Journal articles on the topic 'Chemical industry – Government policy – International cooperation'
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1
Lee, Seungjoo. "Autonomy or International Cooperation? The Japanese Space Industry Responds to U.S. Pressure." Business and Politics 2, no. 2 (August 2000): 225–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1009.
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The examination of the U.S.—Japan conflicts from the mid-1980s to early 1990s over the space industry sheds light on our understanding of the Japanese political economy. The Japanese response to U.S. pressure was not so strategic as conventional wisdom suggests. Under U.S. pressure, Japan shifted to international cooperation, abandoning the autonomous development policy it had sought for four decades. This unexpected policy change primarily resulted from the lack of clear jurisdictional authority among the government actors over the rapidly changing space industry. This study's findings will apply to other high technology industries such as telecommunications and information technology, where bureaucratic boundaries are ambiguous and technological change is rapid.
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Robbins, Mark. "Internet, Industry and International Trade: Digital Tradability in Services." Journal of World Trade 52, Issue 2 (April 1, 2018): 229–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2018011.
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Rising use of digital technologies in the service sector is altering the rules of economic governance and of international trade. Theories of economic development and political economy, such as world-systems theory and Petty’s Law, are being contested by the digital revolution. As technological advances bypass old theory, the service sector is locating globally, with decreasing regard for geography and the assumptions of the old international economic order. This presents new challenges for a legal, commercial and international trade norms and system, which are designed to facilitate tangible cross-border commerce. Old theories of political economy must be revisited to account for the rise of digitally traded services and some, like Petty’s Law, may not survive emergent conditions. The services trade itself is inadequately considered in official government policy, and by international organizations seeking to promote trade, investment and greater cooperation. This work critically evaluates the policy initiatives of major players in trade in light of these trends in the digital economy. While economic institutions claim to advocate policies that are up to date with the new reality of trade, their approaches are still grounded in the superseded economic theories of the twentieth century.
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SALIKHOVA, Olena, and Daria HONCHARENKO. "DEVELOPMENT POLICY OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY IN GERMANY: LESSONS FOR UKRAINE." Economy of Ukraine 2020, no. 10 (October 25, 2020): 63–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2020.10.063.
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The evolution of the development of the German chemical and pharmaceutical industry from technology borrowing to endogenous innovations and becoming a global leader is shown. It is substantiated that the government of the country promoted the development of a new industry by increasing budget allocations for the training of scientific and industrial personnel; research subsidies; subsidies for transportation and raw materials. It is shown that the formation of large companies has provided economies of scale and accelerated development. The creation of specialized research institutes under the auspices of the government initiated public-private partnerships in research funding, industry associations helped mobilize the public to support the industry, and competent company managers and industry representatives together with prominent statesmen provided concerted action to strengthen its innovation potential. Cultivating the national consciousness that the purchase of German goods is the key to the welfare of the state has determined consumer preferences and has become a powerful stimulus to expand supplies to the domestic market. The introduction of high customs tariffs on finished medicines has provided protection for the new industry in its infancy. The close cooperation of banks with pharmaceutical companies has contributed to the implementation of investment and innovation projects and external expansion. The creation of cartels by chemical and pharmaceutical companies was an institutional response to the unprecedented phenomenon of industrialization and catching up in Germany. It is revealed that at the present stage the Government of Germany through national and regional programs continues to promote the development of technological and innovative potential of pharmaceuticals. The expediency of introduction of mechanisms of endogenization of production development of medicines and medical devices in Ukraine, and also expansion of sales in the domestic market through introduction of preferences at public purchases in the context of protection of essential interests of safety and health of the nation is proved.
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Lamb, J. C., H. B. W. M. Koëter, R. Becker, A. Gies, Les Davies, T. Inoue, A. Jacobs, G. Lyons, M. Matsumoto, and G. Timm. "Risk management options for endocrine disruptors in national and international programs." Pure and Applied Chemistry 75, no. 11-12 (January 1, 2003): 2549–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200375112549.
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This workshop was convened to address common issues and concerns associated with risk management of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The talks described the tools and policies for key Japanese, Australian, German, and U.S. regulatory agencies. The agencies participating in the workshop were responsible for the regulation of various substances including: chemicals, pesticides, environmental contamination, pharmaceuticals, and food additives. The panel also described the role of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in standardizing the tools and validation of testing and screening methods. The panel also included nongovernmental organizations presenting the views of the World Wildlife Fund, and the chemical industry from industrialized nations; each organization described its concerns and proposed approaches to risk management of EDCs. This summary highlights the most important areas of common points of view of government, industry, and environmentalists. We also try to identify issues upon which viewpoints diverge.
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Roosen, John T. "NEW ZEALAND: “DOWN UNDER” OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLANNING1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1997, no. 1 (April 1, 1997): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1997-1-241.
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ABSTRACT New Zealand has embarked upon a new direction in marine oil spill prevention, preparedness, and response. The new direction was driven by a parliamentary review of the Marine Pollution Act that found New Zealand ill prepared to respond to a marine oil spill. The new program put together four key components that depended on government and industry cooperation in a user-pays environment. First, the Marine Pollution Act of 1974 was reformatted into a new Maritime Transport Act (MTA), which brought into focus broad policy guidelines. Second, Marine Protection Rules now provide detailed ongoing program information that changes with updates to industry practice and technology. Third, a Crown entity, the Maritime Safety Authority, was established as the main engine of change. Lastly, oil pollution response was redistributed from the central government into a four-tiered response mechanism. The tiers start with commercial facilities and ships, progress to regional government and then to the national government, and ultimately provide an avenue for international assistance.
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Piskun, Elena I., Valeriy Y. Chaikin, and Nikita A. Nikitin. "Ordoliberal theory and gas market in Germany within the framework of international energy cooperation." E3S Web of Conferences 161 (2020): 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016101019.
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German economic policy is a special model of a coordinated market economy, which is based on the tradition of ordoliberalism. This theoretical concept is at the core of the regulation of most economic processes in Germany, and its energy markets are no exception. The article analyses the present state of German gas industry, its transformation in connection with the introduction of the Third Energy Package, the liberalization and development of gas projects. The authors compare the main results of the reforms and the stipulations of the ordoliberal theory. The conclusion is that the German government generally upholds this concept, although sometimes the consequences are of negative nature, manifested in rising prices, added complexity of international natural gas trade, especially with the largest supplier – the Russian Federation. Using the Bertrand competition model, the article justifies the conditions under which the export of liquefied natural gas is beneficial for the Russian Federation.
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Wang, Zhong, Yuyan Luo, Pengchong Li, and Xiaoqian Cai. "Problem Orientated Analysis on China’s Shale Gas Policy." Energies 11, no. 11 (October 31, 2018): 2962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11112962.
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China has accelerated the pace of shale gas development from 2010. A series of policies were issued by the Chinese government to motivate and regulate shale gas exploration and exploitation. In order to investigate the effectiveness of these policies and provide reference to the policymakers, the most relevant policies from 2010 to 2016 were collected and analyzed. Our study summarized that, in total, eight government agencies issued 25 related policies, which cover all the main problems that impede China’s shale gas industry. With the aid of these policies, the approved research and development (R&D) funds exceed 350 million Chinese yuan (CNY) ($55 million), and over 80 domestic companies participated in exploration rights bidding and nine foreign companies initiated thirteen international cooperation projects. In 2016, China’s shale gas production reached 7.88 × 109 m3, ranking third in the world. However, these policies still have some shortcomings, such as low environmental concerns, weak financial stimulus, and inefficient implementation. Therefore, we suggest that future policy should put particular emphasis on (1) formulating special environmental regulations and determining development scale based on water resource; (2) providing detailed implementation plans and maintaining stable subsidy; (3) enhancing communication and supervision; and (4) establishing a public big data platform.
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Egbe, Catherine O., Peter Magati, Emma Wanyonyi, Leonce Sessou, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, and Olalekan A. Ayo-Yusuf. "Landscape of tobacco control in sub-Saharan Africa." Tobacco Control 31, no. 2 (March 2022): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056540.
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Yearly, tobacco use kills about 8 million people globally, 80% of whom live in low/middle-income countries. Given sub-Saharan Africa’s (SSA) rapidly increasing and youthful population, growing incomes and the increased presence of the tobacco industry, the number of tobacco users is growing. The region is predicted to face a heavier burden of tobacco-related diseases and deaths in the future. We examined the policy, advocacy, economic and media landscapes of tobacco control as well as tobacco industry interference in SSA. We also highlighted key challenges and priorities for intervention in the region. Their vast financial power has enabled transnational tobacco companies to interfere in tobacco control and slow down policy implementation efforts in SSA. Despite recent gains, inadequate investment in tobacco control has prevented effective tobacco control implementation in SSA. Other challenges include limited locally generated evidence and limited support from mainstream media to back policy and advocacy efforts. Finally, taxation, which is one of the most effective tools for tobacco control, is not yet adequately used in SSA partly due to non-harmonised taxation rates as well as exaggerated and false claims about the potential impacts of increasing taxes, especially that it will increase smuggling. Key priorities to address these challenges include continued strategic funding, capacity building of government and advocacy personnel to strengthen tobacco control governance, regional and institutional cooperation, harmonisation of subregional tax policies, cooperation among international funders, and increased industry monitoring and research in SSA.
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Neel, Jon, John Bones, Elizabeth Dimmick, Lynn J. Tomich Kent, Roger Dunstan, and Bruce Sutherland. "THE STATES/BC OIL SPILL TASK FORCEAN—INTERNATIONAL MODEL FOR FORMULATING AND INFLUENCING PUBLIC POLICY." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1993, no. 1 (March 1, 1993): 263–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1993-1-263.
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ABSTRACT The States/British Columbia Oil Spill Task Force was established in 1989 to enhance spill coordination among the West Coast states and British Columbia, and to address a number of issues that became apparent during the Nestucca barge and Exxon Valdez oil spills. Task Force members are the directors of the oil spill prevention and response agencies in Alaska, British Columbia, California, Oregon, and Washington. The Task Force has become a national model for facilitating cooperation and building consensus between coastal states and provinces and their federal governments. In October of 1990, the task force issued a report containing a comprehensive set of recommendations addressing oil spill prevention, preparedness, and response. The group had achieved remarkable consensus, and many of the report's recommendations have been included in recent legislation enacted by the member states. The success of the task force's approach to regional coordination has also reduced the need for a proposed Pacific Oceans Resources Interstate Compact, which has been proposed to expand the states' role in areas of regulation that are otherwise federally preempted. The task force has become an effective mechanism for developing vigorous, productive relationships between government agencies, industry, and the public in both the United States and Canada. It has created important linkages between state/provincial and federal regulatory activities; for example, by providing input to Coast Guard and EPA rulemaking that implemented the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. It also assisted in assuring a well-coordinated international response to the July 1991 Tenyo Maru oil spill outside the Strait of Juan De Fuca between Washington and British Columbia. The task force is continuing to advance its goals of promoting public policy on oil spill prevention; cooperative management of major spills by government and industry; protection of the states/provincial rights and their natural and economic resources; and inter-governmental consistency in regulations adopted for oil spill prevention, contingency planning, and resource damage assessment.
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Zakharin, Sergey, Li Yining, and Yevgen Smirnov. "Organizational and economic levers to activate the cooperation of the Chinese People's Republic and Ukraine in the sphere of tourism, resorts and hotel management." University Economic Bulletin, no. 40 (March 1, 2019): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2019-40-85-96.
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Relevance of research topic. The potential of international cooperation between the People’s Republic of China and Ukraine in the areas of tourism, resorts and hotel industry is underutilized. In particular, according to experts, the volume of reciprocal tourist visits, despite their positive dynamics, is rather insignificant. Consequently, the study of organizational and economic incentive mechanisms for the promotion of the Chinese People’s Republic and Ukraine in the field of tourism and resorts is of considerable scientific and applied interest. Formulation of the problem. Potential consumers of tourism services in both countries note poor awareness of tourism products and the possibility of traveling to the partner countries. Visa restrictions affect, is an objective factor constraining international tourism. Ukraine is not effectively using the potential of cooperation in the use of the experience of China in the development and modernization of tourism infrastructure. Analysis of recent research and publications. The problems of Ukrainian-Chinese cooperation in various areas, including in the field of tourism, resorts and hotel industry, are investigated by Ukrainian scientists A. Antonishnin, Goncharuk, V. Porovoznik, V. Perebiynis, E. Yaroshenko, as well as foreign scientists M. Kachmarsky, I. Li, L. Zuokui and others. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. The problems of enhancing international cooperation between the PRC and Ukraine in the areas of tourism, resorts and hotel industry should be understood from the latest positions, taking into account the contemporary challenges of global development and the difficult political and economic situation in Ukraine. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. The purpose (key task) of this study is to develop conceptual proposals aimed at improving the existing and creating new mechanisms and levers for activating the development of tourism and resorts in the Chinese People's Republic and Ukraine. Method or methodology for conducting research. In carrying out the study, general scientific (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, analytical groups, etc.) and special (abstraction, economic comparisons, statistical, etc.) methods and techniques of knowledge of economic phenomena and processes were used. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The main direction of the organization of international cooperation of China and Ukraine in the field of tourism, resorts and hotel industry is the legal regulation of the relevant forms and tools of cooperation. Ukraine unilaterally made a decision on a substantial easing of visa restrictions for citizens of the PRC. During 2013-2017 (Excluding 2014) the number of Chinese citizens who entered Ukraine increased. In 2015, 2016 and 2017, not only the number of Chinese citizens who entered Ukraine, but also the volume of growth increased. The Memorandum of Understanding between the State Agency of Ukraine for Tourism and Resorts and the National Tourist Administration of the People’s Republic of China on promoting group trips of Chinese tourists to Ukraine has a positive impact not only on the organization of increasing prices, but also on other economic activities that are involved in the production of tourist services . In the Ukrainian market of tourist services, an increase in the number of tourist products, involving visits to the People's Republic of China, is observed. In the process of international cooperation of the People’s Republic of China in the field of tourism, resorts and hotel industry, attention should be paid to enhancing the development of mutual trips of citizens in the so-called “thematic segments”. We are talking about business tourism, educational tourism, shopping tourism and the like. A promising area of international cooperation between the PRC and Ukraine in the field of tourism, resorts and hotel industry is monitoring and studying the experience of the other party in promoting tourism development, as well as implementing this experience in accordance with international law and national legislation. Several objective problems that hinder the full realization of the potential of international international cooperation of China and Ukraine in the field of tourism, resorts and hotel industry are highlighted. The field of application results. The results of the study can be used in intergovernmental and intergovernmental negotiations between representatives of the People’s Republic of China and Ukraine on expanding cooperation in tourism, resorts and the hotel industry, as well as in shaping state policy to stimulate the development of tourism infrastructure in Ukraine (taking into account the best world experience). Conclusions according to the article: 1. It is advisable to create a mechanism for monitoring the international cooperation of the People’s Republic of China and Ukraine in the field of tourism, resorts and hotel industry. 2. A managerial decision should be taken on the creation in the PRC of a Ukrainian trade and economic mission, one of whose tasks is to carry out non-commercial marketing of Ukrainian tourist facilities among Chinese audiences. 3. The authorities of Ukraine (first of all, the Foreign Ministry and the Ministry of Economic Development) should study and propose specific pragmatic solutions aimed at joining the Ukrainian side to the One Belt - One Way project initiated by the PRC, including in terms of attracting the capabilities of Chinese partners ( first of all investments and technologies) for the creation of new and modernization of existing objects of tourism, resort and hotel infrastructure. 4. It is advisable to hold a Summit (conference) on cooperation between the People’s Republic of China and Ukraine in the field of tourism, resorts and hotel industry, including with an exhibition of promising investment projects. 5. Further expansion of cooperation between the People’s Republic of China and Ukraine in the scientific and educational fields will be useful. 6. The agenda of the work of the subcommittee on trade and economic cooperation of the Commission on Cooperation between the Government of Ukraine and the Government of the PRC should include topical issues of international cooperation of the People’s Republic of China and Ukraine in the field of tourism, resorts and hotel industry. 7. An important direction of enhancing mutual tourist flows is the elimination of visa restrictions. 8. One of the directions of the intensification of international cooperation between China and Ukraine is the development of thematic (special) types of tourism, primarily educational tourism.
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Kushnirenko, Оksana, and Olga Zarudna. "Тrade policy as an instrument to promote industrial development in Ukraine." University Economic Bulletin, no. 42 (June 19, 2019): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2019-42-90-102.
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Relevance of the research topic is due to the rapid growth in world trade, which leads to new challenges for Ukraine’s industry in the context of deepening economic globalization and increasing international competition. Under these conditions, the development and application of effective industrial policy instruments aimed at supporting promising sectors of the processing industry in the process of integration into the world market is very important. Formulation of the problem. New opportunities associated with the further liberalization of foreign trade in an increasingly open and competitive environment require the creation of a favorable environment for promoting the export activities of Ukrainian industrial producers under the constraints of international trade agreements. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. In the context of increasing the influence of integration processes on the development of production, the problem of choosing the most effective instruments of state regulation, which most of all contributed to active cooperation with foreign partners for export-oriented industrial producers of Ukraine, in particular for products with a higher degree of processing, remains insufficiently studied. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. The objective of the study is to develop proposals for effective trade policy instruments aimed at supporting the export of industrial products with higher added value within the framework of the existing restrictions of international agreements. Method or methodology for conducting research. General scientific methods are used in the work: abstract-logical, systemic; analysis and synthesis, statistical comparisons, grouping, sampling; expert assessments. The field of application of results. The results of this study can be applied in the process of government policy formation on the main aspects of the export development of industry in the context of integration processes. Conclusions. Based on the analysis of quantitative and qualitative indicators of international trade, its geographical vectors, trends in exports and imports of Ukrainian-made industrial goods are disclosed, and effective trade policy instruments are proposed: namely, non-tariff regulatory methods aimed at creating effective policies and institutions and can be used for the eliminating restrictions upon integration of the Ukrainian manufacturer to the international markets.
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SAVELIEV, Yevhen, and Vitalina KURYLYAK. "International economy: deepening and expanding research potential in Ukraine." Fìnansi Ukraïni 2021, no. 11 (December 22, 2021): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33763/finukr2021.11.045.
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The topical issues of the development of the research potential of Ukraine in the field of international economics , capable of creating scientific support for the foreign economic activity of entrepreneurial structures and government organizations in the context of world and European integration, have been investigated. The creation of the infrastructure of research organizations specializing in the international economics has been substantiated, in particular, the feasibility of creating research institutes in the USA and Canada, Europe, and the Center for International Agricultural Business. The article considers the expediency of conducting research on the issues of cooperation with interstate integration associations of countries, including the EU, ASEAN, TPP, APEC, BRICS, for the implementation of the country's foreign economic policy. A special place in the system of international economics research should be occupied by the problems of Industry 4.0 and the leadership of Ukrainian IT companies in the system of global economic competition. The state of the staffing of research activities in international economics is analyzed and proposals for training of highly qualified specialists in international economics in large industrial centers: Kharkov, L’viv. Dnieper, Odessa and Zaporizhia are formulated.
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Zou, Lin, Xian-zhong Cao, and Yi-wen Zhu. "Research on Regional High-Tech Innovation Efficiency and Influence Factors: Evidence from Yangtze River Economic Belt in China." Complexity 2021 (June 1, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9946098.
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China’s high-tech innovation and marketization efficiency still need to be optimized, which restricts the promotion of regional innovation and economic development. On such practical problem, this paper mainly focuses on improvement of high-tech efficiency of China, with the hope that the research can help to find ways to improve efficiency in both regions and industry development. Moreover, the impact on the high-tech innovation stage and the marketization stage are analyzed, in order to make clear the main problems in the complex process of high-tech innovation. This paper proposed the super-SBM model and the panel regression model. The conclusions are as follows. (1) The efficiency of high-tech innovation in China is improving, but there are great differences within regions. Therefore, the heterogeneous regional innovation context should be taken into consideration in the institutional management policies. (2) There is a significant positive correlation between government subsidies and R&D intensity in improving the high-tech innovation efficiency. Government needs to carry out appropriate policy guidance, increase financial support, and encourage high-tech enterprises to increase R&D investment. (3) Openness and better innovation environment play a positive role in the technology marketization stage; thus, the establishment of inter-regional cooperation or transnational relations is an effect way. Forming a better innovation environment can also help to enhance international high-technology cooperation and improve marketization efficiency.
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Huang, Jiong. "Risks and Strategies of China’s Direct Investment in Central Asia from the Perspective of Big Data." Advances in Multimedia 2022 (September 27, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2557124.
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With the growth of Chinese economy and the improvement of its international status, Chinese enterprises foreign direct investment has ushered in new development opportunities. Although scale foreign investment continues to expand and has broad development prospects, it also faces huge risks that domestic investment has never had. China and Central Asia are highly complementary economically. Strengthening direct investment in the Central Asian countries can effectually drive China’s economic development. Based on the quantitative evaluation and analysis from the perspective of big data, this paper uses a variety of methods to evaluate and explore the risks of China’s direct investment in Central Asian countries, and gives some policy suggestions. The research shows that the motivation of Chinese foreign investment cooperation is different from the marginal industry transfer in the traditional international investment theory. The problem of country risks in Central Asia is prominent. Chinese government must rely on the build of the Belt and Road to strengthen intergovernmental communication and exchanges, and establish a good cooperation mechanism to deal with the increasingly prominent problem of country risks. Further we will improve trade facilitation and expand the trade openness of Central Asian countries to China. To avoid risks, Chinese companies should invest under the guidance of the government and establish a complete investment chain for large projects. At the same time, we also need to seize the opportunity of the development of digital economy, and gradually establish a scientific and efficient investment model to effectively avoid the risk of direct investment.
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Wang, Zhengxin, Minghuan Shou, Shuai Wang, Ruinan Dai, and Keqian Wang. "An Empirical Study on the Key Factors of Intelligent Upgrade of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in China." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (January 24, 2019): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030619.
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Promoting the intelligent upgrades of small and medium-sized enterprises is one of the important tasks of implementing “Made in China 2025” in China. As a front runner of nation-level reform, Zhejiang Province has provided much room for innovation and development, along with the emergence of a new type of ecology, accelerated formation of two ecosystems and international cooperation, and a supportive policy environment. Therefore, this paper uses 173 Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) from Zhejiang Province as the research objects, builds a binary selection model, and analyzes the dynamic and constraining mechanism of intelligent upgrades of SMEs with regard to employee qualification, technology, capital, policy environment, and so on. The study finds that: First, among three main industries, manufacturing is the major industry for the intelligent upgrades of SMEs and there are significant demonstration effects and industry heterogeneity. Secondly, the willingness to upgrade intelligently for SMEs is relatively strong. More than half of SMEs that have not intelligently upgraded show willingness to implement intelligent upgrades. Thirdly, factors such as corporate profitability, human capital quality, and industry intelligence level have significantly promoted the intelligent upgrades of SMEs, while the impact of labor cost, capital structure, government subsidies, and other variables are not significant. This conclusion still works after a number of robustness tests. Last but not least, based on the above conclusions, this paper proposes corresponding policy recommendations which are practically beneficial to the development of SMEs in China.
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Nataliya, KRASNIKOVA, DZYAD Olena, and HRECHYN Kyrylo. "INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ICT SERVICES: THE CASE OF UKRAINE." Foreign trade: economics, finance, law 113, no. 6 (December 8, 2020): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/zt.knute.2020(113)08.
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Background. Today, the information and communications technology (ICT) sector is one of the most dynamic sectors of the world economy. Since IT services are the second largest export sector in Ukraine, the study of the impact of international trade in ICT services on economic growth becomes relevant. Analysis of recent research and publications. Numerous papers have shown the positive impact of international trade in ICT goods and services on production volumes, employment and productivity of national economies. In particular, UNCTAD data show that the ICT services sector shows an increase in employment and international trade in all geographical regions and provides most of the added value in the ICT sector. The aim of the article is to study the impact of international trade in ICT services on the development of economies of different levels of development, taking into account national policies of ICT sector, and to develop recommendations for Ukrainian policy of ICT sector, taking into account the experience of analyzed countries. Materials and methods. The information base for the study was data from UNCTAD, OECD, Eurostat, and the State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Methods of statistical, structural, regression, comparative analysis are used. Results. Regression analysis was used to identify the relationship between GDP and the volume of exports and imports of ICT services in the analyzed countries. The results showed that in order to ensure economic development through trade in ICT services, countries need to pursue a stimulating policy, which includes measures in three main areas: support for innovation (R&D funding and startup ecosystems); education and training of ICT specialists; and support for investments in ICT services (through preferential taxation and grant schemes). Conclusion. In order to support the growth of the national IT industry, the Ukrainian government is proposed to legalize existing schemes of cooperation of IT companies with private individuals, to avoid additional regulation of the industry, and to develop schemes to financially support innovation in science and business.
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Guo, Feng. "Research on China’s Higher Education Delivery Offshore in the Post-Pandemic Era." International Education Studies 15, no. 2 (March 18, 2022): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v15n2p123.
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Offshore education, as an effective way to enhance the international flow of education service and an efficient platform for the higher education interconnection and knowledge sharing all around the world, is a significant part of the “opening-up” strategy of education made by China’s Ministry of Education. However, Chinese universities and colleges which plan to run school offshore are currently facing challenges such as the great changes of global governance, the spread of Covid-19 pandemic, the changes in domestic laws and policies and the greater participation of vocational colleges. This should be attached more importance by researchers and policy makers in order to find an innovative and appropriate mode of international cooperation and exchange in the post-pandemic era. Based on the analysis of definitions of higher education delivery offshore and the theoretical and practical causes of the challenges, Chinese universities should clarify the orientation and direction, attach importance to the development of vocational schools offshore, promote overseas schools to become offshore platform for innovation and international exchange, and enhance the international competitiveness of oversea schools by full advantages of government, universities, enterprises and industry organizations.
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Lin, Yuanyuan, Nianqi Deng, and Hailian Gao. "Research on Technological Innovation Efficiency of Tourist Equipment Manufacturing Enterprises." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (December 18, 2018): 4826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124826.
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With the lack of quantitative literature related to the tourist equipment manufacturing industry, this study used the innovation input and output data from 12 listed tourist equipment manufacturing companies in 2011–2017 and employed data envelopment analysis (DEA)–Malmquist to analyze the change of technological innovation efficiency. The Malmquist index and its decompositions were used as dependent variables separately, and government ownership, cooperation with academics, and cooperation with international corporations as independent variables to construct a Tobit regression model. The results of static DEA show that the efficiencies of 12 tourist equipment manufacturing enterprises display a slight decline rule, and DEA–Malmquist analysis showed that the decline of technological innovation efficiency main derives from both the decline of technical efficiency and technical level. Moreover, other innovative subjects have different impacts on the technological innovation efficiency of China’s tourist equipment manufacturing enterprises. Thus, enterprises need to increase input of innovation and enhance the management level. In addition, they should manage the relationship between these innovative subjects and enhance the ability of collaborative innovation and independent innovation.
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Baskoro, Riski M., Amalia Agustina Theresia, and Anggara Raharyo. "China’s Public Diplomacy Through the Utilization of Investment and Censorship in Hollywood (2012 – 2016)." JURNAL SOSIAL POLITIK 5, no. 1 (August 5, 2019): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/sospol.v5i1.7765.
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The conduct of traditional public diplomacy was merely concerned on the engagement of state actors. Not to mention, diplomatic communication is only occurred between the government officials by intention to earned political changes in targeted countries. Recently, public diplomacy is mainly focused on the positive reputation building in the other country and is conducted through political and economic cooperation among two countries or more, by involving the non-state actors also. Starting from its economic reforms initiative, China is engaged in international trade and successfully became one of global economic powers. By its rapid raise, China is feared to be a national threat to other countries, be it politically, economically, or even for the national security. Even more, the Western media often portrays China’s image in a negative light. Hence, in improving its global image, China expands its global outreach by establishing cooperation with the United States film industry, Hollywood, that strengthen by the 2012’s Memorandum of Understanding upon film industry, also by implementing Chinese censorship policy, where negative portrayals of China is prohibited. The conduct of censorship itself would be supervised under state-ruled agency, the SAPPRFT, and is supported by the involvement of Chinese multinational companies investors. Through this research study, the effort of China’s public diplomacy on the utilization of Hollywood as the United States film industry would be proven through new public diplomacy theory. Further, the role of multinational corporations will be assessed due to its essential contribution in enhancing Chinese censorship in Hollywood films for its global release.
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Hayashi, Shuya, and Koki Arai. "How Competition Law Should React in the Age of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence." Antitrust Bulletin 64, no. 3 (August 15, 2019): 447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x19863591.
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Information and communication technology (ICT) is evolving at an accelerating pace. Competition law and policy aim to secure an active competition process in the market in order to protect customers in their own countries, regardless of the nationality of the actors, including the ICT industry. As the platforms become more oligopolistic, the Japanese government has established a data portability that enables users to transfer from any specific platform, at any time, to open up an environment where new platform-type businesses are created one after another and where active competition is carried out. In this policy discussion, it is necessary to seek methods that include realistic international cooperation that is not subject to regulation or intervention-oriented measures. In addition, discussion based on economic empirical analysis is particularly needed. From the viewpoints of ensuring innovative research and development (R&D) concerning artificial intelligence (AI) and fair competition generally, the way of the Governance of AI Networking should be a nonregulatory and a nonbinding way, taking technical features and responsibility distribution among stakeholders (developers, providers, end users, and third parties) into account.
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Li, Junjie, Bei Zhang, Xin Dai, Meng Qi, and Bangfan Liu. "Knowledge Ecology and Policy Governance of Green Finance in China—Evidence from 2469 Studies." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010202.
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CiteSpace was used to visualize the knowledge ecology of the green finance research literature in CNKI and WOS, and NVivo software was used to root the code analysis of the current green finance policies in China. From the analysis of the research hotspots, both in China and internationally, great importance is attached to the research on green finance, and the research on green financialization has broad prospects. The core group of authors on green finance research in China has taken shape, whereas the core group of authors of green finance research in the rest of the world has not yet taken shape. There is a lack of close cooperation and a relatively low level of communication among important domestic green finance research institutions, and a certain scale of cooperation network has been formed among influential international institutions. The major countries for influential international green finance research are Singapore, France, Switzerland, Canada and Saudi Arabia, and the international influence of China’s green finance needs to be improved. Both domestic and foreign countries attach great importance to the balance between economic growth and the low-carbon green transition. China attaches more importance to macroeconomic development and strategic transition, but internationally, the trend is toward microcorporate green performance, policy optimization and market innovation. The research focus of green finance has achieved in three stages of evolution, namely, green industry in the early stage, green services in the middle stage and green strategy in the near future. International green finance research focuses on climate change, market players, government performance, social responsibility sharing, etc. In particular, reducing the cost of green development is the focus of international green finance. The domestic focus is on climate risk, carbon neutrality, carbon peak, low-carbon transition, carbon reduction, and green transition themes. Internationally, the focus is on financial performance, decisions, green finance, credit, drivers, quality, socially responsible investment and other topics. Considering the practical implementation of green finance in China, the governance logic of China’s green finance policy consists of five main categories: policy belief, policy objective, policy tool, policy feedback and policy cycle. In the future, the development and improvement of China’s green finance policy should achieve breakthroughs in the following aspects: first, guiding the main body of green finance policy to firmly establish policy beliefs; second, improving the clarity of green finance policy objectives; third, enhancing the overall effectiveness of the governance of green financial policy instruments; fourth, strengthening the green finance incentive policy feedback system construction; and fifth, improving the quality of green finance policy cycles.
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Thomai, Gjergj. "Territorial Planning Policy for Sustainable Development." International Journal of Business & Technology 1, no. 1 (October 2012): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33107/ijbte.2012.1.1.05.
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Urban planning in Albania, has been promoted in various forms of organization. Ultimately Territorial Planning Law represents another form of policies on the territory that is closely linked to the decentralization of control of the territory. Up to now, four developments has been particularly important: * European approach, which gave an increase in economic and social cohesion policy; * Decentralization in the early 2000s, which has made local governments full participants in the process of territorial planning; * The emergence of the notion of sustainable development; * Initiation of international economic relations after the nineties. Territorial planning policy for sustainable development requires meeting the challenges posed by changing economic, social and cultural development, to achieve a balance of population, industry, culture, etc., between the provinces of the country, such as: a) define the principles and directions for a balanced and sustainable development of territory with European standards; b) the establishment of the territorial conditions for regional development; c) the direction of the establishment and development of national public infrastructure; d) creation of conditions for the preservation of ecosystems, biodiversity, natural resources on and under the earth and the natural and cultural wealth, balancing the effects of housing systems and economic activities and the protection of green spaces development of other areas of cultivable; etc. The objectives of these policies are: Convergence; Regional Competitiveness and Employment; European territorial cooperation and contractual approach as an effective means of implementation of projects that include various levels of government, "an area, a strategy, a contract". They will focus on priorities: local competition and attractiveness; environmental dimension of sustainable development; social and territorial cohesion; sustainable development.
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Borrone, Lillian C. "Sparking the Globalized Trade and Transportation Connection." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1906, no. 1 (January 2005): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105190600101.
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Over the past few decades, the U.S. government and private industry have actively worked to promote global trade. However, sufficient attention has not been paid to updating and improving the corresponding national transportation assets required to take full advantage of the economic opportunities in today's dynamic world market. This paper reviews the growth trends in international trade, including major shifts in the sourcing and distribution of U.S. goods from overwhelmingly domestic systems to increasingly global ones. It highlights the great stresses that these changes in freight movement place on all transport modes, especially those at international gateways, where the modes interface. The paper then examines several structural, conceptual, and funding barriers that the American private and public sectors face in framing an effective response. These transportation and trade conditions are aptly called “wicked problems,” complex problems that sow confusion and fragmentation wherever they arise. The fragmentation that wicked problems create is best faced by increased dialogue and collaboration among key stakeholders. The recommendations for dealing with the critical issues raised here stress the need for better data, the creation of common and compelling overarching goals, and an industry-wide commitment to building, educating, and motivating leadership. Three specific recommendations suggest ways that joint public and private cooperation can move the United States forward in transportation policy and practice: develop a national transportation policy framework, prepare an action plan, and set priorities to direct the needed resources and employ the best talent to move the nation's transportation systems from their lagging 20th-century position to a renewed leadership position for the 21st century.
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Bogatyrov, O., О. Baula, О. Liutak, and N. Galaziuk. "CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS OF FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR INCREASING THE INNOVATIVE COMPONENT OF UKRAINE’S INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS." Financial and credit activity: problems of theory and practice 1, no. 36 (February 17, 2021): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18371/fcaptp.v1i36.227988.
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The article describes the dynamics of Ukraine’s position in the Global Innovation Index for 2015—2019. It is revealed that the domestic economy has a high educational and scientific potential, is able to produce various innovations in the form of ideas, scientific developments, patents; the bottlenecks of Ukraine in the state of innovative development are the state of cluster development, the share of foreign direct investment in GDP, the online service of the government, the use of information and communication technologies, the availability of joint agreements on strategic alliances, the state of domestic lending to the private sector, the export of goods of the creative economy, the volume of microfinance loans, the presence of firms offering formal training, the state of cooperation between universities and production, agreements with venture capital. It is proved that the problem of improving the financial mechanism for ensuring innovation processes in the economic system of Ukraine requires a priority solution. Developments on increasing the innovative component of increasing Ukraine’s international competitiveness are impossible without adequate financial support. The article examines the foreign experience of state support for innovation activities. It is revealed that in developed countries — the world’s leading innovation leaders, public policy provides for direct funding of scientific research and through tax measures encourages private sector R&D spending. The concept of financial support for increasing the innovative component of Ukraine’s international competitiveness, which should be implemented at the strategic, tactical and operational levels, is proposed. To ensure a sustainable level of international competitiveness of the country through increasing the innovation component, it is important to implement a system of measures to monitor threats even at the stage of their origin and prevent the spread of their negative impact. Therefore, the methods and tools for implementing the proposed concept contain components of threat prevention: economic (tax incentives; transfers ;direct budget investments; grants; concessional lending; cooperation with foreign institutions, etc.), organizational (development of innovative infrastructure; consulting assistance; personnel support; creation of clusters using the potential of education, business, government, public; creation of regional clusters with innovation and industry production, etc.), institutional (techno parks, business incubators, analytical centres, etc.), regulatory (strategies, concepts, plans, programs) and social levers (conducting business trainings, implementing joint social projects, etc.).
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Jessop, Philip G. "Preface." Pure and Applied Chemistry 83, no. 7 (January 1, 2011): iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac20118307iv.
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The 3rd International Conference on Green Chemistry (ICGC-3) was held in Ottawa, Canada, 15-18 August 2010, with the theme “The Road to Greener Industry”. Bringing together academia and industry to trade ideas about green chemistry was the purpose of the meeting. Dedicated sessions on industrial aspects, presented by industry speakers, were well attended by both academics and industrial representatives. Academic sessions, in turn, presented new ideas to both groups. Major topics in the conference were green energy (biofuels, H2 production, CO2 capture), green engineering (energy efficiency, greener processes, separations), policy (industry, government, NGOs), green chemistry education, green transportation (materials, additives, powertrain) and green chemical synthesis (benign routes, solvents, catalysts, biopolymers). The 348 delegates travelled to Ottawa from 33 countries, making it a truly international discussion.This issue contains five important lectures from the conference. Peter Wells gives us a rather sobering discussion of some of the unintended consequences of green improvements. Zheng Cui, Evan S. Beach, and Paul T. Anastas describe many of the exciting green chemistry developments coming from China in the past three years. John Andraos announces a new database and algorithm that allows industry to evaluate the efficiency of synthesis plans. Achim Stolle and Bernd Ondruschka compare the performance and energy efficiency of solvent-free reactions performed by ball milling versus other methods such as microwave. Ken Seddon describes the use of new ionic liquids as catalysts for the oligomerization of linear terminal olefins to make lubricant oils.May these articles continue the discussion, stimulate more ideas, and help us all go down the Road to Greener Industry.Philip G. JessopConference Chair and Conference Editor
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Denysenko, V. I. "EUROPEAN VECTOR IN UKRAINIAN FOREIGN POLICY (2010)." Sums'ka Starovyna (Ancient Sumy Land), no. 57 (2020): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/starovyna.2020.57.6.
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The research focuses on the relationship between Ukraine and European Union during the first year of Victor Yanukovych presidency. It highlights the attempts of the new Ukrainian government to establish the dialogue with the leaders of EU, including Josй Manuel, President of the European Commission Barroso, Herman Van Rompuy, President of the European Council, Jerzy Buzek, President of the European Parliament, and Catherine Ashton, High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, First Vice President of the European Commission. This was the motive put behind the first international visit of Victor Yanukovych to Brussels, March 1st, 2010. The author proves the idea of keen interest of Ukrainian top authorities to aspire visa-free travel regime with EU, that was supposed to later score more electoral points during the upcoming elections. Still, the terms of Ukraine-EU Association Agreement seemed for the representatives of the Party of Regions too difficult to implement, and, therefore, in their opinion, had limited perspectives. However, in public domain, both President Victor Yanukovych and his political teammates kept consistently demonstrating their commitment to European integration ideas. The Cabinet of Mykola Azarov, basing on the list of eighteen EU reforms, devised their own plan of integration into European legal, economic and information framework. According to this plan, from October 15th, 2010 the administration was to complete the provisions for signing association and the visa liberalization agreements. Ukraine was represented in EU by experienced diplomat Kostiantyn Ieliseyev. The research points out the existing controversies between Ukrainian and European parties in the question of establishing an extensive and far-reaching free trade area. It draws special attention to the progress made in the area of Ukraine-Europe cooperation in the sphere of power industry, endorsement of the law “Fundamentals for Natural Gas Market Development” and Ukraine becoming a member of Energy Community.
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Assadiki, Redouan, Gérard Merlin, Hervé Boileau, Catherine Buhé, and Fouzi Belmir. "Status and Prospects of Green Building in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region with a Focus on the Moroccan Context." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (October 3, 2022): 12594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912594.
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To promote the development of the Green Building (GB) concept in developing countries, this paper treated the combination of the scientometric analysis of green building research in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, with investigation into the current state of deployment of GB and barriers to sustainable construction practices in the Moroccan construction industry. A scientometric method was used to analyze 159 articles published from 2000 to 2021, and a survey of 167 Moroccan professionals with green building experience was conducted to understand the stakeholders’ position. The examination of the dataset reveals the significant contribution in GB research from Gulf countries (Saudi Arabia with 27 articles). The adoption of GB in the Moroccan construction industry is not apparent. Four clusters for the twelve barriers have been identified by the clustering analysis. They were attributed to government, social and awareness barriers, design phase barriers, high initial costs, and technology barriers. This paper provides stakeholders with the necessary knowledge and understanding of the current research, its gaps, inter-regional and international cooperation, and future direction in the MENA region. This could aid practitioners and policymakers in taking the proper actions to mitigate obstacles for GB adoption.
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Park, Hyun-Yong, and Jeong Hugh HAN. "Myanmar Research Trend Analysis: A comparative approach to domestic and international journals articles using keyword network analysis." Korea Association for International Commerce and Information 24, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 151–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15798/kaici.2022.24.2.151.
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To capture the recent Myanmar research trends, this study analyzed 605 domestic journal articles (indexed in Korean Citation Index) and 31,671 international journal articles (published in Springer) by taking the keyword network analysis method. Myanmar research has been actively carried out since early 2010 both domestically and internationally, showing a rapid increase from 2016 when the democratic government was established by Aung San Suu Kyi. Keyword analysis indicated that domestic journal articles put priority on Myanmar's internal issues, such as political conditions, economy, social culture, and international relations. On the other hand, international articles prioritized generic research topics, such as species diversity, climate change, health care, and malaria infection. Topic modeling analysis identified that international trade policy and trade cooperation were dominant research topics for both domestic and international journal articles. However, Myanmar's internal specific issues such as Buddhism, history, and the military issues were analyzed as important topics by domestic articles while global topics such as energy/resources problem, education, health policy, and species diversity were ranked as important topics in international articles. Periodical research trend analysis distinguishes the directions of domestic and international research articles. In domestic journal articles, Myanmar’s internal domestic issues such as religion and language were dominant topics before the economic opening period. In the initial stage of economic opening, research proportions on Korean companies' strategies for entering to Myanmar market were high. In the period of openness expansion, market entry strategies for individual industry sectors and analysis of investment effects were important research topics. On the other hand, international articles showed consistency and firmness in selecting research topics, such as food issues, species diversity, climate change, health care, and education policy. This paper empirically suggests that domestic journal articles focus on international trade and investment-related issues by taking an economic approach while international articles highlight the diverse characteristics of Myanmar by taking a holistic approach.
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Moya-Colorado, Agustín, Nina León-Bolaños, and José L. Yagüe-Blanco. "The Role of Donor Agencies in Promoting Standardized Project Management in the Spanish Development Non-Government Organizations." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 1490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031490.
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Project management is an autonomous discipline that is applied to a huge diversity of activity sectors and that has evolved enormously over the last decades. International Development Cooperation has incorporated some of this discipline’s tools into its professional practice, but many gaps remain. This article analyzes donor agencies’ project management approaches in their funding mechanisms for projects implemented by non-governmental organizations. As case study, we look at the Spanish decentralized donor agencies (Spanish autonomous communities). The analysis uses the PM2 project management methodology of the European Commission, as comparison framework, to assess and systematize the documentation, requirements, and project management tools that non-governmental organizations need to use and fulfill as a condition to access these donors’ project funding mechanisms. The analysis shows coincidence across donors in the priority given to project management areas linked to the iron triangle (scope, cost, and time) while other areas are mainly left unattended. The analysis also identifies industry-specific elements of interest (such as the UN Sustainable Development Goals) that need to be incorporated into project management practice in this field. The use of PM2 as benchmark provides a clear vision of the project management areas that donors could address to better support their non-governmental organization-implemented projects.
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Prokop, Viktor, Michaela Kotkova Striteska, and Jan Stejskal. "Fostering Czech firms? innovation performance through efficient cooperation." Oeconomia Copernicana 12, no. 3 (September 27, 2021): 671–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/oc.2021.022.
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Research background: The business climate development and the stage of innovation systems? transformation are very similar in many Central and Eastern European countries, making it necessary to study these specific economies. These economies are at a different level of transformation, and their governments are trying to support the development of a knowledge-based economy, the creation of innovation systems, and collaboration among different types of entities. These governments need feedback in the form of research into the impacts of public funding on innovation activities through the influence of basic research and cooperation-based resources in individual countries.
Purpose of the article: This paper focuses on the examination of (i) the influence of national and European subsidies on innovation performance in manufacturing firms in the Czech Republic and (ii) impacts of knowledge- and cooperation-based resources on innovation activities in Czech manufacturing.
Methods: The latest available data from the Community Innovation Survey was used for analyses realized by different regression models. The proposed research models were gradually created to verify the influence of pro-innovation factors (expenditures on in-house and external R&D and on the acquisition of external tangible and intangible sources, cooperation with different partners and innovation) and public (national and/or European) funding of firms? innovation performance within the Czech manufacturing industry.
Findings and value added: The results have showed that there is a need to focus on direct and indirect effects of selected innovation determinants; we have also identified the crucial role of cooperation (specifically with government, public, or private research institutes) as a mediating variable within innovation processes. The results have also evidenced that public funding affects the efficiency of knowledge- and cooperation-based resources and amplifies the impact on firms? innovation performance differently. Whereas subsidies from national budgets do not significantly influence the innovation performance of Czech manufacturing firms, European subsidies, on the other hand, significantly increase firms? innovation performance. A long-term contribution of this paper is the significant completion of the theory of policy implications that may be applicable in a broad international context beyond the borders of the Czech Republic. This study significantly contributes to the ongoing discussion about (i) the significance of public financial subsidies from both national and European funds and (ii) the effects of cooperation and R&D on firms? innovation performance within ?catching-up? in Central and Eastern Europe.
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Polkhova, E. V., and A. A. Sergunin. "The Arctic Lobby in Japan: Structures, Mechanisms of Infl uence and the Role in Developing Cooperation with the Russian Federation." Moscow University Bulletin of World Politics 12, no. 4 (December 20, 2020): 99–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.48015/2076-7404-2020-12-4-99-130.
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Japan’s Arctic strategy, particularly its geopolitical and economic aspects, has been thoroughly reviewed by both Russian and foreign experts. However, the structures and mechanisms behind this strategy remain somewhat obscure. This paper is intended to partially fill this gap by resorting to the study of the Japanese Arctic lobby. The authors identify the key interest groups which stand for an active Arctic policy and for cooperation with the Russian Federation in that regard. These include, in particular, the energy sector representatives that sought to take part in the construction of liquefied natural gas (LNG) plants. The decision of the Japanese government to join the Western anti-Russian sanctions disrupted these plans. However, the adoption of S. Abe’s 8-points plan in 2016 opened up new opportunities for the Russia-Japan Arctic cooperation. Yet another two groups of interest are equally interested in strengthening bilateral relations — shipping and ship-building industries. They also suffered from anti-Russian sanctions but now they are actively engaged in the construction of the LNG jetties near Murmansk and in Kamchatka. There is also a growing interest towards the Arctic region within the fishery industry — a very important sector of Japan’s economy. Cooperation with Russia increases Tokyo’s capacity to participate in the creation of international legal regime of fisheries in the Central Arctic ocean. Finally, the authors identify another important element of the Japanese Arctic lobby — regional elites. In that regard, they examine activities of the Hokkaido prefecture to engage in development of the Northern Sea Route. The paper examines the key mechanisms used by the Arctic lobby to influence the authorities, including sectoral, regional and national business associations, research and educational centers and mass media, as well as ‘built-in lobby’ in relevant ministries and agencies responsible for making and implementing Tokyo’s Arctic policies. The authors conclude that, although the Arctic lobby is unable to persuade the Government to remove anti-Russian sanctions altogether, elaboration of a selective strategy of cooperation with the Japanese business community could strengthen bilateral relations and provide new opportunities for exploiting natural resources of the Far North and developing the Russian Arctic.
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TODD, EWEN C. D. "Preliminary Estimates of Costs of Foodborne Disease in Canada and Costs to Reduce Salmonellosis." Journal of Food Protection 52, no. 8 (August 1, 1989): 586–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-52.8.586.
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Estimates of cases of foodborne disease of microbiological, parasitic, animal, plant, and chemical origin were determined for Canada based on the limited information available. The reported number of 6,190 was multiplied by a factor of 350 to reach the figure of 2.2 million cases probably occurring each year. Foodborne disease was also a direct or indirect cause of a possible 31.2 deaths, mainly because of E. coli hemorrhagic colitis, salmonellosis, and listeriosis. Costs of 68 separate incidents were determined and used to measure the economic impact of different foodborne diseases. The total amount, including the value of deaths estimated to have occurred, came to $1,334.6 million in 1985 dollars, of which 88% was caused by microbiological diseases. This large sum of money for only one developed country can be reduced by various programs, such as education, good manufacturing and food handling practices, appropriate sanitation procedures, and for certain diseases like salmonellosis, irradiation of foods and competitive exclusion of pathogens in food animals. All these preventive measure require cooperation by the food industry, government, educational institutes, and international organizations.
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Karim, Mohamed, Khalid Sobhi, Mohamed El Moussaoui, and Othmane Erguigue. "Industrial Policy and Promising Niches in Morocco. A Quantitative Analysis." Journal of Economics and Public Finance 7, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): p12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v7n2p12.
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Since 2000, Morocco has launched important institutional and economic reforms based on strategies to correct market failures in important sectors of the economy. These strategies have included tax exemptions and other financial incentives, facilitating access to land and simplifying administrative procedures, and launching major public infrastructure projects, all of which have combined to create a new investment dynamic in strategic sectors such as agriculture, industry, and energy. These efforts have affected many sectors: the Azur Vision 2020 plan for tourism, the Green Morocco Plan for agriculture, the Halieutis 2020 Plan for fishing, Maroc Plus Export for export, the Emergence Plan (2005) for industry followed by the National Pact for Industrial Emergence, 2009-2015 and the new Industrial Acceleration Plan, 2014-2020. For example, to support the new Industrial Acceleration Plan, the government has provided a grant, a financial support of about 2% of GDP over 6 years. The government has also offered ad hoc support to attract foreign investors in large private projects likely to generate significant positive externalities. One example is the project to set up a Renault Company plant in Tangiers, which aims to produce and export 400,000 cars per year (World Bank, 2017).This note highlights the industrial sectors that can offer the best potential for growth, attract private investors and contribute to the creation of decent jobs. It will also identify ways to accelerate investment in Morocco. These industrial investments may include purely private investments or those made with the support of international financial institutions. The note analyzes investment and sectoral integration opportunities using the input model (outputs and employment elasticity indicators), the evaluation of the industrial acceleration plan, and sets out the measures taken by the CVE to promote VSEs. Only one classic sector is selected is highlighted for their investment potential and their commitment to reform in the sectors. It is the food industry.The note follows the diagram below:1) An introduction to the economic, political and social frameworks, including key indicators 2) A sector analysis to identify one to three sectors that are likely to be the subject of accelerated investment and in which reforms will have a particularly high chance of improving the business and investment climate and having an impact on development. 3) A mapping of the most relevant initiatives, technical assistance, grants and loans, and investments by donors and other stakeholders, such as development finance institutions. In the selected sector(s).4) An analysis of the existing reform agenda in the respective sector(s) and the identification of areas where there is a high likelihood of effective cooperation to support the implementation of these reforms.
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Wang, Hengtian, Xiaolong Yang, Qihe Lou, and Xinxin Xu. "Achieving a Sustainable Development Process by Deployment of Solar PV Power in ASEAN: A SWOT Analysis." Processes 9, no. 4 (April 2, 2021): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9040630.
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The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has experienced rapid social and economic development in the past decades, while energy shortage, environmental pollution, and climate change are the factors that prevent a sustainable development process. Deployment of solar photovoltaic (PV) power is one of the effective alternatives to overcome the above barriers and assist ASEAN to achieve the aspirational target of 23% renewable energy (RE) in the total primary energy supply (TPES). In this study, SWOT analysis is adopted to analyze the internal strengths and weaknesses and the external threats and opportunities tightly related to the development of solar PV power in ASEAN countries. Through the SWOT analysis, great potential for the development of solar PV power in ASEAN is found. As long as appropriate policies are implemented and proper actions are taken, huge space for deployment of solar PV power can be expected. Based on the SWOT analysis, countermeasures that emphasize further deployment of solar PV power in ASEAN countries are put forward. The tactics include arousing people’s awareness of a sustainable development process, government issue coherence and stable incentive policies, fostering a solar PV industry chain and master key technology, and seek opportunities via an international cooperation.
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Trainor, Mary, MARY TRAINOR, JAN MICHIEL MEEUWSEN, and PAULIEN BONGERS. "Generating health and safety knowledge for innovative and sustainable workplaces: a PEROSH Perspective." European Journal of Workplace Innovation 6, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 98–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.46364/ejwi.v6i1.819.
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PEROSH is the Partnership for European Research in Occupational Safety and Health (OSH).The PEROSH vision is that policymakers, workplaces and other stakeholders across Europe areinspired by and use knowledge generated by PEROSH in their efforts to develop innovativeand sustainable workplaces which are healthy and safe. PEROSH comprises 14 nationalresearch institutes from 13 countries on the continent of Europe. Each institute plays a keynational role through their affiliation to government, health and accident insurance systems,or industry and trade unions. The partnership acts collectively to: strengthen cooperation onOSH research and accelerate the generation of knowledge in key areas of OSH; anddisseminate and exchange knowledge and information on OSH issues. In 2019, TheInternational Labour Organization identified that PEROSH has “strong national and regional[European] policy impact”. This paper gives an overview of PEROSH: an introduction to itshistory and strategy; governance and structure; and core activities including the PEROSH JointResearch Programme and the PEROSH international Wellbeing at Work conference series. Itsummarises PEROSH outreach and networking activities at national, European and globallevel. The paper concludes with reflections on the importance of robust scientific evidence tounderpin and inform the actions of stakeholders for a sustainable world of work which ishealthy and safe.
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Richard V. Llewelyn, Richard V., and Wang Sutrisno. "DOES SIZE MATTER?: Technical Efficiency and Industry Size in Indonesia." Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business 4, no. 3 (December 10, 2013): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/gamaijb.5389.
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The debate over which size industry is best suited for Indonesiacontinues with proponents of both large and small sizes pointing out the benefits of each. However, little empirical analysis has been done regarding economic matters such as technical efficiency. Nonparametric analysis of technical efficiency for three sizes of firms in seven manufacturing sectors is estimated using linear programming techniques. Aggregated input and output data from BPS from 1991 to 1997 are used.Household size firms are found to be most efficient relative to the other sizes for five of the seven sectors analyzed. Large firms are relatively more efficient in ‘Food, Beverage, and Tobacco’ sector. Small companies are relatively less efficient than household firms in all but one case, but relatively more efficient than large firms in five of seven sectors. The results validate and perhaps explain the duel economy in Indonesia with both large and small firms existing in the same industry.When each sector is analyzed for each firm size, the ‘Non-MetallicMineral Products Other Than Petroleum and Coal’ sector is most efficient for all sizes of firms. The least efficient sector is the ‘Chemical and Plastics’ industry.The results suggest that government policy should be focused oncreating a stable environment for business, which promotes growth of efficient businesses, either large or small. Specific policies and intervention for small business development are not necessary, given the relative efficiency of small firms in Indonesia.
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Sholtz, Anne M., Bill VanAmburg, and Verne K. Wochnick. "An Enhanced Rate-Based Emission Trading Program for NOx: The Dutch Model." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 984–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.353.
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Since 1997 government and industry in The Netherlands have been engaged in intensive policy discussions on how to design an emission trading program that would satisfy the Government’s policy objectives within the national and international regulatory framework and accommodate industry’s need for a flexible and cost-effective approach. Early on in the discussion the most promising solution was a rate-based approach, which dynamically allocated saleable emission credits based on a performance standard rate and actual energy used by facilities. All industrial facilities above a threshold of 20 MWth would be judged on their ability to meet this performance rate. Those “cleaner” than the standard can sell excess credits to others with an allocation that is less than their actual NOXemission. With some changes in law, such a design could be made to fit well into the national and EU legislative framework while at the same time uniquely meeting industry’s requirement of flexibility toward economic growth and facility expansion. (An analysis of the legislative changes required will be given in a separate paper by Chris Dekkers.) However, the environmental outcome of such a system is not as certain as under an absolute emission cap. At the request of the Netherlands Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (VROM), Automated Credit Exchange (ACE), in close cooperation with the working group of government and industry representatives introduced a number of features into the Dutch NOXprogram allowing full exploitation of market mechanisms while allowing intermediate adjustments in the performance standard rates. The design is geared toward meeting environmental targets without jeopardizing the trading market the program intends to create. The paper discusses the genesis of the two-tier credit system ACE helped to design, explains the differences between primary (fixed) and secondary (variable) credits, and outlines how the Dutch system is expected to function once implemented in 2004. The paper also discusses the market trading simulation held in early 2001 to assess and test the trading program, and reviews also the current status of the market program development.
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Medhekar, Anita, and Farooq Haq. "Medical Tourism Development in Dubai: Managing Challenges and Opportunities." GATR Global Journal of Business Social Sciences Review 4, no. 4 (October 20, 2016): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2016.4.4(3).
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Objective – International medical travel is one of the fastest growing and lucrative segments of the tourism industry of this century. In the past, affluent people from Middle Eastern countries travelled abroad to the UK or USA for medical surgery and not wealthy citizens from developed countries are seeking affordable, accessible, world class quality of healthcare with modern medical technology, no waiting lists and combining it with a holiday. Dubai has established itself as a destination that can offer all this to foreign medical travellers. Methodology/Technique This paper is exploratory in nature and provides a conceptual study to investigate the expansion, challenges and economic opportunities for developing, promoting and managing Dubai as a medical tourism destination, which is a unique contribution to the theory of medical tourism management. Findings The study indicated several interesting findings regarding challenges such as highly dependence of UAE on foreign human resources, providing safety to migrant workers, implementing integrated medical tourism policy, global health insurance transferability, establishing legal and regulatory issues and others. Novelty : This paper has presented ground breaking findings indicating the issues faced by the Dubai Government regarding the growth and sustainability of medical tourism.The lack of direct access to the Dubai Government and medical tourists is a limitation of this study. Type of Paper: Review Keywords: Dubai; Medical Travel; Tourism; Development; Healthcare Management.
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Gavin, Brigid. "Sustainable Development of Chinas Rare Earth Industry within and without the WTO." Journal of World Trade 49, Issue 3 (June 1, 2015): 495–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2015020.
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China's rise to become the dominant global producer of rare earth minerals has caused severe environmental damage and rapid depletion of its natural resources. To rectify these problems and achieve sustainable development of the industry, the Chinese government has adopted a policy of export restrictions which has led to conflict with its trade partners. A World Trade Organization (WTO) panel has judged China's policy to be in violation of its trade obligations which has been upheld in appeal. This article presents a broad analysis of sustainable development relating to the rare earth industry. In recognizing growing global demand for these minerals, which provide essential inputs for the new green technologies, it explores how a more complementary relationship between economic development and conservation of natural capital can be achieved. Improving resource efficiency throughout the whole production chain is of key importance for resource conservation. The use of adequate environmental technologies and effective environmental policies are key to minimizing the risks for environmental damage and human health. The new initiative for liberalization of Environmental Goods and Services (EGS) in the WTO can make leading environmental technologies available at a lower cost for China. But green trade liberalization alone cannot achieve sustainable development. A new form of international cooperation in the form of networked governance must operate alongside the WTO to combine governance of global economic and ecological integration. Since the publication of the Brundtland Report, the concept of sustainable development has been generally understood as the requirement to meet the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs.1 But this is a vague concept which has proved difficult to implement in practice. There is no internationally agreed method for measuring sustainable development and no internationally accepted indicators to monitor its progress in practice.2 In particular, there is no satisfactory indicator for 'natural capital' which is central to achieving sustainable development. Natural capital is defined as the stock of natural resources or environmental assets that yields a flow of useful goods and services into the future.3 This concept creates a new synthesis integrating two previously opposing world views. On the one hand, man-made capital which comprises physical, financial and human capital, has well-established roots in economic theory. On the other hand, natural capital, comprising natural resources and the environment has been developed more recently by ecological economics. Whereas, man-made capital has been traditionally treated as a scarce good which is priced accordingly in the market, natural capital has for long been considered as part of the 'global commons' and so largely treated as a free good.4 But this dichotomy is no longer tenable today.
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Gies, A. "Government view of endocrine disruption in wildlife." Pure and Applied Chemistry 75, no. 11-12 (January 1, 2003): 2563–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200375112563.
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Like hardly any other issue in ecotoxicology, endocrine disruption has given rise to public concern. Reproductive, behavioral, and immunological effects in wildlife were publicly not only understood as possible threats to wildlife populations, but also as early warning signals that human health could be at risk. Above all, the public has been concerned about negative outcomes in reproductive health, and effects like feminization in fish were regarded as evidence for the biological plausibility of the hypothesis that environmental levels of hormonally active chemicals are high enough to affect human reproductive health. Public concern has been mirrored by several parliamentary and governmental decisions emphasizing the need for extensive research and rapid measures to reduce the risk associated with endocrine-disrupting substances. Endocrine disruption in wildlife is clearly a priority issue. At least in densely populated areas like Europe, symptoms of endocrine disruption in wildlife cannot only be detected in areas with abnormally high levels of pollution, but have also occurred in main river systems, estuaries, and even in the open sea. Imposex in mollusks and feminization in fish that were clearly related to disturbances in the hormonal system of these organisms by exogenous substances have been used as markers in monitoring programs. Though symptoms of endocrine disruption can be clearly identified, it is much more difficult to link these outcomes to causative chemicals or mixtures of substances. Natural and pharmaceutical hormones, phytoestrogens, pesticides, and industrial chemicals may all play a role to a different degree depending on the site under study. This means that several different risk-reduction strategies have to be applied, including bans of substances, use restrictions, and installation and optimization of sewage treatment works embedded in a strategy for the overall reduction of chemical input into the environment. It should be noted that, in addition to national and international regulatory actions taken by state authorities, a considerable reduction of the environmental input could be achieved in several countries by voluntary actions taken by industry. Regulatory bodies are still facing major problems in the field of risk assessment and risk reduction. Association between effects and causative agents or mixtures are in many cases weak. Important tools for risk assessment such as dose-response relationships or the existence of thresholds are not yet agreed on. These uncertainties are the reason that many national governments and the European Commission have identified precaution as the main element in chemicals policy for the management of endocrine disruptors. This paper is based on documents of the German Federal Environmental Agency, but solely represents the view of the author from a regulatory perspective and emphasizes the wildlife aspects of endocrine disruption.
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Irtyshcheva, Inna, Volodymyr Krylenko, and Serhii Romanenko. "FINANCING OF SPORTS AND HEALTH ACTIVITIES AT MACRO AND MESO LEVELS." Economic Analysis, no. 32(2) (2022): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2022.02.169.
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Introduction. Russia's war against Ukraine has affected the economic and political life of recent times, which is well considered in the financial sphere of sports and security services. This influence affects all elements of the socio-economic mechanism of the industry: types and kinds of subjects of sports and health activities, sources of funding, economic conditions, features of public policy in this area and more. Increased spending on economic activity, security, the judiciary and defense has led to a significant reduction in spending on spiritual and physical development. The purpose of the article is to analyze the financing of sports and health activities in the macro and meso levels. Method (methodology). The study uses general scientific methods, in particular: comparison - to compare the averages of the best government spending in Ukraine and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; statistical analysis - analysis of the financing of sports and health activities in Ukraine. Results. The analysis of the results of the comparison of the average indicators of the best public expenditures in Ukraine and the countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development shows significant deviations in the field of health care. analyzed that Ukraine has significantly less money (almost 5% less as a percentage of the State budget) for health care than the country of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The analysis showed that in 2021, in connection with the year 2020, the largest expenditures of the State Budget for the preparation and participation of national teams in the Paralympic and Deaflympic Games (+ 4546.5%), the costs of preparation and participation of national teams in international competitions games, games, etc.) increased by 542.4%, expenditures on the development of sports among people with disabilities, their physical rehabilitation increased by 169.9%, state support of the sports association "Dynamo" increased by 147.6% . It is emphasized that the expressed tendencies of increasing the amount of budget funding for the development of sports and physical culture in Ukraine will allow to achieve the previously set ambitious goals for the Olympic Games in 2030-2032 in Ukraine.
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Renzin, О. М. "The Far East of Russia and the North-Eastern Asia: interaction configurations." POWER AND ADMINISTRATION IN THE EAST OF RUSSIA 99, no. 2 (2022): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1818-4049-2022-98-2-33-40.
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The development of the Russian Far East region in the last decade was closely connected with the implementation of the program of Russia's integration into the Asia-Pacific region, the economic «advance to the East». In 2013–2021, a significant number of government, industry and regional programs were devoted to the implementation of these tasks. In the first quarter of 2022, this process was strongly corrected by a sharp change in international political relations, the division of countries - Russia's economic partners into groups that adhere to varying degrees of confrontational positions towards it. As a result, the participation of the Russian Federation in global economic interaction, and, accordingly, the processes of development of the national economy related to this, began to experience numerous additional risks and restrictions generated by the active sanctions creativity of the countries that received the classification “unfriendly”. This fundamentally complicated the potential opportunities for Russia's cross-border interactions; the ongoing changes in the external contour of the national economy have transformed the role and place of Russia in the international division of labor, and, accordingly, required the formation of a new foreign economic policy both for the current situation and for the medium and long term. Part of this process is the reformatting of international relations in Northeast Asia. On the one hand, it requires prompt changes in the organization of cross-border commodity and financial flows, their accelerated adaptation to new conditions. On the other hand, given the predicted long-term effect of the imposed (and, obviously, expected in the future) restrictions on Russia's international cooperation, a systemic restructuring of the economy of the Far East region is necessary. It will require a reassessment of a number of strategic positions in regional development, as well as the implementation of targeted production, social, infrastructural and institutional reforms.
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Ratajczak-Mrozek, Milena, and Magdalena Herbeć. "To be independent or balance interdependence?" IMP Journal 10, no. 2 (June 13, 2016): 260–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imp-08-2015-0048.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify in what way micro and small firms from low-technology industries which are dependent on foreign companies can ensure that they derive benefits from these relationships and what is more, in what way government policy should support this. Design/methodology/approach – A longitudinal study of a furniture company has been used. The company’s relationship with its large foreign customer is analysed from the perspective of the market-oriented power dependence and the IMP interdependence concept. Additionally the secondary sources of information about Polish furniture industry have been used in order to present its international specificity. Findings – The analysis shows that micro and small firms may derive benefits from their relationships with foreign entities due to their flexibility and the creation of heavy resources based on the standards of cooperation. Policies supporting exports and internationalisation cannot be isolated activities which end with the creation of foreign contacts and initiating transactions. Policy makers should concentrate on the support of the knowledge and experience exchange in terms of maintaining contacts with foreign entities as well as creation of a favourable framework of conditions for companies. Practical implications – The recommendations may be applied to design a policy supporting micro and small enterprises representing low-technology industries from economies with a limited internal market. Originality/value – The paper compares the perspective of a market-orientated power-dependency concept with the IMP interdependency approach. This sheds a light by adding an analysis of how to best utilise interdependencies on both sides of the supplier-customer interface. Both opportunities and hindrances resulting from the relationship between small firms and larger foreign companies are highlighted. Thanks to this approach a discussion is conducted in order to illustrate the policy implications of supporting micro and small enterprises from low-technology industries.
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Gorin, Nazar. "Development of international economic ties of Western Ukraine in the second half of the XIX – early XX century." Ìstorìâ narodnogo gospodarstva ta ekonomìčnoï dumki Ukraïni 2019, no. 52 (2019): 155–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ingedu2019.52.155.
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The article describes the main forms and channels of international economic relations of the Western Ukrainian lands during their being in Austro-Hungary state. The role of government policy in attracting foreign investment for the development of economy of the Western Ukrainian region has been clarified. The role of railway network development in the integration of Western Ukraine economy into the world commodity-cash flows is analyzed. It was noted that the northeastern regions of the empire were developed by the central government primarily in order to obtain cheap raw materials and labor, as well as to create a market for the sale of industrial goods produced by enterprises from the central regions of the empire. It is noted that the then shaped specialization of production laid the foundations for the disproportionate development of the economy of Western Ukrainian lands in the future. Generalized sectors where foreign capital participated most, in particular: railway construction, chemical, machine building, oil and refining, electricity, sawmill, woodworking and ozokerite industry, banking and wholesaling. The role of Austrian, German, American, French and English capital in the development of individual branches of economy was tracked down. It is shown that the weakness of the competitive environment and institutional mechanisms of asset capitalization, governmental patronage for large enterprises caused the emergence and accelerated development of monopolistic tendencies in the economy of the region. The main vectors of foreign trade relations of Western Ukrainian lands are analyzed and the reasons and directions of labor migration of Ukrainians in the second half of the nineteenth – beginning of the twentieth century are highlighted.
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Liu, Jian, Qingshan Yang, Yu Zhang, Wen Sun, and Yiming Xu. "Analysis of CO2 Emissions in China’s Manufacturing Industry Based on Extended Logarithmic Mean Division Index Decomposition." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (January 4, 2019): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010226.
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China is the world’s largest emitter of CO2. As the largest sector of China’s fossil energy consumption and carbon emissions, manufacturing plays an important role in achieving emission reduction targets in China. Using the extended logarithmic mean division index (LMDI) decomposition model, this paper decomposed the factors that affect the CO2 emissions of China’s manufacturing industry into eight effects. The results show the following: (1) China’s manufacturing CO2 emissions increased from 1.91 billion tons in 1995 to 6.25 billion tons in 2015, with an average annual growth rate of 6%. Ferrous metal smelting and rolling were the largest sources of carbon dioxide emissions, followed by chemical raw materials and products and then non-metallic minerals. (2) During the research period, the industrial activity effects were the most important factor leading to increased CO2 emissions in manufacturing and energy intensity was the most important factor in promoting the reduction of CO2 emissions from manufacturing. The investment intensity was the second most influential factor leading to the increase in China’s manufacturing CO2 emissions after the industrial scale and this even exceeded the industrial activity effect in some time periods (2000–2005). R&D efficiency and R&D intensity were shown to have significant roles in reducing CO2 emissions in China’s manufacturing industry. The input of R&D innovation factors is an effective way to achieve emission reductions in China’s manufacturing industry. (3) There were differences in the driving factors of CO2 emissions in the manufacturing industry in different periods that were closely related to the international and domestic economic development environment and the relevant policies of the Chinese government regarding energy conservation and emission reduction. (4) Sub-sector research found that the factors that affect the reduction of CO2 emissions in various industries appear to be differentiated. This paper has important policy significance to allow the Chinese government to implement effective energy-saving and emission reduction measures and to reduce CO2 emissions from the manufacturing industry.
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POPKO, O. V. "INDUSTRY OF RIVNE REGION: CURRENT STATE AND STRATEGIC TARGETS OF DEVELOPMENT." Economic innovations 20, no. 4(69) (December 20, 2018): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2018.20.4(69).124-134.
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Topicality. Increasing attention to the development of industry and industrial policy is one of the main tendencies in the development of the modern world global economy. Wide recognition of the important role of industry in solving current problems has been reflected in new challenges for rapid development of the domestic industry. It is a generator of scientific and technological progress and innovation and an important factor in the competitiveness of national economies and it serves as a driver for economic growth. Purpose and tasks. The purpose of the article is to identify the situation, problems and prospects of industry development in the Rivne region. Results. It is established the leading role in the economy of Rivne Oblast is famous for industry and agriculture. It was revealed the leading industries of the Rivne region including production and supply of electricity and gas; Chemical Industry; manufacture of building materials and glassware; Food Industry; manufacture of wood products; engineering. The results of the research on the development of industry in the Rivne region, problems and tasks of its development, SWOT-analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of industry in the Rivne region, opportunities and threats of its development are presented. The primary directions of industry development in the Rivne region have been formed. In particular, modernization of production; introduction of energy-saving technologies; promotion of production of industrial products, competitive in the domestic and foreign markets; an increase in the total volume of foreign direct investment attracted to the regional economy; establishing cooperation with international companies; regulation of the legislative framework on consumer rights protection, advertising, unfair competition, registration of patents and inventions, registration and protection of trademark rights for goods and services.Conclusions. The following problems of the regional industry must be considered and urgently addressed: moral and physical depreciation of fixed assets, high dependence on world market conditions, high energy intensity of production, production of products with low added value, etc. Instead, key drivers need to become its competitive advantages as a strong raw material base, advantageous geographic position, close proximity to the EU markets, a relatively low share of labor costs in the structure of the cost of industrial products, and a significant unrealized potential of domestic demand for industrial products.
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Szewior, Krzysztof. "Scientific Research in Austrian Security Strategies and Research on Security and Defence." Przegląd Strategiczny, no. 15 (February 15, 2023): 415–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ps.2022.1.24.
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Official documents of the Austrian government indicate the growing dependence of the economy and society on technical infrastructure, which required continuous research. Austria has developed a national research program to promote its economy, technology and cooperation. It is also intended to support the Austrian defence and civilian economy as a coherent part of the EU’s research, technology and economic structures. This text is based in particular on primary literature, which includes documents of EU institutions, Austrian security and defence strategies, and statements of the Ministry of Defense. This publication attempts to answer the question of how Austria made an effort to integrate security and defence issues with the national research-technology-innovation system (Forschung-Technologie-Innovation, hereinafter FTI), with the specificity of the domestic industry dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises. This paper is based on the analysis of documents and scientific interpretation of key EU and Austrian positions. The research aims to analyze and understand the role of research in the concept of (national) security in Austria and to link it with the EU’s security and defence policy. Research and this publication verify the assumption that the security and strategic autonomy of the EU / Member States require integrated solutions (Europeanization process). Going beyond the soft impact toward hard instruments requires a knowledge-based development and synergies of coherent strategies, technologies and research. The EU saw the need for a structured promotion of research and innovation in the field of security and defence. Austria has been developing such research for several years, mainly at the national level and application. The steps taken by Austria demonstrate the will to operate in wider EU (infra) structures and to benefit from financial instruments while supporting and profiting from socio-economic processes.
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Davidow, Joel. "Recent Developments in US Antitrust." World Competition 28, Issue 3 (September 1, 2005): 299–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2005019.
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A major issue for US antitrust enforcement in the last year or so has been how to achieve maximum detection and deterrence of cartels, even at the cost of weakening certain sanctions. Thus, new legislation protects first-to-confess price fixers from criminal penalties and from trebling of damages owed to customers. To the same end, US enforcement agencies have sought to cut back the ability of foreign victims of the non-US aspects of worldwide cartels to obtain damage relief in American courts. This approach has been justified primarily as facilitating the operation of leniency policies by decreasing the scope, or uncertainty, of the private damage action consequences of confession. Closing US courts to foreign victims has also been justified in terms of the expressed wishes of the US allies (e.g. Germany, Japan, Canada) to fashion their own private remedy policies for their residents. In merger enforcement, trends are steady, but many litigated merger cases were decided against the Government, which could not always support its theories of probable consumer injury with hard facts. Cases involving misuse of intellectual property continue to be aggressively fought, particularly where dubious means are used to enshrine a patented invention as part of an industry standard. US efforts toward international cooperation and harmonisation have had a steady pattern of achievement, but some difficult issues of policy and practice seem intractable, particularly centralisation of merger control and harmonisation of approaches to private remedies.
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Huber, Julie A., and Beth N. Orcutt. "COBRA: A Research Accelerator for the Crustal Ocean Biosphere." Marine Technology Society Journal 55, no. 3 (May 1, 2021): 130–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.55.3.14.
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Abstract The deep seafloor covers two-thirds of Earth's surface area, but our understanding of the ecosystems and resources found in the deep ocean, as well as the ability of deep-sea ecosystems to withstand human perturbation, is limited. These deep-sea habitats demand urgent study as there are emergent human uses in the form of deep-sea mining and carbon sequestration that will fundamentally alter physical, chemical, and biological conditions that took millions of years to establish. We propose the international network COBRA, a research accelerator for the crustal ocean biosphere. COBRA will bring together diverse stakeholders and experts, including interdisciplinary academic and government scientists, private institutions, policy makers, data systems engineers, industry experts, and others to coordinate efforts that generate new knowledge and inform decision making about activities that could affect the deep ocean and, by extension, all of society. We will also train the next generation of leaders in ocean exploration, science, and policy through an innovative virtual program to carry this effort into future generations of ocean and earth science research. COBRA will inform policies relating to emergent industrial uses of the deep ocean, decrease the likelihood of serious harm to the environment, and maintain ecosystem services for the benefit of society.
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Makarenko, P. "THE ECONOMIC CRISIS AS A PREREQUISITE FOR REGIONAL SHIFTS IN THE ECONOMY OF JAPAN." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 66-67 (2017): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2017.66.21.
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In article analyzed the signs and consequences of the economic crisis in Japan, revealed a system of anti-crisis government measures to stimulate economic growth, the stock market and real estate market, public policy and social programs. Successful anti-crisis measures and the negative effects of regulatory policy in the fall of domestic and foreign markets were considered. We were analyzed three major economic crises: the post-war crisis, the crisis of the 90s, the 2008 financial crisis. The economic crisis of the early 90s had a very specific background; analysis and reflection of them are allowed to reduce the crisis of 2008. The first crisis was caused mainly by internal economic factors, and the second – the global financial crisis. Pre-crisis economic had certain market conditions. During export economy Japan generated industrial growth, increase a foreign production, results of direct investment. Japanese companies had pursued a policy of active promotion in Asian markets. Over the years 2002-2007 decline the consumer demand, and in 2008 there were the first signs of recession. Textile and chemical industry, general engineering, ferrous metallurgy, information and communication electronic equipment had reduced production and profits. After analyzing the current situation in the world markets, the Japanese government approved the “Complex strategic measures to overcome the crisis.” The government executed the following major steps: 1. Increase local and regional regulation; 2. Reduction of taxes; 3. Exchange and stock markets regulation; 4. Reduce military spending; 5. The increase in exports, business building in regional market centers; 6. Promote small and medium enterprises (SMEs); 7. Formation of innovative markets; 8. Development of logistics infrastructure; 9. Reduce energy dependence, changing sources of energy; 10. The reform of social policy; 11. The reform of regional policy and investment; 12. The development of tourism projects. The experience of Japan can be adapted a series of reforms: decentralization, solving demographic problems, increasing regional and international business, scientific and technological development, investment in infrastructure and trade logistics, tourism development. Successfully reforms and strategic location was allowed Japan to survive the economic crisis and achieve economic growth.