Academic literature on the topic 'Chemical terrorism – Prevention – Government policy'
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Journal articles on the topic "Chemical terrorism – Prevention – Government policy"
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Shanduorkov, George. "Terrorism in Bulgaria." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 2 (June 2003): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00000145.
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AbstractThe Republic of Bulgaria is one of the smallest countries in southeastern Europe and has little experience with terrorist acts. During the past 20 years, only nine terrorism-related events have been recorded in Bulgaria, and no unconventional weapons have been used. Factors contributing to terrorism in Bulgaria have been: (1) Communist Party domination of the government and political process from 1944 to 1989; (2) ethnic and religious conflicts between the Bulgarian Orthodox Christian majority and the Turkish Muslim minority from 1983 to 1987; and (3) the relatively high level of organized crime after the Communist regime ended in 1990.The structure and function of the Disaster Relief System in Bulgaria not only are focused on the prevention of terrorism, but also on preparedness for the emergency response to terrorism-related events. Institutional components of the Disaster Relief System structure responsible for the emergency response to terrorism-related events include: (1) the Government of Bulgaria; (2) the State Agency for Civil Protection with 28 regional directorates; (3) the Ministry of Health with five national hospitals, 28 regional hospitals, and 28 EMS systems; (4) the Ministry of Defense with special military units for response to unconventional terrorist events, including nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons; (5) the Ministry of Internal Affairs with 28 police departments, 28 fire departments, and specialized anti-terrorist units; and (6) the Bulgarian Red Cross.A major future challenge in Bulgaria is the prevention of terrorism through political stability, economic prosperity, ethnic and religious tolerance, and more effective measures against organized criminal activities. A related challenge will be to improve the level of preparedness of all components of Disaster Relief.
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Shanduorkov, George. "Terrorism in Bulgaria." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 2 (June 2003): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00000789.
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AbstractThe Republic of Bulgaria is one of the smallest countries in southeastern Europe and has little experience with terrorist acts. During the past 20 years, only nine terrorism-related events have been recorded in Bulgaria, and no unconventional weapons have been used. Factors contributing to terrorism in Bulgaria have been: (1) Communist Party domination of the government and political process from 1944 to 1989; (2) ethnic and religious conflicts between the Bulgarian Orthodox Christian majority and the Turkish Muslim minority from 1983 to 1987; and (3) the relatively high level of organized crime after the Communist regime ended in 1990.The structure and function of the Disaster Relief System in Bulgaria not only are focused on the prevention of terrorism, but also on preparedness for the emergency response to terrorism-related events. Institutional components of the Disaster Relief System structure responsible for the emergency response to terrorism-related events include: (1) the Government of Bulgaria; (2) the State Agency for Civil Protection with 28 regional directorates; (3) the Ministry of Health with five national hospitals, 28 regional hospitals, and 28 EMS systems; (4) the Ministry of Defense with special military units for response to unconventional terrorist events, including nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons; (5) the Ministry of Internal Affairs with 28 police departments, 28 fire departments, and specialized anti-terrorist units; and (6) the Bulgarian Red Cross.A major future challenge in Bulgaria is the prevention of terrorism through political stability, economic prosperity, ethnic and religious tolerance, and more effective measures against organized criminal activities. A related challenge will be to improve the level of preparedness of all components of Disaster Relief.
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Kambo, Gustiana. "Securitization: Terrorism prevention policy in Poso Regency, Central Sulawesi." Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik 35, no. 3 (August 22, 2022): 364–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mkp.v35i32022.364-379.
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The existence of terrorism in Poso Regency, Central Sulawesi is triggered by a communal conflict among religions since 2000. A series of acts of terrorism have disrupted the regulation of government and public order and security, so that the regional government carried out special handling of this case. The objective of this study is to analyze the pattern of terrorism prevention carried out by the regional government in Poso Regency. This study used a qualitative method with a case study approach to conduct an in-depth descriptive study regarding the pattern of strengthening the terrorism prevention policy and its follow-up. In analyzing this case, this study used the concept of securitization developed by Buzan (1991) through the principles of social, economic, and political security. The results of the study showed that the regional government has made efforts to prevent acts of terrorism by (1) Strengthening the Early Detection of Terrorism Tendency Program, (2) Strengthening the Religious Harmony Program, (3) Strengthening the Community Social Life Program, (4) Strengthening the Entrepreneurship Program that covers various activities, including; establishing Village of Harmony and Early Awareness Forum, carrying out counseling on Pancasila values, providing social assistance and entrepreneurship training for the poor and families of ex-terrorism convicts. This study concludes that the regional government has made systematic efforts with a securitization approach in a strict security pattern with community involvement.
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DRAGU, TIBERIU. "Is There a Trade-off between Security and Liberty? Executive Bias, Privacy Protections, and Terrorism Prevention." American Political Science Review 105, no. 1 (February 2011): 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055410000614.
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I develop a game-theoretic model of an interaction between an antiterrorist agency and a terrorist organization to analyze how the probability of a terrorist attack varies when the level of privacy protections changes. I derive two implications. First, privacy and security from terrorism need not be in conflict: when accounting for strategic interactions, reducing privacy protections does not necessarily increase security from terrorism. Second, and more important, the antiterrorist agency will always want less privacy. The very agency whose expertise affords it disproportionate influence on policy making will prefer a reduction in privacy protections even when that reduction harms security from terrorism. The analysis has implications for understanding the relationship between government powers and civil liberties in the context of terrorism prevention and times of emergencies more generally.
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Mohtadi, Hamid, and Bryan Weber. "Terrorism risk and optimal policy response: theory and empirics." Indian Growth and Development Review 13, no. 2 (October 18, 2019): 449–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/igdr-08-2019-0090.
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Purpose The proliferation of terrorism worldwide raises the risk that terrorist strategies could evolve from conventional methods (e.g. suicide attacks) to biological, chemical and even radioactive and nuclear attacks (commonly abbreviated as CBRN) which are potentially much more dangerous. The authors make three contributions toward a better understanding of this risk and how it responds to counterterrorism measures. Design/methodology/approach The authors develop a game that captures the terrorists’ potential strategic substitution between conventional and CBRN-type attacks; the authors calibrate the parameters of the game to real data using a novel calibration method and a partially unique dataset; they estimate the heavy-tailed distribution of attack severity and thus the probability of a successful attack, the underlying effort to launch an attack and the intrinsic difficulty of launching different types of attacks. Findings The authors find that in equilibrium, CBRN attacks, though less likely and more difficult to execute, are more deadly. In the end, the trade-off between, on one hand, the greater difficulty of carrying out a CBRN attack, and on the other, the greater deadliness of such an attack, points to a level of optimal counterterrorism spending by governments that weighs toward defending against CBRN attacks. The authors discuss these results and compare them with the actual level of counterterrorism spending by the US Government. Originality/value The framework of the game allows for substitution between the conventional and CBRN weapon types. These aspects of this paper, together with the unique calibration methodology, and the use of some unique terrorism data for the first time, are what distinguish this work from similar game theoretic papers in this area.
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Vorontsov, S. A., F. I. Sharkov, and A. V. Ponedelkov. "Problems of Communication between Government, Society and the Media in the Field of Extremism Prevention." Communicology 9, no. 1 (July 15, 2021): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.21453/2311-3065-2021-9-1-99-111.
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This article examines the problems of communication between the government, society and the mass media in the field of extremism prevention through a systematic information policy aimed at identifying the causes and factors that determine radical manifestations, determining measures aimed at their localization, and forming a persistent rejection of illegal behavior of citizens and their associations in society. The competent organization of interaction between the government, society and the media makes it possible to synthesize their efforts in the field of extremism prevention. This approach encompasses not only basic security-based counter-terrorism measures, but also systematic preventive steps to address the underlying conditions that encourage individuals to radicalize and join violent extremist groups. It is necessary to develop specific recommendations and action plans at the federal, regional and local levels of both state and municipal authorities in active interaction with the mass media, in particular, focusing on the root social reasons why some people are attracted to extremist organizations and what measures to combat extremism are most effective.
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Miles, William F. S. "Deploying Development to Counter Terrorism: Post-9/11 Transformation of U.S. Foreign Aid to Africa." African Studies Review 55, no. 3 (December 2012): 27–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002020600007198.
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Abstract:Since September 11, 2001, the aid component of American foreign policy toward Africa has undergone a significant evolution: U.S. security has come to rival development as an increasingly explicit rationale. Development programming and project implementation now contain a security dimension that is underpinned by Pentagon strategists working through AFRICOM as much as by USAID officers partnering with the State Department. This article argues that given the potential of terrorism for undermining development in Africa itself, soft counterterrorism should be envisioned as a strategic developmental defense activity. Making use of unpublished country risk assessments and the author's participant observation during USAID field mission consultancies in the Sahel, as well as the scholarly literature and relevant policy documents of the Bush and Obama administrations, this article explores the new agenda and grassroots dynamics of development projects as tools for terrorism prevention. It contends that policy and institutional responses to 9/11 have resulted in a greater convergence of operational goals among U.S. government agencies that in the past, at least according to publicly stated goals, had pursued distinctly different missions in Africa. Normative implications of this change are mixed. Because of differing expectations with respect to separation of powers, African public opinion, paradoxically, may be more sympathetic to U.S. military engagement with civilians for developmental purposes than American public opinion is.
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Eko Timuriyono, Dian. "Kebijakan Pencegahan Tindak Pidana Terorisme Melalui Kontra Radikalisasi di Kabupaten Jember." JURNAL RECHTENS 9, no. 1 (June 3, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36835/rechtens.v9i1.657.
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In addition to overcoming efforts is one of the tasks of the police, the prevention of radicalism must also have an element of support from the regional government in Jember Regency through its criminal law policy. Both of the above must be synchronized institutions so that efforts to tackle radicalism can be implemented properly. This research method uses a normative research method through the statutory approach and conceptual approach. The first result of this research is that there is an ease that is obtained in carrying out efforts to overcome the understanding of radicalism, namely by means of or counter-radicalization methods carried out by the police and supported by all government agencies in Jember Regency and the layers of society. Secondly, in practice between the counter-radicalization processes, the community still expects a process of arrest up to the stage of criminal prosecution of perpetrators of terrorism as a manifestation of a legal protection for the people of Jember Regency and its surroundings.
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Nazir, Amni Umirah Binti Mohamad, Norrimi Rosaida Awang, and Nor Azam Ramli. "Framework: Local Nighttime Ozone Management and Prevention (LNOMP)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1102, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1102/1/012016.
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Due to the absence of sunlight and lack ozone production during nighttime, ground-level ozone was labelled as a critical period for ozone depletion. This study proposed a local ozone management and implementation based on the major cause of ozone deflection in chemical reactions during nighttime. Three highlighted locations (Klang, Shah Alam and Petaling Jaya) categorized as the highest NO and NO2 production was focused on this study (urban and sub-urban area) from 2006 to 2016. The descriptive statistics (O3 and NO) with population density were analysed as an observation for proposed a new implementation system for reducing O3 during nighttime and preventing it from contributing the next day concentration. The interaction between O3 and NO concentration was explained based on diurnal analysis. The crucial time for nighttime O3 deflection was between 7 PM until 12 AM. Therefore, the local nighttime ozone management was pulled out as the nighttime O3 reduction was understandable. The framework was consisting a management policy by the federal government, state government and local authority, with a plan for nighttime implementation by local government in Malaysia.
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Donnay, Albert H. "On the Recognition of Multiple Chemical Sensitivity in Medical Literature and Government Policy." International Journal of Toxicology 18, no. 6 (November 1999): 383–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/109158199225099.
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The history of chemical sensitivity in America is reviewed from the first description published by Edgar Allan Poe in 1839, to its first medical definition as a symptom of neurasthenia in 1869, its rediscovery as allergic toxemia in 1945, its redefinition in 1987 as multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS), and its overlap in the 1990s with chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia syndrome, and Gulf War syndrome (GWS). More than half of the over 500 peer-reviewed articles on MCS support an organic basis for MCS, whereas less than one-quarter support a psychiatric basis. The same 2:1 difference is seen in the numbers of MCS researchers writing these articles and the number of journals publishing them. A psychogenic interpretation of MCS also is specifically rejected in the latest formal position statement on the subject, a 1994 consensus of the American Lung Association, American Medical Association (AMA), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), and U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (US CPSC) (U.S. Government Printing Office 1994–523–217/81322). This and other government recognition of MCS in policy, research, and scientific conferences are summarized. Dozens of federal, state, and local authorities accept MCS as a legitimate disease and/or disability that deserves reasonable accommodation in housing, employment, and public facilities. Official recognition is expected later in 1999 when the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announces a formal definition of MCS and the federal Interagency Workgroup on MCS releases its long-awaited final report, 4 years in the making. Given that epidemiological data from three states puts the prevalence of chemical sensitivity at 16 to 33% of the general population, 2 to 6% of whom have already been diagnosed with MCS, this truly is a hidden epidemic that deserves the priority attention of public health researchers and policy makers. Industrial toxicologists are encouraged to work on reducing and eliminating the use of synthetic fragrances, chemical sensitizers, and other irritants in consumer products and occupational settings.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Chemical terrorism – Prevention – Government policy"
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Jansen, Pia Therese. "The consequences of Israel's counter terrorism policy." Thesis, St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/439.
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Manalo, Eusaquito P. "The Philippine response to terrorism: the ABU Sayyaf Group /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Dec%5FManalo.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Security Building in Post Cinflict Environments)--Naval Postgraduate School, Dec. 2004.Thesis Advisor(s): Gaye Christoffersen. Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-91). Also available online.
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Berger, Michael Andrew. "How resisting democracies can defeat substate terrorism : formulating a theoretical framework for strategic coercion against nationalistic substate terrorist organizations." Thesis, St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/889.
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Weeks, Douglas M. "Radicals and reactionaries : the polarisation of community and government in the name of public safety and security." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3416.
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The contemporary threat of terrorism has changed the ways in which government and the public view the world. Unlike the existential threat from nation states in previous centuries, today, government and the public spend much of their effort looking for the inward threat. Brought about by high profile events such as 9/11, 7/7, and 3/11, and exacerbated by globalisation, hyper-connected social spheres, and the media, the threats from within are reinforced daily. In the UK, government has taken bold steps to foment public safety and public security but has also been criticised by some who argue that government actions have labelled Muslims as the ‘suspect other'. This thesis explores the counter-terrorism environment in London at the community/government interface, how the Metropolitan Police Service and London Fire Brigade deliver counter-terrorism policy, and how individuals and groups are reacting. It specifically explores the realities of the lived experience of those who make up London's ‘suspect community' and whether or not counter-terrorism policy can be linked to further marginalisation, radicalism, and extremism. By engaging with those that range from London's Metropolitan Police Service's Counterterrorism Command (SO15) to those that make up the radical fringe, an ethnographic portrait is developed. Through that ethnographic portrait the ‘ground truth' and complexities of the lived experience are made clear and add significant contrast to the aseptic policy environment.
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Stocking, Galen Asher Thomas. "The threat of cyberterrorism: Contemporary consequences and prescriptions." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2590.
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This study researches the varying threats that emanate from terrorists who carry their activity into the online arena. It examines several elements of this threat, including virtual to virtual attacks and threats to critical infrastructure that can be traced to online sources. It then reports on the methods that terrorists employ in using information technology such as the internet for propaganda and other communication purposes. It discusses how the United States government has responded to these problems, and concludes with recommendations for best practices.
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Dalby, Andrew K. "European integrationist influences on member states' counter-terrorist co-operation and co-ordination." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14394.
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Under the competences of the European Union's intergovernmentally controlled Justice and Home Affairs policy, counter-terrorist co-operation and co-ordination of efforts have progressed at a rapid pace following the 11 September attacks on the USA. Given, however, that Europe has experienced entrenched terrorist campaigns for the past three decades, one could be forgiven for questioning, in light of the unique co-operative position of Western Europe, why it has taken so long for the membership of the EU to reach a common definition of terrorism. Also why is it that even now, the EU has failed to develop a common policy against terrorism? Political explanations are traditional responses to such questions, but there is a risk of underestimating the complexities of the European Project, and the effect which this has had on so many areas of transnational co-operation. By focusing therefore on the often-overlooked role played by European integration on counter-terrorist co-operation, in addition to empirical analysis of the efficiency of the co-operative structures, we place ourselves in a more beneficial position to understand the current situation. Intergovernmentalism, the controlling force of JHA co-operation, we find is not mutually exclusive to law-enforcement co-operation. Two theories tested for supranational influences - neo-functionalism and federalism - have also played their part, from the early 1960s onwards, in facilitating co-operation. The historical emphasis is important, because co-operation prior to the regulation of much of this area within the EU, following the Treaties of Economic Union, provides us with ample material for analysis and greater insight into the JHA process and counter-terrorism. Intergovernmentalism has helped push counter-terrorist co-operation along, but equally we find that it now serves as a hindrance in completing its development because of its in-built tendency to retain subsidiarity. Counter terrorist co-operation, we conclude, need not be restricted to intergovernmental control any longer.
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Teixeira, Júnior Geraldo Alves 1984. "Razão de Estado e política antiterrorismo nos Estados Unidos." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280911.
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Orientador: Roberto Romano da SilvaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T03:37:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeixeiraJunior_GeraldoAlves_D.pdf: 12974491 bytes, checksum: ef0f7aec2f638114c9a64bcca5d6be1e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011
Resumo: O pensamento sobre a razão de Estado pode ser dito fundamental para a política moderna, já que seu desenvolvimento inicial coincide com o do próprio surgimento do Estado. Onde crescia a razão de Estado, crescia o Estado, que por sua vez fomentava aquela política. Acusada de ocorrer à revelia da moral, essa circularidade e o acúmulo de poder que ela envolve foi certamente responsável por consolidar o Estado como instituição quaseuniversal. A consolidação das instituições estatais não extinguiu, contudo, a razão de Estado, que como técnica de poder ou como pretensa racionalidade superior acompanhou os distintos momentos da política. A presente pesquisa examina inicialmente o contexto histórico e intelectual que originou o pensamento sobre a razão de Estado a fim de permitir uma visão panorâmica do tema na teoria política. Após o estudo histórico discorre-se sobre os diversos elementos que compõem este tema e analisa-se os modos pelos quais eles operam na prática política. Nesta primeira parte são utilizados diversos textos de reconhecidos estudiosos do pensamento político, como Friedrich Meinecke, Carl J. Friedrich, Quentin Skinner e Michel Senellart, mas recorre-se também diretamente aos textos históricos de Nicolau Maquiavel, Giovanni Botero, Thomas Hobbes e Gabriel Naudé. No estágio seguinte aplica-se o estudo inicial a um caso concreto. São estudadas algumas ações políticas e jurídicas do governo dos Estados Unidos, assim como leis criadas para combater o terrorismo, notavelmente aquelas que entraram em vigor após os ataques que o país sofreu em 11 de setembro de 2001. Antes de abordar o ponto central recupera-se fatores históricos que influenciaram os rumos do Estado americano e alguns eventos que constituem precedentes importantes da política antiterror. Após a devida contextualização, o trabalho centra-se na análise de uma lei de 2001, o Patriot Act, e nas ações estatais que ela possibilitou nos anos seguintes. Na segunda parte do trabalho utiliza-se, além de textos acadêmicos, artigos jornalísticos, documentos oficiais do governo americano, textos de leis, jurisprudência e relatórios e declarações de setores da sociedade civil e de comentadores de temas jurídicos. O exame da doutrina da razão de Estado, aplicado ao caso específico dos Estados Unidos no referido contexto corrobora a tese, pormenorizada no capítulo conclusivo, de que as recentes formas de combate ao terrorismo recuperam e fortalecem o pensamento sobre a razão de Estado, agora na situação particular dos Estados liberais-democráticos
Abstract: Reason of State theories might be considered fundamental to modern politics for its beginning occurs together with the emergence of States themselves. Where reason of State was rising, it helped the State growth that, in turn, stimulated reason of State policies. Criticized for having put aside moral concerns, such circularity and the accumulation of power it produces may be pointed as an important cause leading to the consolidation of the State as a quasi-universal institution. Nonetheless, the States did not extinguished reason of State after being consolidated. As techniques or as a specific rationality it was adapted for each new context of politics. This work starts by investigating the historical and intellectual context that gave birth to reason of State in order to show a panoramic view of the theme in the political theory. After the historical study I analyse several elements which constitutes reason of State and I present how they operate in political practice. For this first part several texts of recognized academics of political thought are used, such as Friedrich Meinecke, Carl J. Friedrich, Quentin Skinner and Michel Senellart, but I also resort to the historical texts of Niccolo Machiavelli, Giovanni Botero, Thomas Hobbes and Gabriel Naudé. At the next stage the previous study is applied to a concrete case. I analyse political and judicial actions of the American government and some legislation created to combat terrorism, particularly those that went in force after the attacks the country suffered on September 11, 2001 (9/11). Before dealing with the main point I present historical events which have influenced the course of the United States politics and some important precedents of the anti-terror policies. After proper contextualization the study is focused on the 2001 law called Patriot Act and on the state actions it has authorized in the years that followed its creation. In the second part, besides academic texts and news articles, I make use of official documents, statute texts, judicial cases, reports and declarations of civil society organizations and of legal themes' commentators. The study of reason of State doctrine applied to the specific case of the United States at the mentioned context corroborates the thesis addressed at the conclusive chapter stating that the recent anti-terror policies revive and strengthen reason of State thought, now acting at the particular situation of liberal democracies
Doutorado
Filosofia
Doutor em Filosofia
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Lastimado, Antonio R. "The Armed Forces of the Philippines and Special Operations." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/1227.
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Approved for public release; distribution in unlimited.Since World War II, the Philippines has confronted threats from communist insurgents, Muslim secessionists, and a few other agitators. Recently, however, a new threat has emerged-- this time coming from a terrorist organization known as the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG). Although the ASG is a relatively small group, it has wrought great injury to the Philippine image as of late. Common among the groups presenting a threat to internal security are that their strategies and tactics tend to be unconventional and asymmetric. This thesis seeks to determine how special operations can improve the AFP's capability to address internal security threats. The study begins by examining the security environments in which the AFP currently operates, and then proceeds to study emerging security environments in which it will likely operate. The current special operations capability of the AFP is explored and assessed, while inquiring whether it needs enhancing. Case studies of past AFP special operations against groups which posed major internal threats are analyzed to determine whether or not the doctrine and strategy of the AFP was correct, especially regarding its use of Special Operations Forces (SOF). Furthermore, this study considers the United States (U.S.) model for special operations, namely the U.S. Special Operations Forces, in proposing a special operations strategy for the AFP that is feasible, suitable, and sustainable. It is suggested that such an examination will produce a strategy that is relevant, adaptable, and responsive to dealing with the internal security environments likely to be encountered by the Philippine government.
Major, Philippine Army
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Meyer, Aric. "FISA and warrantless wire-tapping: Does FISA conform to Fourth Amendment standards?" Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9838/.
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Electronic surveillance for foreign intelligence purposes was largely unregulated prior to 1978. The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (hereinafter "FISA") was enacted to implement a judicial authorization process for foreign intelligence electronic surveillance that would effectively balance competing needs for national security and civil liberty under the Fourth Amendment. This study examines the evolution of FISA and its effectiveness under the Fourth Amendment, as assessed by federal reviewing courts and scholars since the statute's enactment. The study concludes that the FISA electronic surveillance authorization process has been effective in providing a constitutional mechanism to obtain foreign intelligence information.
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Elvy, Dale Richard. "Terrorism, public opinion and policy : a comparison of Australia and the United States." Phd thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/149654.
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Government policy in Australia and the United States has been fundamentally altered by the advent of modern terrorism. Billions of dollars have been spent on domestic counter-terrorism measures, new legislation has been introduced which challenges the balance between civil liberties and security, and foreign policy has shifted to the extent that these nations have taken military action at considerable expense, straining international diplomatic relations. This thesis explores how public opinion in these nations has changed over recent decades, and explores how the impact of recent high-visibility mass casualty terrorist attacks, exacerbated by the rapid spread and dissemination of terrorist messages by the media, has resulted in high levels of public anxiety which has increased public willingness to trade civil liberties for increased security, and influenced public confidence in the capability of government responses to terrorism - both of which are fundamental components of a strategy of terrorism. This thesis draws upon two surveys; the 2007 Australian Election Study, and a national survey of the United States conducted in 2002 by Stony Brook University to conduct a comparative analysis of public opinion toward terrorism to critically assess current policy responses to terrorism. It was found that in both nations there are a similar range of demographic variables, which predict levels of anxiety, satisfaction with Government responses to combat terrorism, and a willingness to trade civil liberties for increased security. It was also found that, even when controlling for these variables, anxiety and concern about terrorism continue to have a statistically significant relationship with government satisfaction and willingness to trade civil liberties for increased security. It was further found that the perceived threat of terrorism acts as a significant mediating variable on the relationship between anxiety, and willingness to trade civil liberties for increased security and satisfaction with government, supporting previous research which suggests that confidence in government is based to some extent, on citizens' feelings of security, and theories that there is a clear linkage between public expectations and support for increased government expenditure. There is also evidence to suggest that the mediating influence of the perceived threat of terrorism increases over time leading to the conclusion that both those who are pessimistic and optimistic about the threat of terrorism become more strongly polarised to their respective views. These findings suggest that successful Government policy must acknowledge the importance of public opinion in understanding the impact of terrorism. Policy should seek to reflect the unique and powerful influence of media frames, and as a response, policy makers should adopt strategies to combat the natural drawbacks of traditional counter-terrorism efforts in this arena. Policy makers must, therefore, seek to make counter-terrorism efforts more transparent and seek to de-sensationalise terrorism as part of a targeted media strategy which enables Government messages to have primacy in the immediate aftermath of a terrorist attack and undermines the key precepts of terrorist strategy. -- provided by Candidate.
Books on the topic "Chemical terrorism – Prevention – Government policy"
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How effectively is the federal government assisting state and local governments in preparing for a biological, chemical or nuclear attack?: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Government Efficiency, Financial Management and Intergovernmental Relations of the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, second session, August 22, 2002. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2003.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Reform. Subcommittee on Government Efficiency, Financial Management and Intergovernmental Relations. How effectively are federal, state, and local governments working together to prepare for a biological, chemical, or nuclear attack?: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Government Efficiency, Financial Management and Intergovernmental Relations of the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One hundred Seventh Congress, second session, March 25, 2002. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2003.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Reform. Subcommittee on Government Efficiency, Financial Management and Intergovernmental Relations. How effectively are federal, state and local governments working together to prepare for a biological, chemical or nuclear attack?: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Government Efficiency, Financial Management and Intergovernmental Relations of the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One hundred Seventh Congress, second session, March 28, 2002. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2003.
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United, States Congress Senate Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Technology Terrorism and Government Information. Biological weapons, the threat posed by terrorists: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Technology, Terrorism, and Government Information of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth Congress, second session on examining federal efforts in dealing with chemical and biological weapons threats to America, March 4, April 22, and 23, 1998. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1998.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Technology and the Law. High-tech terrorism: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Technology and the Law of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundredth Congress, second session ... May 19 and September 15, 1988. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.
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Law, United States Congress Senate Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Technology and the. High-tech terrorism: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Technology and the Law of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundredth Congress, second session ... May 19 and September 15, 1988. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Technology and the Law. High-tech terrorism: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Technology and the Law of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundredth Congress, second session ... May 19 and September 15, 1988. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Technology and the Law. High-tech terrorism: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Technology and the Law of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundredth Congress, second session ... May 19 and September 15, 1988. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Technology and the Law. High-tech terrorism: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Technology and the Law of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundredth Congress, second session ... May 19 and September 15, 1988. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Chemical Facilities Security Act of 2003: Report (to accompany S. 994) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office) together with additional views. [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2004.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Chemical terrorism – Prevention – Government policy"
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Neier, Aryeh. "Rights after 9/11." In The International Human Rights Movement, 287–318. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691200989.003.0012.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter highlights the significant role of the human rights movement after September 11, 2001. It points out how Al-Qaeda made no claim to respect rights after 9/11, making them insusceptible to the human rights movement's main weapon: embarrassment. It also details how the United States played a crucial role in the promotion of human rights worldwide during and after the Cold War. The chapter analyzes the consequence of the decision to make prevention the defining concern of U.S. government policy in responding to the threat of terrorism for human rights. It looks at the consequences of the primacy given to prevention that removed one of the restraints on the use of torture or cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment.
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Lodge, Hugo D. "Power to Make, Amend, and Suspend Sanctions." In Blackstone’s Guide to The Sanctions and Anti-Money Laundering Act. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844778.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
The potential scope of UK sanctions has been considerably broadened by the 2018 Act. HM Government can now impose sanctions regulations considered ‘appropriate’ for a diverse range of purposes. These include those made to comply with a UN obligation or any other international obligation, for the prevention of terrorism, in the interests of national or international peace and security or, most broadly of all, to further a UK foreign policy objective. Further, the Magnitsky amendment was a late change to the Act, allowing the UK to impose sanctions on people who commit gross human rights violations. The scope of the UK sanctions regime is therefore wider post-Brexit, given UK sanctions will not effectively need approval by the twenty-seven other EU Member States in the future.
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O’Reilly, Laura. "The Birmingham pub bombings, the Irish as a ‘suspect community’ and the memories of the O’Reilly family." In The Northern Ireland Troubles in Britain. Manchester University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719096310.003.0021.
Full textAbstract:
In the immediate aftermath of the Birmingham Pub Bombings in 1974, the Prevention of Terrorism Act (PTA) was introduced as British politicians struggled to deal with the increasing threat of the Provisional IRA on British soil. This reactionary measure intensified the already contested policy of Internment and would have severe implications for the Irish communities in England. This chapter argues that through the implementation of this legislation, alongside a media campaign that failed to put the conflict into context, a 'suspect community' was created, in which civil liberties were taken away from Irish people simply because of their ethnicity. However, the PTA not only created this 'suspect community' in the eyes of the police and the government, but also - and perhaps most crucially - for the public too. The negative impact this had 'ordinary', innocent Irish people is therefore analysed through the personal experiences of one Irish family as they discuss the institutionalised racism they faced living in Birmingham throughout the period. The chapter concludes by drawing on the importance of oral history, as it has taken almost half a century for the family to openly recount their experiences.
Conference papers on the topic "Chemical terrorism – Prevention – Government policy"
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حسين عبد الجبوري, احمد. "Forced displacement from the outskirts of Kirkuk in 2014 challenges and hopes for return." In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/9.
Full textAbstract:
"Introduction: Military and political crises and conflicts have been part of the reality of many countries of the world, which are witnessing political, economic, social, intellectual, cultural and sectarian changes that have made violence and terrorism an essential material for expressing the content of the conflict and its extensions, then turning to other societies. In mid-2014, Iraq was subjected to a fierce attack by the so-called Islamic State (ISIS) on the governorates of Mosul, Kirkuk, Salah al-Din, Diyala and Anbar, which led to the occupation of some of them by the organization's forces, and thus led to the forced migration of hundreds of thousands of people to the safe provinces. Stable, the extension of this crisis and its various effects made it a strategic challenge for Iraq that requires exceptional national efforts to achieve stability and ensure the return of the displaced to their areas of residence within a legal framework of a humanitarian nature. The problem of the study: The problem of the research lies in answering several questions that were raised in the study, which are what are the reasons that led to this forced migration and mass displacement, and what are the challenges facing the displaced and displaced in Kirkuk, and how to coexist amid the charged atmosphere in the city of Kirkuk, which is threatened by invasion from Before the forces of the organization, and how to reach solutions that satisfy all parties and end this crisis and ensure the dignified return of the displaced families to their homes after the liberation of the region and the restoration of security to it. Study hypothesis: The hypothesis that the researcher starts from in order to answer the questions raised by the problematic, confirmed or denied by the data of the study. Therefore, the absence of a unified national strategy that addresses the crisis of forced displacement and mass displacement in Iraq in general and in Kirkuk in particular and responds to the requirements of their relief and return to their areas would reduce the The quality of the humanitarian response policy and achieve social justice befitting the life of the Iraqi citizen. The importance of the study: The importance of this research comes since the crisis of forced displacement and mass displacement began in mid-2014, after ISIS took control of the northern and central regions of Iraq, the humanitarian emergency in Iraq became more severe, according to United Nations estimates, as the number of displaced people in Iraq exceeded Nearly three million displaced people, while more than eight million people are in need of humanitarian assistance, and with the lack of funding by the United Nations, and the presence of the Iraqi government and the Kurdistan Regional Government also under economic pressure as a result of the war on ISIS, the protection of human rights and the provision of assistance are at risk Also at great risk. Objectives of the study: 1- Getting to know the international evidence for the displaced. 2- The impact of the characteristics of the displaced in Kirkuk and the effects of the crisis. 3- Knowing the national efforts to curb the effects of the crisis. 4- Defining the general framework for the sustainable solutions required to ensure the success of return or resettlement cases. Study methodology: The study adopted the analytical method of an inductive nature based on reality, as a method in proving the hypothesis in order to reach the research objectives. Structure of the study: The study was divided into two sections. The first section included the challenges facing the displaced in Kirkuk, which included three main axes: first the political and security challenges, secondly the economic challenges, and thirdly the social challenges. The second topic dealt with the procedures used to deal with the crisis, which was divided into the situation The government from the crisis, the position of local associations and international organizations from the crisis, and finally the proposed solutions to end the crisis of forced displacement and displacement in Iraq in general and Kirkuk in particular. Results of the study: The study reached several results, including 1- The relief programs and the humanitarian response policy were unable to mitigate the economic, social and psychological impact of the displaced, which deepened the severity of the crisis and its repercussions. 2- Doubling the national and international effort is a necessity to limit the spillover effects of the crisis, provided that these efforts are linked and encapsulated by legal frameworks. 3- Returning to the liberated areas is among the most sustainable solutions. Therefore, the return of the displaced must be accompanied by achieving stability, providing services and security. Sources study: The sources of the study varied from the reports of the High Commission for Human Rights in Iraq, UNICEF, Amnesty International of the United Nations, and the reports of the International Organization for Migration and other organizations that used to issue their periodic reports and in numbers on the tragic conditions experienced by the Iraqi diaspora, including the book The Displacement Crisis in Safe Iraq. And protection issued by the Cisfire Center for Civilian Rights in London, the national report on human development in Iraq, the reports of the World Food Program, and other sources in the course of the study. "