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1
Dadkhah, Mehran, and Jean-Marc Tulliani. "Green Synthesis of Metal Oxides Semiconductors for Gas Sensing Applications." Sensors 22, no. 13 (June 21, 2022): 4669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22134669.
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During recent decades, metal oxide semiconductors (MOS) have sparked more attention in various applications and industries due to their excellent sensing characteristics, thermal stability, abundance, and ease of synthesis. They are reliable and accurate for measuring and monitoring environmentally important toxic gases, such as NO2, NO, N2O, H2S, CO, NH3, CH4, SO2, and CO2. Compared to other sensing technologies, MOS sensors are lightweight, relatively inexpensive, robust, and have high material sensitivity with fast response times. Green nanotechnology is a developing branch of nanotechnology and aims to decrease the negative effects of the production and application of nanomaterials. For this purpose, organic solvents and chemical reagents are not used to prepare metal nanoparticles. On the contrary, the synthesis of metal or metal oxide nanoparticles is done by microorganisms, either from plant extracts or fungi, yeast, algae, and bacteria. Thus, this review aims at illustrating the possible green synthesis of different metal oxides such as ZnO, TiO2, CeO2, SnO2, In2O3, CuO, NiO, WO3, and Fe3O4, as well as metallic nanoparticles doping.
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Osmólska, Emilia, Monika Stoma, and Agnieszka Starek-Wójcicka. "Application of Biosensors, Sensors, and Tags in Intelligent Packaging Used for Food Products—A Review." Sensors 22, no. 24 (December 17, 2022): 9956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249956.
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The current development of science and the contemporary market, combined with high demands from consumers, force manufacturers and scientists to implement new solutions in various industries, including the packaging industry. The emergence of new solutions in the field of intelligent packaging has provided an opportunity to extend the quality of food products and ensures that food will not cause any harm to the consumer’s health. Due to physical, chemical, or biological factors, the state of food may be subject to degradation. The degradation may occur because the packaging, i.e., the protective element of food products, may be damaged during storage, transport, or other logistic and sales activities. This is especially important since most food products are highly perishable, and the maintenance of the quality of a food product is the most critical issue in the entire supply chain. Given the importance of the topic, the main purpose of this article was to provide a general overview of the application of biosensors, sensors, and tags in intelligent packaging used for food products. A short history and the genesis of intelligent packaging are presented, and the individual possibilities of application of sensors, biosensors, gas sensors, and RFID tags, as well as nanotechnology, in the area of the packaging of food products are characterized.
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Zhang, Yanan, Ning Cai, and Vincent Chan. "Recent Advances in Silicon Quantum Dot-Based Fluorescent Biosensors." Biosensors 13, no. 3 (February 23, 2023): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13030311.
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With the development of nanotechnology, fluorescent silicon nanomaterials have been synthesized and applied in various areas. Among them, silicon quantum dots (SiQDs) are a new class of zero-dimensional nanomaterials with outstanding optical properties, benign biocompatibility, and ultra-small size. In recent years, SiQDs have been gradually utilized for constructing high-performance fluorescent sensors for chemical or biological analytes. Herein, we focus on reviewing recent advances in SiQD-based fluorescent biosensors from a broad perspective and discussing possible future trends. First, the representative progress for synthesizing water-soluble SiQDs in the past decade is systematically summarized. Then, the latest achievement of the design and fabrication of SiQD-based fluorescent biosensors is introduced, with a particular focus on analyte-induced photoluminescence (fluorescence) changes, hybrids of SiQDs with other materials or molecules, and biological ligand-modification methods. Finally, the current challenges and prospects of this field are highlighted.
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Tovar-Lopez, Francisco J. "Recent Progress in Micro- and Nanotechnology-Enabled Sensors for Biomedical and Environmental Challenges." Sensors 23, no. 12 (June 7, 2023): 5406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23125406.
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Micro- and nanotechnology-enabled sensors have made remarkable advancements in the fields of biomedicine and the environment, enabling the sensitive and selective detection and quantification of diverse analytes. In biomedicine, these sensors have facilitated disease diagnosis, drug discovery, and point-of-care devices. In environmental monitoring, they have played a crucial role in assessing air, water, and soil quality, as well as ensured food safety. Despite notable progress, numerous challenges persist. This review article addresses recent developments in micro- and nanotechnology-enabled sensors for biomedical and environmental challenges, focusing on enhancing basic sensing techniques through micro/nanotechnology. Additionally, it explores the applications of these sensors in addressing current challenges in both biomedical and environmental domains. The article concludes by emphasizing the need for further research to expand the detection capabilities of sensors/devices, enhance sensitivity and selectivity, integrate wireless communication and energy-harvesting technologies, and optimize sample preparation, material selection, and automated components for sensor design, fabrication, and characterization.
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Pfützner, Andreas, Barbora Tencer, Boris Stamm, Mandar Mehta, Preeti Sharma, Rustam Gilyazev, Hendrick Jensch, Nicole Thomé, and Michael Huth. "Miniaturization of an Osmotic Pressure-Based Glucose Sensor for Continuous Intraperitoneal and Subcutaneous Glucose Monitoring by Means of Nanotechnology." Sensors 23, no. 9 (May 7, 2023): 4541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23094541.
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The Sencell sensor uses glucose-induced changes in an osmotic pressure chamber for continuous glucose measurement. A final device shall have the size of a grain of rice. The size limiting factor is the piezo-resistive pressure transducers inside the core sensor technology (resulting chamber volume: 70 µL. To achieve the necessary miniaturization, these pressure transducers were replaced by small (4000 × 400 × 150 nm³) nano-granular tunneling resistive (NTR) pressure sensors (chamber volume: 750 nL). For benchmark testing, we filled the miniaturized chamber with bovine serum albumin (BSA, 1 mM) and exposed it repeatedly to distilled water followed by 1 mM BSA solution. Thereafter, we manufactured sensors with glucose testing chemistry (ConcanavalinA/dextran) and investigated sensor performance with dynamic glucose changes between 0 and 300 mg/dL. Evaluation of the miniaturized sensors resulted in reliable pressure changes, both in the BSA benchmark experiment (30–35 mBar) and in the dynamic in vitro continuous glucose test (40–50 mBar). These pressure results were comparable to similar experiments with the previous larger in vitro sensors (30–50 mBar). In conclusion, the NTR pressure sensor technology was successfully employed to reduce the size of the core osmotic pressure chamber by more than 95% without loss in the osmotic pressure signal.
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Pizzoferrato, Roberto. "Optical Chemical Sensors: Design and Applications." Sensors 23, no. 11 (June 2, 2023): 5284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23115284.
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Witkiewicz, Zygfryd, Krzysztof Jasek, and Michał Grabka. "Semiconductor Gas Sensors for Detecting Chemical Warfare Agents and Their Simulants." Sensors 23, no. 6 (March 20, 2023): 3272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23063272.
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On-site detection of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) can be performed by various analytical techniques. Devices using well-established techniques such as ion mobility spectrometry, flame photometry, infrared and Raman spectroscopy or mass spectrometry (usually combined with gas chromatography) are quite complex and expensive to purchase and operate. For this reason, other solutions based on analytical techniques well suited to portable devices are still being sought. Analyzers based on simple semiconductor sensors may be a potential alternative to the currently used CWA field detectors. In sensors of this type, the conductivity of the semiconductor layer changes upon interaction with the analyte. Metal oxides (both in the form of polycrystalline powders and various nanostructures), organic semiconductors, carbon nanostructures, silicon and various composites that are a combination of these materials are used as a semiconductor material. The selectivity of a single oxide sensor can be adjusted to specific analytes within certain limits by using the appropriate semiconductor material and sensitizers. This review presents the current state of knowledge and achievements in the field of semiconductor sensors for CWA detection. The article describes the principles of operation of semiconductor sensors, discusses individual solutions used for CWA detection present in the scientific literature and makes a critical comparison of them. The prospects for the development and practical application of this analytical technique in CWA field analysis are also discussed.
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Wu, Yu, Jing Feng, Guang Hu, En Zhang, and Huan-Huan Yu. "Colorimetric Sensors for Chemical and Biological Sensing Applications." Sensors 23, no. 5 (March 2, 2023): 2749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052749.
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Colorimetric sensors have been widely used to detect numerous analytes due to their cost-effectiveness, high sensitivity and specificity, and clear visibility, even with the naked eye. In recent years, the emergence of advanced nanomaterials has greatly improved the development of colorimetric sensors. This review focuses on the recent (from the years 2015 to 2022) advances in the design, fabrication, and applications of colorimetric sensors. First, the classification and sensing mechanisms of colorimetric sensors are briefly described, and the design of colorimetric sensors based on several typical nanomaterials, including graphene and its derivatives, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, DNA nanomaterials, quantum dots, and some other materials are discussed. Then the applications, especially for the detection of metallic and non-metallic ions, proteins, small molecules, gas, virus and bacteria, and DNA/RNA are summarized. Finally, the remaining challenges and future trends in the development of colorimetric sensors are also discussed.
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Wu, Chunsheng, Ping Zhu, Yage Liu, Liping Du, and Ping Wang. "Field-Effect Sensors Using Biomaterials for Chemical Sensing." Sensors 21, no. 23 (November 26, 2021): 7874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21237874.
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After millions of years of evolution, biological chemical sensing systems (i.e., olfactory and taste systems) have become very powerful natural systems which show extreme high performances in detecting and discriminating various chemical substances. Creating field-effect sensors using biomaterials that are able to detect specific target chemical substances with high sensitivity would have broad applications in many areas, ranging from biomedicine and environments to the food industry, but this has proved extremely challenging. Over decades of intense research, field-effect sensors using biomaterials for chemical sensing have achieved significant progress and have shown promising prospects and potential applications. This review will summarize the most recent advances in the development of field-effect sensors using biomaterials for chemical sensing with an emphasis on those using functional biomaterials as sensing elements such as olfactory and taste cells and receptors. Firstly, unique principles and approaches for the development of these field-effect sensors using biomaterials will be introduced. Then, the major types of field-effect sensors using biomaterials will be presented, which includes field-effect transistor (FET), light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS), and capacitive electrolyte–insulator–semiconductor (EIS) sensors. Finally, the current limitations, main challenges and future trends of field-effect sensors using biomaterials for chemical sensing will be proposed and discussed.
10
Lee, Dong Hyun, and Hocheon Yoo. "Recent Advances in Photo−Activated Chemical Sensors." Sensors 22, no. 23 (November 27, 2022): 9228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22239228.
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Gas detectors have attracted considerable attention for monitoring harmful gases and air pollution because of industry development and the ongoing interest in human health. On the other hand, conventional high−temperature gas detectors are unsuitable for safely detecting harmful gases at high activation temperatures. Photo−activated gas detectors improve gas sensing performance at room temperature and enable low−power operation. This review presents a timely overview of photo−activated gas detectors that use illuminated light instead of thermal energy. Illuminated light assists in gas detection and is classified as visible or ultraviolet light. The research on photo−activated gas detectors is organized according to the type of gas that can be intensively detected. In addition, a development strategy for advancing photo−activated gas detectors is discussed.
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Lee, Seunghun, Hyerin Song, Heesang Ahn, Seungchul Kim, Jong-ryul Choi, and Kyujung Kim. "Fiber-Optic Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors Based on Nanomaterials." Sensors 21, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030819.
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Applying fiber-optics on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors is aimed at practical usability over conventional SPR sensors. Recently, field localization techniques using nanostructures or nanoparticles have been investigated on optical fibers for further sensitivity enhancement and significant target selectivity. In this review article, we explored varied recent research approaches of fiber-optics based localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensors. The article contains interesting experimental results using fiber-optic LSPR sensors for three different application categories: (1) chemical reactions measurements, (2) physical properties measurements, and (3) biological events monitoring. In addition, novel techniques which can create synergy combined with fiber-optic LSPR sensors were introduced. The review article suggests fiber-optic LSPR sensors have lots of potential for measurements of varied targets with high sensitivity. Moreover, the previous results show that the sensitivity enhancements which can be applied with creative varied plasmonic nanomaterials make it possible to detect minute changes including quick chemical reactions and tiny molecular activities.
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Banerjee, Aishwaryadev, Swagata Maity, and Carlos H. Mastrangelo. "Nanostructures for Biosensing, with a Brief Overview on Cancer Detection, IoT, and the Role of Machine Learning in Smart Biosensors." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 10, 2021): 1253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041253.
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Biosensors are essential tools which have been traditionally used to monitor environmental pollution and detect the presence of toxic elements and biohazardous bacteria or virus in organic matter and biomolecules for clinical diagnostics. In the last couple of decades, the scientific community has witnessed their widespread application in the fields of military, health care, industrial process control, environmental monitoring, food-quality control, and microbiology. Biosensor technology has greatly evolved from in vitro studies based on the biosensing ability of organic beings to the highly sophisticated world of nanofabrication-enabled miniaturized biosensors. The incorporation of nanotechnology in the vast field of biosensing has led to the development of novel sensors and sensing mechanisms, as well as an increase in the sensitivity and performance of the existing biosensors. Additionally, the nanoscale dimension further assists the development of sensors for rapid and simple detection in vivo as well as the ability to probe single biomolecules and obtain critical information for their detection and analysis. However, the major drawbacks of this include, but are not limited to, potential toxicities associated with the unavoidable release of nanoparticles into the environment, miniaturization-induced unreliability, lack of automation, and difficulty of integrating the nanostructured-based biosensors, as well as unreliable transduction signals from these devices. Although the field of biosensors is vast, we intend to explore various nanotechnology-enabled biosensors as part of this review article and provide a brief description of their fundamental working principles and potential applications. The article aims to provide the reader a holistic overview of different nanostructures which have been used for biosensing purposes along with some specific applications in the field of cancer detection and the Internet of things (IoT), as well as a brief overview of machine-learning-based biosensing.
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Yao, Xuesong, Yalei Zhang, Wanlin Jin, Youfan Hu, and Yue Cui. "Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistor-Based Chemical and Biological Sensors." Sensors 21, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030995.
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Chemical and biological sensors have attracted great interest due to their importance in applications of healthcare, food quality monitoring, environmental monitoring, etc. Carbon nanotube (CNT)-based field-effect transistors (FETs) are novel sensing device configurations and are very promising for their potential to drive many technological advancements in this field due to the extraordinary electrical properties of CNTs. This review focuses on the implementation of CNT-based FETs (CNTFETs) in chemical and biological sensors. It begins with the introduction of properties, and surface functionalization of CNTs for sensing. Then, configurations and sensing mechanisms for CNT FETs are introduced. Next, recent progresses of CNTFET-based chemical sensors, and biological sensors are summarized. Finally, we end the review with an overview about the current application status and the remaining challenges for the CNTFET-based chemical and biological sensors.
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Caroleo, Fabrizio, Gabriele Magna, Mario Luigi Naitana, Lorena Di Zazzo, Roberto Martini, Francesco Pizzoli, Mounika Muduganti, et al. "Advances in Optical Sensors for Persistent Organic Pollutant Environmental Monitoring." Sensors 22, no. 7 (March 30, 2022): 2649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22072649.
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Optical chemical sensors are widely applied in many fields of modern analytical practice, due to their simplicity in preparation and signal acquisition, low costs, and fast response time. Moreover, the construction of most modern optical sensors requires neither wire connections with the detector nor sophisticated and energy-consuming hardware, enabling wireless sensor development for a fast, in-field and online analysis. In this review, the last five years of progress (from 2017 to 2021) in the field of optical chemical sensors development for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is provided. The operating mechanisms, the transduction principles and the types of sensing materials employed in single selective optical sensors and in multisensory systems are reviewed. The selected examples of optical sensors applications are reported to demonstrate the benefits and drawbacks of optical chemical sensor use for POPs assessment.
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Grabka, Michał, Zygfryd Witkiewicz, Krzysztof Jasek, and Krzysztof Piwowarski. "Acoustic Wave Sensors for Detection of Blister Chemical Warfare Agents and Their Simulants." Sensors 22, no. 15 (July 27, 2022): 5607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22155607.
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On-site detection and initial identification of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) remain difficult despite the many available devices designed for this type of analysis. Devices using well-established analytical techniques such as ion mobility spectrometry, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, or flame photometry, in addition to unquestionable advantages, also have some limitations (complexity, high unit cost, lack of selectivity). One of the emerging techniques of CWA detection is based on acoustic wave sensors, among which surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices and quartz crystal microbalances (QCM) are of particular importance. These devices allow for the construction of undemanding and affordable gas sensors whose selectivity, sensitivity, and other metrological parameters can be tailored by application of particular coating material. This review article presents the current state of knowledge and achievements in the field of SAW and QCM-based gas sensors used for the detection of blister agents as well as simulants of these substances. The scope of the review covers the detection of blister agents and their simulants only, as in the available literature no similar paper was found, in contrast to the detection of nerve agents. The article includes description of the principles of operation of acoustic wave sensors, a critical review of individual studies and solutions, and discusses development prospects of this analytical technique in the field of blister agent detection.
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Di Bartolomeo, Antonio. "Advanced Field-Effect Sensors." Sensors 23, no. 9 (May 8, 2023): 4554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23094554.
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Sensors based on the field-effect principle have been used for more than fifty years in a variety of applications ranging from bio-chemical sensing to radiation detection or environmental parameter monitoring [...]
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Roriz, Paulo, Susana Silva, Orlando Frazão, and Susana Novais. "Optical Fiber Temperature Sensors and Their Biomedical Applications." Sensors 20, no. 7 (April 9, 2020): 2113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20072113.
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The use of sensors in the real world is on the rise, providing information on medical diagnostics for healthcare and improving quality of life. Optical fiber sensors, as a result of their unique properties (small dimensions, capability of multiplexing, chemical inertness, and immunity to electromagnetic fields) have found wide applications, ranging from structural health monitoring to biomedical and point-of-care instrumentation. Furthermore, these sensors usually have good linearity, rapid response for real-time monitoring, and high sensitivity to external perturbations. Optical fiber sensors, thus, present several features that make them extremely attractive for a wide variety of applications, especially biomedical applications. This paper reviews achievements in the area of temperature optical fiber sensors, different configurations of the sensors reported over the last five years, and application of this technology in biomedical applications.
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Yang, Mengjie, Yong Zhou, Ke Wang, Chunfeng Luo, Mingna Xie, Xiang Shi, and Xiaogang Lin. "Review of Chemical Sensors for Hydrogen Sulfide Detection in Organisms and Living Cells." Sensors 23, no. 6 (March 21, 2023): 3316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23063316.
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As the third gasotransmitter, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes wherein abnormal levels of H2S indicate various diseases. Therefore, an efficient and reliable monitoring of H2S concentration in organisms and living cells is of great significance. Of diverse detection technologies, electrochemical sensors possess the unique advantages of miniaturization, fast detection, and high sensitivity, while the fluorescent and colorimetric ones exhibit exclusive visualization. All these chemical sensors are expected to be leveraged for H2S detection in organisms and living cells, thus offering promising options for wearable devices. In this paper, the chemical sensors used to detect H2S in the last 10 years are reviewed based on the different properties (metal affinity, reducibility, and nucleophilicity) of H2S, simultaneously summarizing the detection materials, methods, linear range, detection limits, selectivity, etc. Meanwhile, the existing problems of such sensors and possible solutions are put forward. This review indicates that these types of chemical sensors competently serve as specific, accurate, highly selective, and sensitive sensor platforms for H2S detection in organisms and living cells.
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Xia, Zhiyu, Zhengyi Xu, Dan Li, and Jianming Wei. "A Novel Method for Source Tracking of Chemical Gas Leakage: Outlier Mutation Optimization Algorithm." Sensors 22, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22010071.
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Chemical industrial parks, which act as critical infrastructures in many cities, need to be responsive to chemical gas leakage accidents. Once a chemical gas leakage accident occurs, risks of poisoning, fire, and explosion will follow. In order to meet the primary emergency response demands in chemical gas leakage accidents, source tracking technology of chemical gas leakage has been proposed and evolved. This paper proposes a novel method, Outlier Mutation Optimization (OMO) algorithm, aimed to quickly and accurately track the source of chemical gas leakage. The OMO algorithm introduces a random walk exploration mode and, based on Swarm Intelligence (SI), increases the probability of individual mutation. Compared with other optimization algorithms, the OMO algorithm has the advantages of a wider exploration range and more convergence modes. In the algorithm test session, a series of chemical gas leakage accident application examples with random parameters are first assumed based on the Gaussian plume model; next, the qualitative experiments and analysis of the OMO algorithm are conducted, based on the application example. The test results show that the OMO algorithm with default parameters has superior comprehensive performance, including the extremely high average calculation accuracy: the optimal value, which represents the error between the final objective function value obtained by the optimization algorithm and the ideal value, reaches 2.464e-15 when the number of sensors is 16; 2.356e-13 when the number of sensors is 9; and 5.694e-23 when the number of sensors is 4. There is a satisfactory calculation time: 12.743 s/50 times when the number of sensors is 16; 10.304 s/50 times when the number of sensors is 9; and 8.644 s/50 times when the number of sensors is 4. The analysis of the OMO algorithm’s characteristic parameters proves the flexibility and robustness of this method. In addition, compared with other algorithms, the OMO algorithm can obtain an excellent leakage source tracing result in the application examples of 16, 9 and 4 sensors, and the accuracy exceeds the direct search algorithm, evolutionary algorithm, and other swarm intelligence algorithms.
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Wilson, Denise. "Chemical Sensors for Farm-to-Table Monitoring of Fruit Quality." Sensors 21, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 1634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051634.
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Farm-to-table operations produce, transport, and deliver produce to consumers in very different ways than conventional, corporate-scale agriculture operations. As a result, the time it takes to get a freshly picked fruit to the consumer is relatively short and the expectations of the consumer for freshness and quality are high. Since many of these operations involve small farms and small businesses, resources to deploy sensors and instruments for monitoring quality are scarce compared to larger operations. Within stringent power, cost, and size constraints, this article analyzes chemical sensor technologies suitable for monitoring fruit quality from the point of harvest to consumption in farm-to-table operations. Approaches to measuring sweetness (sugar content), acidity (pH), and ethylene gas are emphasized. Not surprisingly, many instruments developed for laboratory use or larger-scale operations are not suitable for farm-to-table operations. However, there are many opportunities still available to adapt pH, sugar, and ethylene sensing to the unique needs of localized farm-to-table operations that can help these operations survive and expand well into the future.
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Cai, Jintao, Yulei Liu, and Xuewen Shu. "Long-Period Fiber Grating Sensors for Chemical and Biomedical Applications." Sensors 23, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23010542.
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Optical fiber biosensors (OFBS) are being increasingly proposed due to their intrinsic advantages over conventional sensors, including their compactness, potential remote control and immunity to electromagnetic interference. This review systematically introduces the advances of OFBS based on long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs) for chemical and biomedical applications from the perspective of design and functionalization. The sensitivity of such a sensor can be enhanced by designing the device working at or near the dispersion turning point, or working around the mode transition, or their combination. In addition, several common functionalization methods are summarized in detail, such as the covalent immobilization of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) silanization and graphene oxide (GO) functionalization, and the noncovalent immobilization of the layer-by-layer assembly method. Moreover, reflective LPFG-based sensors with different configurations have also been introduced. This work aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of LPFG-based biosensors and to suggest some future directions for exploration.
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Dotoli, Matteo, Riccardo Rocca, Mattia Giuliano, Giovanna Nicol, Flavio Parussa, Marcello Baricco, Anna Maria Ferrari, Carlo Nervi, and Mauro Francesco Sgroi. "A Review of Mechanical and Chemical Sensors for Automotive Li-Ion Battery Systems." Sensors 22, no. 5 (February 24, 2022): 1763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22051763.
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The electrification of passenger cars is one of the most effective approaches to reduce noxious emissions in urban areas and, if the electricity is produced using renewable sources, to mitigate the global warming. This profound change of paradigm in the transport sector requires the use of Li-ion battery packages as energy storage systems to substitute conventional fossil fuels. An automotive battery package is a complex system that has to respect several constraints: high energy and power densities, long calendar and cycle lives, electrical and thermal safety, crash-worthiness, and recyclability. To comply with all these requirements, battery systems integrate a battery management system (BMS) connected to an complex network of electric and thermal sensors. On the other hand, since Li-ion cells can suffer from degradation phenomena with consequent generation of gaseous emissions or determine dimensional changes of the cell packaging, chemical and mechanical sensors should be integrated in modern automotive battery packages to guarantee the safe operation of the system. Mechanical and chemical sensors for automotive batteries require further developments to reach the requested robustness and reliability; in this review, an overview of the current state of art on such sensors will be proposed.
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Yaqoob, Usman, and Mohammad I. Younis. "Chemical Gas Sensors: Recent Developments, Challenges, and the Potential of Machine Learning—A Review." Sensors 21, no. 8 (April 20, 2021): 2877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21082877.
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Nowadays, there is increasing interest in fast, accurate, and highly sensitive smart gas sensors with excellent selectivity boosted by the high demand for environmental safety and healthcare applications. Significant research has been conducted to develop sensors based on novel highly sensitive and selective materials. Computational and experimental studies have been explored in order to identify the key factors in providing the maximum active location for gas molecule adsorption including bandgap tuning through nanostructures, metal/metal oxide catalytic reactions, and nano junction formations. However, there are still great challenges, specifically in terms of selectivity, which raises the need for combining interdisciplinary fields to build smarter and high-performance gas/chemical sensing devices. This review discusses current major gas sensing performance-enhancing methods, their advantages, and limitations, especially in terms of selectivity and long-term stability. The discussion then establishes a case for the use of smart machine learning techniques, which offer effective data processing approaches, for the development of highly selective smart gas sensors. We highlight the effectiveness of static, dynamic, and frequency domain feature extraction techniques. Additionally, cross-validation methods are also covered; in particular, the manipulation of the k-fold cross-validation is discussed to accurately train a model according to the available datasets. We summarize different chemresistive and FET gas sensors and highlight their shortcomings, and then propose the potential of machine learning as a possible and feasible option. The review concludes that machine learning can be very promising in terms of building the future generation of smart, sensitive, and selective sensors.
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Gardner, Ethan L. W., Julian W. Gardner, and Florin Udrea. "Micromachined Thermal Gas Sensors—A Review." Sensors 23, no. 2 (January 6, 2023): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23020681.
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In recent years, there has been a growing desire to monitor and control harmful substances arising from industrial processes that impact upon our health and quality of life. This has led to a large market demand for gas sensors, which are commonly based on sensors that rely upon a chemical reaction with the target analyte. In contrast, thermal conductivity detectors are physical sensors that detect gases through a change in their thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity gas sensors offer several advantages over their chemical (reactive) counterparts that include higher reproducibility, better stability, lower cost, lower power consumption, simpler construction, faster response time, longer lifetime, wide dynamic range, and smaller footprint. It is for these reasons, despite a poor selectivity, that they are gaining renewed interest after recent developments in MEMS-based silicon sensors allowing CMOS integration and smart application within the emerging Internet of Things (IoT). This timely review focuses on the state-of-the-art in thermal conductivity sensors; it contains a general introduction, theory of operation, interface electronics, use in commercial applications, and recent research developments. In addition, both steady-state and transient methods of operation are discussed with their relative advantages and disadvantages presented. Finally, some of recent innovations in thermal conductivity gas sensors are explored.
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Zhang, Huaizu, Chengbin Xia, Guangfu Feng, and Jun Fang. "Hospitals and Laboratories on Paper-Based Sensors: A Mini Review." Sensors 21, no. 18 (September 7, 2021): 5998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21185998.
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With characters of low cost, portability, easy disposal, and high accuracy, as well as bulky reduced laboratory equipment, paper-based sensors are getting increasing attention for reliable indoor/outdoor onsite detection with nonexpert operation. They have become powerful analysis tools in trace detection with ultra-low detection limits and extremely high accuracy, resulting in their great popularity in medical detection, environmental inspection, and other applications. Herein, we summarize and generalize the recently reported paper-based sensors based on their application for mechanics, biomolecules, food safety, and environmental inspection. Based on the biological, physical, and chemical analytes-sensitive electrical or optical signals, extensive detections of a large number of factors such as humidity, pressure, nucleic acid, protein, sugar, biomarkers, metal ions, and organic/inorganic chemical substances have been reported via paper-based sensors. Challenges faced by the current paper-based sensors from the fundamental problems and practical applications are subsequently analyzed; thus, the future directions of paper-based sensors are specified for their rapid handheld testing.
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Rabus, David, Fanny Lotthammer, Joscelyn Degret, Lilia Arapan, Frank Palmino, Jean-Michel Friedt, and Frédéric Cherioux. "Degradation of Sub-Micrometer Sensitive Polymer Layers of Acoustic Sensors Exposed to Chlorpyrifos Water-Solution." Sensors 22, no. 3 (February 5, 2022): 1203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22031203.
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The detection of organophosphates, a wide class of pesticides, in water-solution has a huge impact in environmental monitoring. Acoustic transducers are used to design passive wireless sensors for the direct detection of pesticides in water-solution by using tailored polymers as sensitive layers. We demonstrate by combining analytical chemistry tools that organophosphate molecules strongly alter polymer layers widely used in acoustic sensors in the presence of water. This chemical degradation can limit the use of these polymers in detection of organophosphates in water-solution.
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Choi, Seung-Ho, Joon-Seok Lee, Won-Jun Choi, Jae-Woo Seo, and Seon-Jin Choi. "Nanomaterials for IoT Sensing Platforms and Point-of-Care Applications in South Korea." Sensors 22, no. 2 (January 13, 2022): 610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22020610.
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Herein, state-of-the-art research advances in South Korea regarding the development of chemical sensing materials and fully integrated Internet of Things (IoT) sensing platforms were comprehensively reviewed for verifying the applicability of such sensing systems in point-of-care testing (POCT). Various organic/inorganic nanomaterials were synthesized and characterized to understand their fundamental chemical sensing mechanisms upon exposure to target analytes. Moreover, the applicability of nanomaterials integrated with IoT-based signal transducers for the real-time and on-site analysis of chemical species was verified. In this review, we focused on the development of noble nanostructures and signal transduction techniques for use in IoT sensing platforms, and based on their applications, such systems were classified into gas sensors, ion sensors, and biosensors. A future perspective for the development of chemical sensors was discussed for application to next-generation POCT systems that facilitate rapid and multiplexed screening of various analytes.
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Blachowicz, Tomasz, Guido Ehrmann, and Andrea Ehrmann. "Textile-Based Sensors for Biosignal Detection and Monitoring." Sensors 21, no. 18 (September 9, 2021): 6042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186042.
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Biosignals often have to be detected in sports or for medical reasons. Typical biosignals are pulse and ECG (electrocardiogram), breathing, blood pressure, skin temperature, oxygen saturation, bioimpedance, etc. Typically, scientists attempt to measure these biosignals noninvasively, i.e., with electrodes or other sensors, detecting electric signals, measuring optical or chemical information. While short-time measurements or monitoring of patients in a hospital can be performed by systems based on common rigid electrodes, usually containing a large amount of wiring, long-term measurements on mobile patients or athletes necessitate other equipment. Here, textile-based sensors and textile-integrated data connections are preferred to avoid skin irritations and other unnecessary limitations of the monitored person. In this review, we give an overview of recent progress in textile-based electrodes for electrical measurements and new developments in textile-based chemical and other sensors for detection and monitoring of biosignals.
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Meunier, Dorian, Jérôme Schruyers, Rachel Gonzales Palla, Carlos Mendoza, Cédric Calberg, Benoît Heinrichs, Sophie Pirard, and Julien G. Mahy. "Controlled-chemical etching of the cladding in optical fibers for the design of analytical sensors." Optical Fiber Technology 78 (July 2023): 103328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2023.103328.
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Kanoun, Olfa, Tamara Lazarević-Pašti, Igor Pašti, Salem Nasraoui, Malak Talbi, Amina Brahem, Anurag Adiraju, et al. "A Review of Nanocomposite-Modified Electrochemical Sensors for Water Quality Monitoring." Sensors 21, no. 12 (June 16, 2021): 4131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21124131.
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Electrochemical sensors play a significant role in detecting chemical ions, molecules, and pathogens in water and other applications. These sensors are sensitive, portable, fast, inexpensive, and suitable for online and in-situ measurements compared to other methods. They can provide the detection for any compound that can undergo certain transformations within a potential window. It enables applications in multiple ion detection, mainly since these sensors are primarily non-specific. In this paper, we provide a survey of electrochemical sensors for the detection of water contaminants, i.e., pesticides, nitrate, nitrite, phosphorus, water hardeners, disinfectant, and other emergent contaminants (phenol, estrogen, gallic acid etc.). We focus on the influence of surface modification of the working electrodes by carbon nanomaterials, metallic nanostructures, imprinted polymers and evaluate the corresponding sensing performance. Especially for pesticides, which are challenging and need special care, we highlight biosensors, such as enzymatic sensors, immunobiosensor, aptasensors, and biomimetic sensors. We discuss the sensors’ overall performance, especially concerning real-sample performance and the capability for actual field application.
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Tabassum, Shawana, SK Nayemuzzaman, Manish Kala, Akhilesh Kumar Mishra, and Satyendra Kumar Mishra. "Metasurfaces for Sensing Applications: Gas, Bio and Chemical." Sensors 22, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 6896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22186896.
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Performance of photonic devices critically depends upon their efficiency on controlling the flow of light therein. In the recent past, the implementation of plasmonics, two-dimensional (2D) materials and metamaterials for enhanced light-matter interaction (through concepts such as sub-wavelength light confinement and dynamic wavefront shape manipulation) led to diverse applications belonging to spectroscopy, imaging and optical sensing etc. While 2D materials such as graphene, MoS2 etc., are still being explored in optical sensing in last few years, the application of plasmonics and metamaterials is limited owing to the involvement of noble metals having a constant electron density. The capability of competently controlling the electron density of noble metals is very limited. Further, due to absorption characteristics of metals, the plasmonic and metamaterial devices suffer from large optical loss. Hence, the photonic devices (sensors, in particular) require that an efficient dynamic control of light at nanoscale through field (electric or optical) variation using substitute low-loss materials. One such option may be plasmonic metasurfaces. Metasurfaces are arrays of optical antenna-like anisotropic structures (sub-wavelength size), which are designated to control the amplitude and phase of reflected, scattered and transmitted components of incident light radiation. The present review put forth recent development on metamaterial and metastructure-based various sensors.
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Kowalczyk, Adrian, Julia Zarychta, Monika Lejman, and Joanna Zawitkowska. "Electrochemical and Optical Sensors for the Detection of Chemical Carcinogens Causing Leukemia." Sensors 23, no. 7 (March 23, 2023): 3369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23073369.
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The incidence and mortality due to neoplastic diseases have shown an increasing tendency over the years. Based on GLOBOCAN 2020 published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), leukemias are the thirteenth most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world, with 78.6% of leukemia cases diagnosed in countries with a very high or high Human Development Index (HDI). Carcinogenesis is a complex process initiated by a mutation in DNA that may be caused by chemical carcinogens present in polluted environments and human diet. The IARC has identified 122 human carcinogens, e.g., benzene, formaldehyde, pentachlorophenol, and 93 probable human carcinogens, e.g., styrene, diazinone. The aim of the following review is to present the chemical carcinogens involved or likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of leukemia and to summarize the latest reports on the possibility of detecting these compounds in the environment or food with the use of electrochemical sensors.
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Pozo, Francesc, Diego A. Tibaduiza, and Yolanda Vidal. "Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring and Condition Monitoring." Sensors 21, no. 5 (February 24, 2021): 1558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051558.
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Structural control and health monitoring as condition monitoring are some essential areas that allow for different system parameters to be designed, supervised, controlled, and evaluated during the system’s operation in different processes, such as those used in machinery, structures, and different physical variables in mechanical, chemical, electrical, aeronautical, civil, electronics, mechatronics, and agricultural engineering applications, among others [...]
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Dutta, Taposhree, Tanzila Noushin, Shawana Tabassum, and Satyendra K. Mishra. "Road Map of Semiconductor Metal-Oxide-Based Sensors: A Review." Sensors 23, no. 15 (August 1, 2023): 6849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23156849.
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Identifying disease biomarkers and detecting hazardous, explosive, flammable, and polluting gases and chemicals with extremely sensitive and selective sensor devices remains a challenging and time-consuming research challenge. Due to their exceptional characteristics, semiconducting metal oxides (SMOxs) have received a lot of attention in terms of the development of various types of sensors in recent years. The key performance indicators of SMOx-based sensors are their sensitivity, selectivity, recovery time, and steady response over time. SMOx-based sensors are discussed in this review based on their different properties. Surface properties of the functional material, such as its (nano)structure, morphology, and crystallinity, greatly influence sensor performance. A few examples of the complicated and poorly understood processes involved in SMOx sensing systems are adsorption and chemisorption, charge transfers, and oxygen migration. The future prospects of SMOx-based gas sensors, chemical sensors, and biological sensors are also discussed.
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Ferri, Giuseppe, Gianluca Barile, and Alfiero Leoni. "Editorial for the Special Issue on Electronics for Sensors II." Sensors 23, no. 3 (February 2, 2023): 1640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031640.
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Bokova, Maria, Steven Dumortier, Christophe Poupin, Renaud Cousin, Mohammad Kassem, and Eugene Bychkov. "Potentiometric Chemical Sensors Based on Metal Halide Doped Chalcogenide Glasses for Sodium Detection." Sensors 22, no. 24 (December 18, 2022): 9986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249986.
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Chalcogenide glasses are widely used as sensitive membranes in the chemical sensors for heavy metal ions detection. The lack of research work on sodium ion-selective electrodes (Na+-ISEs) based on chalcogenide glasses is due to the high hygroscopicity of alkali dopes chalcogenides. However, sodium halide doped Ga2S3-GeS2 glasses are more chemically stable in water and could be used as Na+-sensitive membranes for the ISEs. In this work we have studied the physico-chemical properties of mixed cation (AgI)x(NaI)30-x(Ga2S3)26(GeS2)44 chalcogenide glasses (where x = 0, 7.5, 15, 22.5 and 30 mol.% AgI) using density, DSC, and conductivity measurements. The mixed cation effect with shallow conductivity and glass transition temperature minimum was found for silver fraction r = Ag/(Na + Ag) ≈ 0.5. Silver addition decreases the moisture resistance of the glasses. Only (AgI)22.5(NaI)7.5(Ga2S3)26(GeS2)44 composition was suitable for chemical sensors application, contrary to the single cation sodium halide doped Ga2S3-GeS2 glasses, where 15 mol.% sodium-halide-containing vitreous alloys are stable in water solutions. The analytical parameters of (NaCl)15(Ga2S3)23(GeS2)62; (NaI)15(Ga2S3)23(GeS2)62 and (AgI)22.5(NaI)7.5(Ga2S3)26(GeS2)44 glass compositions as active membranes in Na+-ISEs were investigated, including detection limit, sensitivity, linearity, ionic selectivity (in the presence of K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, and Zn2+ interfering cations), reproducibility and optimal pH-range.
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Yao, Yucheng, Zhiyong Zhao, and Ming Tang. "Advances in Multicore Fiber Interferometric Sensors." Sensors 23, no. 7 (March 24, 2023): 3436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23073436.
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In this paper, a review of multicore fiber interferometric sensors is given. Due to the specificity of fiber structure, i.e., multiple cores integrated into only one fiber cladding, multicore fiber (MCF) interferometric sensors exhibit many desirable characteristics compared with traditional fiber interferometric sensors based on single-core fibers, such as structural and functional diversity, high integration, space-division multiplexing capacity, etc. Thanks to the unique advantages, e.g., simple fabrication, compact size, and good robustness, MCF interferometric sensors have been developed to measure various physical and chemical parameters such as temperature, strain, curvature, refractive index, vibration, flow, torsion, etc., among which the extraordinary vector-bending sensing has also been extensively studied by making use of the differential responses between different cores of MCFs. In this paper, different types of MCF interferometric sensors and recent developments are comprehensively reviewed. The basic configurations and operating principles are introduced for each interferometric structure, and, eventually, the performances of various MCF interferometric sensors for different applications are compared, including curvature sensing, vibration sensing, temperature sensing, and refractive index sensing.
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Holler, Stephen, and Matthew Speck. "Spatial Multiplexing of Whispering Gallery Mode Sensors." Sensors 23, no. 13 (June 26, 2023): 5925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23135925.
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Whispering gallery mode resonators have proven to be robust and sensitive platforms for the trace detection of chemical and/or biological analytes. Conventional approaches using serially addressed resonators face challenges in simultaneous multi-channel (i.e., multi-species) detection. We present an alternative monitoring scheme that allows for the spatial multiplexing of whispering gallery mode resonators with the simultaneous observation of the resonance spectra from each of them. By imaging arrays of microspheres and monitoring the glare spot intensities through image processing routines, resonance spectra from multiple resonators may be simultaneously recorded without interference or confounding effects of serial excitation/detection. We demonstrate our multiplexed imaging approach with bulk refractive index variations and virus–antibody binding.
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Truta, Florina, Ana-Maria Drăgan, Mihaela Tertis, Marc Parrilla, Amorn Slosse, Filip Van Durme, Karolien de Wael, and Cecilia Cristea. "Electrochemical Rapid Detection of Methamphetamine from Confiscated Samples Using a Graphene-Based Printed Platform." Sensors 23, no. 13 (July 6, 2023): 6193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23136193.
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Methamphetamine (MAP) is a highly addictive and illegal stimulant drug that has a significant impact on the central nervous system. Its detection in biological and street samples is crucial for various organizations involved in forensic medicine, anti-drug efforts, and clinical diagnosis. In recent years, nanotechnology and nanomaterials have played a significant role in the development of analytical sensors for MAP detection. In this study, a fast, simple, and cost-effective electrochemical sensor is presented that is used for the sensitive detection of MAP in confiscated street samples with a complex matrix. The optimized screen-printed sensor based on a carbon working electrode modified with graphene demonstrated an excellent limit of detection, good sensitivity, and a wide dynamic range (1–500 μM) for the target illicit drug both for standard solutions and real samples (seized samples, tap water, and wastewater samples). It can detect MAP at concentrations as low as 300 nM in real samples. This limit of detection is suitable for the rapid preliminary screening of suspicious samples in customs, ports, airports, and on the street. Furthermore, the sensor exhibits a good recovery rate, indicating its reliability and repeatability. This quality is crucial for ensuring consistent and accurate results during screening processes.
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Tian, Bingwei, Wenrui Liu, Haozhou Mo, Wang Li, Yuting Wang, and Basanta Raj Adhikari. "Detecting the Unseen: Understanding the Mechanisms and Working Principles of Earthquake Sensors." Sensors 23, no. 11 (June 5, 2023): 5335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23115335.
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The application of movement-detection sensors is crucial for understanding surface movement and tectonic activities. The development of modern sensors has been instrumental in earthquake monitoring, prediction, early warning, emergency commanding and communication, search and rescue, and life detection. There are numerous sensors currently being utilized in earthquake engineering and science. It is essential to review their mechanisms and working principles thoroughly. Hence, we have attempted to review the development and application of these sensors by classifying them based on the timeline of earthquakes, the physical or chemical mechanisms of sensors, and the location of sensor platforms. In this study, we analyzed available sensor platforms that have been widely used in recent years, with satellites and UAVs being among the most used. The findings of our study will be useful for future earthquake response and relief efforts, as well as research aimed at reducing earthquake disaster risks.
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He, Lawrence, Mark Eastburn, James Smirk, and Hong Zhao. "Smart Chemical Sensor and Biosensor Networks for Healthcare 4.0." Sensors 23, no. 12 (June 20, 2023): 5754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23125754.
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Driven by technological advances from Industry 4.0, Healthcare 4.0 synthesizes medical sensors, artificial intelligence (AI), big data, the Internet of things (IoT), machine learning, and augmented reality (AR) to transform the healthcare sector. Healthcare 4.0 creates a smart health network by connecting patients, medical devices, hospitals, clinics, medical suppliers, and other healthcare-related components. Body chemical sensor and biosensor networks (BSNs) provide the necessary platform for Healthcare 4.0 to collect various medical data from patients. BSN is the foundation of Healthcare 4.0 in raw data detection and information collecting. This paper proposes a BSN architecture with chemical sensors and biosensors to detect and communicate physiological measurements of human bodies. These measurement data help healthcare professionals to monitor patient vital signs and other medical conditions. The collected data facilitates disease diagnosis and injury detection at an early stage. Our work further formulates the problem of sensor deployment in BSNs as a mathematical model. This model includes parameter and constraint sets to describe patient body characteristics, BSN sensor features, as well as biomedical readout requirements. The proposed model’s performance is evaluated by multiple sets of simulations on different parts of the human body. Simulations are designed to represent typical BSN applications in Healthcare 4.0. Simulation results demonstrate the impact of various biofactors and measurement time on sensor selections and readout performance.
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Kulig, Andrzej, Mirosław Szyłak-Szydłowski, and Marta Wiśniewska. "Application of Chemical Sensors and Olfactometry Method in Ecological Audits of Degraded Areas." Sensors 21, no. 18 (September 15, 2021): 6190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186190.
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Mineral excavation is a common process throughout the world. The open pits remaining after the closure of a mine require well-considered and meticulous reclamation activities aimed at restoring the environmental properties of a given area. The inspections carried out in Poland indicate numerous irregularities in implementing the reclamation process. The research in this study was conducted in six measurement series and includes both chemical and olfactometry determinations by devices: multisensor portable gas detector and field olfactometer. Statistical analysis of the results obtained show high concentrations in ambient air of both chemical compounds (NH3, VOCs, H2S, CH3SH) and odour, excluding the possibility of occurrence in the pit of only waste types contained in the administrative decision on reclamation. In addition to the unpleasant odour, the listed compounds can have dangerous effects on the health and life of living organisms. This paper presents a suitable method of control and detection of irregularities in the conducted processes. The main advantage is the relatively low cost of purchasing sensors and field olfactometers compared to other devices, and the possibility to test the polluted air in situ, without the risk of chemical processes occurring during transport of gas samples to the laboratory.
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Fauzi, Nurul Illya Muhamad, Yap Wing Fen, Nur Alia Sheh Omar, and Hazwani Suhaila Hashim. "Recent Advances on Detection of Insecticides Using Optical Sensors." Sensors 21, no. 11 (June 3, 2021): 3856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113856.
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Insecticides are enormously important to industry requirements and market demands in agriculture. Despite their usefulness, these insecticides can pose a dangerous risk to the safety of food, environment and all living things through various mechanisms of action. Concern about the environmental impact of repeated use of insecticides has prompted many researchers to develop rapid, economical, uncomplicated and user-friendly analytical method for the detection of insecticides. In this regards, optical sensors are considered as favorable methods for insecticides analysis because of their special features including rapid detection time, low cost, easy to use and high selectivity and sensitivity. In this review, current progresses of incorporation between recognition elements and optical sensors for insecticide detection are discussed and evaluated well, by categorizing it based on insecticide chemical classes, including the range of detection and limit of detection. Additionally, this review aims to provide powerful insights to researchers for the future development of optical sensors in the detection of insecticides.
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Thormählen, Lars, Dennis Seidler, Viktor Schell, Frans Munnik, Jeffrey McCord, and Dirk Meyners. "Sputter Deposited Magnetostrictive Layers for SAW Magnetic Field Sensors." Sensors 21, no. 24 (December 15, 2021): 8386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21248386.
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For the best possible limit of detection of any thin film-based magnetic field sensor, the functional magnetic film properties are an essential parameter. For sensors based on magnetostrictive layers, the chemical composition, morphology and intrinsic stresses of the layer have to be controlled during film deposition to further control magnetic influences such as crystallographic effects, pinning effects and stress anisotropies. For the application in magnetic surface acoustic wave sensors, the magnetostrictive layers are deposited on rotated piezoelectric single crystal substrates. The thermomechanical properties of quartz can lead to undesirable layer stresses and associated magnetic anisotropies if the temperature increases during deposition. With this in mind, we compare amorphous, magnetostrictive FeCoSiB films prepared by RF and DC magnetron sputter deposition. The chemical, structural and magnetic properties determined by elastic recoil detection, X-ray diffraction, and magneto-optical magnetometry and magnetic domain analysis are correlated with the resulting surface acoustic wave sensor properties such as phase noise level and limit of detection. To confirm the material properties, SAW sensors with magnetostrictive layers deposited with RF and DC deposition have been prepared and characterized, showing comparable detection limits below 200 pT/Hz1/2 at 10 Hz. The main benefit of the DC deposition is achieving higher deposition rates while maintaining similar low substrate temperatures.
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Alahnomi, Rammah Ali, Zahriladha Zakaria, Zulkalnain Mohd Yussof, Ayman Abdulhadi Althuwayb, Ammar Alhegazi, Hussein Alsariera, and Norhanani Abd Rahman. "Review of Recent Microwave Planar Resonator-Based Sensors: Techniques of Complex Permittivity Extraction, Applications, Open Challenges and Future Research Directions." Sensors 21, no. 7 (March 24, 2021): 2267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21072267.
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Recent developments in the field of microwave planar sensors have led to a renewed interest in industrial, chemical, biological and medical applications that are capable of performing real-time and non-invasive measurement of material properties. Among the plausible advantages of microwave planar sensors is that they have a compact size, a low cost and the ease of fabrication and integration compared to prevailing sensors. However, some of their main drawbacks can be considered that restrict their usage and limit the range of applications such as their sensitivity and selectivity. The development of high-sensitivity microwave planar sensors is required for highly accurate complex permittivity measurements to monitor the small variations among different material samples. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to review recent research on the development of microwave planar sensors and further challenges of their sensitivity and selectivity. Furthermore, the techniques of the complex permittivity extraction (real and imaginary parts) are discussed based on the different approaches of mathematical models. The outcomes of this review may facilitate improvements of and an alternative solution for the enhancement of microwave planar sensors’ normalized sensitivity for material characterization, especially in biochemical and beverage industry applications.
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Abdolrazzaghi, Mohammad, Vahid Nayyeri, and Ferran Martin. "Techniques to Improve the Performance of Planar Microwave Sensors: A Review and Recent Developments." Sensors 22, no. 18 (September 14, 2022): 6946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22186946.
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Planar microwave sensors have become increasing developed in recent decades, especially in material characterization (solid/liquid) as they provide regions highly sensitive to the surrounding medium. However, when it comes to deciphering the content of practical biological analytes or chemical components inside a host medium, even higher sensitivities are required due to their minute concentrations. This review article presents a comprehensive outlook on various methodologies to enhance sensitivity (e.g., coupling resonators, channel embedding, analyte immobilization, resonator pattern recognition, use of phase variation, using coupled line section, and intermodulation products), resolution (active sensors, differential measurements), and robustness (using machine learning) of arbitrary sensors of interest. Some of the most practical approaches are presented with prototype examples, and the main applications of incorporating such procedures are reported. Sensors with which the proposed techniques are implemented exhibit higher performance for high-end and real-life use.
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Constantinoiu, Izabela, and Cristian Viespe. "Synthesis Methods of Obtaining Materials for Hydrogen Sensors." Sensors 21, no. 17 (August 26, 2021): 5758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21175758.
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The development of hydrogen sensors has acquired a great interest from researchers for safety in fields such as chemical industry, metallurgy, pharmaceutics or power generation, as well as due to hydrogen’s introduction as fuel in vehicles. Several types of sensors have been developed for hydrogen detection, including resistive, surface acoustic wave, optical or conductometric sensors. The properties of the material of the sensitive area of the sensor are of great importance for establishing its performance. Besides the nature of the material, an important role for its final properties is played by the synthesis method used and the parameters used during the synthesis. The present paper highlights recent results in the field of hydrogen detection, obtained using four of the well-known synthesis and deposition methods: sol-gel, co-precipitation, spin-coating and pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Sensors with very good results have been achieved by these methods, which gives an encouraging perspective for their use in obtaining commercial hydrogen sensors and their application in common areas for society.
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Rezaee, Ashkan, and Jordi Carrabina. "Dual-Gate Organic Thin-Film Transistor and Multiplexer Chips for the Next Generation of Flexible EG-ISFET Sensor Chips." Sensors 23, no. 14 (July 21, 2023): 6577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23146577.
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Ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFETs) are used as elementary devices to build many types of chemical sensors and biosensors. Organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) ISFETs use either small molecules or polymers as semiconductors together with an additive manufacturing process of much lower cost than standard silicon sensors and have the additional advantage of being environmentally friendly. OTFT ISFETs’ drawbacks include limited sensitivity and higher variability. In this paper, we propose a novel design technique for integrating extended-gate OTFT ISFETs (OTFT EG-ISFETs) together with dual-gate OTFT multiplexers (MUXs) made in the same process. The achieved results show that our OTFT ISFET sensors are of the state of the art of the literature. Our microsystem architecture enables switching between the different ISFETs implemented in the chip. In the case of sensors with the same gain, we have a fault-tolerant architecture since we are able to replace the faulty sensor with a fault-free one on the chip. For a chip including sensors with different gains, an external processor can select the sensor with the required sensitivity.
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Sayegh, Mohamad-Ammar, Hammam Daraghma, Samir Mekid, and Salem Bashmal. "Review of Recent Bio-Inspired Design and Manufacturing of Whisker Tactile Sensors." Sensors 22, no. 7 (April 1, 2022): 2705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22072705.
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Whisker sensors are a class of tactile sensors that have recently attracted attention. Inspired by mammals’ whiskers known as mystacial vibrissae, they have displayed tremendous potential in a variety of applications e.g., robotics, underwater vehicles, minimally invasive surgeries, and leak detection. This paper provides a supplement to the recent tactile sensing techniques’ designs of whiskers that only sense at their base, as well as the materials employed, and manufacturing techniques. The article delves into the technical specifications of these sensors, such as the resolution, measurement range, sensitivity, durability, and recovery time, which determine their performance. The sensors’ sensitivity varies depending on the measured physical quantity; for example, the pressure sensors had an intermediate sensitivity of 58%/Pa and a response time of around 90 ms, whereas the force sensors that function based on piezoelectric effects exhibited good linearity in the measurements with a resolution of 3 µN and sensitivity of 0.1682 mV/µN. Some sensors were used to perform spatial mapping and the identification of the geometry and roughness of objects with a reported resolution of 25 nm. The durability and recovery time showed a wide range of values, with the maximum durability being 10,000 cycles and the shortest recovery time being 5 ms. Furthermore, the paper examines the fabrication of whiskers at the micro- and nanoscales, as well as their contributions to mechanical and thermal behavior. The commonly used manufacturing techniques of 3D printing, PDMS casting, and screen printing were used in addition to several micro and nanofabrication techniques such as photolithography, etching, and chemical vapor deposition. Lastly, the paper discusses the main potential applications of these sensors and potential research gaps in this field. In particular, the operation of whisker sensors under high temperatures or high pressure requires further investigation, as does the design of sensors to explore larger topologies.
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Do, Ha Huu, Jin Hyuk Cho, Sang Mok Han, Sang Hyun Ahn, and Soo Young Kim. "Metal–Organic-Framework- and MXene-Based Taste Sensors and Glucose Detection." Sensors 21, no. 21 (November 8, 2021): 7423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21217423.
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Taste sensors can identify various tastes, including saltiness, bitterness, sweetness, sourness, and umami, and have been useful in the food and beverage industry. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and MXenes have recently received considerable attention for the fabrication of high-performance biosensors owing to their large surface area, high ion transfer ability, adjustable chemical structure. Notably, MOFs with large surface areas, tunable chemical structures, and high stability have been explored in various applications, whereas MXenes with good conductivity, excellent ion-transport characteristics, and ease of modification have exhibited great potential in biochemical sensing. This review first outlines the importance of taste sensors, their operation mechanism, and measuring methods in sensing utilization. Then, recent studies focusing on MOFs and MXenes for the detection of different tastes are discussed. Finally, future directions for biomimetic tongues based on MOFs and MXenes are discussed.