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Journal articles on the topic 'Chemical Enhancement'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Sagun, V. V., D. R. Oliinychenko, K. A. Bugaev, J. Cleymans, A. I. Ivanytskyi, I. N. Mishustin, and E. G. Nikonov. "Strangeness Enhancement at the Hadronic Chemical Freeze-Out." Ukrainian Journal of Physics 59, no. 11 (November 2014): 1043–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ujpe59.11.1043.

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2

Ehret, Anne, Mark T. Spitler, and Louis S. Stuhl. "Chemical Signal Enhancement by Chemical Amplification." Comments on Inorganic Chemistry 23, no. 4 (July 2002): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02603590213136.

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3

Cochran, M. F. "Enhancement of Chemical Weathering." Mineralogical Magazine 58A, no. 1 (1994): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1994.58a.1.98.

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4

Su, Yarong, Yuanzhen Shi, Ping Wang, Jinglei Du, Markus B. Raschke, and Lin Pang. "Quantification and coupling of the electromagnetic and chemical contributions in surface-enhanced Raman scattering." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 10 (February 25, 2019): 549–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.10.56.

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In surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), both chemical (CE) and electromagnetic (EM) field effects contribute to its overall enhancement. However, neither the quantification of their relative contributions nor the substrate dependence of the chemical effect have been well established. Moreover, there is to date no understanding of a possible coupling between both effects. Here we demonstrate how systematically engineered silver and gold planar and nanostructured substrates, covering a wide range of field enhancements, provide a way to determine relative contributions of chemical and electromagnetic field-enhancement in SERS measurements of benzenethiol. We find a chemical enhancement of 2 to 14 for different vibrational resonances when referencing against a vibrational mode that undergoes minimal CE. The values are independent of substrate type and independent of the enhancement of the electromagnetic intensity in the range from 1 to 106. This absence of correlation between chemical and electromagnetic enhancement resolves several long-standing controversies on substrate and intensity dependence of the chemical enhancement and allows for a more systematic design of SERS substrates with desired properties.
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5

Lohmann, Joachim. "Image Enhancement?Chemical, Digital, Visual." Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 28, no. 12 (December 1989): 1601–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.198916013.

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6

Gieseking, Rebecca L., Mark A. Ratner, and George C. Schatz. "Theoretical modeling of voltage effects and the chemical mechanism in surface-enhanced Raman scattering." Faraday Discussions 205 (2017): 149–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7fd00122c.

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Theoretical approaches can provide insight into the mechanisms and magnitudes of electromagnetic and chemical effects in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), properties that are not readily available experimentally. Here, we model the SERS spectra of two geometries of the prototypical Ag20–pyridine cluster using a semiempirical INDO/SCI approach that allows a straightforward decomposition of the enhancement factors at each wavelength into electromagnetic and chemical terms, with proper treatment of resonant charge-transfer contributions to the enhancement. The method also enables us to determine the dependence of the enhancement on the electrochemical potential. We show that the electromagnetic enhancements for the Ag20 cluster are <10 far from resonance but can increase to 102 to 103 on resonance with plasmon excitation in the cluster. The decomposition also shows that for the systems studied here, the chemical enhancements are primarily due to resonance with excited states with significant charge-transfer character. This term is typically <10 but can be >102 at electrochemical potentials where the charge-transfer excited states are resonant with the incoming light, leading to total enhancements of >104.
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7

Harrison, Charlotte. "Crowd-based enhancement of chemical diversity." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 11, no. 1 (January 2012): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd3646.

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8

Doherty, Paige E., and Dennis J. Mooney. "Deciphering Bloody Imprints Through Chemical Enhancement." Journal of Forensic Sciences 35, no. 2 (March 1, 1990): 12847J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs12847j.

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9

Yu, Ming L. "Chemical enhancement effects in SIMS analysis." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 15, no. 1-6 (April 1986): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(86)90273-9.

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10

Yoshida, J., A. Nagaki, T. Iwasaki, and S. Suga. "Enhancement of Chemical Selectivity by Microreactors." Chemical Engineering & Technology 28, no. 3 (March 2005): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.200407127.

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11

ISHIMARU, YUTAKA. "PEG as Properties-Enhancement Chemical of Wood." Wood Preservation 19, no. 5 (1993): 204–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5990/jwpa.19.204.

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12

Al-Jasser, A. O. "Enhancement of Sludge Settling with Chemical Additives." Water Environment Research 81, no. 9 (September 2009): 849–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143008x390799.

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13

Anwar, Wagida A. "Chemical Interaction: Enhancement and Inhibition of Clastogenicity." Environmental Health Perspectives 101 (October 1993): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3431726.

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14

Driscoll, Richard J. "Mixing enhancement in chemical lasers. I - Experiments." AIAA Journal 24, no. 7 (July 1986): 1120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.9401.

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15

Driscoll, Richard J. "Mixing enhancement in chemical lasers. II - Theory." AIAA Journal 25, no. 7 (July 1987): 965–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.9729.

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16

Anwar, W. A. "Chemical interaction: enhancement and inhibition of clastogenicity." Environmental Health Perspectives 101, suppl 3 (October 1993): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.93101s3203.

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17

Nolan, L. M. A., J. Corish, O. I. Corrigan, and D. Fitzpatrick. "Iontophoretic and chemical enhancement of drug delivery." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 257, no. 1-2 (May 2003): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5173(03)00108-x.

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18

Serša, Igor, and Slobodan Macura. "Spectral resolution enhancement by chemical shift imaging." Magnetic Resonance Imaging 25, no. 2 (February 2007): 250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2006.09.015.

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19

Wehling, B., W. Hill, and D. Klockow. "Selective chemical enhancement of SERS by iodide." Journal of Molecular Structure 349 (April 1995): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2860(95)08723-9.

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20

Boukhvalov, Danil W., and Mikhail I. Katsnelson. "Enhancement of Chemical Activity in Corrugated Graphene." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 113, no. 32 (July 13, 2009): 14176–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp905702e.

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21

Chen, Shui-Tein, Shyh-Horng Chiou, and Kung-Tsung Wang. "Enhancement of Chemical Reactions by Microwave Irradiation." Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society 38, no. 1 (February 1991): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jccs.199100015.

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22

Li, Wei Bo, Stefan Stangl, Alexander Klapproth, Maxim Shevtsov, Alicia Hernandez, Melanie A. Kimm, Jan Schuemann, et al. "Application of High-Z Gold Nanoparticles in Targeted Cancer Radiotherapy—Pharmacokinetic Modeling, Monte Carlo Simulation and Radiobiological Effect Modeling." Cancers 13, no. 21 (October 26, 2021): 5370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13215370.

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High-Z gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) conjugated to a targeting antibody can help to improve tumor control in radiotherapy while simultaneously minimizing radiotoxicity to adjacent healthy tissue. This paper summarizes the main findings of a joint research program which applied AuNP-conjugates in preclinical modeling of radiotherapy at the Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München. A pharmacokinetic model of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles was developed in preparation for a model simulating the uptake and distribution of AuNPs in mice. Multi-scale Monte Carlo simulations were performed on a single AuNP and multiple AuNPs in tumor cells at cellular and molecular levels to determine enhancements in the radiation dose and generation of chemical radicals in close proximity to AuNPs. A biologically based mathematical model was developed to predict the biological response of AuNPs in radiation enhancement. Although simulations of a single AuNP demonstrated a clear dose enhancement, simulations relating to the generation of chemical radicals and the induction of DNA strand breaks induced by multiple AuNPs showed only a minor dose enhancement. The differences in the simulated enhancements at molecular and cellular levels indicate that further investigations are necessary to better understand the impact of the physical, chemical, and biological parameters in preclinical experimental settings prior to a translation of these AuNPs models into targeted cancer radiotherapy.
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23

Forgie, D. J. L., and P. T. Kerc. "Automatic Control of Supplemental Chemical Addition for Primary Treatment Enhancement." Water Quality Research Journal 22, no. 2 (May 1, 1987): 211–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1987.016.

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Abstract Chemical coagulation can be used to improve the efficiency of a primary wastewater treatment plant. Using statistical and fuzzy mathematical techniques, models of this process were developed from data gathered at a plant which was using liquid alum and a polymeric coagulant aid to reduce its primary effluent strength. Mathematical simulation of on-line process control using these models and fixed and variable chemical feed rate regimes were conducted using “typical day” influent strength and flow rate data. The results of these simulations show that on-line process control with a variable feed regime adjusted on the basis of current and projected conditions would generally provide a more effective use of chemicals than a fixed feed rate regime. Only at higher target efficiencies did the fixed feed rate regime approach the effectiveness of the variable fixed rate regime.
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24

McKendry, I. G., A. M. Macdonald, W. R. Leaitch, A. van Donkelaar, Q. Zhang, T. Duck, and R. V. Martin. "Trans-Pacific dust events observed at Whistler, British Columbia during INTEX-B." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 3 (June 2, 2008): 10275–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-10275-2008.

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Abstract. The meteorology and physico-chemical characteristics of aerosol associated with two new cases of long range dust transport affecting western Canada during spring 2006 are described. Each event showed enhancements of both sulfate aerosol and crustal material of Asian origin. However, the events were of quite different character and demonstrate the highly variable nature of such events. The April event was a significant dust event with moderate sulfate enhancement while the May event was a weak dust event with very significant sulfate enhancement. The latter event was interesting in the sense that it was of short duration and was quickly followed by significant enhancement of organic material likely of regional origin. Comparison of these two events with other documented cases extending back to 1993, suggests that all dust events show coincident enhancements of sulfate and crustal aerosol. However, events vary across a wide continuum based on the magnitude of aerosol enhancements and their sulfate to calcium ratios. At one extreme, events are dominated by highly significant crustal enhancements (e.g. the well-documented 1998 and 2001 "dust" events) while at the other are events with some dust transport, but where sulfate enhancements are of very high magnitude (e.g. the 1993 event at Crater Lake and the 15 May 2006 event at Whistler). Other events represent a "mix". It is likely that this variability is a function of the comparative strengths of the dust and anthropogenic SO2 sources, the transport pathway and in particular the extent to which dust is transported across industrial SO2 sources, and finally, meteorological and chemical processes.
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25

Al-Omari, A. S., Khalid M. Al-Nabulsi, and Ali F. Al-Mari. "Failures of Chemical Injection Points in Upstream Facilities." Advanced Materials Research 83-86 (December 2009): 579–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.83-86.579.

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Chemicals play an important role in the enhancement of oil and gas production and processing. They control corrosion, prevent organic and inorganic deposits, aid in phase separation and control microbial problems. Several factors can have significant impact on the safety, maintenance, operation, and service life of the chemical injection point. Failures encountered in the high pressure retrievable chemical injection points are presented. This paper also provides guidelines for materials selection and design of chemical injection points in upstream facilities.
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26

Lanke, S. S., J. G. Strom, and Ajay K. Banga. "Enhancement of Transdermal Delivery of Heparin by Various Physical and Chemical Enhancement Techniques." Critical Reviews™ in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems 26, no. 6 (2009): 581–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.v26.i6.20.

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27

Kozawa, Takahiro, Hiroaki Oizumi, Toshiro Itani, and Seiichi Tagawa. "Evaluation of Chemical Gradient Enhancement Methods for Chemically Amplified Extreme Ultraviolet Resists." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 48, no. 12 (December 21, 2009): 126004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.48.126004.

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28

Strobbia, Pietro, Adam Mayer, and Brian M. Cullum. "Improving Sensitivity and Reproducibility of SERS Sensing in Microenvironments Using Individual, Optically Trapped Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy(SERS) Probes." Applied Spectroscopy 71, no. 2 (October 1, 2016): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702816662881.

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Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) sensors offer many advantages for chemical analyses, including the ability to provide chemical specific information and multiplexed detection capability at specific locations. However, to have operative SERS sensors for probing microenvironments, probes with high signal enhancement and reproducibility are necessary. To this end, dynamic enhancement of SERS (i.e., in-situ amplification of signal-to-noise and signal-to-background ratios) from individual probes has been explored. In this paper, we characterize the use of optical tweezers to amplify SERS signals as well as suppress background signals via trapping of individual SERS active probes. This amplification is achieved through a steady presence of a single “hot” particle in the focus of the excitation laser. In addition to increases in signal and concomitant decreases in non-SERS backgrounds, optical trapping results in an eightfold increase in the stability of the signal as well. This enhancement strategy was demonstrated using both single and multilayered SERS sub-micron probes, producing combined signal enhancements of 24-fold (beyond the native 106 SERS enhancement) for a three-layered geometry. The ability to dynamically control the enhancement offers the possibility to develop SERS-based sensors and probes with tailored sensitivities. In addition, since this trapping enhancement can be used to observe individual probes with low laser fluences, it could offer particular interest in probing the composition of microenvironments not amenable to tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy or other scanning probe methods (e.g., intracellular analyses, etc.).
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29

Wanninkhof, Rik, and Molly Knox. "Chemical enhancement of CO2 exchange in natural waters." Limnology and Oceanography 41, no. 4 (June 1996): 689–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1996.41.4.0689.

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30

KADIR, ROSZAINI, and MOHD D. JANTAN. "Enhancement of Hevea brasiliensis properties through chemical application." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 88, no. 4 (December 2016): 2081–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201620150650.

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31

Singh, D. J., Mark H. Carpenter, and J. P. Drummond. "Thrust Enhancement in Hypervelocity Nozzles by Chemical Catalysis." Journal of Propulsion and Power 13, no. 4 (July 1997): 574–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.5206.

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32

Ralowicz, Andrew, Charles Mancino, and David Kopec. "Chemical Enhancement of Germination in Curly Mesquite Seed." Journal of Range Management 45, no. 5 (September 1992): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4002913.

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33

YAO, HORRAN, and SUPHAN KOVENKLIOGLU. "HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT WITH CHEMICAL REACTION-MODEL COMPARISONS." Chemical Engineering Communications 71, no. 1 (September 1988): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986448808940425.

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34

Cheng, Neal N., Zane Starkewolf, R. Andrew Davidson, Arjun Sharmah, Changju Lee, Jennifer Lien, and Ting Guo. "Chemical Enhancement by Nanomaterials under X-ray Irradiation." Journal of the American Chemical Society 134, no. 4 (January 19, 2012): 1950–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja210239k.

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35

Liu, Yanhua, Jilong Mo, Qiu Fu, Yanxu Lu, Ni Zhang, Shuangfei Wang, and Shuangxi Nie. "Enhancement of Triboelectric Charge Density by Chemical Functionalization." Advanced Functional Materials 30, no. 50 (September 9, 2020): 2004714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202004714.

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36

Torres, Felix, Alexander Sobol, Jason Greenwald, Alois Renn, Olga Morozova, Alexandra Yurkovskaya, and Roland Riek. "Molecular features toward high photo-CIDNP hyperpolariztion explored through the oxidocyclization of tryptophan." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 23, no. 11 (2021): 6641–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cp06068b.

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37

Rattan, Sonal, Suresh Kumar, and J. K. Goswamy. "Microwave-Aided Exfoliation and Reduction of Graphene Oxide." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 1667–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.19022.

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Wet chemical oxidation methods have been widely used to prepare graphene oxide from graphite flakes, which in turn can be reduced using strong and hazardous chemicals like hydrazine. In this report, we have demonstrated a non-hazardous method for simultaneous exfoliation and reduction of graphene oxide. Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR), UV-Visible, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopic techniques have been used to ascertain chemical functionalization and reduction of graphene oxide. Morphological studies were carried out using field emission scanning electron microscopy. Morphological details of the microwave reduced graphene showed enhancement in inter-layer spacing of graphene sheets after microwave treatment. The enhancement in electrical conductivity of graphene oxide after microwave treatment indicates its efficient reduction.
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38

Farrugia, Kevin J., Niamh NicDaéid, Kathleen A. Savage, and Helen Bandey. "Chemical enhancement of footwear impressions in blood deposited on fabric — Evaluating the use of alginate casting materials followed by chemical enhancement." Science & Justice 50, no. 4 (December 2010): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2010.06.006.

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39

Rubin, Shimon, Phuong H. L. Nguyen, and Yeshaiahu Fainman. "The effect of DNA bases permutation on surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectrum." Nanophotonics 10, no. 5 (February 15, 2021): 1581–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2021-0021.

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Abstract Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) process results in a tremendous increase of Raman scattering cross section of molecules adsorbed to plasmonic metals and influenced by numerous physico-chemical factors such as geometry and optical properties of the metal surface, orientation of chemisorbed molecules and chemical environment. While SERS holds promise for single molecule sensitivity and optical sensing of DNA sequences, more detailed understanding of the rich physico-chemical interplay between various factors is needed to enhance predictive power of existing and future SERS-based DNA sensing platforms. In this work, we report on experimental results indicating that SERS spectra of adsorbed single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) isomers depend on the order on which individual bases appear in the 3-base long ssDNA due to intramolecular interaction between DNA bases. Furthermore, we experimentally demonstrate that the effect holds under more general conditions when the molecules do not experience chemical enhancement due to resonant charge transfer effect and also under standard Raman scattering without electromagnetic or chemical enhancements. Our numerical simulations qualitatively support the experimental findings and indicate that base permutation results in modification of both Raman and chemically enhanced Raman spectra.
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40

Hubenthal, Frank. "Does the excitation of a plasmon resonance induce a strong chemical enhancement in SERS? On the relation between chemical interface damping and chemical enhancement in SERS." Applied Physics B 117, no. 1 (August 23, 2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-014-5907-x.

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41

Zou, Xiangman, Zhi Liu, Liya Liu, Wei Shi, Wanzhen Li, Zifen Guo, Feng Tang, and Wei Huang. "Enhanced transglycosylation activity of an Endo-F3 mutant by ligand-directed localization." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 20, no. 15 (2022): 3086–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ob00030j.

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Proximity-directed Endo-F3 D165A was developed by chemically arming with an Fc affinity tag, which exhibited excellent transglycosylation activities towards IgG, indicating a promising strategy for enzyme activity enhancement by chemical tools.
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42

Savjani, Ketan T., Anuradha K. Gajjar, and Jignasa K. Savjani. "Drug Solubility: Importance and Enhancement Techniques." ISRN Pharmaceutics 2012 (July 5, 2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/195727.

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Solubility, the phenomenon of dissolution of solute in solvent to give a homogenous system, is one of the important parameters to achieve desired concentration of drug in systemic circulation for desired (anticipated) pharmacological response. Low aqueous solubility is the major problem encountered with formulation development of new chemical entities as well as for the generic development. More than 40% NCEs (new chemical entities) developed in pharmaceutical industry are practically insoluble in water. Solubility is a major challenge for formulation scientist. Any drug to be absorbed must be present in the form of solution at the site of absorption. Various techniques are used for the enhancement of the solubility of poorly soluble drugs which include physical and chemical modifications of drug and other methods like particle size reduction, crystal engineering, salt formation, solid dispersion, use of surfactant, complexation, and so forth. Selection of solubility improving method depends on drug property, site of absorption, and required dosage form characteristics.
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43

Basu, Nilanjan, Moram Sree Satya Bharathi, Manju Sharma, Kanchan Yadav, Avanish Singh Parmar, Venugopal Rao Soma, and Jayeeta Lahiri. "Large Area Few-Layer Hexagonal Boron Nitride as a Raman Enhancement Material." Nanomaterials 11, no. 3 (March 2, 2021): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11030622.

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Increasingly, two-dimensional (2D) materials are being investigated for their potential use as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) active substrates. Hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN), a layered 2D material analogous to graphene, is mostly used as a passivation layer/dielectric substrate for nanoelectronics application. We have investigated the SERS activity of few-layer hBN film synthesized on copper foil using atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition. We have drop casted the probe molecules onto the hBN substrate and measured the enhancement effect due to the substrate using a 532 nm excitation laser. We observed an enhancement of ≈103 for malachite green and ≈104 for methylene blue and rhodamine 6G dyes, respectively. The observed enhancement factors are consistent with the theoretically calculated interaction energies of MB > R6G > MG with a single layer of hBN. We also observed that the enhancement is independent of the film thickness and surface morphology. We demonstrate that the hBN films are highly stable, and even for older hBN films prepared 7 months earlier, we were able to achieve similar enhancements when compared to freshly prepared films. Our detailed results and analyses demonstrate the versatility and durability of hBN films for SERS applications.
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44

Seo, Min Jung, Geun Wan Kim, Philippe Vuka Tsalu, Seong Woo Moon, and Ji Won Ha. "Role of chemical interface damping for tuning chemical enhancement in resonance surface-enhanced Raman scattering of plasmonic gold nanorods." Nanoscale Horizons 5, no. 2 (2020): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nh00524b.

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45

Liu, Bai, Lijing You, Kaiping Han, Hyung-il Lee, Peter Rhode, Sarah Henrickson, Ulrich H. von Andrian, and Hing C. Wong. "Peptide-loading enhancement for antigen presenting cells (93.6)." Journal of Immunology 178, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2007): S167. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.93.6.

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Abstract Exogenous β2-microglobulin has been shown to enhance the loading of antigenic peptides into MHC class I complexes of antigen presenting cells (APCs). In this study, we employed the multimeric soluble singe-chain T cell receptors and flow cytometry analysis to confirm the activity of exogenous β2 -microglobulin in enhancing the loading of various peptides onto APCs. To our surprise, we found that the enhancement of peptide loading on APCs was restricted to a fraction of the peptides tested. However, a chemical component, commonly used in biological research, exhibits similar peptide loading enhancement activity as that of exogenous β2-microglobulin. The peptide loading enhancement profiles of exogenous β2-microglobulin and the chemical are different and seem to be peptide-dependent. Although the underling mechanism of the chemical for peptide loading enhancement is unknown, the chemical is also found to significantly enhance the endogenous peptide presentation of the gp33 protein of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in 5T33 mouse myeloma cells. Thus, a mixture of β2-microglobulin and the chemical could have broad utility in increasing antigen presentation in a variety of experimental applications including vaccine-based approaches.
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46

Miyaji, Shigeki. "High Energy Cosmic Rays from Young Neutron Stars." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 125 (1987): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s007418090016139x.

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Cosmic ray spectrum has an intensity enhancement at energy range 1014–16 eV/nuc. Recently Takahasi et al. (1986) called an attention to chemical composition there. Although the data still contain large uncertainties, they argued an overabundance of calcium at high energies (Ca/Fe ≥ 2 above 1014 eV/nucleus) and some enhancements of medium heavy nuclei (C ∼ Ar) instead of no anomalous p, He, and Fe abundances.
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47

Guo, Ting. "Physical, chemical and biological enhancement in X-ray nanochemistry." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 29 (2019): 15917–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp03024g.

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48

Patel, M. Siddik N., Mohd Hasib Ahmed, Mohammad Saqib, and Siraj N. Shaikh. "Chemical Modification: A unique solutions to Solubility problem." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 2 (March 15, 2019): 542–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i2.2432.

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Almost 40% of the new chemical entities at present self find out poorly water soluble drugs. Badly water soluble drugs have solubility and dissolution related bioavailability problems. Solubility is one of the most important parameter to give desired concentration of drug in systemic circulation to get its pharmacological response. Orally administered drugs obtained completely absorb only when they show fair solubility in gastric medium and such drugs shows good bioavailability. The solubility and dissolution properties of drugs perform an valuable role in the process of formulation development. Enhancement of solubility of drug is the most challenging job in drug development process. Solubilization may be affected by co solvent water interaction, micellar solubilization, reduction in particle size, inclusion complexes, solid dispersion, and change in polymorph. This review highlight various techniques of solubility enhancement with special emphasis on Chemical modification methods like Salt formation, Co-crystallization, Co-solvency, Hydrotropy, use of novel solubilizer etc along with physical modification techniques. Keywords: Salt formation, Co-crystallization, Solubility, particle technologies, Milling solubility enhancement, Cosolvent, physical and chemical methods.
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49

Repon, Md Reazuddin, Nure Alam Siddiquee, Mohammad Abdul Jalil, Daiva Mikučionienė, Md Rezaul Karim, and Tarikul Islam. "Flame Retardancy Enhancement of Jute Fabric Using Chemical Treatment." TEKSTILEC 64, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14502/tekstilec2021.64.70-80.

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This work aims to improve the flame retardancy of jute fabric. Raw and bleached plain weave jute fabric was used in this work. Flame retardants borax, diammonium phosphate and thiourea were applied in different concentrations in a raw and bleached jute fabric with the padding method. The influences of flame retardant finishing on the vertical flammability behaviour and tensile properties as well as wash resistance were inves¬tigated. Flame spread time was found to significantly increase when these simple flame retardant finishing agents were used. It was found that the borax-treated raw and bleached specimens exhibited higher flame spread time among all. The assessment of physical properties such as weight gain percentage and breaking load along warp and weft direction of the control and treated fabrics revealed that the increase of flame retardant finishing weight gain caused a decrease in breaking load. Furthermore, the specimens treated with borax and diammonium phosphate flame retardant showed better results than thiourea for flame retardancy and wash durability. These flame retardant jute fabrics have industrial protective textile applications as brattice cloth in mines and many other potential fields of application, e.g. flame retardant kitchen apron, furnishings for public hall, theatre and hospital, etc.
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50

Asbill, Charles S., Ayman F. El-Kattan, and Bozena Michniak. "Enhancement of Transdermal Drug Delivery: Chemical and Physical Approaches." Critical Reviews™ in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems 17, no. 6 (2000): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.v17.i6.20.

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