Journal articles: 'Chemical traits'

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Arbuckle, Kevin. "Chemical antipredator defence is linked to higher extinction risk." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 11 (November 2016): 160681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160681.

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Many attributes of species may be linked to contemporary extinction risk, though some such traits remain untested despite suggestions that they may be important. Here, I test whether a trait associated with higher background extinction rates, chemical antipredator defence, is also associated with current extinction risk, using amphibians as a model system—a group facing global population declines. I find that chemically defended species are approximately 60% more likely to be threatened than species without chemical defence, although the severity of the contemporary extinction risk may not relate to chemical defence. The results confirm that background and contemporary extinction rates can be predicted from the same traits, at least in certain cases. This suggests that associations between extinction risk and phenotypic traits can be temporally stable over long periods. The results also provide novel insights into the relevance of antipredator defences for species subject to conservation concerns.

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Nakagawa, Michiko, Megumi Hori, Mitsutoshi Umemura, and Takuya Ishida. "Relationships of wood density and wood chemical traits between stems and coarse roots across 53 Bornean tropical tree species." Journal of Tropical Ecology 32, no. 2 (January 18, 2016): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467416000018.

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Abstract:Wood density and wood chemical traits are strong predictors of tree performance, carbon stock, and wood decomposition, which play important roles in ecosystem processes and carbon and nutrient cycling in forests. However, it remains unknown how root wood traits are related to stem wood traits. We examined the relationships of wood density and wood chemical traits (lignin and nitrogen concentrations, carbon-to-nitrogen ratio) between the stems and coarse roots of 90 individuals representing 53 tropical tree species in Malaysian Borneo. We developed regression equations of each wood trait using the standardized major axis method. Each root wood trait was highly correlated with the corresponding stem wood trait, and most regression equations fitted well (R2 > 0.5). The lignin concentration of roots was significantly greater than that of stems. We conclude that root wood traits can be estimated from the corresponding stem wood traits in South-East Asian tropical trees. Further analysis of coarse root decomposability will provide more accurate estimates of carbon and nutrient fluxes in tropical forest ecosystems.

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López, Pilar, and José Martín. "Intersexual differences in chemosensory responses to selected lipids reveal different messages conveyed by femoral secretions of male Iberian rock lizards." Amphibia-Reptilia 29, no. 4 (2008): 572–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853808786230479.

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AbstractThe effects of intrasexual selection (i.e., male-male competition) and intersexual selection (i.e., mate choice) may result on the evolution of different secondary sexual traits. We tested whether chemosensory responses of male and female Iberolacerta cyreni lizards to femoral secretion of conspecific males (a chemical sexual trait used in social behavior) were eliciting by different chemical traits. Tongue-flick essays showed that males and females had similar chemosensory responses to the femoral secretions of males, but males and females differed in the magnitude of their chemosensory responses to the different chemicals found in secretions. Moreover, responses to chemicals related to body size depended on the own body size of the responding male, but did not in females. These results might support that femoral secretions of males convey different messages for male or female I. cyreni lizards.

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Reiner, G., N. Clemens, R. Fischer, F. Köhler, T. Berge, S. Hepp, and H. Willems. "Mapping of quantitative trait loci for clinical-chemical traits in swine." Animal Genetics 40, no. 1 (February 2009): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2052.2008.01804.x.

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Duthie, C., G. Simm, P. Knap, A. Wilson, E. Kalm, and R. Roehe. "Novel quantitative trait loci for chemical body composition traits in pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200019062.

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Quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with physical and chemical body composition of the pig are of substantial economic interest. Previous studies have reported QTL for physical body composition such as lean and fat tissue traits (Roehe et al., 2003). In contrast, QTL associated with chemical body composition and for the change in deposition of such components during growth have only been reported in one previous study (Mohrmann et al., 2006). Knowledge of the genomic regulation of body composition during growth is important to accurately estimate nutritional requirements, optimise the entire production system, characterise the population of interest, and to optimise food intake capacity by breeding.

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Venditti, Alessandro, Claudio Frezza, Sebastiano Foddai, Mauro Serafini, Marcello Nicoletti, and Armandodoriano Bianco. "Chemical Traits of Hemiparasitism inOdontites luteus." Chemistry & Biodiversity 14, no. 4 (March 23, 2017): e1600416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201600416.

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Bravo-Monzón, Ángel E., Cristina Montiel-González, Julieta Benítez-Malvido, María Leticia Arena-Ortíz, José Israel Flores-Puerto, Xavier Chiappa-Carrara, Luis Daniel Avila-Cabadilla, and Mariana Yolotl Alvarez-Añorve. "The Assembly of Tropical Dry Forest Tree Communities in Anthropogenic Landscapes: The Role of Chemical Defenses." Plants 11, no. 4 (February 14, 2022): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11040516.

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The effect of anthropogenic disturbance on plant community traits and tradeoffs remains poorly explored in tropical forests. In this study, we aimed to identify tradeoffs between defense and other plant functions related to growth processes in order to detect potential aboveground and edaphic environmental conditions modulating traits variation on plant communities, and to find potential assembly rules underlying species coexistence in secondary (SEF) and old-growth forests (OGF). We measured the foliar content of defense phytochemicals and leaf traits related to fundamental functions on 77 species found in SEF and OGF sites in the Jalisco dry forest ecoregion, Mexico, and we explored (1) the trait-trait and trait-habitat associations, (2) the intra and interspecies trait variation, and (3) the traits-environment associations. We found that phytochemical content was associated with high leaf density and leaf fresh mass, resulting in leaves resistant to drought and high radiation, with chemical and physical defenses against herbivore/pathogen attack. The phytochemicals and chlorophyll concentrations were negatively related, matching the predictions of the Protein Competition Model. The phylogenetic signal in functional traits, suggests that abundant clades share the ability to resist the harsh biotic and abiotic conditions and face similar tradeoffs between productive and defensive functions. Environmental filters could modulate the enhanced expression of defensive phytochemicals in SEF, while, in OGFs, we found a stronger filtering effect driving community assembly. This could allow for the coexistence of different defensive strategies in OGFs, where a greater species richness could dilute the prevalence of pathogens/herbivores. Consequently, anthropogenic disturbance could alter TDF ecosystem properties/services and functioning.

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Yoo, Chae-Kyoung, In-Cheol Cho, Jae-Bong Lee, Eun-Ji Jung, Hyun-Tae Lim, Sang-Hyun Han, Sung-Soo Lee, et al. "QTL analysis of clinical-chemical traits in an F2 intercross between Landrace and Korean native pigs." Physiological Genomics 44, no. 13 (July 1, 2012): 657–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00172.2011.

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Clinical-chemical traits are essential when examining the health status of individuals. The aim of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) and the associated positional candidate genes affecting clinical-chemical traits in a reciprocal F2 intercross between Landrace and Korean native pigs. Following an overnight fast, 25 serum phenotypes related to clinical-chemical traits (e.g., hepatic function parameters, renal function parameters, electrolyte, lipids) were measured in >970 F2 progeny. All experimental samples were subjected to genotyping analysis using 165 microsatellite markers located across the genome. We identified eleven genome-wide significant QTL in six chromosomal regions (SSC 2, 7, 8, 13, 14, and 15) and 59 suggestive QTL in 17 chromosomal regions (SSC 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18). We also observed significant effects of reciprocal crosses on some of the traits, which would seem to result from maternal effect, QTL on sex chromosomes, imprinted genes, or genetic difference in mitochondrial DNA. The role of genomic imprinting in clinical-chemical traits also was investigated. Genome-wide analysis revealed a significant evidence for an imprinted QTL in SSC4 affecting serum amylase levels. Additionally, a series of bivariate linkage analysis provided strong evidence that QTL in SSC 2, 13, 15, and 18 have a pleiotropic effect on clinical-chemical traits. In conclusion, our study detected both novel and previously reported QTL influencing clinical-chemical traits in pigs. The identified QTL together with the positional candidate genes identified here could play an important role in elucidating the genetic structure of clinical-chemical phenotype variation in humans and swine.

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Hodge, Gary R., Juan Jose Acosta, Faride Unda, William C. Woodbridge, and Shawn D. Mansfield. "Global near infrared spectroscopy models to predict wood chemical properties of Eucalyptus." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 26, no. 2 (April 2018): 117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967033518770211.

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Global near infrared spectroscopy models (multiple-species, multiple-sites) were developed to predict chemical properties of Eucalyptus wood. The sample data set included 186 samples from four data sets (five species) originating from six countries: Eucalyptus urophylla from Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, and South Africa; Eucalyptus dunnii from Uruguay; Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus nitens from Chile; and Eucalyptus grandis from Colombia. The 186 samples were all preselected from larger collections of 400 to nearly 1800 samples to represent the range of chemical and spectral variation in each data set. The chemical traits modeled were total lignin, insoluble lignin, soluble lignin, syringyl–guaiacyl ratio (S/G), glucose, xylose, galactose, arabinose, and mannose. Single-species models and global multiple-species models were developed for each chemical constituent. For the global model, the R2cv for total lignin, insoluble lignin and syringyl–guaiacyl ratio were 0.95, 0.96, and 0.86, respectively. An alternate expression of the syringyl–guaiacyl relationship (S/(S+G)) resulted in better near infrared calibrations (e.g., for the global model, R2cv = 0.95). The global models for sugar content were also very good, but were slightly inferior to those for the lignin related traits, with R2cv = 0.74 for glucose, 0.89 for xylose, and from 0.72 to 0.91 for the minor sugars. To investigate the utility of the global models to predict chemical traits for species not included in the calibration, three-species calibrations were used to predict each trait in a fourth species data set. The prediction fit statistics ranged from excellent to poor depending on the species and trait, but in general the predictions would be at least moderately useful for most species-trait combinations. For some species-trait combinations with poor initial predictions from the global model, the inclusion of 10 samples from the “new” species into the calibration global model improved the fit statistics substantially. The global calibrations will be useful in tree breeding programs to rank species, families, and clones for important wood chemical traits.

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Woźniak, A., B. Nowakowicz-Dębek, A. Stępniowska, and Ł. Wlazło. "Effect of ozonation on microbiological and chemical traits of wheat grain." Plant, Soil and Environment 62, No. 12 (November 24, 2016): 552–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/655/2015-pse.

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Shiri, Manochehr, Morteza Kamrani, and Asghar Ebadi. "Evaluation of integrated nitrogen and phosphorous management using the TT biplot method in soybean." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 65, no. 1 (2020): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas2001019s.

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To investigate the effects of integrated nutrient management on oil, protein, grain yield and some traits of soybean, we conducted a factorial experiment involving 4 bio-fertilizer (no inoculation, inoculation with Barvar-2, inoculation with Biosoy and dual inoculation with Biosoy and Barvar-2) and 3 chemical fertilizer levels (no chemical fertilizer, 66 kg ha-1 diammonium phosphates + 50 kg ha-1 urea, 132 kg ha-1 diammonium phosphates + 100 kg ha-1 urea) with 100% chemical fertilizer (200 kg ha-1 diammonium phosphates + 150 kg ha-1 urea) as control base in a randomized complete block with four replications at the research farm of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran. Analysis of variance showed that treatment combinations affected most of the traits (P>0.01). We used the biplot analysis as the treatment ? trait (TT) biplot to determine the best treatment combinations and traits. The first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) explained 94 and 96% of the total variant of the standardized data in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Accordingly, application of Biosoy and 150 kg ha-1 urea + 200 kg ha-1 diammonium phosphate significantly increased stem height at harvest, number of grains per plant, biomass, hundred-grain weight, oil and protein yield, protein percent and grain yield compared to the other treatment combinations. The results showed that there were positive correlations between these traits. Also, non-inoculated plants and no chemical fertilizer treatments significantly increased oil percent. The results indicate that higher-yielding treatment combinations had lower oil percent. The biplot was used for ranking of treatment combinations based on a single trait. These study results suggest that bio-fertilizers had a positive influence on soybean and that they could diminish the use of chemical fertilizers. The study reveals that the TT biplot was able to graphically show the interrelationships between traits and support visual comparison of treatments.

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Jofré, Paula, Holly Jackson, and Marcelo Tucci Maia. "Traits for chemical evolution in solar twins." Astronomy & Astrophysics 633 (January 2020): L9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201937140.

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The physical processes driving chemical evolution in the Milky Way can be probed using the distribution of abundances in low-mass FGK type stars in space phase at different times. During their final stages of evolution, stars experience nucleosynthesis several times, each at different timescales and producing different chemical elements. Finding abundance ratios that have simple variations across cosmic times therefore remains a challenge. Using the sample of 80 solar twins for which ages and abundances of 30 elements have been measured with high precision, we searched for all possible abundance ratio combinations that show linear trends with age. We found 55 such ratios, all combining an n-capture element and another element produced by different nucleosynthesis channels. We recovered the ratios of [Y/Mg], [Ba/Mg], and [Al/Y] that have been reported previously in the literature, and found that [C/Ba] depends most strongly on age, with a slope of 0.049 ± 0.003 dex Gyr−1. This imposes constraints on the magnitude of the time dependency of abundance ratios in solar twins. Our results suggest that s-process elements, in lieu of Fe, should be used as a reference for constraining chemical evolution models of the solar neighbourhood. Our study illustrates that a wide variety of chemical elements measured in high-resolution spectra is key to meeting the current challenges in understanding the formation and evolution of our Galaxy.

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Al-Jammas, M., J. Agabriel, J. Vernet, and I. Ortigues-Marty. "Comparison of methods to evaluate the chemical composition of carcass from beef cattle." Advances in Animal Biosciences 8, s1 (October 2017): s22—s27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040470017001637.

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In cattle, the chemical composition of the carcass is usually evaluated from one of three reference methods (rib dissection, specific gravity or a combination of easily obtained measures) or is estimated from proxy traits (USDA yield grade (YG), subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT)). Objectives were to evaluate if the relationships between the chemical composition of the carcass and each of the proxy traits (YG, SFT) differed depending on the reference method. The study was conducted by meta-analysis from published results using 25 publications that reported carcass composition and proxy traits (53%, 31% and 16% of the data were based on rib dissection, specific gravity and combination of easily obtained measures, respectively). Results showed that the amounts of carcass fat or protein that can be predicted from a given proxy trait (YG or SFT) differ significantly with the reference method used to determine carcass fat or protein.

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Defrenne, Camille E., M. Luke McCormack, W. Jean Roach, Shalom D. Addo-Danso, and Suzanne W. Simard. "Intraspecific Fine-Root Trait-Environment Relationships across Interior Douglas-Fir Forests of Western Canada." Plants 8, no. 7 (June 30, 2019): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8070199.

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Variation in resource acquisition strategies enables plants to adapt to different environments and may partly determine their responses to climate change. However, little is known about how belowground plant traits vary across climate and soil gradients. Focusing on interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) in western Canada, we tested whether fine-root traits relate to the environment at the intraspecific level. We quantified the variation in commonly measured functional root traits (morphological, chemical, and architectural traits) among the first three fine-root orders (i.e., absorptive fine roots) and across biogeographic gradients in climate and soil factors. Moderate but consistent trait-environment linkages occurred across populations of Douglas-fir, despite high levels of within-site variation. Shifts in morphological traits across regions were decoupled from those in chemical traits. Fine roots in colder/drier climates were characterized by a lower tissue density, higher specific area, larger diameter, and lower carbon-to-nitrogen ratio than those in warmer/wetter climates. Our results showed that Douglas-fir fine roots do not rely on adjustments in architectural traits to adapt rooting strategies in different environments. Intraspecific fine-root adjustments at the regional scale do not fit along a single axis of root economic strategy and are concordant with an increase in root acquisitive potential in colder/drier environments.

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Tripathy, L., S. K. Dash, and S. R. Pradhan. "Effects of Chemical Mutagens on the Physio-Chemical Traits of Tomato." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7, no. 04 (April 10, 2018): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.704.031.

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Tong, Zhijun, Zhihui Xiu, Yao Ming, Dunhuang Fang, Xuejun Chen, Yafei Hu, Juhong Zhou, et al. "Quantitative trait locus mapping and genomic selection of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) based on high-density genetic map." Plant Biotechnology Reports 15, no. 6 (October 29, 2021): 845–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11816-021-00713-1.

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AbstractTobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is an economic crop and a model organism for studies of plant biology and genetics. As an allotetraploid plant generated from interspecific hybridization, tobacco has a massive genome (4.5 Gb). Recently, a genetic map with 45,081 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was constructed using whole-genome sequencing data for a tobacco population including 274 individuals. This provides a basis for quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and genomic selection, which have been widely applied to other crops but have not been feasible in tobacco. Based on this high-density genetic map, we identified QTLs associated with important agronomic traits, chemical compounds in dry leaves, and hazardous substances in processed cigarettes. The LOD values for major QTLs were highest for agronomic traits, followed by chemical compounds and hazardous substances. In addition to the identification of molecular markers, we evaluated genomic selection models and found that BayesB had the highest prediction accuracy for the recombinant inbred line population. Our results offer new insights into the genetic mechanism underlying important traits, such as agronomic traits and quality-related chemical compounds in tobacco, and will be able to support the application of molecular breeding to tobacco.

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Vasic, Mirjana, Jelica Gvozdanovic-Varga, and Janko Cervenski. "Divergence in the dry bean collection by Principal Component Analysis (PCA)." Genetika 40, no. 1 (2008): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr0801023v.

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We studied the divergence of our beans collection. The study included two qualitative traits, grain color and shape, and 13 quantitative traits, namely three components of plant height, five direct yield components and five chemical properties of grain. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed which of the traits were decisive in genotype differentiation. The principal components were formed based on the correlation matrix and shown through unrotated and rotated values of trait correlation with the main axes. The percentage contribution of particular principal components to total variability was shown, as was the accumulation of variability. The variability of the collection was interpreted based on the seven principal components, the first one describing genotype productivity, the second grain shape, the third grain size, the fourth genotype harvestability and the last three describing the chemical composition of grain. .

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Qiu, Jing, Anxia Han, Chunmei He, Xiaoxia Dai, Shihong Jia, Ying Luo, Zhanqing Hao, and Qiulong Yin. "Functional Traits of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata in Qinling Huangguan Forest Dynamics Plot: The Relative Importance of Plant Size and Habitat." Forests 13, no. 6 (June 9, 2022): 899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13060899.

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Variation in intraspecific functional traits is one of the important components of community variation, and has drawn the attention of researchers. Studying the variation of traits under different plant sizes and habitats helps to reveal the adaptation mechanism of plants. We explored intraspecific trait variations by focusing on the widespread species Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata in a 25 ha warm, temperate, deciduous broadleaved forest plot in the Qinling Mountains. We measured nine morphological and chemical traits for 90 individuals from different plant sizes and habitats. In addition, we evaluated the relative impact of plant size and environment on Q. aliena var. acuteserrata with multiple regression models. We found that plant size explained the most variance of traits. As plant size increased, the trees tended to have lower leaf nitrogen concentrations, lower leaf phosphorus concentrations, higher leaf carbon concentrations, higher leaf dry matter content (LDMC), and thinner leaves, indicating the transformation from rapid resource acquisition strategy to conservative resource-use strategy. Habitats could only explain the changes in chemical traits. Leaf carbon concentration was principally affected by topographical factors and was significant different among habitats. Leaf nitrogen concentration and LPC were significantly limited by soil N and P. In conclusion, shifts in size-dependent traits met the growth requirements of Q. aliena var. acutiserrata; the high tolerance traits associated with this tree species might elucidate important mechanisms for coping with changing environments.

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Macklin, Samantha C., Rachel O. Mariani, Emily N. Young, Rosalyn Kish, Kimberley A. Cathline, Gavin Robertson, and Adam R. Martin. "Intraspecific Leaf Trait Variation across and within Five Common Wine Grape Varieties." Plants 11, no. 20 (October 21, 2022): 2792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11202792.

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Variability in traits forming the Leaf Economics Spectrum (LES) among and within crop species plays a key role in governing agroecosystem processes. However, studies evaluating the extent, causes, and consequences of within-species variation in LES traits for some of the world’s most common crops remain limited. This study quantified variations in nine leaf traits measured across 90 vines of five common wine grape (Vitis vinifera L.) varieties at two growth stages (post-flowering and veraison). Grape traits in these varieties covary along an intraspecific LES, in patterns similar to those documented in wild plants. Across the five varieties evaluated here, high rates of photosynthesis (A) and leaf nitrogen (N) concentrations were coupled with low leaf mass per area (LMA), whereas the opposite suite of traits defined the “resource-conserving end” of this intraspecific LES in grape. Variety identity was the strongest predictor of leaf physiological (A) and morphological traits (i.e., leaf area and leaf mass), whereas leaf chemical traits and LMA were best explained by growth stage. All five varieties expressed greater resource-conserving trait syndromes (i.e., higher LMA, lower N, and lower Amass) later in the growing season. Traits related to leaf hydraulics, including instantaneous water-use efficiency (WUE), were unrelated to LES and other resource capture traits, and were better explained by spatial location. These results highlight the relative contributions of genetic, developmental, and phenotypic factors in structuring trait variation in the five wine grape varieties evaluated here, and point to a key role of domestication in governing trait relationships in the world’s crops.

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Martin, Adam R., Sossina Gezahegn, and Sean C. Thomas. "Variation in carbon and nitrogen concentration among major woody tissue types in temperate trees." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, no. 6 (June 2015): 744–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0024.

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Quantifying variation in the wood chemical traits of trees is critical for parameterizing forest biogeochemical budgets and models. Available data on wood chemical traits are based largely on samples taken from main stems; few studies have evaluated how wood chemical traits vary among major woody tissue types. We examined variation in wood carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations in 17 temperate tree species across five woody tissue types: sapwood, heartwood, small branches, coarse roots, and bark; analyses were corrected for losses of volatile C. Both C and N varied significantly among tissue types, but differences were driven mainly by high C and N in bark, a pattern observed for nearly all species. Among nonbark tissue types, bivariate correlations among sapwood, heartwood, small branches, and coarse roots were highly significant and positive for wood C (r = 0.88–0.98) and N (r = 0.66–0.95) concentrations. We suggest that intraspecific variation in C across tissue types is less important than interspecific variation for assessment and modeling of forest-level C dynamics. In contrast, differences in N among tissue types were larger and appeared to be more important to incorporate into forest-level nutrient assessments and models. Our results suggest that, with the exception of bark, wood chemical trait values derived from stemwood can be used to accurately represent whole-tree trait values in models of forest C and N stocks and fluxes, at least for temperate species.

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Kumar, Rajender, A. L. Palande, V. R. Joshi, S. S. Kulkarni, P. D. Dalve, and S. M. Choudhary. "Variations in physico-chemical traits of tamarind genotypes." Indian Journal of Horticulture 78, no. 4 (2021): 370–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-0112.2021.00053.0.

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Giaquinto, Percilia Cardoso, Claudia Militão da Silva Berbert, and Helton Carlos Delicio. "Female preferences based on male nutritional chemical traits." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 64, no. 6 (March 5, 2010): 1029–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-010-0918-z.

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Xu, Jinshi, Han Dang, Tingting Tian, Yongfu Chai, Jiaxin Quan, Maolin Lei, Xiao Liu, Yaoxin Guo, and Ming Yue. "Intraspecific Trait Variation Dilutes Deterministic Processes in Community Assembly of Arid Shrubs across Multiple Scales." Diversity 12, no. 12 (November 26, 2020): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12120447.

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Trait-based approaches present a promising avenue for improving our understanding of species coexistence and community assembly, while intraspecific trait variation (ITV) across different spatial scales is important in trait-based community assembly mechanisms, especially in extreme environments. In this study, we focused on the functional diversity and community assembly patterns of a desert community across different spatial scales and investigated whether ITV plays a significant role in community assembly processes in arid habitats. A 50 m × 50 m plot with different small quadrats was established in a typical desert community at the transition zone between the Tengger Desert and Loess Plateau in China. A total of 14 traits were selected to assess the trait-based functional diversity and assembly processes in the community. We found that functional diversity showed different patterns when considering ITV and related to different types of traits (chemical traits or morphological traits) and some soil factors (pH and nitrate nitrogen). Plant communities in this study showed stochastic distribution patterns and similar functional diversity patterns based on functional trait approaches, regardless of spatial scales. Also, the effect of ITV on community assembly did not show more effect with increasing scales. These results indicated that ITV diluted deterministic processes in community assembly across scales in arid habitats.

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DAGANI, RON. "Monolayer alters superconductor traits." Chemical & Engineering News 73, no. 25 (June 19, 1995): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v073n025.p008a.

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Peschke, Klaus. "Chemical Traits in Sexual Selection of the Rove Beetle, Aleochara curtula (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)." Entomologia Generalis 15, no. 2 (June 1, 1990): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/entom.gen/15/1990/127.

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Dominghetti Ferreira, Andre, Juliana Costa de Rezende Abrahão, Gladyston Rodrigues Carvalho, Alex Mendonça de Carvalho, Vinicius Teixeira Andrade, Flavia Maria Avelar Gonçalves, and Marcelo Ribeiro Malta. "Chemical and sensory characteristics in the selection of bourbon genotypes." Bioscience Journal 37 (December 29, 2021): e37072. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/bj-v37n0a2021-54155.

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The evaluation of coffee quality in Brazil for commercialization is conducted mainly through sensory analysis, also known as the "cup test", in which professional tasters evaluate and score various attributes. The adoption of chemical methods could complement the sensory classification of beverages, if correlations between these chemical and sensory analyses exist, making classification less subjective. This work aimed to identify the relationships between the chemical and sensorial traits of coffee-beverage quality and to evaluate the use of these traits as criteria for the selection of Bourbon cultivars. Twenty coffee genotypes from the first three harvests across five municipalities of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil were evaluated. The genotypic values, predicted for each genotype, were used to determine the index based on the sum of ranks from Mulamba and Mock. The genetic correlations among the evaluated traits were also estimated. The presented evaluations were not able to efficiently detect genetic and phenotypic relationships between the chemical and sensorial characteristics of drink quality, but as selection criteria for generation advancement in the beverage quality, it is possible to use these characteristics. Bourbon Amarelo LCJ 9-IAC, Bourbon Amarelo-Procafé, Bourbon Amarelo-Boa Vista, Bourbon Vermelho-São João Batista, and Bourbon Amarelo-Samambaia were the genotypes with the most promising cup quality in the studied regions. Through the selection of these five genotypes, the selection gain was 1.65% for sensory score for beverage quality, when the interaction among the studied environments was removed. The heritability was 92% for improving this trait.

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Aardema, Matthew L., and Rob DeSalle. "Can public online databases serve as a source of phenotypic information for Cannabis genetic association studies?" PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): e0247607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247607.

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The use of Cannabis is gaining greater social acceptance for its beneficial medicinal and recreational uses. With this acceptance has come new opportunities for crop management, selective breeding, and the potential for targeted genetic manipulation. However, as an agricultural product Cannabis lags far behind other domesticated plants in knowledge of the genes and genetic variation that influence plant traits of interest such as growth form and chemical composition. Despite this lack of information, there are substantial publicly available resources that document phenotypic traits believed to be associated with particular Cannabis varieties. Such databases could be a valuable resource for developing a greater understanding of genes underlying phenotypic variation if combined with appropriate genetic information. To test this potential, we collated phenotypic data from information available through multiple online databases. We then produced a Cannabis SNP database from 845 strains to examine genome wide associations in conjunction with our assembled phenotypic traits. Our goal was not to locate Cannabis-specific genetic variation that correlates with phenotypic variation as such, but rather to examine the potential utility of these databases more broadly for future, explicit genome wide association studies (GWAS), either in stand-alone analyses or to complement other types of data. For this reason, we examined a very broad array of phenotypic traits. In total, we performed 201 distinct association tests using web-derived phenotype data appended to 290 uniquely named Cannabis strains. Our results indicated that chemical phenotypes, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) content, may have sufficiently high-quality information available through web-based sources to allow for genetic association inferences. In many cases, variation in chemical traits correlated with genetic variation in or near biologically reasonable candidate genes, including several not previously implicated in Cannabis chemical variation. As with chemical phenotypes, we found that publicly available data on growth traits such as height, area of growth, and floral yield may be precise enough for use in future association studies. In contrast, phenotypic information for subjective traits such as taste, physiological affect, neurological affect, and medicinal use appeared less reliable. These results are consistent with the high degree of subjectivity for such trait data found on internet databases, and suggest that future work on these important but less easily quantifiable characteristics of Cannabis may require dedicated, controlled phenotyping.

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Geng, Yan, Liang Wang, Dongmei Jin, Huiying Liu, and Jin-Sheng He. "Alpine climate alters the relationships between leaf and root morphological traits but not chemical traits." Oecologia 175, no. 2 (March 17, 2014): 445–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-014-2919-5.

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Tripathy, L., S. Srichandan, SK Dash, J. Bhuyan, and T. R. Sahoo. "Effects of chemical mutagens on the physio-chemical traits of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)." Journal of Krishi Vigyan 9, no. 2 (2021): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2349-4433.2021.00012.x.

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Tawfik, Eman, and Mohamed Fathy. "Chemical Mutagens Affecting in vitro Behavior of Gardenia jasminoides." Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology 30, no. 2 (December 11, 2020): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v30i2.50691.

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The chemical mutagens, namely sodium azide and guanidine hydrochloride (30, 40 and 50 mM) for each were applied for the in vitro culture of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. Eight morphological traits were evaluated to calculate the result of different concentrations of mutagens compared to control. In sodium azide, all morphological traits decreased compared to control, except the number of branches and leaves and leaf length, which increases compared to control. Unlike guanidine hydrochloride, all the morphological traits are enhanced in mutants rather than control. The polymorphism percentage resulted from genetic variation varied (57.71% in the case of sodium azide and 67.59% in guanidine hydrochloride). Hence, guanidine hydrochloride is a more powerful mutagen and causes more genetic variations and instability than sodium azide, as was reflected in morphological parameters (i.e., fresh weight, shoot length, root length, number of lateral roots, number of leaves, numbers of branches, leaf length, and leaf width) and physiological traits (i.e., chlorophyll pigmentation and carotenoids). Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 30(2): 209-218, 2020 (December)

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Ahmed Al-Timimi, Omar A., Jassem M. Aziz Aljubory, and Mohammad S. K. Al Zubaidi. "Combining Ability Determination of Chemical Structures and Grain Yield of Grains (Triticum Aestivum. L)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1060, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1060/1/012094.

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Abstract The crosses were carried out according to the half-reciprocal cross-hybrid system proposed by of ten genotypes of bread wheat (Triticum aestvum.L) in the agricultural season (2018-2019) in the fields of a farmer in Baladrooz district - Diyala governorate. Crosses were carried out between them to obtain the seeds of the first generation of 45 hybrids according to the second Krvenk method, the second model. Parents and first-generation crosses were planted in the second season on (25) November 2020 using the RCBD and with three replications. Estimated (grain yield, protein, total and dry gluten, ash). The results of the analysis of variance for the studied traits of the mean squares of the genotypes of fathers and individual crosses and fathers against crosses were significant at the 1% probability level for all traits except for fathers against crosses. The performance of the genotypes in the studied traits in the trait of grain yield in the father (4) was superior and gave the highest rate of (72.08) gm plant ¯1, and the hybrid (1×10) was significantly superior to the rest of the crosses with an average of (80.39) gm plant ¯1. In the percentage of protein, it was superior to the Parent (1) and gave the highest percentage of protein (15.28%). The hybrid (2×3) was significantly superior with the highest percentage of protein (15.78)%. And for the trait of total gluten is superior to the Parent (6), the percentage of gluten in it is (74.0)%. The hybrid (8×6) was superior with the highest value of the gluten percentage which reached (88.67)%. In the trait of dry gluten, Parent (6) had the highest percentage of dry gluten, which was superior with a percentage of total gluten that amounted to (32.10%), while in crosses, the hybrid (1×2) had the highest percentage of dry gluten (22.80). The highest ash value reached (2.32), while in the hybrids (4×8) the hybrid surpassed with the highest ash value (2.66).The estimates of the general combing ability for each were positive in grain yield and significantly in the Parent (1, 3, 4, 9, 10). As for the estimates of the special effects of each individual hybrid for the studied traits, they were positively affected in the grain yield and in the desired direction in the direction of sixteen hybrids, the most important of which are (1×8), (1×10), (2×3), (2×4) and (2×). 6) In the proportion of protein, it was a significant positive desirable at the probability level of 1% in the hybrids, including (1×10) and (2×3).

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Rangel, Luciana M., Lúcia H. S. Silva, Elisabeth J. Faassen, Miquel Lürling, and Kemal Ali Ger. "Copepod Prey Selection and Grazing Efficiency Mediated by Chemical and Morphological Defensive Traits of Cyanobacteria." Toxins 12, no. 7 (July 21, 2020): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12070465.

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Phytoplankton anti-grazer traits control zooplankton grazing and are associated with harmful blooms. Yet, how morphological versus chemical phytoplankton defenses regulate zooplankton grazing is poorly understood. We compared zooplankton grazing and prey selection by contrasting morphological (filament length: short vs. long) and chemical (saxitoxin: STX- vs. STX+) traits of a bloom-forming cyanobacterium (Raphidiopsis) offered at different concentrations in mixed diets with an edible phytoplankton to a copepod grazer. The copepod selectively grazed on the edible prey (avoidance of cyanobacteria) even when the cyanobacterium was dominant. Avoidance of the cyanobacterium was weakest for the “short STX-” filaments and strongest for the other three strains. Hence, filament size had an effect on cyanobacterial avoidance only in the STX- treatments, while toxin production significantly increased cyanobacterial avoidance regardless of filament size. Moreover, cyanobacterial dominance reduced grazing on the edible prey by almost 50%. Results emphasize that the dominance of filamentous cyanobacteria such as Raphidiopsis can interfere with copepod grazing in a trait specific manner. For cyanobacteria, toxin production may be more effective than filament size as an anti-grazer defense against selectively grazing zooplankton such as copepods. Our results highlight how multiple phytoplankton defensive traits interact to regulate the producer-consumer link in plankton ecosystems.

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Rawat, Monika, Kusum Arunachalam, and Ayyandar Arunachalam. "Relationships among the leaf traits in temperate forest tree species in Uttarakhand, India." European Journal of Ecology 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eje-2018-0007.

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Abstract Background: The primary function of the leaf is the production of the food and interchange the gases between the atmosphere and the plant surface. Establishing the relationship among the leaf traits is essential to understand the ecosystem functioning in the forest ecosystem. Here, the present study proposes a framework for species-level relationships between the traits in the temperate forest ecosystem. Methodology: Three morphological (leaf area, specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content), three chemical (leaf carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous content) and six physiological (chlorophyll, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intrinsic water use efficiency, transpiration rate, intercellular CO2 concentration) leaf traits were analysed in 10 woody tree species of temperate forest using linear mixed modelling. Results: Results showed that the leaf carbon was the only trait influencing the most to leaf area, specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content and leads to maximum variation in the functioning of the forest ecosystem. Conclusion: The results suggested that consideration of plant traits, and especially the leaf traits, increases the ability to describe variation in the functioning of the forest ecosystem. This study indicated that leaf carbon act as the significant predictor of leaf trait variation among the different species in the temperate forest ecosystem of the Indian Himalayan region.

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Trábert, Zsuzsa, Mónika Duleba, Tibor Bíró, Péter Dobosy, Angéla Földi, András Hidas, Keve Tihamér Kiss, et al. "Effect of Land Use on the Benthic Diatom Community of the Danube River in the Region of Budapest." Water 12, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020479.

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(1) Urbanization significantly influences the ecosystems of rivers in various ways, including the so-called loading effect of wastewater production. Benthic diatoms are used in ecological status assessments of waters. Beside species composition, traits can be used as indicators. We aimed to evaluate how the loading of the large city of Budapest manifests in the physico-chemical variables of the River Danube and what species composition and trait response this loading results in for the benthic diatom communities. (2) Weekly samplings were performed at points upstream and downstream of Budapest on both riverbanks. Samples were compared, based on general physical-chemical variables and the concentration of thirty-four elements, as well as species composition and seven traits of species of diatom communities. Ecological status was assessed using the Specific Pollution Sensitivity Index (IPS). (3) Only a few measured environmental variables showed differences between the sampling points, suggesting that the nutrient loading has significantly decreased due to the installation of several efficiently working wastewater treatment plants since the introduction of the European Union Water Framework Directive. In contrast, the species composition and traits of species showed the effect of land use. Benthic diatoms indicate the environmental changes caused by land use in the longer-term, while chemical measurements reflect instantaneous status.

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Zhang, Deqiang, Zhiyi Zhang, and Kai Yang. "QTL analysis of growth and wood chemical content traits in an interspecific backcross family of white poplar (Populus tomentosa × P. bolleana) × P. tomentosa." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 8 (August 1, 2006): 2015–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-103.

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The genetic control of tree growth and wood chemical content traits was studied using interspecific backcross progeny between clone TB01 (Populus tomentosa × Populus bolleana) and clone LM50 (P. tomentosa). In total, 247 and 146 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers from genetic maps previously constructed for backcross parents LM50 and TB01 were used for the analyses of quantitative trait loci (QTL). These markers were distributed among 19 linkage groups and covered 3265 and 1992 cM in the backcross parents, respectively. A total of 32 putative QTLs, associated with five growth and chemical content traits, sylleptic branch number, sylleptic branch angle, stem volume, wood cellulose content, and wood lignin content, were detected. These QTLs were dispersed among 16 linkage groups in parent LM50 and 10 groups in parent TB01. The phenotypic variance explained by each QTL ranged from 7.0% to 14.6%. QTLs controlling sylleptic branch number and stem volume were colocalized in two linkage groups, TLG6 and TLG8, respectively. The favorable alleles were mostly from P. tomentosa, which is phenotypically superior to P. bolleana for sylleptic branch angle, stem volume, and wood chemical content traits. The favorable alleles for sylleptic branch number were from P.bolleana. These AFLP markers that were associated with the QTLs have potential use in P. tomentosa breeding programs.

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Kandil, A. A., M. S. Sultan, A. E. Sharief, and W. El-Batrwy. "Certain Physical and Chemical Traits in Selected Oilseed Crops." Journal of Agronomy 8, no. 2 (March 15, 2009): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ja.2009.73.78.

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Allela, Walled B. M., and Shamil Y. H. Al-Hamdani. "Effect of some Agricultural Treatments on Chemical and Qualitative Characters of Five Cucumber hybrids Grown under Unheated Greenhouse." Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences 32 (September 4, 2019): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2019.139.

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The experiment was implemented in greenhouse at College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, During the spring growing season of 2014 to study the evaluation of genetic behavior of some traits in five cucumber hybrids (Raiane, Karol, Sayff, Karima and Baraka) under the effect of fertilization with two plant extracts treatments (control and fertilization with humic acid at concentrate 6 gm.-l) and harvesting fruits in two periods in each (two days or three days) on growth and yield of cucumber. The experiment results subjected to statistical analysis arranged in R.C.B.D. with three replications. The results can be summarized as follows, Leaves content of nutrient elements, The Baraka hybrid exhibited non-significant in N % of leaves superiority, and the hybrid Raiane in P% of leaves and the hybrid Karima in K% of leaves as compared with other hybrids. Plants fertilized with humic acid were surpassed significantly over the non-fertilized plants in N % of leaves only, The results revealed non-significance in nutrient elements percentages between the fertilized and non-fertilized plants. Treatments of triple interactions showed a significant increase in traits of N % and P % of leaves. Yield qualitative trait, The differences did not reached a significant effect between the fertilized and non-fertilized plants, The plants harvested in each of two and three days revealed non-significant differences in all traits except in trait GA3 of leaves, where the plants of two-days harvesting were superior significantly on the plants of three days harvesting.

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Silva, Marina F. e., Gabriel M. Maciel, Rafael R. Finzi, Joicy Vitoria M. Peixoto, Wender S. Rezende, and Renata Castoldi. "Selection indexes for agronomic and chemical traits in segregating sweet corn populations." Horticultura Brasileira 38, no. 1 (January 2020): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-053620200111.

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ABSTRACT In the sweet corn breeding, the selection of superior genotypes should consider many traits simultaneously. The best strategy to select traits simultaneously is through selection indexes. This study aimed to compare the efficiency of different selection indexes based on characteristics with direct effect on grain yield in segregating sweet corn populations. Eighteen traits were evaluated in eight sweet corn genotypes on generation F3. Data were submitted to analyses of variance and path coefficient analyses. We compared the direct and indirect selection and the following indexes: base, classical, desired gains and genotype-ideotype distance. According to path coefficient analyses, the traits which showed a direct effect about grain yield (GY) were stand, number of ears, ear diameter, number of grains per row and industrial yield, which composed the indexes. The base index provided the greatest total genetic gain, desired gains on all traits, uniform distribution of the gains and considerable gains on GY.

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A. Ali, Kawa, Hussain H. Hamad, and Shorsh Kh. Qadir. "Effect of Bio and chemical Fertilizers on some physiological traits and yield of Arugula." Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A 22, no. 2 (December 20, 2020): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10811.

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Galetti, Mauro, Marco Aurélio Pizo, and Leonor Patrícia Cerdeira Morellato. "Diversity of functional traits of fleshy fruits in a species-rich Atlantic rain forest." Biota Neotropica 11, no. 1 (March 2011): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032011000100019.

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Production of vertebrate-dispersed fruits is the most common strategy of tropical woody plants to disperse their seeds. Few studies have documented community-wide variation of fruit morphology and chemistry of vertebrate-dispersed fruits in species-rich tropical communities. We examined the functional diversity of fruit morphological and chemical traits of 186 species representing 57 plant families in an undisturbed lowland plant community in the Atlantic rain forest of SE, Brazil. We were particularly interested in associating morphological and chemical fruit traits to their main seed dispersers, either birds, mammals or 'mixed' (i.e. fruits eaten by birds and mammals). The morphological and chemical traits of fruits at the study site generally resemble the patterns observed in fruits worldwide. Bird fruits tend to be smaller than mammal fruits, being colored black or red, whereas mammal fruits are often yellow or green. Mammal fruits are more variable than bird fruits in relation to morphological traits, while the reverse is true for chemical traits. Mixed fruits resemble bird fruits in the patterns of variation of morphological and chemical traits, suggesting that they are primarily bird-dispersed fruits that are also exploited by mammals. Mixed fruits are common in tropical forests, and represent an excellent opportunity to contrast the effectiveness of different functional groups of frugivores dispersing the same plant species.

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Rêgo, Elizanilda R. do, Mailson M. do Rêgo, Izadora Wally F. de Matos, and Lidiany Aparecida Barbosa. "Morphological and chemical characterization of fruits of Capsicum spp. accessions." Horticultura Brasileira 29, no. 3 (September 2011): 364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362011000300018.

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This study aimed to evaluate 69 Capsicum accessions from the Germplasm Bank of Universidade Federal de Roraima, for some fruit quality traits. The experiment was performed in a completely random design, with 69 treatments and 3 replications. The 69 accessions were evaluated for fourteen quantitative and two qualitative traits of ripe fruits. Quantitative fruits data were subjected to an analysis of variance, and the means were grouped by Scott-Knott test (p<0.01). All characteristics had significant effect of treatments (p<0.01) for all evaluated traits. The data showed high genetic variability to future use in a Capsicum breeding program. The accessions 33, 44 and 41 showed major values for dry matter content and total soluble solids; these should be used to improve these traits in a paprika breeding program. On the other hand, the accession 48 showed major values for fresh weight, major fruit length and fruit width. The accession 33, belonging to the Capsicum frutescens species, with high vitamin C content should be used in a fresh market Capsicum breeding program.

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Ehlers, Bodil K., Christian F. Damgaard, and Fabien Laroche. "Intraspecific genetic variation and species coexistence in plant communities." Biology Letters 12, no. 1 (January 2016): 20150853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0853.

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Many studies report that intraspecific genetic variation in plants can affect community composition and coexistence. However, less is known about which traits are responsible and the mechanisms by which variation in these traits affect the associated community. Focusing on plant–plant interactions, we review empirical studies exemplifying how intraspecific genetic variation in functional traits impacts plant coexistence. Intraspecific variation in chemical and architectural traits promotes species coexistence, by both increasing habitat heterogeneity and altering competitive hierarchies. Decomposing species interactions into interactions between genotypes shows that genotype × genotype interactions are often intransitive. The outcome of plant–plant interactions varies with local adaptation to the environment and with dominant neighbour genotypes, and some plants can recognize the genetic identity of neighbour plants if they have a common history of coexistence. Taken together, this reveals a very dynamic nature of coexistence. We outline how more traits mediating plant–plant interactions may be identified, and how future studies could use population genetic surveys of genotype distribution in nature and methods from trait-based ecology to better quantify the impact of intraspecific genetic variation on plant coexistence.

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Lázaro, Almudena. "Tomato landraces: an analysis of diversity and preferences." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 16, no. 4 (February 5, 2018): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262117000351.

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AbstractThis study evaluates the agronomic and morphological traits, chemical composition and traits related to consumer perception of local tomato landraces mostly collected in the suburban area of Madrid. Results showed remarkable variability at all the studied levels in this small area – intra- and inter-accession variability, and in morphological, agronomical and quality traits – and was often dependent on the environmental conditions where the crop was grown. However, few morphotypes could be defined. Some morphological traits of the studied samples seemed to be associated. For instance, ribbed fruits ripened with green shoulder and dark flesh accumulated more soluble solids. Consumer appreciation and fruit morphology, i.e. traits related to fruit size and shape, seemed to be the main determinants of tomato-type definition, although nutrient content also played an important role. Consumers positively received heirloom tomatoes, especially when they were cultivated in the open-field near their area of selection where they express their full potential in the nutrient synthesis and sensory properties. Although total soluble solids content seems to be the main trait related to appreciation, some morphological traits could be determinant in consumers’ choice. Furthermore, some consumers were more interested in different tomato typologies and nutritional characters like acidity.

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Wassimi, N. N., G. L. Hosfield, and M. A. Uebersax. "Inheritance of Physico-chemical Seed Characters Related to Culinary Quality in Dry Bean." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 115, no. 3 (May 1990): 492–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.115.3.492.

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Culinary quality in dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) depends on attributes of seeds prevailing at harvest and is determined by the genetic architecture of cultivars and by unpredictable environmental factors. Variation among genotypes for culinary quality has been shown to be heritable; however, the efficacy of selection depends on a knowledge of the genetic control of the measured traits. A diallel mating design was used to estimate the combining ability of parents and determine the inheritance of nine culinary quality traits important to processors and consumers. Genetic variability among eight parents, 56 F2, and 56 F3 progenies was confirmed by significant mean squares from analyses of variance. Significant variability detected between F2 and F3 progenies for soaked bean weight (SBWT), soaked bean water content (SBWC), and clumps (CLMP) was due to inbreeding effects. General combining ability (GCA) components were highly significant and overshadowed specific combining ability (SCA) components in the F2 and F3 for SBWT, SBWC, split beans (SPLT), and the washed-drained weight coefficient (WDWTR), indicating that additive variance predominated. Ratios of GCA: SCA components were equal to or less than unity for CLMP, washed-drained weight (WDWT), and texture (TEXT), indicating that both additive and nonadditive effects contributed to trait expression. Significant SCA effect variances were noted for `Sanilac', `San Fernando', `Nep-2', and `A-30' for WDWT and TEXT, implying that progeny from crosses of these parents had higher or lower mean values for the traits titan the average expected on the basis of GCA. Graphs of the regression of Vr on Wr showed that genes controlling WDWT and TEXT were completely dominant in most cases. Recurrent selection, which seeks to concentrate favorable alleles with additive effects in populations, may he an effective breeding procedure to improve the culinary quality of dry beans. It is not feasible to breed for TEXT and WDWT simultaneously because of a negative correlation between the traits.

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Patel, Nageshvar, Matteo Bergamaschi, Luciano Magro, Andrea Petrini, and Giovanni Bittante. "Relationships of a Detailed Mineral Profile of Meat with Animal Performance and Beef Quality." Animals 9, no. 12 (December 3, 2019): 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9121073.

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The mineral profile of beef is a subject of human health interest, but also animal performance and meat quality. This study analyzes the relationships of 20 minerals in beef inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) with three animal performance and 13 beef quality traits analyzed on 182 samples of Longissimus thoracis. Animals’ breed and sex showed limited effects. The major sources of variation (farm/date of slaughter, individual animal within group and side/sample within animal) differed greatly from trait to trait. Mineral contents were correlated to animal performance and beef quality being significant 52 out of the 320 correlations at the farm/date level, and 101 out of the 320 at the individual animal level. Five latent factors explained 69% of mineral co-variation. The most important, “Mineral quantity” factor correlated with age at slaughter and with the beef color traits. Two latent factors (“Na + Fe + Cu” and “Fe + Mn”) correlated with performance and beef color traits. Two other (“K-B-Pb” and “Zn”) correlated with beef chemical composition and the latter also with carcass weight and daily gain, and beef color traits. Beef cooking losses correlated with “K-B-Pb”. Latent factor analysis appears be a useful means of disentangling the very complex relationships that the minerals in beef have with animal performance and beef quality traits.

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Guo, Hongping, and Zuguo Yu. "Identifying Shared Risk Genes between Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Metabolic Traits by Cross-Trait Association Analysis." Processes 9, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9010107.

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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) generally co-occurs with metabolic disorders, but it is unclear which genes have a pleiotripic effect on NAFLD and metabolic traits. We performed a large-scale cross-trait association analysis to identify the overlapping genes between NAFLD and nine metabolic traits. Among all the metabolic traits, we found that obesity and type II diabetes are associated with NAFLD. Then, a multitrait association analysis among NAFLD, obesity and type II diabetes was conducted to improve the overall statistical power. We identified 792 significant variants by a cross-trait meta-analysis involving 100 pleiotripic genes. Moreover, we detected another two common genes by a genome-wide gene test. The results from the pathway enrichment analysis show that the 102 shared risk genes are enriched in cancer, diabetes, insulin secretion, and other related pathways. This study can help us understand the molecular mechanisms underlying comorbid NAFLD and metabolic disorders.

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Pan, Xu, Matty P. Berg, Olaf Butenschoen, Phil J. Murray, Igor V. Bartish, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Ming Dong, and Andreas Prinzing. "Larger phylogenetic distances in litter mixtures: lower microbial biomass and higher C/N ratios but equal mass loss." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1806 (May 7, 2015): 20150103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0103.

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Phylogenetic distances of coexisting species differ greatly within plant communities, but their consequences for decomposers and decomposition remain unknown. We hypothesized that large phylogenetic distance of leaf litter mixtures increases differences of their litter traits, which may, in turn, result in increased resource complementarity or decreased resource concentration for decomposers and hence increased or decreased chemical transformation and reduction of litter. We conducted a litter mixture experiment including 12 common temperate tree species (evolutionarily separated by up to 106 Myr), and sampled after seven months, at which average mass loss was more than 50%. We found no effect of increased phylogenetic distance on litter mass loss or on abundance and diversity of invertebrate decomposers. However, phylogenetic distance decreased microbial biomass and increased carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios of litter mixtures. Consistently, four litter traits showed (marginally) significant phylogenetic signal and in three of these traits increasing trait difference decreased microbial biomass and increased C/N. We suggest that phylogenetic proximity of litter favours microbial decomposers and chemical transformation of litter owing to a resource concentration effect. This leads to a new hypothesis: closely related plant species occurring in the same niche should promote and profit from increased nutrient availability.

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Fan, Wei, Jingjing Wang, Huiling Wang, Pengfei Deng, Aiqin Li, Shasha Zhang, and Xiaoniu Xu. "Fine-root chemical traits rather than morphological traits of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) plantations vary along an altitudinal gradient in Eastern China." Forest Systems 31, no. 2 (June 13, 2022): e010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/fs/2022312-18793.

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Aim of study: To explore the different patterns of fine-root traits by elucidating changes in their chemistries and morphologies in Chinese fir plantations along an altitudinal gradient. Area of study: National Mazongling Nature Reserve (Anhui Province). Material and methods: Soil and fine roots (≤ 2 mm) samples were extracted from three soil layers (0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm) at four altitudes (750 m, 850 m, 1000 m, and 1150m), after which their nutrient concentrations and morphological traits, respectively, were quantified. We employed mixed model ANOVA to test the effects of altitude, soil layer, and their interactions on the characteristics of soil and fine roots. The relationships between the functional traits of fine roots and climate, soil and stand structures were evaluated by the standard major axis regression and the structural equation model. Main results: The chemical traits of fine roots were higher at medium altitudes (which decreased significantly with the soil layer). In contrast the morphological traits of fine roots did not change significantly. In chemical traits, both altitude, organic matter components, and soil total phosphorus (TP) exerted dominant effects on fine-root N, and both altitude and soil TP exerted dominant effects on fine-root P. However, in morphological traits, we found that altitude and soil C:N were crucial impact factors. Research highlights: Fine roots might preferentially adjust their chemical traits rather than morphological traits to facilitate higher root efficiencies in response to variable environmental conditions.

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Roman, Voroshilin, Prosekov Alexander, Kurbanova Marina, and Kolbina Anastasiya. "Rheological characteristics of gelatin obtained from secondary raw materials of poultry processing." Poultry and Chicken Products 24, no. 2 (2022): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30975/2073-4999-2022-24-2-54-58.

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The investigation purpose is to carry out analysis of physical and chemical traits and rheological characteristics for gelatin received from broiler paws with enzyme acid hydrolysis method. Experimental gelatin sample has been shown to surpass control one in dry matter content including protein mass fraction by 1.5% average. The rest physical and chemical traits of experimental sample was at control sample level. Experimental gelatin characteristic has shown significant enzyme acid hydrolysis influence at gelation and gel strength traits.

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de Groot, Jasper H. B., Gün R. Semin, and Monique A. M. Smeets. "On the Communicative Function of Body Odors." Perspectives on Psychological Science 12, no. 2 (March 2017): 306–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691616676599.

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Humans use multiple senses to navigate the social world, and the sense of smell is arguably the most underestimated one. An intriguing aspect of the sense of smell is its social communicative function. Research has shown that human odors convey information about a range of states (e.g., emotions, sickness) and traits (e.g., individuality, gender). Yet, what underlies the communicability of these states and traits via smell? We fill this explanatory gap with a framework that highlights the dynamic and flexible aspects of human olfactory communication. In particular, we explain how chemical profiles, associative learning (i.e., the systematic co-occurrence of chemical profiles with state- or trait-related information), and top-down contextual influences could interact to shape human odor perception. Our model not only helps to integrate past research on human olfactory communication but it also opens new avenues for future research on this fascinating, yet to date poorly understood, field.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Chemical traits'

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