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Journal articles on the topic 'Chemical removal'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 15 June 2024

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1

Fan, Jie, Han Hu, Ying Zhang, and Lei Zhu. "Biological Phosphorus Removal Combined with Ferrous Chemical Phosphorus Removal." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 3339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.3339.

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Chemical phosphorus removal is widely applied to enhance the biological phosphorus removal in order to meet the discharge requirement. Performance change caused by ferrous sulfate was investigated in this study. Compared to the control system which was not chemically dosed, pH and SVI slightly decreased while conductivity increased. The correlation between phosphorus and conductivity was weakened. The release and uptake of potassium declined, illustrating a negative impact of chemical precipitant on phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAO). The phosphorus uptake decreased while phosphorus release fluctuated. The phosphorus was not suitable for revealing the metabolic activity of PAO due to formation of ferric phosphate and ferric hydroxide.

2

Watanabe, Yoshimasa. "Phosphorous removal by chemical coagulation." Japan journal of water pollution research 11, no. 10 (1988): 611–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2965/jswe1978.11.611.

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3

Zollitsch, Carsten. "Chemical Removal of Powder Coatings." JOT-International Surface Technology 4, no. 1 (January 2011): 36–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1365/s35724-011-0015-5.

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4

Thistleton, J., T. Clark, P. Pearce, and S. A. Parsons. "Mechanisms of Chemical Phosphorus Removal." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 79, no. 6 (November 2001): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/095758201753373104.

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5

Taherabdollah, Ali, and Mustafa Abdullah. "Comparison of Removal of Chromium by using Natural and Chemical Adsorbents." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12, no. 9 (September 5, 2023): 642–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr23903165126.

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6

Sharon, Vinitha. "Effect of Greywater Characteristics on its Chemical Coagulation." International Journal of Engineering Technology and Management Sciences 4, no. 2 (March 28, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.46647/ijetms.2020.v04i02.001.

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The effect of physico-chemical characteristics of greywater on its chemical coagulation was assessed employing real greywater with varying characteristics using both alum and polyaluminium chloride (PACl) as coagulants. Optimum PACl dosages required were significantly less compared to alum for similar initial turbidity levels. Also, PACl produced less turbid treated greywater. As the initial pH increased, the optimum coagulant dose also increased for both alum and PACl. At similar optimum dosages, PACl gave higher COD removal compared to alum. Total coliform removal showed no significant difference with removals of 98.3% and 98.9%, respectively for alum and PACl.

7

Kono, Akihiko, Kenji Yada, Hideo Horibe, Hiromitsu Ota, and Motonori Yanagi. "Removal of Negative-tone Novolak Chemical Amplification Resist by Chemicals." KAGAKU KOGAKU RONBUNSHU 36, no. 6 (2010): 589–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.36.589.

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8

Altinbaş, M., C. Yangin, and I. Ozturk. "Struvite precipitation from anaerobically treated municipal and landfill wastewaters." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 9 (November 1, 2002): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0257.

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A two-stage treatment system including upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor pre-treatment combined with a chemical post treatment system such as magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) precipitation was proposed as a comparable alternative to conventional biological treatment. In this study, anaerobically pre-treated domestic wastewater, domestic wastewater mixed with 2% and 3% of leachate by volume and raw leachate were further treated chemically with MAP precipitation. MAP precipitation was both applied at the stoichiometric ratio (Mg:NH4 = PO4; 1:1:1) and above the stoichiometric ratio (1.1:1:1 and 1.1:1:1.1) on domestic wastewater +3% leachate mixture. Maximum NH4-N removal of 68% was achieved at the pH of 9.2 at the stoichiometric ratio, whereas at the same pH value 70 to 72% NH4-N removal was obtained above the stoichiometric ratio. Additional ammonia recovery studies were conducted on Fenton's oxidation applied effluents before MAP precipitation and no significant additional ammonium removal was achieved. However, by the application of Fenton's oxidation high additional COD removals were obtained. Consequently, chemical treatment by MAP precipitation and/or Fenton's oxidation after anaerobic treatment yielded very effective removals for COD and NH4-N in domestic wastewaters + leachate mixtures.

9

Nedjah, Nawel, Oualid Hamdaoui, and Nabila Laskri. "Phosphorus Removal of Urban Wastewater by Physico- Chemical Treatment: Waterways Euthrophication Prevention." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 6, no. 6 (2015): 435–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijesd.2015.v6.632.

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10

Onawole, Abdulmujeeb T., Ibnelwaleed A. Hussein, Hassan I. Nimir, Musa E. M. Ahmed, and Mohammed A. Saad. "Molecular Design of Novel Chemicals for Iron Sulfide Scale Removal." Journal of Chemistry 2021 (February 5, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7698762.

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Scale deposition is a pertinent challenge in the oil and gas industry. Scales formed from iron sulfide are one of the troublous scales, particularly pyrite. Moreover, the use of biodegradable environmentally friendly chemicals reduces the cost compared to the conventional removal process. In this work, the chelating abilities of four novel chemicals, designed using the in silico technique of density functional theory (DFT), are studied as potential iron sulfide scale removers. Only one of the chemicals containing a hydroxamate functional group had a good chelating ability with Fe2+. The chelating strength and ecotoxicological properties of this chemical were compared to diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), an already established iron sulfide scale remover. The new promising chemical surpassed DTPA in being a safer chemical and having a greater binding affinity to Fe2+ upon optimization, hence, a better choice. The presence of oxime (-NHOH) and carbonyl (C=O) moieties in the new chemical showed that the bidentate form of chelation is favored. Moreover, the presence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond enhanced its chelating ability.

11

Ball, Andrew S., and Krishna K. Kadali. "The microbial removal of toxic waste." Microbiology Australia 33, no. 3 (2012): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma12097.

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The rapid growth of the global chemical industry over the last 35 years has meant that there have been both increased amounts and complexity of toxic waste effluents. Global chemical output increased by 63% in the period from 1996 to 20101; this increase has led to an unprecedented release into the environment of a vast array of chemicals. Bioremediation is now a successful environmental biotechnology used for the remediation of these pollutants, having a number of advantages (for example, cost, environmental friendly means of disposal) over any alternative treatment such as placing in landfill or incineration. Bioremediation offers the opportunity to utilise the natural microbial population to treat the contaminated site, returning the elements making up the contaminants to natural nutrient cycling.

12

Sanderson, Kenneth C., Willis C. Martin, and R. Bruce Reed. "Chemical Removal of Premature, Unwanted Azalea Buds." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 6, no. 4 (December 1, 1988): 122–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-6.4.122.

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Spray applications of 4.2% Off-Shoot-0 (a mixture of methyl ester of fatty acids C6, C8, C10, and C12) effectively destroyed flower bud scales and flower parts on the azalea (Rhododendron simsii Plachon.) cultivars ‘Prize’ and ‘Kingfisher’. The addition of ethephon to Off-Shoot-0 did not increase the destruction of bud scales and flower parts. Dikegulac-sodium and oxathiin alone or in combination with ethephon did not significantly destroy scales or flower parts. Destructive chemical pinching agents such as dimethyl dodecylamine and n-undecanol usually were as effective as Off-Shoot-0 in killing bud scales but not flower parts. Cultivars differed slightly in their response to chemicals designed to destroy unwanted flower buds.

13

Trinh, T., B. van den Akker, R. M. Stuetz, H. M. Coleman, P. Le-Clech, and S. J. Khan. "Removal of trace organic chemical contaminants by a membrane bioreactor." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 9 (November 1, 2012): 1856–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.374.

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Emerging wastewater treatment processes such as membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have attracted a significant amount of interest internationally due to their ability to produce high quality effluent suitable for water recycling. It is therefore important that their efficiency in removing hazardous trace organic contaminants be assessed. Accordingly, this study investigated the removal of trace organic chemical contaminants through a full-scale, package MBR in New South Wales, Australia. This study was unique in the context of MBR research because it characterised the removal of 48 trace organic chemical contaminants, which included steroidal hormones, xenoestrogens, pesticides, caffeine, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Results showed that the removal of most trace organic chemical contaminants through the MBR was high (above 90%). However, amitriptyline, carbamazepine, diazepam, diclofenac, fluoxetine, gemfibrozil, omeprazole, sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim were only partially removed through the MBR with the removal efficiencies of 24–68%. These are potential indicators for assessing MBR performance as these chemicals are usually sensitive to changes in the treatment systems. The trace organic chemical contaminants detected in the MBR permeate were 1 to 6 orders of magnitude lower than guideline values reported in the Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling. The outcomes of this study enhanced our understanding of the levels and removal of trace organic contaminants by MBRs.

14

Brandenburger, Frank. "The status of chemical coating removal." IST International Surface Technology 10, no. 1 (March 2017): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s35724-017-0018-y.

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15

Švadlena, Jan, Tomáš Prošek, Kristýna Charlotte Strachotová, and Milan Kouřil. "Chemical Removal of Lead Corrosion Products." Materials 13, no. 24 (December 12, 2020): 5672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13245672.

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Restoration treatment, specimen preparation or mass loss measurements on coupons made of lead require a reliable process of dissolution of corrosion products. In this study, several types of model corrosion products with compositions representative of those found on real objects were prepared and characterized. Ten solutions were then thoroughly tested in interval cleaning experiments, regarding the efficiency of removal of the corrosion products, corrosivity towards bare lead, and remnants left on the surface. The solution recommended in the current version of the ISO 8470 standard was found to be improper for the cleaning of both historical artefacts and corrosion coupons due to its inability to remove sulfide corrosion products and the risk of surface contamination and staining. A solution of 20% hydrochloric acid is the best choice for the preparation of lead coupons before exposure or for evaluation of mass loss of exposed samples because its somewhat higher corrosivity towards metallic lead is tolerable for these applications. Rochelle salt solution was found to be optimal for the cleaning of historical artefacts free of sulfide corrosion products due to the lowest corrosivity. None of these alternative solutions leave remnants on the surface and they are efficient at laboratory temperature.

16

Wang, Hui, Bin Li, Wei Fang Ma, Fan Gang Zeng, Hai Tao Fan, and Chuan Feng Deng. "Optimization of Chemical Phosphorous Removal Medicament." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 3213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.3213.

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This paper takes the urban sewage as treatment target, analyses chemical phosphorous removal effect of PFS, PAC, PAFSI, PAFC and the PAFC which is used by Wu Family Village sewage treatment plant. Taking into consideration of the economic factors in actual operation, the author proposed that the PAFC used by Wu Family Village sewage treatment plant should be served as a chemical auxiliary medicament, under β ≤ 4.33 conditions, β values and effluent TP concentration showed a good correlation. In this paper, the mixing intensity, mixing time, dosage and pH are treated as mainly investigate factors, the four factors and three levels orthogonal test is established. The flocculation conditions of best treatment effect on the effluent TP are as follows: mixing intensity is 200 r/min, stirring time is 90s , dosage is 220 mg / L and pH is 6.CLC number: X703.5

17

Cheng, W. "Chemical extraction technique for tattoo removal." British Journal of Dermatology 151, no. 6 (December 2004): 1282–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.06287.x.

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18

SAINI, RITU, SANDRA M. WINHOVEN, and JOELY KAUFMAN. "Hypertrophic Scar After Chemical Tattoo Removal." Dermatologic Surgery 34, no. 11 (November 2008): 1599–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042728-200811000-00033.

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19

SAINI, RITU, SANDRA M. WINHOVEN, and JOELY KAUFMAN. "Hypertrophic Scar After Chemical Tattoo Removal." Dermatologic Surgery 34, no. 11 (September 24, 2008): 1599–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2008.34332.x.

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20

Thistleton, J., T. A. Berry, P. Pearce, and S. A. Parsons. "Mechanisms of Chemical Phosphorus Removal II." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 80, no. 5 (September 2002): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/095758202762277623.

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21

Chen, Xiao, and Philip S. Stewart. "Biofilm removal caused by chemical treatments." Water Research 34, no. 17 (December 2000): 4229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(00)00187-1.

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22

Johnson, Duval, Enrique Dominguez, Elizabeth Montalvo, Zhen Zhou, and Ashlie Martini. "Quantifying Varnish Removal Using Chemical Flushes." Tribology Transactions 61, no. 6 (July 3, 2018): 1067–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2018.1468520.

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23

Murphy, Andrew P. "Chemical removal of nitrate from water." Nature 350, no. 6315 (March 1991): 223–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/350223a0.

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24

Hande Gursoy-Haksevenler, B., and Idil Arslan-Alaton. "Treatment of olive mill wastewater by chemical processes: effect of acid cracking pretreatment." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 7 (January 25, 2014): 1453–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.042.

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The effect of acid cracking (pH 2.0; T 70 °C) and filtration as a pretreatment step on the chemical treatability of olive mill wastewater (chemical oxygen demand (COD) 150,000 m/L; total organic carbon (TOC) 36,000 mg/L; oil–grease 8,200 mg/L; total phenols 3,800 mg/L) was investigated. FeCl3 coagulation, Ca(OH)2 precipitation, electrocoagulation using stainless steel electrodes and the Fenton's reagent were applied as chemical treatment methods. Removal performances were examined in terms of COD, TOC, oil–grease, total phenols, colour, suspended solids and acute toxicity with the photobacterium Vibrio fischeri. Significant oil–grease (95%) and suspended solids (96%) accompanied with 58% COD, 43% TOC, 39% total phenols and 80% colour removals were obtained by acid cracking-filtration pretreatment. Among the investigated chemical treatment processes, electrocoagulation and the Fenton's reagent were found more effective after pretreatment, especially in terms of total phenols removal. Total phenols removal increased from 39 to 72% when pretreatment was applied, while no significant additional (≈10–15%) COD and TOC removals were obtained when acid cracking was coupled with chemical treatment. The acute toxicity of the original olive mill wastewater sample increased considerably after pretreatment from 75 to 89% (measured for the 10-fold diluted wastewater sample). An operating cost analysis was also performed for the selected chemical treatment processes.

25

Väänänen, J., M. Cimbritz, and J. la Cour Jansen. "Microsieving in primary treatment: effect of chemical dosing." Water Science and Technology 74, no. 2 (May 6, 2016): 438–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.223.

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Primary and chemically enhanced primary wastewater treatment with microsieving (disc or drum filtration) was studied at the large pilot scale at seven municipal wastewater treatment plants in Europe. Without chemical dosing, the reduction of suspended solids (SS) was (on average) 50% (20–65%). By introducing chemically enhanced primary treatment and dosing with cationic polymer only, SS removal could be controlled and increased to >80%. A maximum SS removal of >90% was achieved with a chemical dosing of >0.007 mg polymer/mg influent SS and 20 mg Al3+/L or 30 mg Fe3+/L. When comparing sieve pore sizes of 30–40 μm with 100 μm, the effluent SS was comparable, indicating that the larger sieve pore size could be used due to the higher loading capacity for the solids. Phosphorus removal was adjusted with the coagulant dose, and a removal of 95–97% was achieved. Moreover, microsieving offers favourable conditions for automated dosing control due to the low retention time in the filter.

26

Elsheikh, Mahmoud Abdel-Shafy. "Tannery wastewater pre-treatment." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 2 (July 1, 2009): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.351.

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Tannery wastewater is one of the most pollution sources. It can cause environmental problems related to its high organic matter, suspended solids and chromium. Chromium (III) salts are the most widely used chemicals for tanning processes, causing the tannery wastewater to be highly pollutant with chromium. The main objective of this study is to investigate the pre-treatment of an actual Egyptian tannery wastewater using two systems; the first electrolytic system and the second physico-chemical system. The performances of electrolytic system at current of 10, 20, 30 and 40 A were discussed. Poor removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), chromium (III), ammonia (NH4+ and sulfide (S2−) were obtained. In the second physico-chemical system, calcium hydroxide was used as a coagulant material for chromium precipitation and plain sedimentation was applied for reducing of COD, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and TSS. The results demonstrate 98.8% removal of chromium, 31% removal of COD, 25.8% removal of BOD5 and 51.2% removal of TSS.

27

Lu, Xi, Song Huang, Haichen Liu, Fengwei Yang, Ting Zhang, and Xinyu Wan. "Research on Intelligent Chemical Dosing System for Phosphorus Removal in Wastewater Treatment Plants." Water 16, no. 11 (June 6, 2024): 1623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16111623.

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Whether the phosphorus removal chemical in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) can be accurately dosed not only affects the compliance of the effluent total phosphorus but also has a huge impact on sludge production and energy consumption during the wastewater treatment process. For the effluent from the secondary sedimentation tank of a wastewater treatment plant in southern China, based on experimental screening of the optimal pH value, chemical types and concentrations of chemicals, coagulation time, etc., a dynamic dosage prediction feedforward model for chemical phosphorus removal agents in the effluent from the secondary sedimentation tank of the WWTPs was developed to predict the most economical dosage of the chemicals. Meanwhile, combined with the adaptive fuzzy neural network P feedback control algorithm, dynamic real-time control of chemical dosing was achieved. Through micro-control design, a software model for signal collection and feedback in a specific phosphorus removal scenario was formed, and an automatic control system for chemical dosing was ultimately developed for a WWTP in a city in southern China. After stable operation for two months, the system achieved a 100% compliance rate for effluent total phosphorus (TP) concentration and a 67% improvement in effluent stability, helping the wastewater treatment plant achieve stable and precise control of the phosphorus removal process in the secondary sedimentation tank effluent, which is conducive to further promoting its implementation of low-carbon pathways.

28

Rusten, Bjørn, Arne Lundar, Ola Eide, and Hallvard Ødegaard. "Chemical Pretreatment of Dairy Wastewater." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 2 (July 1, 1993): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0078.

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Chemical treatment of dairy wastewater was studied, using dissolved air flotation for solids separation. Four different combinations of coagulants were tested. Total COD removal was very dependent on the influent CODF/CODT ratio, with the bigbest removal efficiencies at the lowest CODF/CODT ratios. About 60% removal of total COD could be achieved at a CODF/CODT ratio of 0.6. JKL (FeClSO4) removed 2-3% more COD than H2SO4 plus CMC (carboxy methyl cellulose), and 4-6% more COD than lactic acid plus CMC. H2SO4 plus LSA (lignosulphonic acid) bad the poorest removal efficiencies. Use of lactic acid plus CMC is a novel and promising approach. Further studies of the lactic acid plus CMC process is recommended, especially with regard to the feed value of the sludge.

29

Kehinde, Fagbenro Oluwakemi, and Hamidi Abdul Aziz. "Influence of Operating Conditions on the Persulfate Oxidation of Textile Waste Water at Ambient Temperature." Applied Mechanics and Materials 802 (October 2015): 454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.802.454.

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At the ambient temperatures, the influence of operating conditions on persulfate (S2O8) oxidation of real textile wastewater was investigated for the removal of color, suspended solids (SS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The effects of oxidant dosage, initial solution pH and contact time were studied in a series of batch experiments using persulfate (PS) oxidant as sodium persulfate. Oxidant dose was defined by an oxidant/contaminant (PS/COD) molar ratio, varied from 1/1-10/1. Although parameter removals increased with the oxidant dose, especially for color and SS, a PS/COD molar ratio of 4/1 (6720mg/L) was adopted in a bid to use fewer chemicals. The pH was varied from 2-11, with pH of between 2 and 3 being the optimum. At 360minutes contact time, the removals of color, SS and COD were 84%; 71% and 32% respectively. Although relatively effective, especially for color removal, results show that the reactions might have been inhibited at ambient temperatures as shown by the particularly low removal of COD.

30

Silva, S. A., R. de Oliveira, J. Soares, D. D. Mara, and H. W. Pearson. "Nitrogen removal in pond systems with different configurations and geometries." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 12 (June 1, 1995): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0501.

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Nitrogen removal in its various chemical forms was evaluated in a complex of waste stabilisation ponds comprising ponds of different depths and geometries. TKN and ammonia removal reached 78.5% and >90%, respectively, in the 5-pond systems with overall retention times of only 19 days. Removals were highest in the maturation ponds, and shallow maturation ponds were the most efficient. In terms of optimum pond geometry, high nitrogen and ammonia removal was compatible with optimal BOD5 removal and faecal coliform die-off. TKN and ammonia removal in these ponds could be modelled using conventional first-order equations.

31

Koo, Il Gyo, Cameron A. Moore, Myeong Yeol Choi, Gon Jun Kim, Paul Y. Kim, Yoon-Sun Kim, Zengqi Yu, and George J. Collins. "Chemical-Driven Tissue Removal and Removal Profiles by Atmospheric Plasma Irradiation." Plasma Processes and Polymers 8, no. 12 (October 4, 2011): 1103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppap.201100006.

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32

Chen, Chiu-Yang. "Comparative Studies on the Primary Treatment of Municipal Wastewater for Ocean Disposal." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 7 (October 1, 1993): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0135.

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The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of primary treatment on municipal wastewater before it is discharged into the ocean. A series of filter papers of specified pore size was applied to measure the removal of organics and solids in wastewater through various primary treatment processes. For plain sedimentation, the removal of suspended solids was always less than 50% while COD and BOD removals were 23-41% and 15-27%, respectively. For chemical coagulation with the addition of poly aluminium chloride (PAC), 70% SS removal was obtained with a PAC dose of 30 mg/l. If polyelectrolyte is added (about 1 mg/l), the dosage of PAC can be reduced to around 10 mg/l to maintain the SS removal efficiency at the same level. For air flocculation treatment by preaeration followed by sedimentation, the most achievable removal of solids from wastewater of more than 80% was obtained at an aeration rate of 0.5-1.0 Nl air/l. In particular it is more effective for smaller solids than for larger solids in wastewater. On organic removal, about 15-40% removal in terms of COD or BOD was obtained by treating wastewater with either plain sedimentation or air flocculation and sedimentation processes. The efficiency of organic removal from wastewater increased to about 60% by utilizing chemical coagulation and sedimentation treatment. Based upon the characteristics of tested municipal wastewater, in order to maintain the SS removal at 65% or above as regulated, the treatment processes of chemical coagulation or air flocculation followed by sedimentation should be employed.

33

Liu, Yanchen, Hanchang Shi, Wenlin Li, Yanling Hou, and Miao He. "Inhibition of chemical dose in biological phosphorus and nitrogen removal in simultaneous chemical precipitation for phosphorus removal." Bioresource Technology 102, no. 5 (March 2011): 4008–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.107.

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34

Maynard, Allan W. "Chemical Monitoring: Effective Use of Chemical Analysis for Optimization of Contaminant Removal." Water Quality Research Journal 24, no. 3 (August 1, 1989): 411–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1989.025.

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Abstract A number of comprehensive programs have been carried out to characterize oil refinery wastewaters with respect to specific organic and inorganic toxic chemicals. This paper provides some background on these studies which have shown that wastewater treatment systems at refinery sites are effective in reducing or removing toxic chemicals. Also presented is a discussion of analytical variability so readers can better appreciate the validity of results obtained from effluent monitoring programs. The variability associated with some chemical analyses, can be significant. Finally, a recommended approach towards routinely monitoring effluent quality and effectiveness of treatment, is presented. This approach involves the monitoring for total phenols, as a possible “surrogate” parameter, along with a “short list” of demonstration parameters.

35

Wang, Ze. "Selection of chemical phosphorus removal scheme based on Analytic Hierarchy Process." E3S Web of Conferences 245 (2021): 03073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124503073.

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Chemical precipitation phosphorus removal process can improve the phosphorus removal effect of sewage treatment system to meet the increasingly stringent discharge standards. In order to assist designers in selecting reasonable chemical phosphorus removal schemes, the analytic hierarchy process was applied to quantitatively evaluate each chemical phosphorus removal scheme from four aspects: water treatment effect, operation cost, operation and management difficulty and environmental impact. Finally, combined with an engineering example, the process of analytic hierarchy process quantitative evaluation of chemical phosphorus removal scheme and the method of selecting the optimal scheme are introduced, which provides a reference for the selection of chemical phosphorus removal scheme in engineering.

36

Kuo, Peter, and Ian Currier. "Augmented CMP Techniques for Silicon Carbide." Materials Science Forum 527-529 (October 2006): 1099–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.527-529.1099.

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Chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) has proven a powerful tool for the final polishing of semiconductor and compound semiconductor substrates such as silicon, sapphire, gallium arsenide, and indium phosphide. For these materials, conventional CMP techniques have been able to produce removal rates of several μm/hr while achieving pristine, epi-ready surfaces with subsurface damage less than 10[nm]. For certain materials of interest in the compound semiconductor community, particularly silicon carbide (SiC) and the III-V nitrides, conventional CMP techniques perform poorly. These materials are extremely chemically inert, negating the desired chemical effect leading to removal rates of less than 0.1[μm/hr]. These materials are also very brittle and take damage easily, so a significant amount of material must be removed to ensure a sufficiently low subsurface damage for epitaxy. This paper documents the improvements made in the CMP of 4H and 6H SiC by augmenting a colloidal silica slurry with chemical additives and with special treated nano size diamond particles. The chemical additives proved most effective on 4H SiC, enhancing the slurry’s chemical effect and improving its removal rate. For both materials, the addition of the diamond (Chemical-Mechanical Polish with Diamond, CMP-D) greatly enhanced the removal rate and provided strong synergy between mechanical strain and chemical effect resulting in low subsurface damage.

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Clauson-Kaas, J., T. Sander Poulsen, B. Neergaard-Jacobsen, T. Guildal, and C. Thirsing. "Economic and environmental optimization of phosphorus removal." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 7 (October 1, 2004): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0466.

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Do operating costs conform to environmental impact after introduction of charges on discharge of wastewater? A study on optimization of phosphorus removal at two Danish wastewater removal plants shows that this is actually the case. By measurement of inlet and outlet concentrations and of chemicals added it was possible to determine the relationships between chemical dosing and phosphorus discharge and thus calculate the operational cost and environmental impact of different dosing/discharge levels.

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Vogt, Beatriz Farias, Roberta Dalmolin Bergoli, Carlos Eduardo Chrzanowski Pereira De Souza, Natália Marreco Weigert, Stela Maris Wanderley Nobre, Adriana Etges, and Daniela Nascimento Silva. "The effect of propolis solution on root surface treatment in replanted teeth." Brazilian Dental Science 18, no. 3 (September 21, 2015): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/bds.2015.v18i3.1147.

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<strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this study was to assess the effect of propolis solution on root surface treatment in cases of delayed tooth replantation following chemical or mechanical removal of the periodontal ligament. <strong>Material and methods:</strong> Maxillary right central incisors of 36 male rats (Wistar) were extracted, kept in a dry environment for 15 minutes and then distributed into six groups, as follows: mechanical-propolis and mechanical-fluoride (mechanical removal followed by immersion in 6% propolis and 2% sodium fluoride, respectively), mechanical (mechanical removal only), chemical-propolis and chemical-fluoride (chemical removal followed byimmersion in 6% propolis and 2% sodium fluoride, respectively), and chemical (chemical removal only). Following periodontal ligament removal, root canals were filled with calcium hydroxide paste and replanted. After 60 days, histological analysis with light microscopy was carried out to detect areas of dentoalveolar ankylosis and root resorption. <strong>Results:</strong> Results revealed that chemical removal of the periodontal ligament was associated with slightly better tissue repair findings when compared with mechanical removal. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> The use of 6% propolis solution encouraged tissue repair, while the 2% sodium fluoride solution combined with chemical removal resulted in a better-organized healing process, with less destruction of dentine when compared with the 6% propolis solution.

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Carliell-Marquet, C., J. Smith, I. Oikonomidis, and A. Wheatley. "Inorganic profiles of chemical phosphorus removal sludge." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water Management 163, no. 2 (February 2010): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/wama.2010.163.2.65.

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Dabkowski, Bob, Mike Savelli, and Brian Mehr. "Automating Chemical Phosphorus Removal in Real Time." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2011, no. 15 (January 1, 2011): 2235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864711802713333.

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XIA, XUN, and GOODARZ AHMADI. "Surface Removal Rate in Chemical-Mechanical Polishing." Particulate Science and Technology 20, no. 3 (July 2002): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02726350216090.

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Tillotson, Simon. "Phosphate removal: an alternative to chemical dosing." Filtration & Separation 43, no. 5 (June 2006): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(06)70884-9.

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Safferman, Steven I., Erin M. Henderson, and Richard L. Helferich. "Chemical Phosphorus Removal from Onsite Generated Wastewater." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2007, no. 18 (October 13, 2007): 1071–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864707787452381.

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Sriveeraraghavan, S., R. M. Krishnan, and S. R. Natarajan. "Chemical removal of solder or solder electroplates." Metal Finishing 93, no. 1 (January 1995): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0026-0576(95)91150-l.

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Gordon, Gilbert, Renee D. Gauw, Gary L. Emmert, Bryan D. Walters, and Bernard Bubnis. "Chemical Reduction Methods for Bromate Ion Removal." Journal - American Water Works Association 94, no. 2 (February 2002): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2002.tb09410.x.

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Ribeiro, Jefferson P., Juliene T. Oliveira, André G. Oliveira, Francisco W. Sousa, Eliezer F. Abdala Neto, Carla B. Vidal, Denis de Keukeleire, André B. dos Santos, and Ronaldo F. Nascimento. "Treatment of Sulfonated Azo Dye Reactive Red 198 by UV/H2O2." Journal of Chemistry 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/619815.

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UV/H2O2system was tested on the color removal of sulfonated azo dye Reactive Red 198 (RR), which is widely used in textile process. The effects of hydrogen peroxide concentration, temperature, pH, and the in-line addition of hydrogen peroxide on high color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removals were investigated. The kinetic of dye decolorization was also determined. The results showed that 2% H2O2decreased the process efficiency, while 1% H2O2solution led to a better performance of the system. Despite the fact that the pH increase had small effect on color removal, it affects positively COD removals. The same behavior was found for temperature increase. A high temperature resulted in a slight decrease in color removal and a sharp decrease for COD removal. In addition the H2O2in-line provided a small improvement in both color and COD removals. UV/1% H2O2treatment was the most efficient, the good performance was linked to higher amount of hydroxyl radicals formed.

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Lu, Ting, Biju George, Hong Zhao, and Wenjun Liu. "A case study of coupling upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) and ANITA™ Mox process to treat high-strength landfill leachate." Water Science and Technology 73, no. 3 (October 20, 2015): 662–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.536.

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A pilot study was conducted to study the treatability of high-strength landfill leachate by a combined process including upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), carbon removal (C-stage) moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) and ANITA™ Mox process. The major innovation on this pilot study is the patent-pending process invented by Veolia that integrates the above three unit processes with an effluent recycle stream, which not only maintains the low hydraulic retention time to enhance the treatment performance but also reduces inhibiting effect from chemicals present in the high-strength leachate. This pilot study has demonstrated that the combined process was capable of treating high-strength leachate with efficient chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nitrogen removals. The COD removal efficiency by the UASB was 93% (from 45,000 to 3,000 mg/L) at a loading rate of 10 kg/(m3·d). The C-stage MBBR removed an additional 500 to 1,000 mg/L of COD at a surface removal rate (SRR) of 5 g/(m2·d) and precipitated 400 mg/L of calcium. The total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency by the ANITA Mox reactor was about 70% at SRR of 1.0 g/(m2·d).

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Zhao, Zhi Wei, Jun Sheng Li, and Jin Long Zuo. "The Songhua River Chemical Pre-Oxidation of Potassium Permanganate." Advanced Materials Research 183-185 (January 2011): 1234–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.183-185.1234.

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The use of potassium permanganate on the micro-pollutants in the Songhua River water for pre-oxidation, the results showed: potassium permanganate oxidation of organic compounds in water on the Songhua River (CODMn, UV254, TOC) has better removal effect; on cloud degree, have some ammonia removal; little effect on color removal. Potassium permanganate in neutral organic pollutants in the Songhua River water has a good removal.

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Khan, Mohd, Agung Wibowo, Zoheb Karim, Pattaraporn Posoknistakul, Babasaheb Matsagar, Kevin Wu, and Chularat Sakdaronnarong. "Wastewater Treatment Using Membrane Bioreactor Technologies: Removal of Phenolic Contaminants from Oil and Coal Refineries and Pharmaceutical Industries." Polymers 16, no. 3 (February 5, 2024): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16030443.

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Huge amounts of noxious chemicals from coal and petrochemical refineries and pharmaceutical industries are released into water bodies. These chemicals are highly toxic and cause adverse effects on both aquatic and terrestrial life. The removal of hazardous contaminants from industrial effluents is expensive and environmentally driven. The majority of the technologies applied nowadays for the removal of phenols and other contaminants are based on physio-chemical processes such as solvent extraction, chemical precipitation, and adsorption. The removal efficiency of toxic chemicals, especially phenols, is low with these technologies when the concentrations are very low. Furthermore, the major drawbacks of these technologies are the high operation costs and inadequate selectivity. To overcome these limitations, researchers are applying biological and membrane technologies together, which are gaining more attention because of their ease of use, high selectivity, and effectiveness. In the present review, the microbial degradation of phenolics in combination with intensified membrane bioreactors (MBRs) has been discussed. Important factors, including the origin and mode of phenols’ biodegradation as well as the characteristics of the membrane bioreactors for the optimal removal of phenolic contaminants from industrial effluents are considered. The modifications of MBRs for the removal of phenols from various wastewater sources have also been addressed in this review article. The economic analysis on the cost and benefits of MBR technology compared with conventional wastewater treatments is discussed extensively.

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Thomas, P. R., D. Allen, and D. L. McGregor. "Evaluation of combined chemical and biological nutrient removal." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 1-2 (July 1, 1996): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0383.

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This study was undertaken to optimise phosphorus removal by incorporating a chemical dosing facility in an existing biological nutrient removal activated sludge plant at Albury in Australia. Results of pilot plant trials and jar tests indicated that both alum and ferric chloride successfully reduced the orthophosphate concentrations with only a minor variation in the chemical costs. However, alum was chosen as the preferred chemical for use in the full-scale plant and tests showed that alum precipitation combined with biological nutrient removal lowered the orthophosphate (ortho-P) concentrations to as low as 0.01 mg/L with average total phosphorus (total-P) levels of around 0.5 mg/L. It is concluded that maximising total phosphorus removal in the treatment plant would require optimising biological phosphorus removal, applying correct chemical dosages to varying mixed liquor orthophosphate concentrations, adequate mixing, suitable pH values and minimising suspended solids in the clarifier effluent.