal catalytic protocol with flow engineering, to develop a sustainable, catalytic flow epoxidation protocol that is suitable for both laboratory and industrial scale synthesis of biomass derived terpene epoxides. In particular, targeting the replacement of stoichiometric and expensive reagents and environmentally polluting solvents with green H2O2 and solvent free conditions and this is discussed in chapter 3.This catalytic epoxidation protocol was then adapted to enable the sustainable production of terpene and non-terpenoid anti-diols without the need for toxic co-solvents, corrosive acid or time consuming neutralisation steps. These anti-diol substrates are promising monomers for polymerisation and have other important applications such and this is discussed in chapter 4.Chapter 5 discusses the development of synthetic routes to sustainable paracetamol via the pharmaceutical intermediate 4-hydroxyacetophenone that is economically comparable with current petrochemical routes. Chapter 6 discusses the development of a number of selective synthetic routes to a number of isomers of the mosquito repellent, p-menthane-3,8-diol, with a novel all-cis isomer, made with excellent selectivity, that has the potential to have enhanced repellent properties. Ultimately, this PhD concerns the development of protocols for the conversion of terpene feedstocks into value-added chemicals that will be used as precursors for the synthesis of commodity drug targets such as paracetamol (pain relief); for the synthesis of renewable polymer epoxide and diol monomers and for the synthesis of biologically active molecules such as p-menthane-3,8-diol (insect repellent).
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Mathews, Karen Lesley. "The Chemical and Cellular Basis of Allergic Reactions to Drugs and Chemicals." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507509.

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Carway, Eugene Vincent. "Toxic chemical syndrome: body burden and immune parameters affected by environmental chemicals." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1991. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332749/.

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The purpose of the present study was to determine: (1) that dental office personnel would be exposed to more toxic chemicals in the workplace than the non-dental office controls; (2) that exposure should lead to a reduction in the efficiency of the immune system in the individuals in the dental office; and (3) the immunological deficit should manifest itself in psychological and/or physiological pathology as measured on the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and Bender Gestalt.
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Bian, Junxing. "Skin permeation enhancement using chemical enhancers and polymeric microneedles for chemicals and peptides." Thesis, University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/23624.

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It is often a challenge to effectively deliver drugs through the skin into the internal environment. Compared with oral administration and other dosage forms, transdermal administration has multiple advantages. Among the various transdermal administration approaches, microneedles emerge as a powerful tool in recent years, owing to its simple concept and proven efficacy. In this project, we aim to develop a hot-embossing method using menthol as the carrier material to fabricate drug-laden microneedle patches. We compared the transdermal delivery of several drugs with different dosage forms and tried to enhance their transdermal absorption by chemical and physical enhancers including this menthol-based microneedle method. It is hypothesized that this approach can be used for chemicals with various properties to enhance their percutaneous absorption. For chemical drugs, we studied the transdermal absorption of cromolyn sodium in propylene glycol (PG) and the transdermal absorption of diclofenac diethylamine gels. For peptides, we studied an anti-pigmentation peptide with strong polarity, which has extremely low skin permeation. We esterified the peptide molecule to increase its lipophilicity for skin permeation. Following esterification, we studied the transdermal absorption of the peptide and its derivative in PG with chemical penetration enhancers. Apart from chemical permeation enhancement, we also used dissolving microneedles (MNs) as the physical method to enhance transdermal delivery of the chemicals and peptides. The transdermal experiments were carried out by using vertical Franz diffusion cells and cadaverous human skin samples. The results showed that in PG solution, the cumulative permeated amount of hydrophilic cromolyn sodium was very limited. In contrast, the lipophilic diclofenac showed much higher skin permeation than cromolyn sodium. For the native peptide in PG with or without permeation enhancers, the skin permeation was not detectable. However, after molecular modification, due to the enhancement of lipophilicity of peptide, its skin absorption was improved. Two penetration enhancers, namely oleic acid and camphor did not enhance the transdermal absorption of the esterified peptide while another chemical enhancer, namely, menthol, increased the skin absorption of the esterified peptide. For the physical enhancement, drug laden MN patches increased the skin permeation of all four permeants.
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Zhang, Jin. "In silico Identification of Thyroid Disrupting Chemicals : among industrial chemicals and household dust contaminants." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-125631.

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Thyroid disruptions by xenobiotics have been associated with a broad spectrum of severe adverse human health effects, such as impaired brain development and metabolic syndrome. Ingestion of indoor dust and contact with industrial chemicals are two significant human exposure routes of thyroid hormone disrupting chemicals (THDCs), raising serious concerns for human health. However, it is a laborious and costly process to identify THDCs using conventional experimental methods, due to the number of chemicals in commerce and the varieties of potential disruption mechanisms. In this thesis, we are aimed at in silico identification of novel THDCs targeting transthyretin (TTR) and thyroid hormone receptor (THR) among dust contaminants and commonly used industrial chemicals. In vitro assays were used to validate the in silico prediction results. Co-crystallization and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were applied to reveal binding modes of THDCs at the studied biological targets and to explain their intermolecular recognition. The main findings presented in this thesis are: 1. Over 144 environmental pollutants have been confirmed as TTR-binders in vitro and these cover a wide range of environmental pollutants and show distinct chemical profiles including a large group of halogenated aromatic compounds and a second group of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. (Paper I) 2. In total 485 organic contaminants have been reported to be detected in household dust. The developed QSAR classification model predicted 7.6% of these dust contaminants and 53.1% of their metabolites as potential TTR-binders, which emphasizes the importance of metabolic bioactivation. After in vitro validation, four novel TTR binders with IC50 ≤ 10 µM were identified, i.e. perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid, 2,4,2',4'-tetrahydroxybenzophenone (BP2), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol. (Paper II) 3. The development of a robust structure-based virtual screening (VS) protocol resulted in the prediction of 31 dust contaminants as potential binders to THRβ1 including musk compounds, PFASs, and bisphenol A derivatives. The in vitro experiments confirmed four compounds as weak binders to THRβ1, i.e. 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, bisphenol A (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) (2,3-dihydroxypropyl) ether, 2,4,2',4'-tetrahydroxybenzophenone, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. (Paper III) 4. We revealed the binding conformations of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, perfluorooctanoic acid, and BP2 in the thyroxine binding sites (TBSs) of TTR by co-crystallizing TTR with the three compounds. A VS protocol was developed based on the TTR complex structures that predicted 192 industrial chemicals as potential binders to TTR. Seven novel TTR binders were confirmed by in vitro experiments including clonixin, 2,6-dinitro-p-cresol (DNPC), triclopyr, fluroxypyr, bisphenol S, picloram, and mesotrione. We further co-crystallized TTR with PBS, clonixin, DNPC, and triclopyr, and their complex structures showed that the compounds bind in the TBSs as proposed by the VS protocol. In summary, 13 indoor dust contaminants and industrial chemicals were identified as THDCs using a combination of in silico and in vitro approaches. To the best of our knowledge, none of these compounds has previously been reported to bind to TTR or THR. The identifications of these THDCs improve our understanding on the structure-activity relationships of THDCs. The crystal structures of TTR-THDC complexes and the information on THDC-Target intermolecular interactions provide a better understanding on the mechanism-of-actions behind thyroid disruption. The dataset compiled and in silico methods developed serve as a basis for identification of more diverse THDCs in the future and a tool for guiding de novo design of safer replacements.
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Books on the topic "Chemicals"

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Mesilaakso, Markku, ed. Chemical Weapons Convention Chemicals Analysis. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470012285.

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Great Britain. Department of the Environment. and Great Britain. Contaminated Land and Liabilities Division., eds. Chemical works: Inorganic chemicals manufacturing works. Ruislip: [DOE], 1996.

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Great Britain. Department of the Environment. and Great Britain. Contaminated Land and Liabilities Division., eds. Chemical works: Organic chemicals manufacturing works. Ruislip: [DOE], 1995.

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Australia. Dept. of Industry, Technology and Commerce., ed. Australian chemicals guide. 5th ed. Canberra: Australian Govt. Pub. Service, 1985.

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North, R. A. E. Chemicals. Liverpool: Cresta, 1985.

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Ympäristöministeriö, Finland, ed. Chemicals. Finland: The Ministry, 1997.

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Jean, McLean, Hunt J. A. 1942-, and Nuffield-Chelsea Curriculum Trust, eds. Chemicals. London: Published for the Nuffield-Chelsea Curriculum Trust by Longman, 1993.

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Farndon, John. Chemicals. New York: Benchmark Books, 2002.

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Commission of the European Communities. Directorate-General for Internal Market and Financial Services., KPMG, and Commission of the European Communities. Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs., eds. Chemicals. London: Kogan Page, 1997.

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Richards, Jon. Chemicals & reactions. Brookfield, Conn: Copper Beech Books, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Chemicals"

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Gulliver, John S. "Transport chemical/chemicals Transport chemical/chemicals in the environment transport and Fate chemical/chemicals Fate chemical/chemicals in the environment fate of Chemicals in the Environment chemical/chemicals in the environment , Introduction." In Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, 10954–61. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_636.

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Gulliver, John S. "Chemicals in the Environment chemical/chemicals in the environment , Turbulent Transport chemical/chemicals Turbulent Transport chemical/chemicals in the environment turbulent transport." In Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, 2048–60. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_641.

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Gulliver, John S. "Chemicals in the Environment chemical/chemicals in the environment , Dispersive Transport chemical/chemicals Dispersive Transport chemical/chemicals in the environment dispersive transport." In Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, 2030–47. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_642.

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Massie, Harold R. "Chemicals." In Drosophila as a Model Organism for Ageing Studies, 59–70. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2683-8_5.

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Holkham, Tony. "Chemicals." In Label Writing and Planning, 28–29. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1231-4_8.

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Goldstein, Julia L. Freer, and Paul Foulkes-Arellano. "Chemicals." In Materials and Sustainability, 15–35. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003409267-3.

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Haarhoff, Johannes. "Chemicals." In Introduction to Municipal Water Quality Management, 31–45. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003393573-5.

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Cussler, Edward. "Chemicals in the Environment chemical/chemicals in the environment , Diffusive Transport." In Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, 2016–30. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_637.

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Fantke, Peter, and Alexi Ernstoff. "LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products." In Life Cycle Assessment, 783–815. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56475-3_31.

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da Conceição, Thiago Ferreira, Carlos Henrique Michelin Beraldo, and Augusto Versteg. "Green Chemicals-Assisted Chemical Conversion Coatings." In Advances in Corrosion Control of Magnesium and its Alloys, 199–213. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003319856-16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Chemicals"

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Stewart-Liddon, Christine, Neil J. Goodwin, Gordon M. Graham, Tore Tjomsland, Britt Marie Hustad, Odd Geir Svela, John Helge Olsen, and Simon Østgaard. "Qualification of Chemicals/Chemical Injection Systems for Downhole Continuous Chemical Injection." In SPE International Oilfield Scale Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/spe-169782-ms.

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Abstract Downhole Continuous Injection (DHCI) Systems are increasingly being installed in wells for the delivery of a range of chemicals, including application-specific formulations and multi-component chemicals. Although costly, these systems offer the advantage of controlling chemical doses, preventing interruptions to production by providing constant delivery of chemicals and can be used in place of squeeze treatments that can be costly or inappropriate if formation damage is a risk. However, such systems are not without challenges for engineering design, operation and the effective qualification required for the chemicals before use. DHCI involves chemical injection through multi-kilometre capillary tubing, as well as injection through inline filters and one or more injection valves. Failures of continuous injection systems have been linked to a variety of causes such as corrosion, particulate formation or chemical gunking, resulting in line plugging or blockage of injection valves and filters. The work described in this paper was initiated to investigate known DHCI issues within Statoil fields and to develop laboratory tests to identify characteristics of chemical formulations that result in similar behaviour, and thus allow such formulations to be de-selected prior to use. The paper describes a range of chemical qualification methods for DHCI systems, focusing on qualifying the chemical for use in a DHCI. Test methods have been developed which demonstrate the ways in which changes in physical properties can readily occur under downhole injection which can have a considerable detrimental impact on the integrity and effectiveness of the DHCI system. These methods have now been finalised into a set of chemical qualification protocols for Statoil. This paper will present the basis of these test protocols and thereby intends to present best practice for chemical/system qualification for DHCI. Results from both extensive laboratory method development studies and field case histories will be included throughout the paper to illustrate the challenges faced and the qualification solutions developed.
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Stewart-Liddon, Christine, Neil J. Goodwin, Gordon M. Graham, Tore Tjomsland, Britt Marie Hustad, Odd Geir Svela, John Helge Olsen, and Simon Østgaard. "Qualification of Chemicals/Chemical Injection Systems for Downhole Continuous Chemical Injection." In SPE International Oilfield Scale Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/169782-ms.

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Webber, Michael E., Michael B. Pushkarsky, and C. Kumar N. Patel. "Optical detection of chemical warfare agents and toxic industrial chemicals." In European Symposium on Optics and Photonics for Defence and Security, edited by John C. Carrano and Arturas Zukauskas. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.579109.

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Wang, Yanqing, Zhe Liu, Yuchen Zhang, and Jun Lu. "Exploiting Natural Nonconservative Geochemical Data to Obtain Reservoir Information." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206350-ms.

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Abstract Geochemical data in produced water contain important reservoir information but are seldomly exploited, especially for the nonconservative chemicals. Some conservative chemical data have been integrated in history matching workflow to obtain better knowledge of reservoirs. However, assuming reservoir chemicals being conservative is impractical because most chemicals are involved in interactions with other chemicals or reservoir rock, and mistakenly regarding nonconservative chemicals as being conservative can cause large error. Nevertheless, once the interactions can be accurately described, nonconservative chemical data can be used to obtain more reservoir information. In this work, a new physicochemical model is proposed to describe the transport of natural nonconservative chemicals (barium and sulfate) in porous media. Both physical reactions, such as ion adsorption and desorption, and chemical reactions, such as barite deposition, are integrated. Based on the new model, the ensemble smoother with multiple data assimilations (ES-MDA) method is employed to update reservoir model parameters by assimilating oil production rate, water production rate, and chemical data (barium and sulfate concentration). Data assimilation results show that integrating geochemical data in ES-MDA algorithm yields additional improvements in estimation of permeability. Besides, clay content distribution, which is critical in injection water breakthrough percentage calculation, can be accurately estimated with relative root mean square error (rRMSE) being as small as 0.1. However, mistakenly regarding nonconservative chemicals as conservative can cause large errors in reservoir parameters estimation. Accurately modeling the chemical interactions is crucial for integrating chemical data in history matching algorithm.
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Nowak, M., P. Schuler, and L. Siggel. "Rheological and Physico- Chemical Characterization of EOR chemicals at High Temperature." In IOR 2015 - 18th European Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201412139.

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Stedman, Quintin, Kwan-Kyu Park, and Butrus T. Khuri-Yakub. "Distinguishing chemicals using CMUT chemical sensor array and artificial neural networks." In 2014 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ultsym.2014.0041.

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Carlson, Rowena M., Laura E. Bunney, and Donald N. Williams. "Hazardous chemicals detection experiment." In Substance Identification Technologies, edited by Geoffrey L. Harding, Richard C. Lanza, Lawrence J. Myers, and Peter A. Young. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.171272.

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Alotaibi, Najd, and Serkan Dursun. "Optimizing the Hydraulic Fracturing Fluid Systems Using the Completion and Production Data in Bakken Shale." In Middle East Oil, Gas and Geosciences Show. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/213360-ms.

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Abstract Objectives/Scope. Well completion is an important step for every well to undergo in order to prepare it for oil and gas extraction. Based on the nature and characteristics of an oil and gas reservoir, appropriate well completion practices are selected to enhance the production. Hydraulic fracturing is one such technique. It frequently involves horizontal drilling and injecting fluids under high pressure to fracture the rock. The larger fractures along with the injected fluid enable high amounts of trapped natural gas and crude oil to flow out of the formation to the producing well bore. In well completion, a variety of chemicals are employed to leverage oil production, and the goal of this study is to determine how such chemicals impact performance rate in several unconventional wells in the Bakken Shale. Methods, Procedures, Process. In this approach, two Completion and Production datasets from North Dakota (the Bakken Shale) and fracFocus were processed and combined accordingly which resulted in some of the following parameters, type of chemical and amount of chemical, and true vertical depth of the wells. And the dataset that was produced was analyzed based on the stimulation treatment. The proposed workflow utilizes supervised machine learning algorithms to train different predictive models to estimate the amount of the produced oil; including but not limited to neural Random Forest, CATboost and XGboost. Additionally, by quantifying each chemicals’ importance on oil production, this investigation was able to determine each chemical's influence. Results, Observations, Conclusions. This study examined the impact of more than 2500 different completion chemicals on the oil production of unconventional reservoir and discovered the chemicals with the highest significance on the oil production, given that, the predictive models were able to estimate the oil production accurately after feeding it with the type and measures of the most influencing chemicals. Novel/Additive Information. The most important pillar of this framework is that it expedites the workflow of hydraulic fracturing jobs in the unconventional reservoir by providing an accurate model that optimizes its parameters to maximize the oil production rate. This solution offers an automated decision-making process for the selection of chemical types to be used in the hydraulic fracking jobs. The choice of chemicals in fracturing fluids is affected by many variables, including its compatibility with the target rock formation to be hydraulically fractured, the geology of the rock formations being drilled through, the pressure and temperature measurements in the target formation, cost, operator preference, and possible interactions between chemicals in the treatment fluid.
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Isobe, Takashi, and Yoshihiro Okada. "Chemicals Informatics: Explore Structural Factors and Potential Chemicals based on Public Literatures." In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bigdata52589.2021.9671449.

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Simpson, Orman A., Robert H. Kagann, and William F. Herget. "Remote FTIR Measurement of Volatile Organic Chemicals." In Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1990.thc6.

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Reports on the topic "Chemicals"

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Osborne, Olivia, Cath Mulholland, Tim Gant, Phil Botham, Alan Boobis, and Sophy Wells. Opportunities and outlook for UK Food and Chemicals regulation post EU Exit Workshop Report 2022. Food Standards Agency, September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ebr546.

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1. In 2019, the Royal Society of Chemistry held a workshop: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) Workshop of 2019 : Drivers and scope for a UK chemicals framework. Presentations and discussions at this event examined chemical regulation in the United Kingdom (UK) post European Union (EU) exit and the opportunities that might be realised. 2. Since then, several global events have impacted the economy and regulation in the UK, including EU exit. Following these events, the Committee on the Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COT) decided it would be timely to have a second workshop to build on the successful 2019 workshop by reviewing what has been achieved and what still needs to be done to realise the full potential of EU exit in the area of food and chemical regulation. The purpose of the workshop was to review the food and chemical regulatory landscape; its transfer to the UK; future UK development of Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) and divergence (drivers and supporting science); identify the challenges and opportunities to consider where new structures as well as investment are required to realise and address these.
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Tong, Andrew, Dikai Xu, and Liang-Shih Fan. Biomass Gasification for Chemicals Production Using Chemical Looping Techniques. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1997485.

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none,. Chemicals Industry Vision. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1218616.

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Führ, Martin, Julian Schenten, and Silke Kleihauer. Integrating "Green Chemistry" into the Regulatory Framework of European Chemicals Policy. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627727.

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20 years ago a concept of “Green Chemistry” was formulated by Paul Anastas and John Warner, aiming at an ambitious agenda to “green” chemical products and processes. Today the concept, laid down in a set of 12 principles, has found support in various arenas. This diffusion was supported by enhancements of the legislative framework; not only in the European Union. Nevertheless industry actors – whilst generally supporting the idea – still see “cost and perception remain barriers to green chemistry uptake”. Thus, the questions arise how additional incentives as well as measures to address the barriers and impediments can be provided. An analysis addressing these questions has to take into account the institutional context for the relevant actors involved in the issue. And it has to reflect the problem perception of the different stakeholders. The supply chain into which the chemicals are distributed are of pivotal importance since they create the demand pull for chemicals designed in accordance with the “Green Chemistry Principles”. Consequently, the scope of this study includes all stages in a chemical’s life-cycle, including the process of designing and producing the final products to which chemical substances contribute. For each stage the most relevant legislative acts, together establishing the regulatory framework of the “chemicals policy” in the EU are analysed. In a nutshell the main elements of the study can be summarized as follows: Green Chemistry (GC) is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products. Besides, reaction efficiency, including energy efficiency, and the use of renewable resources are other motives of Green Chemistry. Putting the GC concept in a broader market context, however, it can only prevail if in the perception of the relevant actors it is linked to tangible business cases. Therefore, the study analyses the product context in which chemistry is to be applied, as well as the substance’s entire life-cycle – in other words, the six stages in product innovation processes): 1. Substance design, 2. Production process, 3. Interaction in the supply chain, 4. Product design, 5. Use phase and 6. After use phase of the product (towards a “circular economy”). The report presents an overview to what extent the existing framework, i.e. legislation and the wider institutional context along the six stages, is setting incentives for actors to adequately address problematic substances and their potential impacts, including the learning processes intended to invoke creativity of various actors to solve challenges posed by these substances. In this respect, measured against the GC and Learning Process assessment criteria, the study identified shortcomings (“delta”) at each stage of product innovation. Some criteria are covered by the regulatory framework and to a relevant extent implemented by the actors. With respect to those criteria, there is thus no priority need for further action. Other criteria are only to a certain degree covered by the regulatory framework, due to various and often interlinked reasons. For those criteria, entry points for options to strengthen or further nuance coverage of the respective principle already exist. Most relevant are the deltas with regard to those instruments that influence the design phase; both for the chemical substance as such and for the end-product containing the substance. Due to the multi-tier supply chains, provisions fostering information, communication and cooperation of the various actors are crucial to underpin the learning processes towards the GCP. The policy options aim to tackle these shortcomings in the context of the respective stage in order to support those actors who are willing to change their attitude and their business decisions towards GC. The findings are in general coherence with the strategies to foster GC identified by the Green Chemistry & Commerce Council.
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Spaeth, Peter. Catalog of Chemicals Contained in Chemical Detector, Decontaminating, and Training Kits. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada255089.

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Matthews, Robin L., Terri L. Longworth, Kwok Y. Ong, Leyun Zhu, and Christopher D. Brown. Testing of Ahura's FirstDefender Handheld Chemical Identifier Against Toxic Industrial Chemicals. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada461530.

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Sørensen, Michael Munk, Mattias Carlsson Feng, Jenny von Bahr, Thea Marcelia Sletten, Johanna Kiiski, and Signe Krarup. Valuation Literature on Chemicals. Nordic Council of Ministers, January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/na2017-903.

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Salminen, Esa, Risto Valo, Maarit Korhonen, and Rikard Jernlås. Wood preservation with chemicals. Nordisk Ministerråd, September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/tn2014-550.

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Pol, Stacy S. Vander, Rebecca S. Pugh, and Paul R. Becker. Chemicals in arctic seabirds:. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.7196.

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Holmes, J. M., and C. H. Byers. Countermeasures to hazardous chemicals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6232645.

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