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Journal articles on the topic 'Chemical reactions'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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1

DE LACY COSTELLO, B. P. J., I. JAHAN, A. ADAMATZKY, and N. M. RATCLIFFE. "CHEMICAL TESSELLATIONS." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 19, no. 02 (February 2009): 619–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127409023238.

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We report a simple set of chemical reactions based on the reaction of a range of metal salts with potassium ferricyanide loaded gels that spontaneously produce complex and colorful tessellations of the plane. These reactions provide a great resource for scientific demonstrations, whilst also constituting an important class of nonlinear pattern forming reaction.

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2

Von Korff, Modest, and Thomas Sander. "Molecular Complexity for Chemical Reactions." CHIMIA 77, no. 4 (April 26, 2023): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2023.258.

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A new method is presented on how to calculate molecular complexity for chemical reactions by the fractal dimension of educts and products. Two pathways for the total synthesis of strychnine were compared. Significant differences in the two synthesis pathways were reflected by reaction complexity. These results demonstrate that reaction complexity is a powerful measure to group chemical reactions beyond substructural changes.

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3

Lee, Hyuk-Kou. "Dissolution with Chemical Reactions: Reversible versus Irreversible Chemical Reactions." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 79, no. 11 (November 1990): 1038–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600791120.

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4

Misra, Manavendra. "Chemical Reactions and Their Impact on Industrial Applications." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12, no. 12 (December 5, 2023): 768–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr231204223053.

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5

Schwaller, Philippe, Benjamin Hoover, Jean-Louis Reymond, Hendrik Strobelt, and Teodoro Laino. "Extraction of organic chemistry grammar from unsupervised learning of chemical reactions." Science Advances 7, no. 15 (April 2021): eabe4166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe4166.

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Humans use different domain languages to represent, explore, and communicate scientific concepts. During the last few hundred years, chemists compiled the language of chemical synthesis inferring a series of “reaction rules” from knowing how atoms rearrange during a chemical transformation, a process called atom-mapping. Atom-mapping is a laborious experimental task and, when tackled with computational methods, requires continuous annotation of chemical reactions and the extension of logically consistent directives. Here, we demonstrate that Transformer Neural Networks learn atom-mapping information between products and reactants without supervision or human labeling. Using the Transformer attention weights, we build a chemically agnostic, attention-guided reaction mapper and extract coherent chemical grammar from unannotated sets of reactions. Our method shows remarkable performance in terms of accuracy and speed, even for strongly imbalanced and chemically complex reactions with nontrivial atom-mapping. It provides the missing link between data-driven and rule-based approaches for numerous chemical reaction tasks.

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Guo, Jeff, Bojana Ranković, and Philippe Schwaller. "Bayesian Optimization for Chemical Reactions." CHIMIA 77, no. 1/2 (February 22, 2023): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2023.31.

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Reaction optimization is challenging and traditionally delegated to domain experts who iteratively propose increasingly optimal experiments. Problematically, the reaction landscape is complex and often requires hundreds of experiments to reach convergence, representing an enormous resource sink. Bayesian optimization (BO) is an optimization algorithm that recommends the next experiment based on previous observations and has recently gained considerable interest in the general chemistry community. The application of BO for chemical reactions has been demonstrated to increase efficiency in optimization campaigns and can recommend favorable reaction conditions amidst many possibilities. Moreover, its ability to jointly optimize desired objectives such as yield and stereoselectivity makes it an attractive alternative or at least complementary to domain expert-guided optimization. With the democratization of BO software, the barrier of entry to applying BO for chemical reactions has drastically lowered. The intersection between the paradigms will see advancements at an ever-rapid pace. In this review, we discuss how chemical reactions can be transformed into machine-readable formats which can be learned by machine learning (ML) models. We present a foundation for BO and how it has already been applied to optimize chemical reaction outcomes. The important message we convey is that realizing the full potential of ML-augmented reaction optimization will require close collaboration between experimentalists and computational scientists.

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7

ODA, Akinori. "Plasma Chemical Reactions." Journal of The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan 141, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejjournal.141.151.

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8

TAKAHASHI, Katsuyuki, and Nobuya HAYASHI. "Plasma Chemical Reactions." Journal of The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan 141, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejjournal.141.155.

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9

SENDELE, DEBORAH D. "Chemical Hypersensitivity Reactions." International Ophthalmology Clinics 26, no. 1 (1986): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004397-198602610-00006.

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10

Ben-Nun, M., M. Brouard, J. P. Simons, and R. D. Levine. "Peripheral chemical reactions." Chemical Physics Letters 210, no. 4-6 (July 1993): 423–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(93)87048-8.

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11

Sergi, Alessandro, and Raymond Kapral. "Nonadiabatic chemical reactions." Computer Physics Communications 169, no. 1-3 (July 2005): 400–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2005.03.088.

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12

Roberts, Gareth. "Femtosecond chemical reactions." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 358, no. 1766 (January 15, 2000): 345–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2000.0535.

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13

Newman, Stephen G. "Optimizing Chemical Reactions." Chemical Reviews 124, no. 7 (April 10, 2024): 3645–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00231.

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14

Kiwa, Toshihiko, Tatsuki Kamiya, Taiga Morimoto, Kentaro Fujiwara, Yuki Maeno, Yuki Akiwa, Masahiro Iida, et al. "Imaging of Chemical Reactions Using a Terahertz Chemical Microscope." Photonics 6, no. 1 (January 27, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics6010010.

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This study develops a terahertz (THz) chemical microscope (TCM) that visualizes the distribution of chemical reaction on a silicon-based sensing chip. This chip, called the sensing plate, was fabricated by depositing Si thin films on a sapphire substrate and thermally oxidizing the Si film surface. The Si thin film of the sensing plate was irradiated from the substrate side by a femtosecond laser, generating THz pulses that were radiated into free space through the surface field effect of the Si thin film. The surface field responds to chemical reactions on the surface of the sensing plate, changing the amplitude of the THz pulses. This paper first demonstrates the principle and experimental setup of the TCM and performs the imaging and measurement of chemical reactions, including the reactions of bio-related materials.

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15

Shevchenko, Igor V. "Influence of geoelectric field on chemical reactions on Earth." Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, no. 9 (October 2, 2016): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dopovidi2016.09.110.

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16

Müller, E. Matthias, Armin de Meijere, and Helmut Grubmüller. "Predicting unimolecular chemical reactions: Chemical flooding." Journal of Chemical Physics 116, no. 3 (January 15, 2002): 897–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1427722.

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17

Wang, Huan, Myeonggon Park, Ruoyu Dong, Junyoung Kim, Yoon-Kyoung Cho, Tsvi Tlusty, and Steve Granick. "Boosted molecular mobility during common chemical reactions." Science 369, no. 6503 (July 30, 2020): 537–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aba8425.

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Mobility of reactants and nearby solvent is more rapid than Brownian diffusion during several common chemical reactions when the energy release rate exceeds a threshold. Screening a family of 15 organic chemical reactions, we demonstrate the largest boost for catalyzed bimolecular reactions, click chemistry, ring-opening metathesis polymerization, and Sonogashira coupling. Boosted diffusion is also observed but to lesser extent for the uncatalyzed Diels-Alder reaction, but not for substitution reactions SN1 and SN2 within instrumental resolution. Diffusion coefficient increases as measured by pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance, whereas in microfluidics experiments, molecules in reaction gradients migrate “uphill” in the direction of lesser diffusivity. This microscopic consumption of energy by chemical reactions transduced into mechanical motion presents a form of active matter.

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18

Vaida, Veronica, Karl J. Feierabend, Nabilah Rontu, and Kaito Takahashi. "Sunlight-Initiated Photochemistry: Excited Vibrational States of Atmospheric Chromophores." International Journal of Photoenergy 2008 (2008): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/138091.

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Atmospheric chemical reactions are often initiated by ultraviolet (UV) solar radiation since absorption in that wavelength range coincides to typical chemical bond energies. In this review, we present an alternative process by which chemical reactions occur with the excitation of vibrational levels in the ground electronic state by red solar photons. We focus on the O–H vibrational manifold which can be an atmospheric chromophore for driving vibrationally mediated overtone-induced chemical reactions. Experimental and theoretical O–H intensities of several carboxylic acids, alcohols, and peroxides are presented. The importance of combination bands in spectra at chemically relevant energies is examined in the context of atmospheric photochemistry. Candidate systems for overtone-initiated chemistry are provided, and their lowest energy barrier for reaction and the minimum quanta of O–H stretch required for reaction are calculated. We conclude with a discussion of the major pathways available for overtone-induced reactions in the atmosphere.

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19

Berdnikov, V. I., and Yu A. Gudim. "CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN PROCESSES OF CARBON GASIFICATION." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 62, no. 9 (October 23, 2019): 705–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-9-705-712.

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Thermodynamic analysis of carbon gasification process in the presence of moisture was carried out. The chemical process was displayed by the system C – O – H with the ratios of elements in it: 1:1:2 and 1:2: 2. To work out the methods of research and verification of the results, we used a well-studied subsystem C – O. The initial array of processed data was presented by the contents of chemical components C, CO, CO2 , CH4 , H2 and H2O calculated by TERRA program. There is no single chemical reaction in the C – O – H system, so the full operating temperature range of 298 – 1400 K was divided into three characteristic areas, and each of them was analyzed separately. By comparing the numerical values of the components contents at the regions’ boundaries, we determined changes in their values during the transition from one region to another. These values were multiples of stoichiometric coefficients of the expected chemical reactions. Thus, the problem with establishment of the chemical reactions’ type was solved. But two areas of three identified reactions were complex containing more than four components. Therefore, their decomposition was performed on the basis of three more simple and characteristic reactions for these areas. As a result, the total number of reaction varieties was reduced to four – two main reactions of carbon gasification (C + 2Н2О = CO2 + 2Н2, C + CO2 = 2СО) and two reactions of formation and decomposition of methane (2C + 2Н2О = CH4 + CO2 , CH4 = C + 2Н2 ). At the same time, the proportion of each reaction in the total chemical process was determined by the balance coefficients β.The type of chemical reactions provides the necessary information about content of the system components only at the regions’ boundaries. A quantitative assessment of the chemical process within the regions can be obtained by determining the temperature dependence of the reaction coordinates on Gibbs energy of the reactions and the pressure – ξ(Т) = f [ΔrG°(Т), Р]. The coordinates of reactions ξ in combination with the balance coefficients of reactions β allow us to calculate not only the content of reagents and reaction products at any moment of reactions, but also the conditional temperatures of the beginning and end of the reactions themselves. No coefficients and parameters of the fitting character were used in the calculations. The average absolute error of the quantitative description of the results of machine simulation of the system C – O – Н – is less than 0.02 mole (per 1 mole of carbon), and for the subsystem C – O it is almost zero.

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20

RONDONI, L. "MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF CHEMICALLY REACTING GASES." Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 06, no. 02 (March 1996): 245–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218202596000572.

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Modeling and analysis of models of complex chemical reactions constitute wide branches of research in chemistry, physics and mathematics. Here a model is proposed which is amenable to rigorous mathematical study, which makes clear the dynamics of the systems described by such a model. In particular, only combinations of chemical reactions which preserve the number of particles, and which have equal forward and backward reaction rates are allowed. Reactions which do not satisfy such requirements can be considered, provided they are suitably modified. Also, it is required that the densities of the chemicals in the reactions be low, so that the applicability of the theory is restricted to mixtures of gases.

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21

Zhong, Wei, and Zhou Tian. "The Chemical Kinetic Numerical Computation and Kinetic Model Parameters Estimating of Parallel Reactions with Different Reaction Orders." Advanced Materials Research 560-561 (August 2012): 1126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.560-561.1126.

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Abstract. Parallel reaction is a common reaction of chemical kinetics, and there are two types of parallel reactions according to the reaction orders equivalence: parallel reactions with same reaction orders and parallel reactions with different reaction orders. For the reason that the reaction orders are different, the chemical kinetic numerical computation and kinetic model parameters estimating of parallel reactions with different reaction orders is more complicated than parallel reactions with same reaction orders. In this paper, the 4th order Runge-Kutta method was employed to solve the numerical computation problems of complex ordinary differential equations, which was the chemical kinetic governing equations of parallel reactions with different reaction orders, and also, the Richardson extrapolation and Least Square Estimate were employed to estimate the kinetic model parameters of parallel reactions with different reaction orders. A C++ program has been processed to solve the problem and has been tested by an example of parallel reactions with different reaction orders.

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22

Hiraoka, K., T. Sato, and T. Takayama. "Laboratory Simulation of Chemical Reactions in Interstellar Ices." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 197 (2000): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900164873.

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The reactions of H atoms with solid thin films at 10 K were studied by using thermal desorption mass spectrometry and FT-IR spectroscopy. The N, C, and O atoms trapped in solid matrices were converted efficiently to fully hydrogenated compounds. In the reaction of H atoms with a solid CO film, the formation of formaldehyde and methanol were confirmed. The relatively low yield of the reaction products suggests either the smaller rate constants of the H atom addition reactions to CO and/or the occurrence of the hydrogen abstraction reaction H + HCO → H2+ CO. The reactions of H atoms with thin films of acetone and 2-propanol were also studied. The major products from acetone were found to be methane and alcohols but 2-propanol was not detected as a reaction product. The reaction of H with 2-propanol led to the formation of methane, alcohols, and acetone as major products.In the reaction of H with C2H2, C2H6was found to be the major product but C2H4could not be detected. This is due to the fact that the first-step addition reaction H + C2H2→ C2H3is the rate-controlling process and the following reactions to form the final product C2H6proceed much faster than the initial one. This finding is in accord with the observation of comets Hyakutake and Hale-Bopp, i.e., C2H2and C2H6but not C2H4were detected in the coma of these comets. In the reactions of H with C2H2and C2H4, the C2H6product yields increased drastically with decrease of temperature from 50 to 10 K. This is most likely due to the increase of the sticking probability of H atoms on the solid films at lower temperature. These findings led us to conclude that the chemical evolution taking place on the dust grains via H-atom tunneling reactions becomes efficient only at cryogenic temperatures, i.e., ~ 10 K.

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23

Fuji, Taiki, Shiori Nakazawa, and Kiyoto Ito. "Feasible-metabolic-pathway-exploration technique using chemical latent space." Bioinformatics 36, Supplement_2 (December 2020): i770—i778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa809.

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Abstract Motivation Exploring metabolic pathways is one of the key techniques for developing highly productive microbes for the bioproduction of chemical compounds. To explore feasible pathways, not only examining a combination of well-known enzymatic reactions but also finding potential enzymatic reactions that can catalyze the desired structural changes are necessary. To achieve this, most conventional techniques use manually predefined-reaction rules, however, they cannot sufficiently find potential reactions because the conventional rules cannot comprehensively express structural changes before and after enzymatic reactions. Evaluating the feasibility of the explored pathways is another challenge because there is no way to validate the reaction possibility of unknown enzymatic reactions by these rules. Therefore, a technique for comprehensively capturing the structural changes in enzymatic reactions and a technique for evaluating the pathway feasibility are still necessary to explore feasible metabolic pathways. Results We developed a feasible-pathway-exploration technique using chemical latent space obtained from a deep generative model for compound structures. With this technique, an enzymatic reaction is regarded as a difference vector between the main substrate and the main product in chemical latent space acquired from the generative model. Features of the enzymatic reaction are embedded into the fixed-dimensional vector, and it is possible to express structural changes of enzymatic reactions comprehensively. The technique also involves differential-evolution-based reaction selection to design feasible candidate pathways and pathway scoring using neural-network-based reaction-possibility prediction. The proposed technique was applied to the non-registered pathways relevant to the production of 2-butanone, and successfully explored feasible pathways that include such reactions.

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24

Watanabe, Kenji. "Discovery and investigation of natural Diels–Alderases." Journal of Natural Medicines 75, no. 3 (March 8, 2021): 434–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11418-021-01502-4.

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AbstractIt has been proposed that biosyntheses of many natural products involve pericyclic reactions, including Diels–Alder (DA) reaction. However, only a small set of enzymes have been proposed to catalyze pericyclic reactions. Most surprisingly, there has been no formal identification of natural enzymes that can be defined to catalyze DA reactions (DAases), despite the wide application of the reaction in chemical syntheses of complex organic compounds. However, recent studies began to accumulate a growing body of evidence that supports the notion that enzymes that formally catalyze DA reactions, in fact exist. In this review, I will begin by describing a short history behind the discovery and characterization of macrophomate synthase, one of the earliest enzymes that was proposed to catalyze an intermolecular DA reaction during the biosynthesis of a substituted benzoic acid in a phytopathogenic fungus Macrophoma commelinae. Then, I will discuss representative enzymes that have been chemically authenticated to catalyze DA reactions, with emphasis on more recent discoveries of DAases involved mainly in fungal secondary metabolite biosynthesis except for one example from a marine streptomycete. The current success in identification of a series of DAases and enzymes that catalyze other pericyclic reactions owes to the combined efforts from both the experimental and theoretical approaches in discovering natural products. Such efforts typically involve identifying the chemical features derived from cycloaddition reactions, isolating the biosynthetic genes that encode enzymes that generate such chemical features and deciphering the reaction mechanisms for the enzyme-catalyzed pericyclic reactions.

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25

Patil, Rahul, and Kevin Rickert. "Chlorine Emissions Reduction through Thermal Combustion by Modifying Chemical Reactions." International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications 11, no. 3 (June 2020): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijcea.2020.11.3.784.

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26

Rajakumara, Eerappa, Dubey Saniya, Priyanka Bajaj, Rajanna Rajeshwari, Jyotsnendu Giri, and Mehdi D. Davari. "Hijacking Chemical Reactions of P450 Enzymes for Altered Chemical Reactions and Asymmetric Synthesis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010214.

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Cytochrome P450s are heme-containing enzymes capable of the oxidative transformation of a wide range of organic substrates. A protein scaffold that coordinates the heme iron, and the catalytic pocket residues, together, determine the reaction selectivity and regio- and stereo-selectivity of the P450 enzymes. Different substrates also affect the properties of P450s by binding to its catalytic pocket. Modulating the redox potential of the heme by substituting iron-coordinating residues changes the chemical reaction, the type of cofactor requirement, and the stereoselectivity of P450s. Around thousands of P450s are experimentally characterized, therefore, a mechanistic understanding of the factors affecting their catalysis is increasingly vital in the age of synthetic biology and biotechnology. Engineering P450s can enable them to catalyze a variety of chemical reactions viz. oxygenation, peroxygenation, cyclopropanation, epoxidation, nitration, etc., to synthesize high-value chiral organic molecules with exceptionally high stereo- and regioselectivity and catalytic efficiency. This review will focus on recent studies of the mechanistic understandings of the modulation of heme redox potential in the engineered P450 variants, and the effect of small decoy molecules, dual function small molecules, and substrate mimetics on the type of chemical reaction and the catalytic cycle of the P450 enzymes.

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27

Kirschbaum, Jan, and David Zwicker. "Controlling biomolecular condensates via chemical reactions." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 18, no. 179 (June 2021): 20210255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2021.0255.

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Biomolecular condensates are small droplets forming spontaneously in biological cells through phase separation. They play a role in many cellular processes, but it is unclear how cells control them. Cellular regulation often relies on post-translational modifications of proteins. For biomolecular condensates, such chemical modifications could alter the molecular interaction of key condensate components. Here, we test this idea using a theoretical model based on non-equilibrium thermodynamics. In particular, we describe the chemical reactions using transition-state theory, which accounts for the non-ideality of phase separation. We identify that fast control, as in cell signalling, is only possible when external energy input drives the reaction out of equilibrium. If this reaction differs inside and outside the droplet, it is even possible to control droplet sizes. Such an imbalance in the reaction could be created by enzymes localizing to the droplet. Since this situation is typical inside cells, we speculate that our proposed mechanism is used to stabilize multiple droplets with independently controlled size and count. Our model provides a novel and thermodynamically consistent framework for describing droplets subject to non-equilibrium chemical reactions.

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28

Maiti, Shyantani, Sanjay Ram, and Somnath Pal. "Extension of Ugi's Scheme for Model-Driven Classification of Chemical Reactions." International Journal of Chemoinformatics and Chemical Engineering 4, no. 1 (January 2015): 26–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcce.2015010103.

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The first step to predict the outcome of a chemical reaction is to classify existing chemical reactions, on the basis of which possible outcome of unknown reaction can be predicted. There are two approaches for classification of chemical reactions: Model-Driven and Data-Driven. In model-driven approach, chemical structures are usually stored in a computer as molecular graphs. Such graphs can also be represented as matrices. The most preferred matrix representation to store molecular graph is Bond-Electron matrix (BE-matrix). The Reaction matrix (R-matrix) of a chemical reaction can be obtained from the BE-matrices of educts and products was shown by Ugi and his co-workers. Ugi's Scheme comprises of 30 reaction classes according to which reactions can be classified, but in spite of such reaction classes there were several reactions which could not be classified. About 4000 reactions were studied in this work from The Chemical Thesaurus (a chemical reaction database) and accordingly 24 new classes have emerged which led to the extension of Ugi's Scheme. An efficient algorithm based on the extended Ugi's scheme have been developed for classification of chemical reactions. Reaction matrices being symmetric, matrix implementation of extended Ugi's scheme using conventional upper/lower tri-angular matrix is of O(n2) in terms of space complexity. Time complexity of similar matrix implementation is O(n2) in worst case. The authors' proposed algorithm uses two fixed size look-up tables in a novel way and requires constant space complexity. Worst case time complexity of their algorithm although still O(n2) but it outperforms conventional matrix implementation when number of atoms or components in the chemical reaction is 4 or more.

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29

Sugawara, Tohru. "Automation of Chemical Reactions." Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan 60, no. 5 (2002): 465–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.60.465.

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30

KITAMORI, TAKEHIKO. "Integration of chemical reactions." Journal of the Spectroscopical Society of Japan 43, no. 3 (1994): 176–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5111/bunkou.43.176.

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31

Kaftory, Menahem. "Solid-state chemical reactions." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 65, a1 (August 16, 2009): s8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767309099851.

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32

Spouge, John L. "Stochastically Gated Chemical Reactions." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 101, no. 25 (June 1997): 5026–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp962978h.

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33

Xiao, Manda, Ruibin Jiang, Feng Wang, Caihong Fang, Jianfang Wang, and Jimmy C. Yu. "Plasmon-enhanced chemical reactions." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 1, no. 19 (2013): 5790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ta01450a.

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34

Schulz, M. "Chemical reactions and fluctuations." European Physical Journal Special Topics 161, no. 1 (July 2008): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2008-00756-1.

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35

Man, Ah Keow, and Radiman Shahidan. "Microwave‐assisted Chemical Reactions." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 44, no. 6 (April 2007): 651–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10601320701285136.

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36

Bernstein, Elliot R. "Chemical reactions in clusters." Journal of Physical Chemistry 96, no. 25 (December 1992): 10105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100204a007.

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37

Agbenyega, Jonathan. "Controlling chemical reactions mechanically." Materials Today 13, no. 10 (October 2010): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1369-7021(10)70175-9.

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Hwu, Y., M. Marsi, Chanyong Hwang, J. Seutjens, D. C. Larbalestier, M. Onellion, and G. Margaritondo. "Silver‐BiSrCaCuO chemical reactions." Applied Physics Letters 57, no. 20 (November 12, 1990): 2139–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.103921.

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39

Radhakrishnamurty, P. "Stoichiometry and Chemical Reactions." Journal of Chemical Education 72, no. 7 (July 1995): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed072p668.1.

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Mihai, Doina, Georgeta Mocanu, and Adrian Carpov. "Chemical reactions on polysaccharides." European Polymer Journal 37, no. 3 (March 2001): 541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-3057(00)00142-7.

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41

Ball, Philip. "Impossible reactions: Chemical pendulum." New Scientist 213, no. 2848 (January 2012): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(12)60177-8.

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42

Argyrakis, Panos, and Raoul Kopelman. "Stirring in chemical reactions." Journal of Physical Chemistry 93, no. 1 (January 1989): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100338a048.

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Rowe, B. R. "Chemical Reactions in Astrochemistry." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 150 (1992): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900089579.

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This paper is devoted to chemistry in the gas phase dealing firstly with ion-molecule reactions at extremely low temperature. The experimental techniques that have been used in this field are shortly presented and the reactions that have been studied using the CRESU(S) method reviewed. In the second part, the most recent measurements concerning dissociative recombination are discussed, including studies of branching ratio and new determination of the rate coefficient for H+3 ions.

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Hoveyda, Amir H., David A. Evans, and Gregory C. Fu. "Substrate-directable chemical reactions." Chemical Reviews 93, no. 4 (June 1993): 1307–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr00020a002.

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Warneck, Peter. "Chemical reactions in clouds." Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry 340, no. 9 (1991): 585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00322434.

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Rajans, Abiya, Neelima Gupte, and P. C. Deshmukh. "Non-linear Chemical Reactions." Resonance 25, no. 3 (March 2020): 381–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12045-020-0952-8.

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Kasai, T., S. Stolte, D. Chandler, and A. González Ureña. "Stereodynamics of Chemical Reactions." European Physical Journal D 38, no. 1 (April 2006): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjd/e2006-00016-4.

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LASZLO, P. "Chemical Reactions on Clays." Science 235, no. 4795 (March 20, 1987): 1473–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.235.4795.1473.

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Mestdagh, J. M., M. A. Gaveau, C. Gee, O. Sublemontier, and J. P. Visticot. "Cluster isolated chemical reactions." International Reviews in Physical Chemistry 16, no. 2 (April 1997): 215–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/014423597230280.

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Levdanskii, V. V., J. Smolik, and P. Moravec. "Chemical reactions in nanoparticles." Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics 83, no. 2 (May 2010): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10891-010-0357-8.

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