Relevant bibliographies by topics / Chemical risk assessme

Academic literature on the topic 'Chemical risk assessme'

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Published: 7 July 2024

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Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Journal articles on the topic "Chemical risk assessme":

1

Lim, Hong Lyuer, Eun-Hae Huh, Da-An Huh, Jong-Ryeul Sohn, and Kyong Whan Moon. "Priority Setting for the Management of Chemicals Using the Globally Harmonized System and Multivariate Analysis: Use of the Mahalanobis-Taguchi System." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 17 (August 27, 2019): 3119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173119.

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This study aims to provide a new methodology using the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) and the Mahalanobis–Taguchi System (MTS) that can be used to assess the overall hazard of a chemical using GHS information. Previously, hazardous chemicals were designated and managed by the Chemical Management Act, but many more chemicals are now in use. Damage prediction modeling programs predict the extent of damage and proactively manage high-risk chemicals, but the lack of physical and chemical characterization information relating to chemicals has limitations that cannot be modeled. To overcome such limitations, a new method of chemical management prioritization was developed using the GHS and Mahalanobis–Taguchi System (MTS). For effective management, the risk of a chemical can be ranked according to a comprehensive risk assessment and calculated through multivariate analysis using the GHS. Relative hazards are then identified using MTS multivariate analysis with GHS information, even when there is insufficient information about the chemical’s characteristics, and the method can be applied to a large number of different chemicals.
2

Addissouky, Tamer A. "Translational Insights into Molecular Mechanisms of Chemical Hepatocarcinogenesis for Improved Human Risk Assessment." Advances in Clinical Toxicology 9, no. 1 (2024): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/act-16000294.

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Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent liver cancer with major risk factors being hepatitis viral infections, alcohol, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and aflatoxin exposure. Both genotoxic and non-genotoxic agents can induce HCC through mechanisms involving DNA damage, oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and disrupted signaling pathways like MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT, WNT/β-catenin and PPARα. While rodent assays are utilized to detect potential chemical hepatocarcinogens, species differences in pathways like PPARα and CAR/PXR activation impact human risk assessment. Purpose: This analysis provides an updated, critical examination of species concordance in mechanisms of hepatic carcinogenesis to inform human safety assessment of rodent liver tumor findings. Main Body: Rodent assays including 2-year bioassays, transgenic models, and short-term studies detect liver tumors through lifetime exposure or early biomarkers. However, rodent-specific PPARα and CAR/PXR activation, along with human risk factors like hepatitis, highlight key interspecies differences. Determining mode of action relevance requires evaluating mechanistic validity and pivotal key events leading to tumors across species. Non-genotoxic compounds eliciting rodent liver tumors can activate PPARα, CAR/PXR, and other pathways triggering increased cell replication; but downstream signaling may differ in human liver. Understanding applicability of these mechanisms in humans as well as incorporating human risk factors into experimental models is critical for accurate risk assessment. Conclusion: In summary, elucidating conserved versus divergent molecular mechanisms of hepatic carcinogenesis between rodents and humans is essential for appropriately interpreting rodent findings and safeguarding human health through science-based risk assessment frameworks and regulatory decision-making processes around potential chemical hazards.
3

Wheeler, David C., Salem Rustom, Matthew Carli, Todd P. Whitehead, Mary H. Ward, and Catherine Metayer. "Assessment of Grouped Weighted Quantile Sum Regression for Modeling Chemical Mixtures and Cancer Risk." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020504.

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Individuals are exposed to a large number of diverse environmental chemicals simultaneously and the evaluation of multiple chemical exposures is important for identifying cancer risk factors. The measurement of a large number of chemicals (the exposome) in epidemiologic studies is allowing for a more comprehensive assessment of cancer risk factors than was done in earlier studies that focused on only a few chemicals. Empirical evidence from epidemiologic studies shows that chemicals from different chemical classes have different magnitudes and directions of association with cancers. Given increasing data availability, there is a need for the development and assessment of statistical methods to model environmental cancer risk that considers a large number of diverse chemicals with different effects for different chemical classes. The method of grouped weighted quantile sum (GWQS) regression allows for multiple groups of chemicals to be considered in the model such that different magnitudes and directions of associations are possible for each group of chemicals. In this paper, we assessed the ability of GWQS regression to estimate exposure effects for multiple chemical groups and correctly identify important chemicals in each group using a simulation study. We compared the performance of GWQS regression with WQS regression, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (lasso), and the group lasso in estimating exposure effects and identifying important chemicals. The simulation study results demonstrate that GWQS is an effective method for modeling exposure to multiple groups of chemicals and compares favorably with other methods used in mixture analysis. As an application, we used GWQS regression in the California Childhood Leukemia Study (CCLS), a population-based case-control study of childhood leukemia in California to estimate exposure effects for many chemical classes while also adjusting for demographic factors. The CCLS analysis found evidence of a positive association between exposure to the herbicide dacthal and an increased risk of childhood leukemia.
4

Wheeler, David C., Salem Rustom, Matthew Carli, Todd P. Whitehead, Mary H. Ward, and Catherine Metayer. "Assessment of Grouped Weighted Quantile Sum Regression for Modeling Chemical Mixtures and Cancer Risk." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020504.

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Individuals are exposed to a large number of diverse environmental chemicals simultaneously and the evaluation of multiple chemical exposures is important for identifying cancer risk factors. The measurement of a large number of chemicals (the exposome) in epidemiologic studies is allowing for a more comprehensive assessment of cancer risk factors than was done in earlier studies that focused on only a few chemicals. Empirical evidence from epidemiologic studies shows that chemicals from different chemical classes have different magnitudes and directions of association with cancers. Given increasing data availability, there is a need for the development and assessment of statistical methods to model environmental cancer risk that considers a large number of diverse chemicals with different effects for different chemical classes. The method of grouped weighted quantile sum (GWQS) regression allows for multiple groups of chemicals to be considered in the model such that different magnitudes and directions of associations are possible for each group of chemicals. In this paper, we assessed the ability of GWQS regression to estimate exposure effects for multiple chemical groups and correctly identify important chemicals in each group using a simulation study. We compared the performance of GWQS regression with WQS regression, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (lasso), and the group lasso in estimating exposure effects and identifying important chemicals. The simulation study results demonstrate that GWQS is an effective method for modeling exposure to multiple groups of chemicals and compares favorably with other methods used in mixture analysis. As an application, we used GWQS regression in the California Childhood Leukemia Study (CCLS), a population-based case-control study of childhood leukemia in California to estimate exposure effects for many chemical classes while also adjusting for demographic factors. The CCLS analysis found evidence of a positive association between exposure to the herbicide dacthal and an increased risk of childhood leukemia.
5

Hamernik, Karen. "General process for the risk assessment of pesticides that interact with or affect the endocrine system." Pure and Applied Chemistry 75, no. 11-12 (January 1, 2003): 2531–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200375112531.

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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Pesticide Programs evaluates human health risk associated with exposure to pesticide chemicals. Chemical hazard and exposure assessment are components of the risk assessment process. For the risk assessment of single chemical conventional-type pesticides, there may be multiple exposure scenarios depending on the use pattern. Examples include acute and chronic dietary, and short-, intermediate-, and long-term occupational/residential exposures. For hazard assessment, available toxicity data and a weight-of the-evidence approach are used in the process of selecting appropriate toxicity endpoints for relevant exposure scenarios. The pesticide registration process requires that certain types of supporting toxicity data be submitted by the registrant depending in part on the chemical use pattern (e.g., food use). Types of toxicity data that might be submitted and used in hazard assessment include acute, subchronic, chronic, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, metabolism, reproduction, developmental, neurotoxicity, and mechanistic studies. There may be data from multiple exposure routes (e.g., oral, dermal, inhalation) and from the scientific literature to consider. Dose-response information is also taken into account. In endpoint selection for a chemical, endocrine system-related effect(s) and dose-response relationship(s) are assessed in context of other types of effects, toxicities, and dose-response relationships noted. Endocrine system-related endpoints may include frank effects (e.g., endocrine organ hyperplasia or cancer) or precursor events (blood hormone level elevations). Endocrine system-related endpoints are generally treated like other cancer or non-cancer toxicity endpoints (e.g., hepatic cancer, neurotoxicity) in the risk assessment process. For chemicals with evidence of endocrine system interaction(s), an endocrine system-related effect may or may not be the most sensitive or relevant endpoint for a particular risk assessment exposure scenario. Some chemical examples will be presented. In the final risk assessment, hazard assessment information is integrated with exposure information. The assessment may be adjusted, at some point, for uncertainties in hazard or exposure data. An aggregate risk assessment, in which multiple sources or routes of exposure are considered, is typically performed for occupational and residential exposure scenarios. A cumulative risk assessment may be considered for groups of chemicals with a common mechanism of toxicity.
6

Gottinger, H. W. "HAZARD: An Expert System for Risk Assessment of Environmental Chemicals." Methods of Information in Medicine 26, no. 01 (January 1987): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1635482.

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AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to report on an expert system in design that screens for potential hazards from environmental chemicals on the basis of structure-activity relationships in the study of chemical carcinogenesis, particularly with respect to analyzing the current state of known structural information about chemical carcinogens and predicting the possible carcinogenicity of untested chemicals. The structure-activity tree serves as an index of known chemical structure features associated with carcinogenic activity. The basic units of the tree are the principal recognized classes of chemical carcinogens that are subdivided into subclasses known as nodes according to specific structural features that may reflect differences in carcinogenic potential among chemicals in the class. An analysis of a computerized data base of known carcinogens (knowledge base) is proposed using the structure-activity tree in order to test the validity of the tree as a classification scheme (inference engine).
7

Haleem, Azhar M. "Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment in the Chemical Stores of the University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq." Engineering and Technology Journal 38, no. 3B (December 25, 2020): 204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v38i3b.894.

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Chemicals are used daily at the university, by its students or staff so it’s necessary to develop a chemical management system to protect their workers and students from accidents caused by exposure to chemicals of various forms, the present study explains the methodology for assessing the health effects and risks of exposure to chemicals in the chemical stores of University of Technology (UOT) by using semi- quantitative risk assessment technique depends on a descriptive analytical approach, by collecting the requested information for seven main stores within the university by questionnaire form included inquiries about personal information about employees, level of education and years of experience, it also included inquiries about chemical stores and storage volumes, at first identified the exposed people, detected high demand chemicals, subsequently identified the chemical hazardous factors, exposure rate and risk level of each substance, ultimately the risk was identified for 41 chemicals among them four strong acids, hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric and chromic with high exposure rate benzene and xylene that have high risk level, from results of chemical survey can be conclude 71% of the total chemicals classified as high to moderate risk level, so the study recommends the continuity of the periodic assessment of chemical hazards within the stores of university, include laboratories in assessment procedures, providing of personal safety equipment.
8

Haleem, Azhar M. "Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment in the Chemical Stores of the University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq." Engineering and Technology Journal 38, no. 3B (December 25, 2020): 204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v38i3b.894.

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Chemicals are used daily at the university, by its students or staff so it’s necessary to develop a chemical management system to protect their workers and students from accidents caused by exposure to chemicals of various forms, the present study explains the methodology for assessing the health effects and risks of exposure to chemicals in the chemical stores of University of Technology (UOT) by using semi- quantitative risk assessment technique depends on a descriptive analytical approach, by collecting the requested information for seven main stores within the university by questionnaire form included inquiries about personal information about employees, level of education and years of experience, it also included inquiries about chemical stores and storage volumes, at first identified the exposed people, detected high demand chemicals, subsequently identified the chemical hazardous factors, exposure rate and risk level of each substance, ultimately the risk was identified for 41 chemicals among them four strong acids, hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric and chromic with high exposure rate benzene and xylene that have high risk level, from results of chemical survey can be conclude 71% of the total chemicals classified as high to moderate risk level, so the study recommends the continuity of the periodic assessment of chemical hazards within the stores of university, include laboratories in assessment procedures, providing of personal safety equipment.
9

Geiser, Kenneth, Joel Tickner, Sally Edwards, and Mark Rossi. "The Architecture of Chemical Alternatives Assessment." Risk Analysis 35, no. 12 (December 2015): 2152–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/risa.12507.

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10

Zhao, Chen, Yongsheng Zhang, Tong Niu, and Melkamu Teshome Ayana. "Environmental Health Risk Evaluation Model for Coastal Chemical Industry." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2021 (November 10, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6896929.

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There are numerous uncertainties associated with environmental health risk assessment (EHRA), and it is unavoidable to apply the best models and information available to save human lives. The EHRA is a method for determining the type and likelihood of adverse health effects on people who are exposed to chemicals in the workplace. To address the environmental health problems caused by harmful gas leakage and water pollution generated by the coastal regional chemical industry, a novel EHRA model for the coastal chemical industry has been developed. The premise of the Gauss plume diffusion model is used to define the model’s parameters and the evaluation criterion for harmful gas concentration health risk. The EHRA model is evaluated against the leakage of harmful gases and consists of three steps. The first step is to identify the threat posed by the chemical industry in the coastal region; the second step is to quantify the risk; the third step is to develop a model for assessing water-related environmental health risk. The water-related environmental health assessor analyzes the pollutant variables and parameters of the assessment model to estimate the health risk caused by dangerous compounds in the water, using the assessment model of chemical carcinogen health risk and noncarcinogen health risk Type B. The experiments’ findings suggest that the model can effectively assess the dangers to human health from hazardous gases and heavy metals in the water bodies of chemical factories in coastal communities.
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Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Chemical risk assessme":

1

Beeston, Michael Philip. "Chemical availability of arsenic - measurement and risk assessment." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.532015.

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Gatnik, Mojca Fuart. "Computational methods in support of chemical risk assessment." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2016. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/4045/.

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Chemical risk assessment for human health effects is performed in order to establish safe exposure levels of chemicals to which individuals are exposed. The process of risk assessment traditionally involves the generation of toxicological studies from which health based guidance values are derived for a specific chemical. For low level exposures to chemicals, where there are no or limited chemical specific toxicity data, the application of the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) approach may estimate whether the exposure levels can be considered safe. The TTC approach has recently gained increasing interest as new requirements, under different regulatory frameworks, emerge for the safety assessment of chemicals and to assess chemicals for which testing is not routinely required. The application of TTC relies heavily on computational (in silico) methods. In silico tools are computer implemented models that, based on commonalities in the toxicity of “similar” chemical structures, may predict hazard. In silico methods are rapidly evolving and gaining importance within the context of Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment (IATA) and their acceptance for regulatory purposes is expanding. The work presented in this thesis has focused on the use and applicability of a wide range of computational approaches to assist in the application of the TTC concept. In the TTC approach, the identification of genotoxic chemicals is a primary requirement. In silico approaches apply expert knowledge and/or statistical methods to either predict genotoxicity or to identify structural alerts associated with it. This thesis focused, in part, on a group of important environmental pollutants, nitrobenzenes, to assess the applicability of in silico tools to predict genotoxicity. For this purpose a dataset containing 252 nitrobenzenes including Ames test results was compiled. Based on these test results a case study for sodium nitro-guaiacolate, a pesticide active substance, was developed. The case study demonstrated that (Q)SAR and a category approach incorporating read-across, are applicable for the prediction of genotoxicity and supports their use within a weight of evidence approach. Another aspect of the TTC approach is the evaluation of repeat dose, non-cancer endpoints. For that purpose chemicals are separated into groups related to three levels of concern based on the Cramer classification. For each level, namely the Cramer Classes (I, II and III), a safe exposure level has been established. Therefore, as interest to apply TTC expands to new groups of chemicals, the reliability and conservativeness of the established thresholds relative to Cramer Classes for the new chemistries must be established. In this thesis the TTC approach was evaluated for 385 cosmetic ingredients, 77 biocides and 102 compounds classified as reproductive and developmental toxicants. To support the evaluation at different levels, chemical datasets containing toxicological data were utilised and computational tools were applied to compare datasets. The results indicated, that the historical “Munro” dataset is broadly representative for cosmetics and biocides. In addition, that the threshold levels for Cramer Class III are within the range of Munro’s threshold further supports the validity of the TTC approach and its conservativeness for the groups of chemicals analysed. Cramer Class I thresholds were found to be valid only for classified developmental and reproductive toxicants. The results also supported the validity of the classification of chemicals into Cramer class III. It is foreseen that the TTC approach will gain increasing acceptance in the risk assessment of different groups of chemicals. Therefore it is emphasised that the future work should focus on the identification of the limitations of the application of TTC, including the identification of groups of chemicals to which TTC cannot be applied, the expansion of the underlying toxicological datasets, and the development of tools to support the application of TTC so that is transparent and acceptable for regulatory purposes.
3

Marshall, Rafael. "An investigation of risk homeostasis in a laboratory environment." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41685.

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This study investigated whether risk compensation behavior would occur during a chemistry experiment due to the presence of protective equipment. This study also examined whether a homeostatic regulating mechanism exists for risk-taking behavior. Risk compensation and a homeostatic regulating mechanism for risk-taking behavior are both encompassed within the Risk Homeostasis Theory, which states that people accurately perceive and fully compensate for changes in risk. Thirty-six subjects performed three trials of a short chemistry experiment either with protective equipment or without protective equipment during the first of two sessions. After the first session, half the subjects were required to switch from wearing protective equipment to not wearing protective equipment, or from not wearing protective equipment to wearing protective equipment. The time required to complete the task, the number of errors committed, and subtask measurement accuracy were tabulated. Between-subject analyses did not reveal risk compensation behavior. Moreover, within-subject comparisons failed to show a significant risk compensation effect or the presence of a homeostatic regulating mechanism for risk-taking behavior. The results suggested that the Risk Homeostasis Theory may not explain sufficiently changes in behavior due to increases (or decreases) in perceived risk. The limitations of the present study were discussed. Suggestions and examples for research on different aspects of the Risk Homeostasis Theory were also provided.
Master of Science
4

Critto, Andrea <1971&gt. "Enviromental risk assessment for the exposure to chemicals." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/528.

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Preliminarmente è stata condotta una review relativa agli sviluppi dell'analisi del rischio ambientali avvenuti nell'ultimo decennio, comprendente una presentazione delle metodologie attualmente applicate nel contesto internazionale. Tale review ha permesso di identificare i principali aspetti problematici e le sfide che condizionano la ricerca presente e futura, finalizzata allo sviluppo dell'analisi di rischio ambientali. Essi comprendono: a) l'integrazione dell'analisi di rischio ambientale all'interno dei processi di gestione del rischio; b) lo sviluppo di strumenti in grado di fronteggiare le problematiche connesse alle scale spaziale, temporale e di effetto, che caratterizzano le diverse fasi dell'analisi del rischio; c) l'armonizzazione di metodologie e strumenti; d) lo sviluppo di metodologie e strumenti per l'analisi di rischio probabilistica e l'analisi dell'incertezza; e) la comunicazione dei risultati e delle decisioni. In accordo con tali aspetti problematici, gli obiettivi principali della tesi sono stati: a) l'integrazione dell'analisi di rischio ambientale e della gestione del rischio mediante la definizione di strategie di analisi di rischio basate su diversi livelli di approfondimento di analisi e lo sviluppo di sistemi di supporto alle decisioni basati sull'analisi del rischio; b) l'implementazione di tecniche statistiche e geostatistiche e di strumenti GIS, finalizzate alla trattazione delle problematiche relative alla scala spaziale nella quantificazione del rischio ed all'analisi dell'incertezza associata. L'investigazione di un caso di studio particolarmente complesso e intemazionalmente rilevante, quale la laguna di Venezia, ha permesso di testare e corroborare gli approcci e le metodologie proposte, enfatizzando il ruolo dell'analisi di rischio ambientali all'interno di un efficace processo decisionale e gestionale. Basandosi sui singoli risultati ottenuti dalle attività di ricerca condotte all'interno della presente tesi, recentemente pubblicati o sottomessi per la pubblicazione su riviste scientifiche internazionali (vedasi gli articoli allegati e la lista dei contributi), e al fine di evidenziare l'analisi di rischio ambientale come un approccio interdisciplinare e, come tale, un argomento fondamentale per lo sviluppo delle Scienze Ambientali, qui vengono riportati gli specifici contributi della presente tesi relativi alla chimica ambientale, ecologia, ecotossicologia, statistica e geostatistica, modellistica ambientale e di valutazione del rischio, e finalizzati alla definizione di uno schema generale sistematico per l'analisi di rischio ambientale. Tale schema è stato ottenuto mediante: a) lo sviluppo ed applicazione di un'analisi di rischio ecologica a diversi livelli di approfondimento di analisi, comprendente l'analisi spaziale e strumenti GIS, in grado di supportare il monitoraggio ambientale per la Laguna di Venezia; b) lo sviluppo ed applicazione di un sistema di supporto alle decisioni, basato sull'analisi del rischio, per la riqualificazione del sito contaminato di rilevanza nazionale di Porto Marghera; c) la definizione di linee guida nazionali per l'analisi di rischio ecologico per siti contaminati; d) lo sviluppo ed applicazione di specifici strumenti statistici e geostatistici per la caratterizzazione dell'esposizione; e) l'applicazione dell'analisi di rischio probabilistica e dell'analisi dell'incertezza. A review of environmental risk assessment developments over the last ten years, including a presentation of current methodologies applied worldwide, was preliminarly carried out. This review identified the following open issues and challenges as the most important for advancing the practice of environmental risk assessment: a) integration of risk assessment and risk management; b) refinement of tools to account for spatial, temporal and effects scales; c) harmonization of methodologies and tools; d) development of methodologies and tools to support probabilistic risk assessment and uncertainty analysis; e) communication of the results and the decision. Accordingly, main objectives of this thesis were: a) the integration of risk assessment and risk management by the development of tiered risk assessment strategies and risk based decision support systems, and b) the implementation of statistic and geostatistic techniques and GIS tools. This implementation aimed at including spatial scale in environmental risk quantification and analysing the uncertainty related to risk assessment. Investigation of an internationally relevant and particularly complex case study, such as the Lagoon of Venice, was a valid training-ground for testing and corroborating the proposed approaches and methodologies, and permitted to emphasize the integration of environmental risk assessment into an effective decisional and management process. Based on individual results obtained by the thesis research activity, which have been recently published or submitted for publication on international journals (see attached papers and list of contributions), and to highlight environmental risk assessment as an interdisciplinary approach and consequently as a fundamental topic for the development of Environmental Sciences, here we report our own contributions of environmental chemistry, ecology, ecotoxicology, statistic and geostatistic, environmental and assessment models, to the definition of a systematic framework for environmental risk assessment. This framework was attained through: a) the development and application of a tired ecological risk assessment, using spatial analysis and GIS tools, in support of environmental monitoring for the lagoon of Venice; b) the development and application of a risk based decision support system for rehabilitation of the Porto Marghera contaminated site; c) the definition of ecological risk assessment guidelines for contaminated site; d) the development and application of specific statistical and geostatistical tools for exposure characterization; e) the application of probabilistic risk assessment and uncertainty analysis.
5

Shaw, Brenda Jo. "Evaluation of risks to human health in Hong Kong from consumption of chemically contaminated seafood : a risk assessment approach /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14723657.

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6

Czarnota, Jenna. "Modeling Spatially Varying Effects of Chemical Mixtures." VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4361.

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Cancer incidence is associated with exposures to multiple environmental chemicals, and geographic variation in cancer rates suggests the importance of accommodating spatially varying effects in the analysis of environmental chemical mixtures and disease risk. Traditional regression methods are challenged by the complex correlation patterns inherent among co-occurring chemicals, and the applicability of geographically weighted regression models is limited in the setting of environmental chemical risk analysis. In comparison to traditional methods, weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression performs well in the identification of important environmental exposures, but is limited by the assumption that effects are fixed over space. We present an extension of the WQS method that models spatially varying chemical mixture effects called local weighted quantile sum (LWQS) regression, and assess through a simulation study its ability to identify important environmental risk factors over space. We use two different approaches to estimate the LWQS model based on variable subspaces. One uses an ensemble of variable subsets of the same size, and the other selects the best subset over a range of candidate subset sizes according to the model goodness-of-fit. We assess the performance of both estimation methods in simulated scenarios that incorporate increasingly complex levels of spatial dependency in the model, and consider correlation patterns from observed exposure data. The results demonstrate that LWQS has the ability to replicate spatially dependent mixture effects and can correctly identify important exposures in a mixture of environmental chemicals. In all scenarios, the best subset approach correctly chose an index containing only the important chemicals and improved on the accuracy of the chemical importance weights in comparison with the ensemble solutions. Future work will evaluate if the ensemble subset approach has better relative performance with larger chemical mixtures of highly correlated components.
7

Pan, Jilang. "Environmental risk assessment of inorganic chemicals in mining environment." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/5641.

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Mining is one of the human‟s earliest industrial activities. Indeed early civilizations such as the Bronze Age and Iron Age are named according to their use of metals; the importance of metals is still central to industrialization and urbanization. The enormous quantities of mine waste and tailings generated by mining every year however, are also of concern. The relocation and removal of large quantities of mineral and waste can also release chemicals into the environment especially surface water, groundwater and soil during the mining lifecycle if good mining engineering and mitigation are not performed. To optimise this risk management based on excellent risk analysis is required. The study analysed the mining life cycle, chemicals in the mining environment, current regulations on chemicals in the environment and the development of environmental risk assessment framework with particular focus on the inorganic substances. Chemicals in the mining environment were then grouped into a) the minor constituents of the ore deposits; b) chemicals used in mining such as explosives, leaching chemicals and froth flotation reagents. c) chemicals generated by mining, milling and smelting including Acid mine drainage (AMD) and emissions from smelting and refining. The natural and anthropogenic sources, potential pathways to environmental and human receptors and the implications on human health of key toxic metals and metalloids in the mining context were then evaluated. A new two-tier risk assessment was developed based on the four-step conventional risk assessment framework by the U.S.National Research Council (NRC). Tier 1 involved analysing and evaluating existing data using two new semi-quantitative risk screening and prioritisation procedures, namely Chemicals of Greatest Concern (CGC) and Media of Greatest Concern (MGC). CGC was developed using specific hazardous properties of the inorganic chemicals and their eco-toxicities in the environment. MGC was a system of decomposition using a combination of various decision-making tools such as Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) and Hierarchical holographic modelling (HHM) to facilitate hazard identification and assessment. Tier 2 involved quantitative toxicity assessment, exposure assessment and risk characterisation which were used to quantify the total risk to human health using Monte Carlo simulations (MCS). The tiered risk-based approach developed was evaluated using three cases studies, viz, the Rustenburg platinum (Pt) mine, South Africa; the Lisheen lead (Pb) – zinc (Zn) mine, Ireland and the Richmond copper (Cu) smelter. The results from them were evaluated and compared as a basis for Anglo American plc‟s global strategic decision making. Finally, the strengths and weakness of the methodology developed were evaluated in relation to the application at current operational level. Future methodology refinement and incorporation of organic chemicals were also discussed.
8

Schenk, Linda. "Management of chemical risk through occupational exposure limits." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Philosophy and History of Technology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-9769.

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Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) are used as an important regulatory instrument to protect workers’ health from adverse effects of chemical exposures. The OELs mirror the outcome of the risk assessment and risk management performed by the standard setting actor. In paper I the OELs established by 18 different organisations or national regulatory agencies from the industrialised world were compared. The comparison concerned: (1) what chemicals have been selected and (2) the average level of exposure limits for all chemicals. In paper II the OELs established by 7 different national regulatory agencies of EU member states are compared to those of the European Commission (EC). In addition to the same comparisons as performed in the first study a comparison level was introduced (3) the similarity between the OELs of these EU member states and the OELs recommended by the EC.

List of OELs were collected through the web-pages of, and e-mail communication with the standard-setting agencies. The selection of agencies was determined by availability of the lists. The database of paper I contains OELs for a total of 1341 substances; of these 25 substances have OELs from all 18 organisations while more than one third of the substances are only regulated by one organisation alone. In paper II this database was narrowed down to the European perspective.  The average level of OELs differs substantially between organisations; the US OSHA exposure limits are (on average) nearly 40 % higher than those of Poland. Also within Europe there was a nearly as large difference. The average level of lists tends to decrease over time, although there are exceptions to this. The similarity index in paper II indicates that the exposure limits of EU member states are converging towards the European Commission’s recommended OELs. These two studies also showed that OELs for the same substance can vary significantly between different standard-setters. The work presented in paper III identifies steps in the risk assessment that could account for these differences. Substances for which the level of OELs vary by a factor of 100 or more were identified and their documentation sought for further scrutiny. Differences in the identification of the critical effect could explain the different level of the OELs for half of the substances. The results reported in paper III also confirm the tendency of older OELs generally being higher. Furthermore, several OELs were more than 30 years old and were based on out-dated knowledge. But the age of the data review could not account for all the differences in data selection, only one fifth of the documents referred to all available key studies. Also the evaluation of the key studies varied significantly.

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Keatinge, Zoe Alexandra Frances. "Soil contamination in urban Tyneside : a chemical and biological risk assessment." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/233.

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The extent of soil contamination with organic and inorganic pollutants in most urban areas in the UK is largely unknown but due to past and present industrial activity it is likely that pollutant levels are high. Such contamination could have a serious impact on human health. Therefore this thesis set out to examine the extent of soil contamination within Newcastle upon Tyne with a focus on the contribution of an incinerator (Byker) to contamination levels of urban soils. The Byker incinerator is situated in central Newcastle and has been the subject of much media controversy due to the disposal of incinerator ash on local allotments. The current work extended past investigations to see if the incinerator had contributed to general urban soil pollution (heavy metals and dioxins) by aerial deposition and allowed a useful investigation into levels of urban soil contamination in Newcastle. In addition to examining metal and dioxin levels the bioaccessibility (human and bacterial) of pollutants in selected soil samples was estimated and an attempt to develop a human cell based soil toxicity assay made. These measurements permit a preliminary assessment of risk to human health from soil contamination. A total of 163 soil samples were collected based on predicted aerial deposition from the Byker incinerator and analysed for dioxins and heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb & Zn) content (mg pollutant /kg soil). A high proportion of samples (90/163) had contamination levels above soil guideline values (as proscribed in current UK regulations; CLEA). The highest dioxin levels were South West of the incinerator (1911 ng I-TEQ/kg) and the congener profiles coupled with a detailed historical survey demonstrated that the source of contamination was likely to be an old alkali works and not the incinerator. Overall it was found that the incinerator did not contribute significantly to dioxins found in the urban soils except those in the incinerator plant grounds. Soil metal contamination levels varied but were not related to incinerator deposition. Many samples contained levels of heavy metals well over soil guideline values with the highest values being found for Cu (12,108 mg/kg), Pb (4,134 mg/kg) and Zn (4,625 mg/kg) To determine the potential human health risk associated with heavy metal contaminated soils, selected samples (16) were subjected to two in vitro digestion techniques which simulate the bioaccessibility of metals (Cu, Ni, Pb & Zn) to humans in case of soil ingestion. Only three samples had high levels of metal availability (over SGV's) indicating that these soils should be subjected to further risk assessment. All other samples tested had low metal availability most likely due to a combination of metal speciation, and complexation to soil particles over time. An attempt was made to develop a human cell based system to determine the toxicity of contaminated soil. Using an in vitro system, human liver cells (HepG2's) were exposed to extracts from soils; cytotoxic effects (membrane integrity, metabolic capability and oxidative stress status) and genotoxicity potential (DNA damage) of Cu and Zn were first investigated in order to standardise the biological assays used. Between 0.1 and 10 mg/L Cu caused DNA damage and higher concentrations caused cytotoxicity. Zn was also proven to cause genotoxic effects from O. lmg/L. From 10 mg/L cytotoxic responses occurred and DNA damage could be attributed to cell death. Due to difficulties in sterilising soil extracts and physical damage caused to HepG2 cells by the abrasive nature of soil, it was not possible to elucidate whether metal contaminated soil extracts were capable of causing a cytotoxic or genotoxic response in human liver cells. Finally, the same soil samples were then subjected to a bacterial (lux) biosensor technique to examine soil toxicity. Interestingly, despite the high levels of contamination found, none of the soil samples were found to be toxic to the two Pseudomonas strains used which again indicates a low level of ecosystem risk and suggests that most of the contaminants present are either in a form that is unavailable to living microbes or are complexed to soil particles. In summary, this research has shown that the high level of soil contamination of urban areas in Newcastle is due to past industrial activity and a similar situation is likely in most other urban areas of the UK and internationally. The high cost of remediation means that if contaminated sites are shown to be a potential risk then bioaccessibility of contaminants should be examined in order to provide a more realistic assessment of the need for remediation. This work demonstrates that only a small proportion of urban contaminated sites are likely to require remediation based on bioaccessibility determination measurements.
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Consolazio, Nizette A. "Chemical Interactions of Hydraulic Fracturing Biocides with Natural Pyrite." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2017. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/1071.

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In conjunction with horizontal drilling, hydraulic fracturing or fracking has enabled the recovery of natural gas from low permeable shale formations. In addition to water, these fracking fluids employ proppants and up to 38 different chemical additives to improve the efficiency of the process. One important class of additives used in hydraulic fracturing is biocides. When applied appropriately, they limit the growth of harmful microorganisms within the well, saving energy producers 4.5 billion dollars each year. However, biocides or their harmful daughter products may return to the surface in produced water, which must then be appropriately stored, treated and disposed of. Little is known about the effect of mineral-fluid interactions on the fate of the biocides employed in hydraulic fracturing. In this study, we employed laboratory experiments to determine changes in the persistence and products of these biocides under controlled environments. While many minerals are present in shale formations, pyrite, FeS2(s) is particularly interesting because of its prevalence and reactivity. The FeII groups on the face of pyrite may be oxidized to form FeIII phases. Both of these surfaces have been shown to be reactive with organic compounds. Chlorinated compounds undergo redox reactions at the pyrite-fluid interface, and sulfur-containing compounds undergo exceptionally strong sorption to both pristine and oxidized pyrite. This mineral may significantly influence the degradation of biocides in the Marcellus Shale. Thus, the overall goal of this study was to understand the effect of pyrite on biocide reactivity in hydraulic fracturing, focusing on the influence of pyrite on specific functional groups. The first specific objective was to demonstrate the effect of pyrite and pyrite reaction products on the degradation of the bromine-containing biocide, DBNPA. On the addition of pyrite to DBNPA, degradation rates of the doubly brominated compound were found to increase significantly. DBNPA is proposed to undergo redox reactions with the pyrite surface, accepting two-electrons from pyrite, and thus becoming reduced. The primary product is the monobrominated analogue of DBNPA, 2-monobromo-3-nitrilopropionamide (or MBNPA). The surface area-normalized first-order initial degradation rate constant was found to be 5.1 L.m-2day-1. It was also determined that the dissolution and oxidation products of pyrite, FeII, S2O32- and SO42- are unlikely to contribute to the reduction of the biocide. Taken together, the results illustrate that a surface reaction with pyrite has the ability to reduce the persistence of DBNPA, and as a consequence change the distribution of its reaction products. The second objective was to quantify the influence of water chemistry and interactions with pyrite on the degradation of the sulfur-containing biocide. Dazomet readily hydrolyzes in water due to the nucleophilic attack of hydroxide (OH-) anions. Thus the half-life of dazomet during the shut-in phase of hydraulic fracturing will decrease with increasing pH: 8.5 hours at pH 4.1 to 3.4 hours at pH 8.2.Dazomet degradation was rapidly accelerated upon exposure to the oxidized pyrite surface, reacting five times faster than hydrolysis in the absence of pyrite at a similar pH. The products measured were identical to those identified on hydrolysis (methyl isothiocyanate and formaldehyde) and no dissolved iron was detected in solutions. This suggests that the dithiocarbamate group in dazomet was able to chemisorb onto the oxidized pyrite surface, shifting the electron density of the molecule which resulted in accelerated hydrolysis of the biocide. The third objective explored the reactivity of various biocide functional groups due to the addition of pyrite. Several elimination mechanisms were identified, and tied to the reactivity of the specific functional group involved. The addition of pyrite led to accelerated degradation of dibromodicyanobutane. This is because the bromine (-Br) group is easily reduced. For methylene bis(thiocyanate), hydrolysis was a noteworthy elimination mechanism since the thiocyanate (-SCN) functionality is a good leaving group. Benzisothiazolinone and methyl isothiazolinone were stable at low pH due to the stabilizing donor-acceptor interactions between the organic biocides’ carbonyl (–C=O) groups and salts in the solution. This body of work has illustrated that pristine pyrite can undergo redox reactions with brominated biocides used in hydraulic fracturing, reducing their persistence and altering the product distribution. This will change the efficacy and the risks associated with the use of these biocides in shales containing pyrite, particularly at lower pH where organic compounds are more stable to hydrolysis. However, at higher pH hydrolysis becomes more important, and additional studies will need to be conducted to investigate the pyrite contribution under these conditions. Conversely, the FeIII surface groups on oxidized pyrite can catalyze the hydrolysis of dazomet and may do so for other labile, sulfur-containing biocides as well. Overall, this research has shown that the physicochemical properties (such as the acid dissociation constant and the standard reduction potential) that govern the environmental reactivity of a molecule can be used to anticipate its reactivity in hydraulic fracturing.
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Books on the topic "Chemical risk assessme":

1

Fisk, Peter. Chemical Risk Assessment. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118683989.

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van Leeuwen, C. J., and J. L. M. Hermens, eds. Risk Assessment of Chemicals. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8520-0.

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Leeuwen, C. J. van, and T. G. Vermeire, eds. Risk Assessment of Chemicals. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6102-8.

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Schettler, Gotthard, Dietrich Schmähl, and Thomas Klenner, eds. Risk Assessment in Chemical Carcinogenesis. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84529-1.

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Gotthard, Schettler, Schmähl Dietrich, and Klenner T, eds. Risk assessment in chemical carcinogenesis. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991.

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Sampaolo, Angelo. Risk assessment of chemical substances. Roma: M. Ragno, 1990.

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Tennant, David R. Food chemical risk analysis. [S.l.]: Springer, 2012.

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R, Tennant David, ed. Food chemical risk analysis. London: Blackie Academic & Professional, 1997.

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Richard, Cothern C., Mehlman Myron A, and Marcus William L, eds. Risk assessment and risk management of industrial and environmental chemicals. Princeton, N.J: Princeton Scientific Pub. Co., 1988.

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Hsu, Ching-Hung, and Todd Stedeford. Cancer risk assessment: Chemical carcinogenesis, hazard evaluation, and risk quantification. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Chemical risk assessme":

1

Asante-Duah, Kofi. "Chemical Hazard Determination." In Public Health Risk Assessment, 87–103. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0481-7_5.

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Asante-Duah, Kofi. "Evaluation of Chemical Toxicity." In Public Health Risk Assessment, 137–72. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0481-7_7.

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Benford, D. J., and D. R. Tennant. "Food chemical risk assessment." In Food Chemical Risk Analysis, 21–56. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1111-9_2.

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Asante-Duah, Kofi. "Chemical Risk Characterization." In Public Health Risk Assessment for Human Exposure to Chemicals, 289–329. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1039-6_11.

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Lovell, D. P., and G. Thomas. "Quantitative risk assessment." In Food Chemical Risk Analysis, 57–86. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1111-9_3.

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Van Der Poel, P., and J. P. M. Ros. "Emissions of Chemicals." In Risk Assessment of Chemicals, 19–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8520-0_2.

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Asante-Duah, Kofi. "Human Exposure to Chemicals." In Public Health Risk Assessment, 19–42. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0481-7_2.

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Diderich, R. "The Oecd Chemicals Programme." In Risk Assessment of Chemicals, 623–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6102-8_16.

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Asante-Duah, Kofi. "Chemical Risk Characterization and Uncertainty Analyses." In Public Health Risk Assessment, 173–212. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0481-7_8.

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Seidman, B. C., S. L. Brown, C. T. DeRosa, and M. M. Mumtaz. "Sensitive and Hypersusceptible Populations: Risk Assessment Considerations for Exposure to Single Chemicals or Chemical Mixtures." In Risk Analysis, 305–13. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0730-1_31.

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Conference papers on the topic "Chemical risk assessme":

1

Cibulić, Violeta, Sanja Mrazovac Kurilić, and Novica Staletović. "ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICAL RISK." In 53rd Annual Conference of the Serbian Water Pollution Control Society. SERBIAN WATER POLLUTION CONTROL SOCIETY, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/voda24.341c.

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The assessment and management of chemical risk in the electrolysis process were discussed in the paper. Existing chemical risks were evaluated for identified hazards from the use of chemicals in the production process, storage, or transportation phases, and actions for their elimination and management were predicted. The KINNEY method, primarily used for assessing workplace impacts, was employed for the first time in this study to assess chemical risk in a specific process. The level of chemical risk was determined as a product of consequences, probability, and frequency of chemical accidents, using the example of NaCl electrolysis and chemicals that may arise from this process. Considering the risk effects of all used or resulting chemical substances in the entire production process, the total risk level in the sodium chloride electrolysis process was calculated and it was at the upper boundary of moderate risk, level III risk.
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Li, Yihong, and Zhiqiang Hu. "Domino Effect Risk Assessment System for Offshore Oil and Gas Facilities Decommissioning." In ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-78196.

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Abstract The development of the offshore oil and gas industry has been experienced for more than a century and many offshore facilities are facing the decommissioning challenge. For the reason of offshore facilities are in a harsh ocean environment, the risk assessment and accidental warning technologies involved in the decommissioning process causes attention by industry and academia. Due to the characteristic of high-impact low-probability, domino effect accidents are required to be assessed by the European Union’s Seveso-II Directive, especially when considering the chemical industry risk assessment. However, at present, there is few risks assessment system for the decommissioning of offshore oil and gas facilities. This paper presents a study on the establishment of a Domino Effect risk assessment system for offshore oil and gas facilities’ decommissioning. Compared with the traditional risk assessment system which only conducts a unilateral assessment of certain hazards, this Domino effect risk assessment system combines 7 major hazards with 9 decommissioning procedures in 2 event layers. Meanwhile, a domino event trigger mechanism has been established. The proposed system uses theoretical equations to assess the risks assessment results quickly and accurately.
3

Malmén, Y., H. Joki, and J. S. Jensen. "A novel tool for risk assessment related to chemical attacks." In RISK ANALYSIS 2014. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/risk140111.

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Campanella, Luigi. "Sensors for chemical risk assessment." In Optical Technologies for Industrial, Environmental, and Biological Sensing, edited by Tuan Vo-Dinh, Guenter Gauglitz, Robert A. Lieberman, Klaus P. Schaefer, and Dennis K. Killinger. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.515596.

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Calace, N., B. M. Petronio, M. Pietroletti, E. Palmaccio, T. Campisi, and A. Iacondini. "Chemical and ecotoxicological analyses to assess the environmental risk of the Garigliano River (central Italy)." In Environmental Health Risk 2005. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ehr050091.

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Lu, Ying. "AHP -based Risk Assessment of Chemical Supply Chain." In Information Science for Industry 2014. Science & Engineering Research Support soCiety, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/astl.2014.53.14.

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Roberts, Daniel T. "Applying risk assessment at the worker level." In 2017 IEEE Petroleum and Chemical Industry Technical Conference (PCIC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pcicon.2017.8188758.

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Ding, Cui. "Risk assessment of physical and chemical analysis laboratory based on the laboratory risk assessment model." In 2021 2nd International Conference on Urban Engineering and Management Science (ICUEMS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icuems52408.2021.00070.

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Potapova, I. A., I. V. Fedotova, and E. F. Chernikova. "ORGAN EFFECTS RISK ASSESSMENT UNDER POLLUTANTS COMBINED EXPOSURE ON WORKERS OF METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY." In The 17th «OCCUPATION and HEALTH» Russian National Congress with International Participation (OHRNC-2023). FSBSI «IRIOH», 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-1-4-2023-1-365-370.

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In the conditions of modernization of many technological processes at modern metallurgical enterprises, there is an improvement in the state of the air environment — the content of individual pollutants in the air of the working area does not exceed hygienic standards, and working conditions are classified as permissible. At the same time, the presence of compounds with unidirectional biological action in the VRZ, when summed up, can cause increased occupational risks. The purpose of the work is to assess the a priori occupational risk of organ effects in metallurgists under the complex effects of chemicals and aerosols of predominantly fibrogenic action in the air at workplaces (RM) of full‒cycle metallurgical production. In conditions of exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations of individual pollutants, workers work at 43.7% of workplaces, taking into account the combined effects of a chemical factor with a hazard index above one and concentrations of aerosols of predominantly fibrogenic action exceeding hygienic regulations — at 65.5% of workplaces. The risk assessment, taking into account the organ effects of pollutants with unidirectional biological effects, showed that metallurgists at 61.8% of workplaces have increased risks of pathological disorders for the respiratory system, by 69.1% — for the cardiovascular system, by 58.2% — for the hematopoiesis system and by 29.1% — for the gastrointestinal tract. At the same time, the main contribution to their formation is made by sulfur dioxide, suspended solids, nickel, manganese, formaldehyde, benzene and benz(a)pyrene.
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Mauro, Elena. "Best Practice and Common Practice in Risk Assessment." In 2019 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference Europe (PCIC Europe). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/pciceurope46863.2019.9011636.

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Reports on the topic "Chemical risk assessme":

1

Campbell, Chris G., Robert Greenwalt, Ellen Raber, Sav Mancieri, Michael Dillon, Kamalpal Roy, Heather Byrnes, et al. Response Risk Assessment Process for Chemical Incidents. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1489462.

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Cheng, J. J., and C. Yu. Applying RESRAD-CHEM for chemical risk assessment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/95207.

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Nelson, Andrew Wyatt, and Mary Beth Mulcahy. Chemical Security Handbook: Security Risk Assessment for Laboratories. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1635333.

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Chang, Joseph, Martin N. Fabrick, Vincent Ho, Song T. Huang, David Douthat, and Bernard Bindel. Fire Risk Assessment for Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program Facilities. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada519786.

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Vora, Mehul Arun, Steinar Sanni, and Roger Flage. Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) of IOR solutions on the Norwegian Continental Shelf. University of Stavanger, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.209.

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The aim of the Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) work at the IOR Centre is to provide methods, procedures, and key data to enable assessment of environmental risk in relation to IOR solutions (products and processes) elaborated at the center. The objective of this report is to provide a user guidance summary on methods and tools to conduct ERA related to different IOR solutions. It will explain workflows, expertise, and tools needed in relation to different types of IOR solutions applied. The report is foremost addressed to environmental engineers in the oil and gas industry, but will also be relevant for environmental managers, environmental authorities and regulators as well as for suppliers of chemical products and environmental services.
6

Sterner, Teresa R., Peter J. Robinson, David R. Mattie, and G. A. Burton. The Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures Risk Assessment for Human and Ecological Receptors. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada458544.

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Osborne, Olivia, Cath Mulholland, Sophy Wells, and Alan Boobis. Evolving Our Assessment & Future Guiding Principles Workshop Report (2023). Food Standards Agency, February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.qpo647.

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1.The Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COT) held a workshop to start work on updating their guidance on toxicity testing and its supporting principles. The starting point for the process is to use existing frameworks and guidance but with the aim of introducing innovative improvements where appropriate. 2.The workshop aimed to identify areas where guidance needs to evolve and included reviewing fundamental risk assessment principles, current guidance on risk assessment and what can be learned from it, integration of new approach methodologies, exploring hazard vs risk and weight of evidence. 3.The overall objective was to discuss how the Committee moves forward in a new era of risk assessment.
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Pound, B. G. GRI-99-0000 Gap Analysis of the GRI Research Program on Internal Corrosion. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010720.

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Extensive information on the corrosion of steel in aqueous CO2 systems is now available from this program and numerous other sources. This information was reviewed to identify what research has been performed and what research remains to be undertaken to develop a expert system/risk management program. Four areas were examined: corrosion mechanisms, mitigation strategies, monitoring techniques, and models/risk assessment. There were five gaps in mechanisms (two for bacteria and one each for flow rate/chloride concentration, hydrocarbons, and organic acids) and four gaps in mitigation (antibiofilm additives, antibacterial corrosion inhibitors, antibiofilm coatings, and UV light). Monitoring techniques have one principal gap, which is the lack of a single sensor that can indicate the type of corrosion and whether bacteria are involved. Various gaps were found in the approaches used for modeling and risk assessment: semiempirical and mechanistic models (deficient in their ability to treat films, H2S, and bacteria); thermodynamic models (incomplete range of key chemical species); statistical models (limited testing); probabilistic risk assessment (lack of usable data); and ranking risk assessment (lack of appropriate algorithms for internal corrosion).
9

Buddendorf, Bas, Mechteld ter Horst, and Ivo Roessink. Investigating the need for environmental risk assessment of chemical crop protection practices in seaweed. Wageningen: Wageningen Environmental Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/550814.

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Committee on Toxicology. New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) In Regulatory Risk Assessment Workshop Report 2020- Exploring Dose Response. Food Standards Agency, March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.cha679.

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The UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) and the Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COT) held an “Exploring Dose Response” workshop in a multidisciplinary setting inviting regulatory agencies, government bodies, academia and industry. The workshop provided a platform from which to address and enable expert discussions on the latest in silico prediction models, new approach methodologies (NAMs), physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK), future methodologies, integrated approaches to testing and assessment (IATA) as well as methodology validation. Using a series of presentations from external experts and case study (plastic particles, polymers, tropane alkaloids, selective androgen receptor modulators) discussions, the workshop outlined and explored an approach that is fit for purpose applied to future human health risk assessment in the context of food safety. Furthermore, possible future research opportunities were explored to establish points of departure (PODs) using non-animal alternative models and to improve the use of exposure metrics in risk assessment.

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