Academic literature on the topic 'Chemical traits'
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Journal articles on the topic "Chemical traits"
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Arbuckle, Kevin. "Chemical antipredator defence is linked to higher extinction risk." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 11 (November 2016): 160681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160681.
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Many attributes of species may be linked to contemporary extinction risk, though some such traits remain untested despite suggestions that they may be important. Here, I test whether a trait associated with higher background extinction rates, chemical antipredator defence, is also associated with current extinction risk, using amphibians as a model system—a group facing global population declines. I find that chemically defended species are approximately 60% more likely to be threatened than species without chemical defence, although the severity of the contemporary extinction risk may not relate to chemical defence. The results confirm that background and contemporary extinction rates can be predicted from the same traits, at least in certain cases. This suggests that associations between extinction risk and phenotypic traits can be temporally stable over long periods. The results also provide novel insights into the relevance of antipredator defences for species subject to conservation concerns.
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Nakagawa, Michiko, Megumi Hori, Mitsutoshi Umemura, and Takuya Ishida. "Relationships of wood density and wood chemical traits between stems and coarse roots across 53 Bornean tropical tree species." Journal of Tropical Ecology 32, no. 2 (January 18, 2016): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467416000018.
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Abstract:Wood density and wood chemical traits are strong predictors of tree performance, carbon stock, and wood decomposition, which play important roles in ecosystem processes and carbon and nutrient cycling in forests. However, it remains unknown how root wood traits are related to stem wood traits. We examined the relationships of wood density and wood chemical traits (lignin and nitrogen concentrations, carbon-to-nitrogen ratio) between the stems and coarse roots of 90 individuals representing 53 tropical tree species in Malaysian Borneo. We developed regression equations of each wood trait using the standardized major axis method. Each root wood trait was highly correlated with the corresponding stem wood trait, and most regression equations fitted well (R2 > 0.5). The lignin concentration of roots was significantly greater than that of stems. We conclude that root wood traits can be estimated from the corresponding stem wood traits in South-East Asian tropical trees. Further analysis of coarse root decomposability will provide more accurate estimates of carbon and nutrient fluxes in tropical forest ecosystems.
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López, Pilar, and José Martín. "Intersexual differences in chemosensory responses to selected lipids reveal different messages conveyed by femoral secretions of male Iberian rock lizards." Amphibia-Reptilia 29, no. 4 (2008): 572–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853808786230479.
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AbstractThe effects of intrasexual selection (i.e., male-male competition) and intersexual selection (i.e., mate choice) may result on the evolution of different secondary sexual traits. We tested whether chemosensory responses of male and female Iberolacerta cyreni lizards to femoral secretion of conspecific males (a chemical sexual trait used in social behavior) were eliciting by different chemical traits. Tongue-flick essays showed that males and females had similar chemosensory responses to the femoral secretions of males, but males and females differed in the magnitude of their chemosensory responses to the different chemicals found in secretions. Moreover, responses to chemicals related to body size depended on the own body size of the responding male, but did not in females. These results might support that femoral secretions of males convey different messages for male or female I. cyreni lizards.
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Reiner, G., N. Clemens, R. Fischer, F. Köhler, T. Berge, S. Hepp, and H. Willems. "Mapping of quantitative trait loci for clinical-chemical traits in swine." Animal Genetics 40, no. 1 (February 2009): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2052.2008.01804.x.
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Duthie, C., G. Simm, P. Knap, A. Wilson, E. Kalm, and R. Roehe. "Novel quantitative trait loci for chemical body composition traits in pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200019062.
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Quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with physical and chemical body composition of the pig are of substantial economic interest. Previous studies have reported QTL for physical body composition such as lean and fat tissue traits (Roehe et al., 2003). In contrast, QTL associated with chemical body composition and for the change in deposition of such components during growth have only been reported in one previous study (Mohrmann et al., 2006). Knowledge of the genomic regulation of body composition during growth is important to accurately estimate nutritional requirements, optimise the entire production system, characterise the population of interest, and to optimise food intake capacity by breeding.
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Venditti, Alessandro, Claudio Frezza, Sebastiano Foddai, Mauro Serafini, Marcello Nicoletti, and Armandodoriano Bianco. "Chemical Traits of Hemiparasitism inOdontites luteus." Chemistry & Biodiversity 14, no. 4 (March 23, 2017): e1600416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201600416.
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Bravo-Monzón, Ángel E., Cristina Montiel-González, Julieta Benítez-Malvido, María Leticia Arena-Ortíz, José Israel Flores-Puerto, Xavier Chiappa-Carrara, Luis Daniel Avila-Cabadilla, and Mariana Yolotl Alvarez-Añorve. "The Assembly of Tropical Dry Forest Tree Communities in Anthropogenic Landscapes: The Role of Chemical Defenses." Plants 11, no. 4 (February 14, 2022): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11040516.
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The effect of anthropogenic disturbance on plant community traits and tradeoffs remains poorly explored in tropical forests. In this study, we aimed to identify tradeoffs between defense and other plant functions related to growth processes in order to detect potential aboveground and edaphic environmental conditions modulating traits variation on plant communities, and to find potential assembly rules underlying species coexistence in secondary (SEF) and old-growth forests (OGF). We measured the foliar content of defense phytochemicals and leaf traits related to fundamental functions on 77 species found in SEF and OGF sites in the Jalisco dry forest ecoregion, Mexico, and we explored (1) the trait-trait and trait-habitat associations, (2) the intra and interspecies trait variation, and (3) the traits-environment associations. We found that phytochemical content was associated with high leaf density and leaf fresh mass, resulting in leaves resistant to drought and high radiation, with chemical and physical defenses against herbivore/pathogen attack. The phytochemicals and chlorophyll concentrations were negatively related, matching the predictions of the Protein Competition Model. The phylogenetic signal in functional traits, suggests that abundant clades share the ability to resist the harsh biotic and abiotic conditions and face similar tradeoffs between productive and defensive functions. Environmental filters could modulate the enhanced expression of defensive phytochemicals in SEF, while, in OGFs, we found a stronger filtering effect driving community assembly. This could allow for the coexistence of different defensive strategies in OGFs, where a greater species richness could dilute the prevalence of pathogens/herbivores. Consequently, anthropogenic disturbance could alter TDF ecosystem properties/services and functioning.
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Yoo, Chae-Kyoung, In-Cheol Cho, Jae-Bong Lee, Eun-Ji Jung, Hyun-Tae Lim, Sang-Hyun Han, Sung-Soo Lee, et al. "QTL analysis of clinical-chemical traits in an F2 intercross between Landrace and Korean native pigs." Physiological Genomics 44, no. 13 (July 1, 2012): 657–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00172.2011.
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Clinical-chemical traits are essential when examining the health status of individuals. The aim of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) and the associated positional candidate genes affecting clinical-chemical traits in a reciprocal F2 intercross between Landrace and Korean native pigs. Following an overnight fast, 25 serum phenotypes related to clinical-chemical traits (e.g., hepatic function parameters, renal function parameters, electrolyte, lipids) were measured in >970 F2 progeny. All experimental samples were subjected to genotyping analysis using 165 microsatellite markers located across the genome. We identified eleven genome-wide significant QTL in six chromosomal regions (SSC 2, 7, 8, 13, 14, and 15) and 59 suggestive QTL in 17 chromosomal regions (SSC 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18). We also observed significant effects of reciprocal crosses on some of the traits, which would seem to result from maternal effect, QTL on sex chromosomes, imprinted genes, or genetic difference in mitochondrial DNA. The role of genomic imprinting in clinical-chemical traits also was investigated. Genome-wide analysis revealed a significant evidence for an imprinted QTL in SSC4 affecting serum amylase levels. Additionally, a series of bivariate linkage analysis provided strong evidence that QTL in SSC 2, 13, 15, and 18 have a pleiotropic effect on clinical-chemical traits. In conclusion, our study detected both novel and previously reported QTL influencing clinical-chemical traits in pigs. The identified QTL together with the positional candidate genes identified here could play an important role in elucidating the genetic structure of clinical-chemical phenotype variation in humans and swine.
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Hodge, Gary R., Juan Jose Acosta, Faride Unda, William C. Woodbridge, and Shawn D. Mansfield. "Global near infrared spectroscopy models to predict wood chemical properties of Eucalyptus." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 26, no. 2 (April 2018): 117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967033518770211.
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Global near infrared spectroscopy models (multiple-species, multiple-sites) were developed to predict chemical properties of Eucalyptus wood. The sample data set included 186 samples from four data sets (five species) originating from six countries: Eucalyptus urophylla from Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, and South Africa; Eucalyptus dunnii from Uruguay; Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus nitens from Chile; and Eucalyptus grandis from Colombia. The 186 samples were all preselected from larger collections of 400 to nearly 1800 samples to represent the range of chemical and spectral variation in each data set. The chemical traits modeled were total lignin, insoluble lignin, soluble lignin, syringyl–guaiacyl ratio (S/G), glucose, xylose, galactose, arabinose, and mannose. Single-species models and global multiple-species models were developed for each chemical constituent. For the global model, the R2cv for total lignin, insoluble lignin and syringyl–guaiacyl ratio were 0.95, 0.96, and 0.86, respectively. An alternate expression of the syringyl–guaiacyl relationship (S/(S+G)) resulted in better near infrared calibrations (e.g., for the global model, R2cv = 0.95). The global models for sugar content were also very good, but were slightly inferior to those for the lignin related traits, with R2cv = 0.74 for glucose, 0.89 for xylose, and from 0.72 to 0.91 for the minor sugars. To investigate the utility of the global models to predict chemical traits for species not included in the calibration, three-species calibrations were used to predict each trait in a fourth species data set. The prediction fit statistics ranged from excellent to poor depending on the species and trait, but in general the predictions would be at least moderately useful for most species-trait combinations. For some species-trait combinations with poor initial predictions from the global model, the inclusion of 10 samples from the “new” species into the calibration global model improved the fit statistics substantially. The global calibrations will be useful in tree breeding programs to rank species, families, and clones for important wood chemical traits.
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Woźniak, A., B. Nowakowicz-Dębek, A. Stępniowska, and Ł. Wlazło. "Effect of ozonation on microbiological and chemical traits of wheat grain." Plant, Soil and Environment 62, No. 12 (November 24, 2016): 552–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/655/2015-pse.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Chemical traits"
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Fahmi, Romani. "The characterisation and optimisation of modified herbaceous grasses for identifying pyrolisis-oil quality traits." Thesis, Aston University, 2008. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/15303/.
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The primary objective of this work is to relate the biomass fuel quality to fast pyrolysis-oil quality in order to identify key biomass traits which affect pyrolysis-oil stability. During storage the pyrolysis-oil becomes more viscous due to chemical and physical changes, as reactions and volatile losses occur due to aging. The reason for oil instability begins within the pyrolysis reactor during pyrolysis in which the biomass is rapidly heated in the absence of oxygen, producing free radical volatiles which are then quickly condensed to form the oil. The products formed do not reach thermodynamic equilibrium and in tum the products react with each other to try to achieve product stability. The first aim of this research was to develop and validate a rapid screening method for determining biomass lignin content in comparison to traditional, time consuming and hence costly wet chemical methods such as Klason. Lolium and Festuca grasses were selected to validate the screening method, as these grass genotypes exhibit a low range of Klason /Acid Digestible Fibre lignin contents. The screening methodology was based on the relationship between the lignin derived products from pyrolysis and the lignin content as determined by wet chemistry. The second aim of the research was to determine whether metals have an affect on fast pyrolysis products, and if any clear relationships can be deduced to aid research in feedstock selection for fast pyrolysis processing. It was found that alkali metals, particularly Na and K influence the rate and yield of degradation as well the char content. Pre-washing biomass with water can remove 70% of the total metals, and improve the pyrolysis product characteristics by increasing the organic yield, the temperature in which maximum liquid yield occurs and the proportion of higher molecular weight compounds within the pyrolysis-oil. The third aim identified these feedstock traits and relates them to the pyrolysis-oil quality and stability. It was found that the mineral matter was a key determinant on pyrolysis-oil yield compared to the proportion of lignin. However the higher molecular weight compounds present in the pyrolysis-oil are due to the lignin, and can cause instability within the pyrolysis-oil. The final aim was to investigate if energy crops can be enhanced by agronomical practices to produce a biomass quality which is attractive to the biomass conversion community, as well as giving a good yield to the farmers. It was found that the nitrogen/potassium chloride fertiliser treatments enhances Miscanthus qualities, by producing low ash, high volatiles yields with acceptable yields for farmers. The progress of senescence was measured in terms of biomass characteristics and fast pyrolysis product characteristics. The results obtained from this research are in strong agreement with published literature, and provides new information on quality traits for biomass which affects pyrolysis and pyrolysis-oils.
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Esquivel, Patricia [Verfasser]. "Characterisation of Morphological and Chemical Traits of Costa Rican Fruits from Purple Pitaya (Hylocereus sp.) Genotypes / Patricia Esquivel." Aachen : Shaker, 2007. http://d-nb.info/1166511154/34.
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Li, Nana. "Male sexually selected traits of the barn swallow Hirundo rustica gutturalis in China." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2017. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/30714.
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The barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) is represented by six subspecies and has two well-studied ornamental traits, tail length and ventral plumage colour, which vary geographically among subspecies. Sexual selection on these traits has been suggested to drive speciation. The European subspecies rustica has pale ventral feathers and long tail streamers, and females prefer males with longer tail streamers. The North American erythrogaster has shorter tails and red ventral plumage and their females use redness of ventral plumage as a mate choice cue. In the Middle East, the subspecies transitiva bears long tail streamers and red ventral feathers, both of which have been suggested to show male attractiveness. The Asian subspecies gutturalis has a pale belly with short but dimorphic tails. Studies in Japanese populations have suggested that the white spot on the tail feathers and throat patch are sexually selected in males, but this explanation leaves the dimorphism of tail streamers unexplained. To further investigate the sexually selected traits of gutturalis, especially the role tail streamers might play, I studied a population of the barn swallow gutturalis in China between 2013 and 2015, and conducted a partial cross-fostering experiment in 2015. My data indicate that male tail streamers are sexually selected in the gutturalis population in China. Longer-tailed males (with deeper fork tails) were cuckolded less frequently and had a higher reproductive success, they also had mates that invested more in parental care and had a higher total peak body mass of offspring. Both male and female body condition (body mass and tarsus length) influenced offspring growth. Males with larger body mass initiated breeding earlier and their offspring had a larger body mass on day seven after hatching and grew faster as determined by a cross-fostering experiment. Larger females reared offspring that grew faster and reached a higher peak body mass both in original nests and nests with cross-fostered nestlings. Based on feeding rate observations and the cross-fostering experiment, it seems that females obtain indirect benefits rather than direct benefits from mating with more attractive males.
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Joffard, Nina. "Diversification des orchidées méditerranéennes : niches de pollinisation, évolution des traits floraux et taxonomie intégrative." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEP066.
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Les interactions avec les pollinisateurs font partie de la niche écologique des orchidées et ont joué un rôle dans leur diversification taxonomique et florale. Au cours de cette thèse, j’ai d’abord analysé l’architecture du réseau orchidées-pollinisateurs en région Euro-Méditerranéenne et montré que la similarité de niches de pollinisation entre orchidées était fonction de leur distribution spatio-temporelle, suggérant un certain opportunisme dans les interactions orchidées-pollinisateurs. Je me suis ensuite intéressée au rôle des pollinisateurs dans l'évolution des traits floraux dans deux groupes d’orchidées. J’ai d’abord montré une différentiation dans les traits floraux des trois taxa du groupe Anacamptis coriophora, probablement causée et maintenue par un processus de sélection divergente. En cartographiant les interactions avec les pollinisateurs et les odeurs florales sur la phylogénie de la section Pseudophrys, j’ai ensuite montré que l'évolution de l'odeur florale était conditionnée par une sélection exercée par les pollinisateurs et par des contraintes phylogénétiques. Enfin, j’ai mis au point une démarche de taxonomie intégrative basée sur des données moléculaires, morphométriques et chimiques dans le genre Ophrys. Avec cette démarche, j’ai confirmé le rang taxonomique des trois espèces du groupe O. insectifera et proposé de fusionner deux paires d’espèces parmi les Pseudophrys. Une meilleure compréhension des facteurs qui façonnent la niche de pollinisation et du rôle des pollinisateurs dans l'évolution des traits floraux et la spéciation chez les orchidées Euro-Méditerranéennes devrait nous permettre d’améliorer la conservation de ces espèces emblématiquesInteractions with pollinators are part of orchids’ ecological niches and have played a role in their taxonomic and floral diversification. During this thesis, I have analysed the architecture of the orchid-pollinator network in the Euro-Mediterranean region and shown that similarity in pollination niches between orchids primarily depends on their spatio-temporal distribution, suggesting that orchid-pollinator interactions are more opportunistic than previously thought. Then, I have been interested in the role of pollinators in floral trait evolution in two orchid groups. I have shown a differentiation in floral traits of the three taxa of the Anacamptis coriophora group, probably caused and maintained by a process of divergent selection. Then, by mapping interactions with pollinators and floral odours on the phylogeny of the section Pseudophrys, I have shown that floral odour evolution is conditioned by pollinator-mediated selection and by phylogenetic constraints. Finally, I have developed an integrative taxonomic approach based on molecular, morphometric and chemical data in the genus Ophrys. With this approach, I have confirmed the taxonomic rank of the three species of the O. insectifera group and proposed to merge two species pairs among Pseudophrys. A better understanding of the factors that have shaped pollination niches and of the role of pollinators in floral trait evolution and speciation in Euro-Mediterranean orchids should allow us to improve the conservation of these emblematic species
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Schweiggert, Ralf Martin [Verfasser]. "Characterisation of morphological and chemical traits of Costa Rican papaya (Carica papaya L.) fruit genotypes with special reference to their carotenoid bioavailability / Ralf Martin Schweiggert." Aachen : Shaker, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1049380339/34.
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Plans, Pujolràs Marçal. "Utilització de l'espectroscòpia d'infraroig com a eina per a la selecció i millora de la mongeta seca (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/283234.
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Common beans (Phaseolus vulagaris L.) are one of the most consumed and produced legumes in the world. Its high protein content makes it a high nutritional value product. As a result of its wide diversity, there are thousands of them conserved in seed banks and plant breeding centers. Chemical and sensory evaluations are necessary for their characterization and inclusion in plants breeding programs. Chemical analysis and sensory panels are time-consuming protocols and often require regents, which make them unsuitable for analysis of large amount of sample. Spectroscopy techniques are well-established nondestructible methods with a minimum sample preparation for determining the chemical components and sensory traits of foods. These techniques are suitable for managing a large volume of samples, because spectrum collection takes less than a minute. The main objective of this thesis is to develop regression models to correlate IR spectra with chemical composition and sensory traits. This thesis is composed of three publications in indexed journals, in which the main results are: i) For proper prediction of the chemical composition in common beans seed-coat, this seed-coat has to be removed from the cotyledon and ground to obtain a homogenous IR spectra; ii) Calcium, ash, dietary fiber values of the seed-coat can be predicted using NIR models; iii) It is possible to predict protein, starch, and total amylose using IR technology, moreover, the best models are obtained by the benchtop FT-NIR; iv) Nowadays, portable IR technology is almost at the same level as the benchtop instruments in terms of goodness of fit in prediction models; v) IR spectrum of the sample has a big impact in the developed models, so, it is necessary to cook , dry and ground the beans before registering the spectra; vi) It is not possible to predict aroma and seed-coat perception using NIR; vii) Finally, it is possible to integrate IR technology in common beans plants breeding and selection programs to analyze chemical composition and sensory trait.La mongeta seca (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) és una de les lleguminoses de gra més consumides i produïdes arreu del món i amb un alt valor nutricional degut al seu elevat contingut proteic. La seva gran diversitat fa que existeixen milers d’entrades conservades en els bancs de llavors i centres de millora vegetal. L’avaluació química i sensorial d’aquestes entrades donaria informació molt valuosa per a programes de millora vegetal, però requereixen processos llargs i laboriosos que els fan poc apropiats quan cal caracteritzar un gran nombre de mostres. L’espectroscòpia d’infraroig pot ser una alternativa ja que, l’espectre de la mostra, que es reagistra en pocs segons i que necessita un mínim pretractament de la mostra, podria donar una estimació dels caràcters químics i sensorials. L’objectiu principal d’aquesta tesi és, doncs, obtenir models que permetin correlacionar l’espectre en l’infraroig amb els atributs sensorial de la mongeta i amb el contingut d'aquells components químics que semblen influir en aquests atributs. La tesi s’articula en tres treballs: l'anàlisi química de la pell de la mongeta (fibra dietètica, àcids urònics, cendres, calci i magnesi), l'anàlisi química del cotiledó (proteïna, midó, amilosa) i els atributs sensorials de la mongeta (aroma, gust, farinositat, percepció, rugositat i brillantor de la pell). Els principals resultats són: i) Per a la correcte predicció de la composició química de la pell, aquesta ha de ser separada de cotiledó i molturada a fi d’obtenir una mostra suficientment homogènia; ii) El contingut en calci, cendres i fibra diatètica de la pell de la mongeta es pot predir utilitzant l’espectre NIR; iii) Es possible obtenir models per a la predicció de proteïna, midó i amilosa utilitzant varies tecnologies IR, essent els millors models el obtinguts amb FT-NIR; iv) Els resultats obtinguts amb equips d'IR portàtils i els seus homòlegs de sobretaula tenen bondats similars ; v) Per a la correcta predicció dels atributs sensorial és necessari coure, deshidratar i molturar la mongeta abans d’obtenir l’espectre; vi) els espectres NIR van permetre estimar el gust, farinositat, brillantor de la pell i rugositat de la pell de la mongeta valorats per un panel de tastador però no l’aroma i la percepció de la pell; vii) Finalment, es possible utilitzar la tecnologia IR, sent una eina molt valuosa per a la caracterització de col·leccions molt nombroses de mostres, per la selecció i la millora.
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Oliveira, Ana Paula Pessim de. "Crescimento e composi??o qu?mico-bromatol?gica do capim Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp) sob doses de nitrog?nio." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2008. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/tede/579.
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The effects of nitrogen (N) application on several structural and nutritional attributes of the plant canopy were evaluated. The studies were carried out at the Experimental Campus of the Rio de Janeiro Federal Rural University, Serop?dica-RJ, in area of Planosol Haplic occurrence, during the period of October 2006 to July 2007. Treatments consisted of five doses of N (0; 150; 300; 450 and 600 kg N-urea/ha) disposed in experimental units of 4 x 4 m using a entirely randomized block design. After a standardization cut, made 82 days after planting, it proceeded to the application of nitrogen fertilizer levels, half of which at 94 days, and the remaining at 139 days after the planting. Four studies had been carried through, which the results are presented in distinct chapters. In the first chapter the results of nitrogen fertilization were discussed in terms of soil covering, leaf area index (LAI) and solar radiation interception, during the four sequential cuts, between the months of February and July of 2007. Weekly evaluations were accomplished, between 10 and 40 days after cut. The LAI frequency of occurrence, plant height, green cover index and level of photosynthetically active radiation intercepted showed significant responses to N fertilization, according to a logistic pattern and also varied seasonally within each cut, evidencing different sensibility as indicators for structure and growth of the Tifton 85 sward. In the second study were evaluated the effect of N fertilization on biomass production and the efficiency in the use of N absorbed. For statistical analysis purposes, sampling data were clustered in two seasons: rainy season (February to April) and dry season (April to July). It was quantified in each cut date the production of green and dry mass, leaves and stem fraction, as well as the N content in each one of the vegetative fractions. This study showed that N fertilization icreased the dry matter production and stimulated the production of leaves and stems in both the seasons (rainy and dry). However, the nitrogen fertilization, per se, does not modify the partition of the dry mass produced by leaves and stems, and had no influence on efficiency of the pasture to produce dry matter per unit of N absorbed. The third study, of methodological character, aimed the validation of indirect procedures for estimate the functional relation between the green and dry mass and the LAI. The occurrence frequency and the index of green covering were tested as substitutes of IAF using simple correlation procedure. Although in this study has been observed the existence of a significant association among the the canopy attributes estimates associated to the leaf area and the forage production leaf area and forage production, additional studies are necessary to improve the reliability and accuracy of this estimates. Finally, in the last study, the influence of the nitrogen fertilization on nutritional value of the forage was evaluated. The crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, lignin, cellulose and hemicelulose cotents were determined. The results showed that the addition of N improved the forage quality, increasing crude protein contents and decreasing fibrous fraction.
Foram avaliados os efeitos da aplica??o de nitrog?nio (N) sobre uma s?rie de atributos estruturais e nutricionais do dossel. Os estudos foram desenvolvidos no campo experimental da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, munic?pio de Serop?dica- RJ, em ?rea de ocorr?ncia de Planossolo. O experimento foi conduzido sob regime de cortes, durante o per?odo de outubro de 2006 a julho de 2007. Foram estudadas cinco doses de N (0; 150; 300; 450 e 600 kg/ha) em diferentes ?pocas do ano. O experimento foi conduzido em blocos inteiramente casualizados. Foram feitos quatro estudos, cujos resultados s?o apresentados em cap?tulos distintos. No primeiro cap?tulo, os efeitos da aduba??o nitrogenada s?o discutidos em termos de cobertura do solo, ?ndice de ?rea foliar e intercepta??o da radia??o solar, no curso de quatro cortes seq?enciais, entre os meses de fevereiro e julho. As avalia??es foram realizadas, semanalmente, entre o 10o e o 40o dia ap?s o corte. Em cada corte, o ?ndice de ?rea foliar (IAF), a freq??ncia de ocorr?ncia, altura de planta, ?ndice de cobertura verde e o n?vel de radia??o fotossinteticamente ativa interceptada, responderam ? aduba??o nitrogenada, conforme um padr?o log?stico e variaram sazonalmente, evidenciando uma sensibilidade diversa como indicadores da estrutura e do crescimento da pastagem de Tifton 85. No segundo estudo foram abordadas as respostas relativas ? produ??o de biomassa sob aduba??o nitrogenada e a efici?ncia na utiliza??o do N absorvido. Para efeito de an?lise estat?stica, os dados das coletas foram agrupados em ?poca das chuvas (fevereiro a abril) e ?poca seca (abril a julho). Em cada data de corte foi quantificada a produ??o de massa verde e seca, a sua parti??o entre folhas e colmos + bainhas, assim como o teor de N em cada uma das partes vegetativas. Este estudo evidenciou que a aduba??o nitrogenada aumentou a produ??o de forragem, estimulando a produ??o de folhas e colmos tanto na ?poca chuvosa quanto na seca. Por outro lado, a aduba??o nitrogenada, per se, n?o modificou a parti??o da massa seca produzida por folhas e colmos, nem influenciou a efici?ncia com a qual a pastagem produz massa seca por unidade de nitrog?nio absorvido. O terceiro estudo, de cunho metodol?gico, objetivou a valida??o de procedimentos indiretos para a estimativa da rela??o funcional entre a massa verde e seca e o ?ndice de ?rea foliar da pastagem. Foram estudados a freq??ncia de ocorr?ncia e o ?ndice de cobertura verde como suced?neos do IAF, utilizando-se correla??o simples. Embora tenha sido observada a exist?ncia de um grau de associa??o significativo entre as estimativas de atributos ligados ? ?rea foliar e a produ??o de forragem, s?o necess?rios estudos adicionais para melhorar a confiabilidade e a acur?cia de tais estimativas. No quarto estudo foi estudada a influencia da aduba??o nitrogenada sobre o valor nutricional da forragem, sendo avaliados os teores de prote?na bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ?cido, lignina, celulose e hemicelulose. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a adi??o de N melhorou a qualidade da forragem, aumentando os teores de prote?na bruta e reduzindo a fra??o fibrosa.
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De, almeida Tania. "Impact d’une espèce ingénieure de l’écosystème et son utilisation en restauration écologique : Le cas de Messor barbarus (L.) dans les pelouses méditerranéennes Above- and below-ground effects of an ecosystem engineer ant in Mediterranean dry grasslands Harvester ants as ecological engineers for Mediterranean grassland restoration: impacts on soil and vegetation A trait-based approach to promote ants in restoration ecology." Thesis, Avignon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AVIG0358.
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L’objectif principal de cette thèse était double : (i) mesurer l’impact d’une espèce de fourmi sur son écosystème, afin (ii) d’en déduire des applications potentielles dans le domaine de la restauration écologique.Les fourmis sont parmi les organismes les plus abondants des écosystèmes terrestres et occupent des zones géographiques très variées. Elles jouent des rôles écologiques clés dans de nombreux écosystèmes comme ingénieurs du sol, prédateurs ou régulateurs de la croissance et de la reproduction des plantes. Cependant les données collectées localement sont souvent parcellaires et ne permettent pas d’avoir une vision complète de l’impact d’une espèce sur son milieu.Messor barbarus (L.), connue pour redistribuer les graines et pour modifier les propriétés physico-chimiques du sol, est largement répandue dans le Sud-Ouest de l’Europe notamment au sein des pelouses méditerranéennes. Elle pourrait donc jouer un rôle majeur dans la composition et structuration de ces pelouses caractérisées par une forte biodiversité mais dont le nombre et la superficie ont drastiquement diminué ces dernières décennies.Dans un premier temps, par une étude multi-compartiments, nous avons confirmé l’hypothèse selon laquelle M. barbarus est une ingénieure de l’écosystème au sein des pelouses méditerranéennes. Elle transforme cet habitat en modifiant, comme attendu, les propriétés physico-chimiques du sol. Ces modifications sont associées à une augmentation de la biomasse et de l’hétérogénéité des communautés végétales ainsi qu’à des changements dans les faunes épigée et endogée (abondance, occurrence et structure des communautés). De plus, M. barbarus modifie profondément les relations trophiques et non trophiques interspécifiques et entre les espèces et leur habitat. L’hétérogénéité créée à l’échelle locale par l’activité de cette fourmi, entraine une diversification des niches écologiques au sein de ces pelouses.Malgré leur rôle souvent majeur sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes, les fourmis ne sont que très rarement considérées en restauration écologique. Sur notre site d’étude, un chantier de réhabilitation d’une pelouse sèche après une fuite d’hydrocarbures et un transfert de sol, M. barbarus a permis d’accélérer la restauration des propriétés physico-chimiques du sol mais aussi de la banque de graines à moyen terme - sept ans après la réhabilitation du site. Ces résultats font donc de cette espèce une bonne candidate en ingénierie écologique.Afin de généraliser l’utilisation des fourmis en restauration écologique, nous proposons une méthodologie à destination des gestionnaires basée sur l’utilisation de traits fonctionnels et d’histoire de vie. Pour cela nous avons évalué le potentiel des fourmis en écologie de la restauration, puis nous avons listé l’ensemble des traits connus pour affecter les compartiments abiotiques et biotiques et/ou pertinent pour effectuer un suivi du succès de la phase de restauration. La méthodologie proposée permet une première sélection des espèces potentiellement utilisables en fonction des objectifs de restaurationThe main objective of this thesis was double: (i) to assess the impact of an ant species on its ecosystem, in order to (ii) deduce potential applications in the field of ecological restoration.Ants are among the most abundant organisms in terrestrial ecosystems and occupy a wide range of geographical areas. They play key ecological roles in many ecosystems as soil engineers, predators or regulators of plant growth and reproduction. However, the information collected locally is often fragmented and does not provide a complete overview of the impact of a species on its environment.Messor barbarus (L.), known to redistribute seeds and to modify the soil physico-chemical properties, is widespread in South-Western Europe, particularly in Mediterranean grasslands. Therefore, it may play a major role in the composition and structuring of these ecosystems, which are characterised by high biodiversity but whose abundance and surface area have decreased drastically in recent decades.Through a multi-compartment study, we confirmed the hypothesis that M. barbarus is an ecological engineer in Mediterranean grasslands. This species changes this habitat by modifying, as expected, soil physico-chemical properties. These modifications are associated with an increase in both biomass and heterogeneity of plant communities, as well as changes in above- and belowground fauna (abundance, occurrence and structure of communities). Messor barbarus profoundly changes trophic and non-trophic relationships within and between species and their habitat. The heterogeneity created locally by the activity of M. barbarus leads to a diversification of ecological niches within these grasslands.Despite their major role in the functioning of ecosystems, ants are rarely considered in restoration ecology. In our study site, corresponding to a dry grassland rehabilited after an oil leak and a soil transfer, M. barbarus contributed to accelerate the restoration of the soil physico-chemical properties but also of the seed bank in the medium term - seven years after the rehabilitation. These results make this species a good candidate for ecological engineering.In order to generalise the use of ants in restoration ecology, we propose a trait-based methodology for stakeholders. We evaluated the potential of ants in restoration ecology, then listed all the traits known to affect abiotic and biotic compartments and/or relevant to monitor the success of the restoration phase. The proposed methodology provides a first selection of potentially relevant species according to the restoration objectives
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Roberts, D. "Physical conclusions? : an exploration of [dis]continuities in Thomas Vaughan's [al]chemical tracts." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683187.
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Zhan, Tianyu. "Mesosphere and lower thermosphere neutral winds observations using rocket-released chemical trails at Poker Flat, Alaska." Connect to this title online, 2007. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1202409881/.
Full textBooks on the topic "Chemical traits"
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Ross, Donald Clarence. Chemical traits and trends of the granitic rocks of the southern Sierra Nevada, California. [Denver, Colo.?]: Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1988.
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Mellor, David. Chemical traces: Photography and conceptual art, 1968-1998. Kingston upon Hull: Ferens Art Gallery, 1998.
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Clément, Henri. La Convention sur les armes chimiques: Une référence pour les systèmes de vérifications des futurs traités de désarmement. Villeneuve-d'Ascq: Presses universitaires du septentrion, 2002.
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K, Zuraw Michael, ed. Principles of chemical vapor deposition. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.
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Cannell, Stephen J. The devil's workshop. New York, N.Y: HarperTorch, 2000.
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1941-, Grant W. A., Procter R. P. M, and Whitton J. L, eds. Surface modification of metals by ion beams: Proceedings of the International Conference on Surface Modification of Metals by Ion Beams, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, July 7-11, 1986. London: Elsevier Applied Science, 1987.
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The devil's workshop: A novel. New York: William Morrow, 1999.
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Metro Toronto Residents' Action Committee. Danger to the public in the operation of cabooseless trains carrying toxic and explosive chemicals through urban areas: Final argument in the matter of public hearings before the Railway Transport Committee of the Canadian Transport Commission. Toronto: M-TRAC, 1985.
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BGA-Symposium "On the Problems of Drug Related Damage to the Respiratory Tract" (1985 Berlin, Germany). Drug-related damage to the respiratory tract. Edited by Grosdanoff P and Hebold Gottfried. München: MMV Medizin, 1986.
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C, Di Natale, D'Amico A. 1940-, and Davide F, eds. Artificial and natural perception: Proceedings of the 2nd Italian Conference on Sensors and Microsystems : Rome, Italy, 3-5 February 1997. Singapore: World Scienticic, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Chemical traits"
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Robbins, Clarence R. "Genetic Control/Involvement in Hair Fiber Traits." In Chemical and Physical Behavior of Human Hair, 177–204. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25611-0_3.
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Monds, Russell D., and George A. O'Toole. "Metabolites as Intercellular Signals for Regulation of Community-Level Traits." In Chemical Communication among Bacteria, 105–29. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555815578.ch8.
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Scriber, J. Mark. "Evolution of insect-plant relationships: chemical constraints, coadaptation, and concordance of insect/plant traits." In Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Insect-Plant Relationships, 217–35. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2776-1_25.
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Vaid, Neha, Marcus A. Samuel, Sateesh Kagale, and Raju Soolanayakanahally. "Chemical and Physical Mutagenesis Approaches for Identification of Herbicide and Drought Tolerance Traits in Wheat." In Springer Protocols Handbooks, 167–79. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1526-3_7.
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Hinsinger, Philippe, Michael J. Bell, John L. Kovar, and Philip J. White. "Rhizosphere Processes and Root Traits Determining the Acquisition of Soil Potassium." In Improving Potassium Recommendations for Agricultural Crops, 99–117. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59197-7_4.
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AbstractPlants acquire K+ ions from the soil solution, and this small and dynamic pool needs to be quickly replenished via desorption of surface-adsorbed K from clay minerals and organic matter, by release of interlayer K from micaceous clay minerals and micas, or structural K from feldspars. Because of these chemical interactions with soil solid phases, solution K+ concentration is kept low and its mobility is restricted. In response, plants have evolved efficient strategies of root foraging. Root traits related to root system architecture (root angle and branching), root length and growth, together with root hairs and mycorrhiza-related traits help to determine the capacity of plants to cope with the poor mobility of soil K. Rooting depth is also important, given the potentially significant contribution of subsoil K in many soils. Root-induced depletion of K+ shifts the exchange equilibria, enhancing desorption of K, as well as the release of nonexchangeable, interlayer K from minerals in the rhizosphere. Both these pools can be bioavailable if plant roots can take up significant amounts of K at low concentrations in the soil solution (in the micromolar range). In addition, roots can significantly acidify their environment or release large amounts of organic compounds (exudates). These two processes ultimately promote the dissolution of micas and feldspars in the rhizosphere, contributing to the mining strategy evolved by plants. There are thus several root or rhizosphere-related traits (morphological, physiological, or biochemical) that determine the acquisition of K by crop species and genotypes.
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Niinemets, Ülo. "Within-Canopy Variations in Functional Leaf Traits: Structural, Chemical and Ecological Controls and Diversity of Responses." In Canopy Photosynthesis: From Basics to Applications, 101–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7291-4_4.
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Popov, Valentin L. "Adhesion Hysteresis Due to Chemical Heterogeneity." In Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering, 473–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60124-9_20.
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AbstractAccording the JKR theory of adhesivecontact, changes of the contact configuration after formation of the adhesive neck and before detaching are completely reversible. This means, that after formation of the initial contact, the force-distance dependencies should coincide, independently of the direction of the process (indentation or pull-off). In the majority of real systems, this invariance is not observed. The reasons for this may be either plastic deformation in the contacting bodies or surface roughness. One further mechanism of irreversibility (and corresponding energy dissipation) may be chemical heterogeneity of the contact interface leading to the spatial dependence of the specific work of adhesion. In the present paper, this “chemical” mechanism is analyzed on a simple example of an axisymmetric contact (with axisymmetric heterogeneity). It is shown that in the asymptotic case of a “microscopic heterogeneity”, the system follows, during both indentation and pull-off, JKR curves, however, corresponding to different specific surface energies. After the turning point of the movement, the contact area first does not change and the transition from one JKR curve to the other occurs via a linear dependency of the force on indentation depth. The macroscopic behavior is not sensitive to the absolute and relative widths of the regions with different surface energy but depends mainly on the values of the specific surface energy.
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Gatica-Arias, Andrés, Jorge Rodríguez-Matamoros, Ana Abdelnour-Esquivel, and Marta Valdez-Melara. "Determination of the optimal conditions for mutagenesis induction in a commercial Arabica coffee variety." In Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change, 326–37. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0034.
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Abstract Low genetic diversity and autogamous reproduction limit genetic improvement of Coffea arabica L. As a consequence, susceptibility to biotic and abiotic stresses increases. Induced mutagenesis is an alternative strategy for increasing genetic variability and for the development of varieties tolerant or resistant to biotic and abiotic factors. In the present study, the effect of three mutagenic agents (NaN3, EMS and 60Co gamma-rays) on survival of Arabica coffee zygotic embryos was evaluated. The zygotic embryos were immersed for 10 min in a solution of NaN3 (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0 and 20.0 mM) or for 2 h in a solution of EMS (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4 and 6% v/v) or irradiated with 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 or 100 Gy. As the concentration or dose of the applied mutagen increased, survival decreased. The LD50 values for sodium azide, EMS and 60Co were 12.5 mM (51.6%), 1% v/v (48.3%) and 40 Gy (50.0%), respectively. Our results indicated that coffee zygotic embryos are suitable for chemical and physical mutagenesis and this offers an alternative for the genetic improvement of agriculturally important traits in coffee.
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Onal, Cagdas D., Xin Chen, George M. Whitesides, and Daniela Rus. "Soft Mobile Robots with On-Board Chemical Pressure Generation." In Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics, 525–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29363-9_30.
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Kim, J., M. H. Perrott, and F. X. Kaertner. "Femtosecond Synchronization of RF-Signals with Optical Pulse Trains." In Springer Series in Chemical Physics, 768–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27213-5_234.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Chemical traits"
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Beletskaia, Ekaterina Iakovlevna, Svetlana Petrovna Chibis, Liudmila Anatolevna Krotova, and Vladimir Aleksandrovich Shelontsev. "The study of chemical compounds influence on morphological and population traits of soft wheat." In All-Russian scientific conference. Publishing house Sreda, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31483/r-32850.
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The paper deals with the use of chemical compounds in soft wheat breeding, the role of induced mutations in plant improvement. The paper presents the effects of fungicides influence on morpho-logical and population traits of soft wheat. Laboratory experiments revealed the effects of disinfect-ants, the concentrations of their active components and the period from treatment to the formation sprouts of soft spring wheat Pavlogradka. The effect of systemic fungicides Comfort, AltSil, Ter-rasil and Alcasar was studied whet applied at recommended dose and greater than twice the normal values. They were compared with control samples without treatment. The sowing qualities of treated seeds were unstable, morphological and population traits of wheat seedlings were not homogeneous.
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Nemtinov, V. I., A. V. Shirokova, A. A. Zubochenko, I. V. Belova, E. N. Grunina, I. L. Danilova, and O. A. Serebryakova. "Assessment of chemical mutagens by a complex of features in the selection of garlic." In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2020-5-9-10-72.
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Some positive effect of chemical mutagen treatments of air garlic bulbs on the morphometric parameters and economically valuable traits of winter garlic bulbs in the second generation was established.
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Alvarez, Jimmy, Christopher J. Bish, and Andres Rodriguez. "Introducing an Innovative Perfluoroelastomer Cross Linking Technology: Achieving Superior Chemical Resistance and Thermal Stability." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31229-ms.
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Objectives/Scope Perfluoroelastomers are a class of synthetic elastomers that provide extraordinary resistance to oils, chemicals, and heat. The outstanding thermal stability and excellent corrosion resistance of these materials is dependent on the perfluorinated polymer chain, and the absence of unsaturation. However, the cross-link which is necessary to impart elastomeric properties must also share those stability traits. Unfortunately, designing a suitably inert cross-link is technically difficult to achieve and consequently it has not been possible to provide the ultimate in perfluoroelastomer properties. This paper is a review of the cross-linking chemistry of perfluoroelastomers and highlight a novel and patented cross-link which combines broad chemical resistance and superior thermal stability. Methods, Procedures, Process Several perfluoroelastomers formulations were selected and tested using representative standardized test methods to quantify their performance. The testing included compression set resistance, swell in fluids, and compression stress relaxation. In addition to the testing, chemistry of the cross-link was explained and how it is related to the observed performance results. The novel cross-link, triazole, was identified as an improvement versus existing cross-links. Results, Observations, Conclusions The testing demonstrated that previously available perfluoroelastomer cross-link chemistries display compromises in overall performance. For example, it had not been possible to achieve high thermal stability combined with resistance to almost all fluids. Overall, the data generated showed that the newly developed triazole cross-link system broadens the performance envelope of perfluoroelastomers and helps to alleviate the compromises of the past. Novel/Additive Information The newly discovered triazole cross-link with enhanced chemical and thermal stability enables broader use of perfluoroelastomers in extreme applications.
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Gaina, Boris, and Eugeniu Alexandrov. "Compușii chimici volatili și noile genotipuri de viță-de-vie." In VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.36.
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In the process of development and ripening of berries, depending on fluctuations in climatic fac-tors, an aroma characteristic of the genotype of grapevine is formed, and as a result of processing the bunches, a bouquet of young wine is formed. Grapevine berries contain, for the most part, the same aro-matic chemical compounds, however, the specific aroma is due not only to their different mass concentra-tion, but also to their ratio in the aromatic complex of each genotype. The specific shade of aromas of a particular genotype and the accent of aromas of a particular genotype depends to a greater extent on the transmission of hereditary traits from parental pairs of crossing, the degree of ripening of berries, the phy-tosanitary level of plantings and on the influence of factors of the growing environment. The purpose of this study is to determine and comparative analysis of aromatic compounds in the berries of the rhizogen-ic interspecific genotype of grapevine Amethyst with the same complex of volatile compounds of the classic varieties Feteasca Neagră, Cabernet-Sauvignon, Malbec.
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Kuemmlee, Horst, Gunter Siegl, and Peter Woywode. "Influence of elastic foundation structures on the rotor dynamics of drive trains." In Chemical Industry. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pciceurope.2008.4563530.
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Carroll, Avery, Rachel Carey, Michael Hurst, Michael Liu, and Mathew Kuttolamadom. "Characterization of High-Density WC-Co Bulk Structures Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting." In ASME 2020 15th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2020-8384.
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Abstract The objective of this research is to evaluate the feasibility of using a high energy laser-based additive manufacturing process to fabricate tungsten-carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) bulk structures that have properties comparable to those achieved by traditional fabrication methods. In particular, this work will investigate the properties and performance of these hard carbides densified by sintering alone, as compared to methods (such as hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and spark plasma sintering (SPS)) which impart simultaneous compaction and sintering. For this, a design of experiments was utilized to investigate the pertinent process parameter design space for the selective laser melting (SLM) process with a view to manufacture structurally-integral samples. Besides organizing qualitative observations, the effects of these process conditions were correlated with the resulting physical properties (viz., density, micro-scale composite hardness, and nano-scale hardness and Young’s modulus), as well as with microstructure and chemical compositions. Results showed certain samples with competitively-high densities, hardness and moduli, but with a large spread in properties, as is typical for such manufacturing processes; also, microstructural characteristics in line with desirable traits achievable via traditional methods was observed. Altogether, this work shows the promise of using SLM to fabricate bulk carbide structures.
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Martínez Mestres, Arnau, Ana Somoza-Tornos, Moisès Graells, and Antonio Espuña. "Development of surrogate models for distillation trains." In 14th Mediterranean Congress of Chemical Engineering (MeCCE14). Grupo Pacífico, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.48158/mecce-14.dg.11.08.
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Bushueva, Vera Ivanovna, Liliya KOVALEVSKAYa, Marina AVRAMENKO, Margarita LYuBEZNAYa, and Mikhail Novoselov. "Combined clover varieties of Russia and Belarus created under the TOS «Clever» program." In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production 29 (77). ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2022-29-77-81-88.
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The article presents the results of selection of red clover in the EE BSAA under the program of TOS "Clover". The characteristics of the source material and methods for creating four varieties of red clover jointly bred by the EE BSAA and the Federal Williams fodder and agroecology research center. Directions and methods of further selection are demonstrated. The results of the assessment of the created varieties according to economically useful traits and properties in competitive and state variety trials in comparison with control varieties are presented. In total, four varieties of red clover of joint breeding were created, of which Sozh is late-ripening, TOS-870 is medium-late-ripening, GPTT-early and Verbush are early-ripening. Of all the varieties, GPTT-early turned out to be the most productive, which has been included in the state register of varieties of the Republic of Belarus since 2017 and approved for use in production conditions throughout the country. By the decision of the state inspectorate for the testing and protection of plant varieties, it has been approved since 2018 as a control in the state test of red clover being the best zoned variety. To create new varieties, the methods of chemical mutagenesis (phosphemid) and polyploidy (colchicine) are used in the EE BSAA). The created new source material is being evaluated in the breeding process nurseries.
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Russell, R. Andrew. "TASTI Follows Chemical Trails with its Robot Tongue." In 2006 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/robio.2006.340163.
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Brandtstaedter, Heide, Christoph Ludwig, Lutz Hubner, Efrossini Tsouchnika, Artur Jungiewicz, and Utz Wever. "DIGITAL TWINS FOR LARGE ELECTRIC DRIVE TRAINS." In 2018 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference Europe (PCIC Europe). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/pciceurope.2018.8491413.
Full textReports on the topic "Chemical traits"
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Aharoni, Asaph, Zhangjun Fei, Efraim Lewinsohn, Arthur Schaffer, and Yaakov Tadmor. System Approach to Understanding the Metabolic Diversity in Melon. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593400.bard.
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Fruit quality is determined by numerous genetic factors that affect taste, aroma, color, texture, nutritional value and shelf life. To unravel the genetic components involved in the metabolic pathways behind these traits, the major goal of the project was to identify novel genes that are involved in, or that regulate, these pathways using correlation analysis between genotype, metabolite and gene expression data. The original and specific research objectives were: (1) Collection of replicated fruit from a population of 96 RI lines derived from parents distinguished by great diversity in fruit development and quality phenotypes, (2) Phenotypic and metabolic profiling of mature fruit from all 96 RI lines and their parents, (3) 454 pyrosequencing of cDNA representing mRNA of mature fruit from each line to facilitate gene expression analysis based on relative EST abundance, (4) Development of a database modeled after an existing database developed for tomato introgression lines (ILs) to facilitate online data analysis by members of this project and by researchers around the world. The main functions of the database will be to store and present metabolite and gene expression data so that correlations can be drawn between variation in target traits or metabolites across the RI population members and variation in gene expression to identify candidate genes which may impact phenotypic and chemical traits of interest, (5) Selection of RI lines for segregation and/or hybridization (crosses) analysis to ascertain whether or not genes associated with traits through gene expression/metabolite correlation analysis are indeed contributors to said traits. The overall research strategy was to utilize an available recombinant inbred population of melon (Cucumis melo L.) derived from phenotypically diverse parents and for which over 800 molecular markers have been mapped for the association of metabolic trait and gene expression QTLs. Transcriptomic data were obtained by high throughput sequencing using the Illumina platform instead of the originally planned 454 platform. The change was due to the fast advancement and proven advantages of the Illumina platform, as explained in the first annual scientific report. Metabolic data were collected using both targeted (sugars, organic acids, carotenoids) and non-targeted metabolomics analysis methodologies. Genes whose expression patterns were associated with variation of particular metabolites or fruit quality traits represent candidates for the molecular mechanisms that underlie them. Candidate genes that may encode enzymes catalyzingbiosynthetic steps in the production of volatile compounds of interest, downstream catabolic processes of aromatic amino acids and regulatory genes were selected and are in the process of functional analyses. Several of these are genes represent unanticipated effectors of compound accumulation that could not be identified using traditional approaches. According to the original plan, the Cucurbit Genomics Network (http://www.icugi.org/), developed through an earlier BARD project (IS-3333-02), was expanded to serve as a public portal for the extensive metabolomics and transcriptomic data resulting from the current project. Importantly, this database was also expanded to include genomic and metabolomic resources of all the cucurbit crops, including genomes of cucumber and watermelon, EST collections, genetic maps, metabolite data and additional information. In addition, the database provides tools enabling researchers to identify genes, the expression patterns of which correlate with traits of interest. The project has significantly expanded the existing EST resource for melon and provides new molecular tools for marker-assisted selection. This information will be opened to the public by the end of 2013, upon the first publication describing the transcriptomic and metabolomics resources developed through the project. In addition, well-characterized RI lines are available to enable targeted breeding for genes of interest. Segregation of the RI lines for specific metabolites of interest has been shown, demonstrating the utility in these lines and our new molecular and metabolic data as a basis for selection targeting specific flavor, quality, nutritional and/or defensive compounds. To summarize, all the specific goals of the project have been achieved and in many cases exceeded. Large scale trascriptomic and metabolomic resources have been developed for melon and will soon become available to the community. The usefulness of these has been validated. A number of novel genes involved in fruit ripening have been selected and are currently being functionally analyzed. We thus fully addressed our obligations to the project. In our view, however, the potential value of the project outcomes as ultimately manifested may be far greater than originally anticipated. The resources developed and expanded under this project, and the tools created for using them will enable us, and others, to continue to employ resulting data and discoveries in future studies with benefits both in basic and applied agricultural - scientific research.
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Lindow, Steven, Isaac Barash, and Shulamit Manulis. Relationship of Genes Conferring Epiphytic Fitness and Internal Multiplication in Plants in Erwinia herbicola. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573065.bard.
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Most bacterial plant pathogens colonize the surface of healthy plants as epiphytes before colonizing internally and initiating disease. The epiphytic phase of these pathogens is thus an important aspect of their epidemiology and a stage at which chemical and biological control is aimed. However, little is known of the genes and phenotypes that contribute to the ability of bacteria to grow on leaves and survive the variable physical environment in this habitat. In addition, while genes such as hrp awr and others which confer pathogenicity and in planta growth ability have been described, their contribution to other aspects of bacterial epidemiology such as epiphytic fitness have not been addressed. We hypothesized that bacterial genes conferring virulence or pathogenicity to plants also contribute to the epiphytic fitness of these bacteria and that many of these genes are preferentially located on plasmids. We addressed these hypotheses by independently identifying genes that contribute to epiphytic fitness, in planta growth, virulence and pathogenicity in the phytopathogenic bacterium Erwinia herbicola pv gypsophilae which causes gall formation on gypsophila. This species is highly epiphytically fit and has acquired a plasmid (pPATH) that contains numerous pathogenicity and virulence determinants, which we have found to also contribute to epiphytic fitness. We performed saturation transposon mutagenesis on pPATH as well as of the chromosome of E.h. gypsophilae, and identified mutants with reduced ability to grow in plants and/or cause disease symptoms, and through a novel competition assay, identified mutants less able to grow or survive on leaves. The number and identity of plasmid-borne hrp genes required for virulence was determined from an analysis of pPATH mutants, and the functional role of these genes in virulence was demonstrated. Likewise, other pPATH-encoded genes involved in IAA and cytokinin biosynthesis were characterized and their pattern of transcriptional activity was determined in planta. In both cases these genes involved in virulence were found to be induced in plant apoplasts. About half of avirulent mutants in pPATH were also epiphytically unfit whereas only about 10% of chromosomal mutants that were avirulent also had reduced epiphytic fitness. About 18% of random mutants in pPATH were avirulent in contrast to only 2.5% of random chromosomal mutants. Importantly, as many as 28% of pPATH mutants had lower epiphytic fitness while only about 10% of random chromosomal mutants had lower epiphytic fitness. These results support both of our original hypotheses, and indicate that genes important in a variety of interactions with plant have been enriched on mobile plasmids such as pPATH. The results also suggest that the ability of bacteria to colonize the surface of plants and to initiate infections in the interior of plants involves many of the same traits. These traits also appear to be under strong regulatory control, being expressed in response to the plant environment in many cases. It may be possible to alter the pattern of expression of such genes by altering the chemical environment of plants either by genetic means or by additional or chemical antagonists of the plant signals. The many novel bacterial genes identified in this study that are involved in plant interactions should be useful in further understanding of bacterial plant interactions.
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Perl, Avichai, Bruce I. Reisch, and Ofra Lotan. Transgenic Endochitinase Producing Grapevine for the Improvement of Resistance to Powdery Mildew (Uncinula necator). United States Department of Agriculture, January 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568766.bard.
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The original objectives are listed below: 1. Design vectors for constitutive expression of endochitinase from Trichoderma harzianum strain P1. Design vectors with signal peptides to target gene expression. 2. Extend transformation/regeneration technology to other cultivars of importance in the U.S. and Israel. 3. Transform cultivars with the endochitinase constructs developed as part of objective 1. A. Characterize foliar powdery mildew resistance in transgenic plants. Background of the topic Conventional breeding of grapevines is a slow and imprecise process. The long generation cycle, large space requirements and poor understanding of grapevine genetics prevent rapid progress. There remains great need to improve existing important cultivars without the loss of identity that follows from hybridization. Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) is the most important fungal pathogen of grapevines, causing economic losses around the world. Genetic control of powdery mildew would reduce the requirement for chemical or cultural control of the disease. Yet, since the trait is under polygenic control, it is difficult to manipulate through hybridization and breeding. Also, because grapevines are heterozygous and vegetatively propagated cultivar identity is lost in the breeding process. Therefore, there is great need for techniques to produce transgenic versions of established cultivars with heterologous genes conferring disease resistance. Such a gene is now available for control of powdery mildew of grapevines. The protein coded by the Endochitinase gene, derived from Trichoderma harzianum, is very effective in suppressing U. necator growth. The goal of this proposal is to develop transgenic grapevines with this antifungal gene, and to test the effect of this gene on resistance to powdery mildew. Conclusions, achievements and implications Gene transfer technology for grape was developed using commercial cultivars for both wine and table grapes. It paved the way for a new tool in grapevine genetic studies enabling the alteration of specific important traits while maintaining the essential features of existing elite cultivars. Regeneration and transformation technologies were developed and are currently at an advanced stage for USA wine and Israeli seedless cultivars, representing the cutting edge of grape genetic engineering studies worldwide. Transgenic plants produced are tested for powdery mildew resistance in greenhouse and field experiments at both locations. It is our ultimate goal to develop transgenic grapes which will be more efficient and economical for growers to produce, while also providing consumers with familiar products grown with reduced chemical inputs.
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Horton, David, Victoria Soroker, Peter Landolt, and Anat Zada Byers. Characterization and Chemistry of Sexual Communication in Two Psyllid Pests of Pears (Homoptera: Psyllidae). United States Department of Agriculture, August 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592653.bard.
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Pear-feeding psyllids in the genus Cacopsylla (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) are among the most important arthropod pests of pears worldwide. These pests are exceedingly difficult to control, and new management tools are needed. Sex attractantpheromones have been used in IPM programs for pests of pome fruits (especially Lepidoptera), but not as yet for pest Hemiptera. Results of the current project showed that males of two psyllid pests of pears, Cacopsylla bidens (Israel) and Cacopsylla pyricola (North America), use volatile or semi-volatile compounds to locate female psyllids for mating. For both species, the attractants can be collected from the cuticle of females by washing live female psyllids with an appropriate solvent. Analysis of these washes by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry led to the following discoveries: Psyllid cuticles contain a mix of hydrocarbons, straight chain and branched alkanes, and long chain aldehydes The two species have different chemical profiles Chemical profiles change seasonally and with reproductive status Chemical profiles differ between male and reproductive female psyllids Several specific compounds found to be more abundant in attractive females than males were identified and synthesized. Behavioral assays (olfactometer) were then used to determine whether these compounds were attractive to males. Two compounds showed promise as attractants for male psyllids: 7-methylheptacosane (C. bidens) and 13-methylheptacosane (C. pyricola and C. bidens). These are the first sex attractantpheromones identified for any psyllid species. Field tests showed that the chemicals could be used to attract males under orchard conditions, but that effectiveness in the field appeared to be seasonally variable. Future research plans include: (a) test mixtures of compounds; (b) explore seasonality in field response to compounds; (c) determine whether chirality of the two compounds affects their attractiveness; and (d) compare different types of traps and release devices to optimize lure performance.
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Hong, Jiao, and Lu-Lu Yang. I-125 seeds insertion with trans-arterial chemical infusion for advanced lung cancer: a meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.11.0058.
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Fallik, Elazar, Robert Joly, Ilan Paran, and Matthew A. Jenks. Study of the Physiological, Molecular and Genetic Factors Associated with Postharvest Water Loss in Pepper Fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7593392.bard.
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The fruit of pepper (Capsicum annuum) commonly wilts (or shrivels) during postharvest storage due to rapid water loss, a condition that greatly reduces its shelf life and market value. The fact that pepper fruit are hollow, and thus have limited water content, only exacerbates this problem in pepper. The collaborators on this project completed research whose findings provided new insight into the genetic, physiological, and biochemical basis for water loss from the fruits of pepper (Capsicum annuum and related Capsicum species). Well-defined genetic populations of pepper were used in this study, the first being a series of backcross F₁ and segregating F₂, F₃, and F₄ populations derived from two original parents selected for having dramatic differences in fruit water loss rate (very high and very low water loss). The secondly population utilized in these studies was a collection of 50 accessions representing world diversity in both species and cultivar types. We found that an unexpectedly large amount of variation was present in both fruit wax and cutin composition in these collections. In addition, our studies revealed significant correlations between the chemical composition of both the fruit cuticular waxes and cutin monomers with fruit water loss rate. Among the most significant were that high alkane content in fruit waxes conferred low fruit water loss rates and low permeability in fruit cuticles. In contrast, high amounts of terpenoids (plus steroidal compounds) were associated with very high fruit water loss and cuticle permeability. These results are consistent with our models that the simple straight chain alkanes pack closely together in the cuticle membrane and obstruct water diffusion, whereas lipids with more complex 3-dimensional structure (such as terpenoids) do not pack so closely, and thus increase the diffusion pathways. The backcross segregating populations were used to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with water loss (using DART markers, Diversity Arrays Technology LTD). These studies resulted in identification of two linked QTLs on pepper’s chromosome 10. Although the exact genetic or physiological basis for these QTLs function in water loss is unknown, the genotypic contribution in studies of near-isogenic lines selected from these backcross populations reveals a strong association between certain wax compounds, the free fatty acids and iso-alkanes. There was also a lesser association between the water loss QTLs with both fruit firmness and total soluble sugars. Results of these analyses have revealed especially strong genetic linkages between fruit water loss, cuticle composition, and two QTLs on chromosome 10. These findings lead us to further speculate that genes located at or near these QTLs have a strong influence on cuticle lipids that impact water loss rate (and possibly, whether directly or indirectly, other traits like fruit firmness and sugar content). The QTL markers identified in these studies will be valuable in the breeding programs of scientists seeking to select for low water loss, long lasting fruits, of pepper, and likely the fruits of related commodities. Further work with these newly developed genetic resources should ultimately lead to the discovery of the genes controlling these fruit characteristics, allowing for the use of transgenic breeding approaches toward the improvement of fruit postharvest shelf life.
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Cytryn, Eddie, Mark R. Liles, and Omer Frenkel. Mining multidrug-resistant desert soil bacteria for biocontrol activity and biologically-active compounds. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598174.bard.
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Control of agro-associated pathogens is becoming increasingly difficult due to increased resistance and mounting restrictions on chemical pesticides and antibiotics. Likewise, in veterinary and human environments, there is increasing resistance of pathogens to currently available antibiotics requiring discovery of novel antibiotic compounds. These drawbacks necessitate discovery and application of microorganisms that can be used as biocontrol agents (BCAs) and the isolation of novel biologically-active compounds. This highly-synergistic one year project implemented an innovative pipeline aimed at detecting BCAs and associated biologically-active compounds, which included: (A) isolation of multidrug-resistant desert soil bacteria and root-associated bacteria from medicinal plants; (B) invitro screening of bacterial isolates against known plant, animal and human pathogens; (C) nextgeneration sequencing of isolates that displayed antagonistic activity against at least one of the model pathogens and (D) in-planta screening of promising BCAs in a model bean-Sclerotiumrolfsii system. The BCA genome data were examined for presence of: i) secondary metabolite encoding genes potentially linked to the anti-pathogenic activity of the isolates; and ii) rhizosphere competence-associated genes, associated with the capacity of microorganisms to successfully inhabit plant roots, and a prerequisite for the success of a soil amended BCA. Altogether, 56 phylogenetically-diverse isolates with bioactivity against bacterial, oomycete and fungal plant pathogens were identified. These strains were sent to Auburn University where bioassays against a panel of animal and human pathogens (including multi-drug resistant pathogenic strains such as A. baumannii 3806) were conducted. Nineteen isolates that showed substantial antagonistic activity against at least one of the screened pathogens were sequenced, assembled and subjected to bioinformatics analyses aimed at identifying secondary metabolite-encoding and rhizosphere competence-associated genes. The genome size of the bacteria ranged from 3.77 to 9.85 Mbp. All of the genomes were characterized by a plethora of secondary metabolite encoding genes including non-ribosomal peptide synthase, polyketidesynthases, lantipeptides, bacteriocins, terpenes and siderophores. While some of these genes were highly similar to documented genes, many were unique and therefore may encode for novel antagonistic compounds. Comparative genomic analysis of root-associated isolates with similar strains not isolated from root environments revealed genes encoding for several rhizospherecompetence- associated traits including urea utilization, chitin degradation, plant cell polymerdegradation, biofilm formation, mechanisms for iron, phosphorus and sulfur acquisition and antibiotic resistance. Our labs are currently writing a continuation of this feasibility study that proposes a unique pipeline for the detection of BCAs and biopesticides that can be used against phytopathogens. It will combine i) metabolomic screening of strains from our collection that contain unique secondary metabolite-encoding genes, in order to isolate novel antimicrobial compounds; ii) model plant-based experiments to assess the antagonistic capacities of selected BCAs toward selected phytopathogens; and iii) an innovative next-generation-sequencing based method to monitor the relative abundance and distribution of selected BCAs in field experiments in order to assess their persistence in natural agro-environments. We believe that this integrated approach will enable development of novel strains and compounds that can be used in large-scale operations.
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Phillips, Donald A., Yitzhak Spiegel, and Howard Ferris. Optimizing nematode management by defining natural chemical bases of behavior. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587234.bard.
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This project was based on the hypothesis that nematodes interacting with plants as either parasites or beneficial saprophytes are attracted to their host by natural products. This concept was supported by numerous observations that parasitic nematodes are attracted to root exudates. Our overall goal was to identify nematode sensory compounds from root exudates and to use that information for reducing nematicide applications. We applied skills of the investigators to achieve three specific objectives: 1) Identify nematode behavioral cues (e.g., attractants or repellents) in root exudates; 2) Identify new natural nematicidal compounds; and 3) Combine a natural attractant and a nematicide into a nematode trap. Because saprophytic nematodes benefit plants by mineralizing organic matter, we sought compounds attractive primarily to parasitic nematodes. The project was constructed on several complementary foundations. First, data from Dr. Spiegel’s lab showed that under aseptic conditions Ditylenchus dipsaci, a parasite on onion, is attracted to certain fractions of onion root exudates. Second, PI Phillips had a sizeable collection of natural plant products he had identified from previous work on Rhizobium-legume interactions, which could be tested “off the shelf”. Third, Dr. Ferris had access to aseptic and natural populations of various saprophytic and parasitic nematodes. The project focused on five nematode species: D.dipsaci, Heterodera avenae, and Tylenchulussemipenetransat ARO, and Meloidogyne javanicand Caenorhabditis elegans at UCD. Ten pure plant compounds, mostly flavonoids, were tested on the various nematode species using six different assay systems. Results obtained with assorted test systems and by various scientists in the same test systems were essentially irreproducible. Many convincing, Many convincing, i.e. statistically significant, results in one system or with one investigator could not be repeated with other assays or different people. A recent report from others found that these compounds, plus another 30, were inactive as attractants in three additional parasitic nematode species (Wuyts et al. Nematology 8:89- 101, 2006). Assays designed to test the hypothesis that several compounds together are required to attract nematodes have thus far failed to find a reproducibly active combination. In contrast to results using pure plant compounds, complex unfractionated exudates from aseptic onion root reproducibly attracted D. dipsaci in both the ARO and UCD labs. Onion root exudate collection, separation into HPLC fractions, assays using D. dipsaci and MS-MS experiments proceeded collaboratively between ARO and UCD without any definitive identification of an active compound. The final active fraction contained two major molecules and traces of several other compounds. In the end, analytical studies were limited by the amount of onion root exudate and the complexity of the purification process. These tests showed that aseptic plant roots release attractant molecules, but whether nematodes influence that release, as insects trigger release of attractants from plants, is unknown. Related experiments showed that the saprophyte C. elegans stimulates its prey, Pseudomonas bacteria, to increase production of 2, 4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) a compound that promotes amino acid exudation by plant roots. It is thus possible that saprophytic nematodes are attracted primarily to their bacterial or fungal prey and secondarily to effects of those microorganisms on root exudation. These observations offer promising avenues for understanding root-zone interactions, but no direct routes to controlling nematodes in agriculture were evident. Extracts from two plant sources, Chrysanthemum coronarium and Sequoia sempervirens, showed nematicidal activity at ARO and UCD, respectively. Attempts to purify an active compound from S. sempervirens failed, but preliminary results from C. coronarium are judged to form a potential basis for further work at ARO. These results highlight the problems of studying complex movement patterns in sentient organisms like nematodes and the issues associated with natural product isolation from complex mixtures. Those two difficulties combined with complications now associated with obtaining US visas, slowed and ultimately limited progress on this project. As a result, US investigators expended only 65% of the $207,400 originally planned for this project. The Israeli side of the project advanced more directly toward its scientific goals and lists its expenditures in the customary financial report.
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Greinert, Jens. Mine Monitoring in the German Baltic Sea 2020; Dumped munition monitoring AL548, 03rd – 16th November 2020, Kiel (Germany) – Kiel (Germany) „MineMoni-II 2020“. GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cr_al548.
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ALKOR cruise AL548 took place as part of the EMFF (European Maritime and Fisheries Fund)-funded project BASTA (Boost Applied munition detection through Smart data inTegration and AI workflows; https://www.basta-munition.eu) and as continuation of the munition monitoring started within the BMBF-funded project UDEMM (Environmental Monitoring for the Delaboration of Munition in the Sea; https://udemm.geomar.de/). In October 2018, a first cruise (POS530 MineMoni2018) was conducted, to gather data for a broad baseline study in the German Baltic Sea. Results show a moderate contamination level on regional and coastal scale, but indicate higher levels for specific local areas. Within UDEMM, expertise was developed to detect, exactly locate and monitor munition (e.g. torpedoes, sea mines, ground mines) on the seafloor using optical and hydroacoustic means. In addition, chemical analyses of dissolved contaminants in the water and sediments was performed. Data acquired during this cruise are used in BASTA, which aims for enhanced munition detection via AUV-based artificial intelligence applied on multi-sensor datasets. At the same time, the project ExPloTect (Ex-situ, near-real-time exPlosive compound deTection in seawater) (also EMFF-funded) addresses the need for an innovative approach to detect explosive compounds in seawater. A prototype system was used and successfully tested for the first time during this cruise. The main focus was placed onto the two already known dumpsites Kolberger Heide and Lübeck Bight. Additionally, new areas Falshöft (Schleswig-Holstein) and Cadet Channel, Trollegrund and Großklützhöved (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) were explored. In each area high-resolution multibeam mapping was performed and contact lists, indicating potential munition objects were produced on board. AUV surveys were conducted to ground-truth possible contacts via detailed photograph and magnetometer mapping. This was complemented with towed video (TV)-CTD profiles. The transits to and between those sites were planned along former constraint routes during WWII. These routes were main targets of the British Air Force and mines and bombs can be expected along these ways. During transits water samples were taken with on a CTD- (conductivity, temperature, depth) rosette-mounted Niskin bottles in regular distances, in order to obtain a comprehensive understanding munition compounds (inter alia trinitrotoluene (TNT)) measurements across the German Baltic Sea.
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Norelli, John L., Moshe Flaishman, Herb Aldwinckle, and David Gidoni. Regulated expression of site-specific DNA recombination for precision genetic engineering of apple. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7587214.bard.
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Objectives: The original objectives of this project were to: 1) evaluate inducible promoters for the expression of recombinase in apple (USDA-ARS); 2) develop alternative selectable markers for use in apple to facilitate the positive selection of gene excision by recombinase (Cornell University); 3) compare the activity of three different recombinase systems (Cre/lox, FLP/FRT, and R/RS)in apple using a rapid transient assay (ARO); and 4) evaluate the use of recombinase systems in apple using the best promoters, selectable markers and recombinase systems identified in 1, 2 and 3 above (Collaboratively). Objective 2 was revised from the development alternative selectable markers, to the development of a marker-free selection system for apple. This change in approach was taken due to the inefficiency of the alternative markers initially evaluated in apple, phosphomannose-isomerase and 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate phosphatase, and the regulatory advantages of a marker-free system. Objective 3 was revised to focus primarily on the FLP/FRT recombinase system, due to the initial success obtained with this recombinase system. Based upon cooperation between researchers (see Achievements below), research to evaluate the use of the FLP recombinase system under light-inducible expression in apple was then conducted at the ARO (Objective 4). Background: Genomic research and genetic engineering have tremendous potential to enhance crop performance, improve food quality and increase farm profits. However, implementing the knowledge of genomics through genetically engineered fruit crops has many hurdles to be overcome before it can become a reality in the orchard. Among the most important hurdles are consumer concerns regarding the safety of transgenics and the impact this may have on marketing. The goal of this project was to develop plant transformation technologies to mitigate these concerns. Major achievements: Our results indicate activity of the FLP\FRTsite-specific recombination system for the first time in apple, and additionally, we show light- inducible activation of the recombinase in trees. Initial selection of apple transformation events is conducted under dark conditions, and tissue cultures are then moved to light conditions to promote marker excision and plant development. As trees are perennial and - cross-fertilization is not practical, the light-induced FLP-mediated recombination approach shown here provides an alternative to previously reported chemically induced recombinase approaches. In addition, a method was developed to transform apple without the use of herbicide or antibiotic resistance marker genes (marker free). Both light and chemically inducible promoters were developed to allow controlled gene expression in fruit crops. Implications: The research supported by this grant has demonstrated the feasibility of "marker excision" and "marker free" transformation technologies in apple. The use of these safer technologies for the genetic enhancement of apple varieties and rootstocks for various traits will serve to mitigate many of the consumer and environmental concerns facing the commercialization of these improved varieties.