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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Hannah, Griffiths, and N. Carr Amanda (Mandi). "Potential for silvopastoral systems to control nematode burden in livestock farming in winter rainfall areas of South Australia, Australia." International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research 8, no. 3 (September 9, 2022): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/ijvsr.000124.

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Gastrointestinal nematode infections cause significant production losses in ruminants. In southern Australia, the estimated annual cost of internal parasites in sheep, cattle and goats are $436million, $82m and $2.54m, respectively. An over-reliance on anthelmintic treatments has resulted in anthelmintic resistance becoming an increasing concern for producers. Reducing the need for chemical anthelmintics is desirable to lower producer costs and limit the development of anthelmintic resistance. Condensed tannins found in many trees and forages are a plant secondary compound receiving considerable interest as an alternative anthelmintic strategy. Direct anthelmintic effects from condensed tannins are associated with the binding of larval proteins; slowing egg hatching, larval development and exsheathment. Indirect effects are associated with improvements to protein metabolism and immune function within the animal. Several native Australian tree extracts have demonstrated anthelmintic properties, but further research is required to assess their suitability for silvopastoral systems in South Australia.

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2

Wheeler, Sarah Ann. "Contrasting the beliefs of Australian agricultural professionals about the benefits and costs of genetic engineering and organic agriculture." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 12 (2007): 1389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06294.

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Most research about genetic engineering and organic agriculture has concentrated on the views of consumers and farmers. Given the important role that scientists, extension officers and academics play in creating innovations, influencing farmer adoption and informing the public, a telephone survey targeting these individuals (n = 185) was conducted in mid 2004. The purpose of this survey was to identify the beliefs of agricultural professionals employed in the Australian public sector towards organic agriculture and genetic engineering. The beliefs of agricultural professionals about the benefits and costs of organic agriculture and genetic engineering are compared and contrasted, providing an important benchmark on their views towards these innovations. More professionals believe in the positive net benefits of genetic engineering than those who believe in the positive net benefits of organic agriculture. They believe that genetic engineering will play a vital role in influencing the sustainability of Australian agriculture in the future, namely by increasing production and improving pest and disease management. However, many professionals voiced concerns about the potential costs of genetic engineering, with many citing risk and uncertainty issues and the lack of long-term testing. At the same time, beliefs towards organic agriculture in Australia by agricultural professionals seem to be changing, with nearly two-fifths of those surveyed saying that their beliefs had become more positive towards organic agriculture in the past 5 years. The main benefit of organic agriculture is seen to be a reduction in chemicals. The main limitations are seen to be economic and production difficulties.

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3

Thomas, P. R., D. Allen, and D. L. McGregor. "Evaluation of combined chemical and biological nutrient removal." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 1-2 (July 1, 1996): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0383.

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This study was undertaken to optimise phosphorus removal by incorporating a chemical dosing facility in an existing biological nutrient removal activated sludge plant at Albury in Australia. Results of pilot plant trials and jar tests indicated that both alum and ferric chloride successfully reduced the orthophosphate concentrations with only a minor variation in the chemical costs. However, alum was chosen as the preferred chemical for use in the full-scale plant and tests showed that alum precipitation combined with biological nutrient removal lowered the orthophosphate (ortho-P) concentrations to as low as 0.01 mg/L with average total phosphorus (total-P) levels of around 0.5 mg/L. It is concluded that maximising total phosphorus removal in the treatment plant would require optimising biological phosphorus removal, applying correct chemical dosages to varying mixed liquor orthophosphate concentrations, adequate mixing, suitable pH values and minimising suspended solids in the clarifier effluent.

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4

Quayle, Wendy C., Alison Fattore, Roy Zandona, Evan W. Christen, and Michele Arienzo. "Evaluation of organic matter concentration in winery wastewater: a case study from Australia." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 10 (November 1, 2009): 2521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.688.

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The 5-day biological oxygen demand (BOD5) remains a key indicator for proof of compliance with environmental regulators in the monitoring and management of winery effluent. Inter-conversion factors from alternative tests that are more rapid, accurate and simpler to perform have been determined that allow prediction of BOD5 in winery wastewaters, generally, and at different stages of production and treatment. Mean values obtained from this dataset offer rule of thumb inter-conversion factors: BOD5 = 0.7 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), BOD5 = 2.3 Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and BOD5 = 2.7 Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC). Specific predictive linear relationships are also provided. Out of the relationships between BOD5vs COD, TOC and DOC, in winery wastewater, irrespective of vintage or non-vintage production periods and stage of treatment, TOC offered the most reliable prediction of BOD5. Ethanol, glucose and fructose were evaluated in untreated wastewater as predictors of BOD5 due to their high specificity in winery effluent. A significant relationship was determined between BOD5 and (ethanol + glucose + fructose; R2 = 0.64, n = 19; p < 0.05), but relationships between BOD5 and ethanol and BOD5vs (glucose + fructose) were weak (R2 = 0.45 and 0.34; n = 19; p < 0.05 respectively,). There was a very strong linear correlation (y = 0.9767x + 52.8; R2 = 0.97; n = 23; p < 0.05) in COD data in winery effluents when using a commercially available mercury free test kit compared with using a traditional COD test kit that contained mercury. This suggests that mercury free COD test kits could be used by the wine industry for organic pollution assessment with associated reductions to user and environmental risk, as well as reducing the costs of kit waste disposal.

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5

Dave, N., T. Do, D. Palfreyman, and P. H. M. Feron. "Impact of liquid absorption process development on the costs of post-combustion capture in Australian coal-fired power stations." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 89, no. 9 (September 2011): 1625–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2010.09.010.

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6

Charles, W., R. Cord-Ruwisch, G. Ho, M. Costa, and P. Spencer. "Solutions to a combined problem of excessive hydrogen sulfide in biogas and struvite scaling." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 6 (March 1, 2006): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.198.

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The Woodman Point Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in Western Australia has experienced two separate problems causing avoidable maintenance costs: the build-up of massive struvite (MgNH4PO4· 6H2O) scaling downstream of the anaerobic digester and the formation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) levels in the digester gas to levels that compromised gas engine operation and caused high operating costs on the gas scrubber. As both problems hang together with a chemical imbalance in the anaerobic digester, we decided to investigate whether both problems could be (feasibly and economically) addressed by a common solution (such as dosing of iron solutions to precipitate both sulfide and phosphate), or by using separate approaches. Laboratory results showed that, the hydrogen sulfide emission in digesters could be effectively and economically controlled by the addition of iron dosing. Slightly higher than the theoretical value of 1.5 mol of FeCl3 was required to precipitate 1 mol of dissolved sulfide inside the digester. Due to the high concentration of PO43− in the digested sludge liquor, significantly higher iron is required for struvite precipitation. Iron dosing did not appear an economic solution for struvite control via iron phosphate formation. By taking advantage of the natural tendency of struvite formation in the digester liquid, it is possible to reduce the risk of struvite precipitation in and around the sludge-dewatering centrifuge by increasing the pH to precipitate struvite out before passing through the centrifuge. However, as the Mg2+ /PO43− molar ratio in digested sludge was low, by increasing the pH alone (using NaOH) the precipitation of PO43− was limited by the amount of cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+ ) available in the sludge. Although this would reduce struvite precipitation in the centrifuge, it could not significantly reduce PO43− recycling back to the plant. For long-term operation, maximum PO43− reduction should be the ultimate aim to minimise PO43− accumulation in the plant. Magnesium hydroxide liquid (MHL) was found to be the most cost-effective chemical to achieve this goal. It enhanced struvite precipitation from both, digested sludge and centrate to the point where more than 95% PO43− reduction in the digested sludge was achieved.

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7

Thomas, M., P. Wright, L. Blackall, V. Urbain, and J. Keller. "Optimisation of Noosa BNR plant to improve performance and reduce operating costs." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 12 (June 1, 2003): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0639.

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Noosa WWTP is publicly owned and privately operated by Australian Water Services. The process includes primary sedimentation, raw sludge fermentation, biological nutrient removal (BNR), sand filtration and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection. An innovative feature of the plant is the supplementary carbon dosing facility to avoid the use of metal salts (alum or ferric) for phosphorus removal. The average flow treated during 2000 was 9.0 ML/d. The annual 50 percentile effluent quality requirements for nutrients are total N < 5 mg/L and total P < 1 mg/L. The objectives of this project were to: determine the cause of variability in phosphorus removal; develop a strategy to control the variability in phosphorus removal; and minimise the operating cost of supplementary carbon dosing while achieving the effluent quality requirements. An investigation of chemical and microbiological parameters was implemented and it was concluded that there were several factors causing variability in phosphorus removal, rather than a single cause. The following four major causes were identified, and the control strategies that were adopted resulted in the plant achieving annual 50 percentile effluent total P = 0.37 mg/L and total N = 3.0 mg/L during 2001. First, phosphorus removal was limited by the available VFA supply due to consumption of VFA by other organisms competing with phosphate accumulating organisms (PAO), and due to diurnal variations in the sewage VFA and phosphate concentrations. Therefore, supplementary carbon dosing was essential to make allowance for competing reactions. Second, increasing the fermenter VFA yield via supplementary carbon dosing with molasses was found to be an effective and economic way of ensuring reliable phosphorus removal. Third, nitrate in the RAS resulted in consumption of VFA by denitrifying bacteria, particularly with process configurations where the RAS was recycled directly into the anaerobic zone. Incorporating a RAS denitrification zone into the process rectified this problem. Finally, glycogen accumulating organisms (GAO) were observed in BNR sludge samples, and consumption of VFA by GAO appeared to cause decreased phosphorus removal. Better phosphorus removal was obtained using VFA derived from the fermenter than dosing an equivalent amount of acetic acid. It was hypothesized that GAO have a competitive advantage to use acetate and PAO have a competitive advantage to use propionate, butyrate or some other soluble COD compound in the fermenter effluent. Contrary to popular belief, acetate may not be the optimum VFA for biological phosphorus removal. The competition between PAO and GAO for different VFA species under anaerobic conditions requires further investigation in order to control the growth of GAO and thereby improve reliability of biological phosphorus removal processes.

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8

Varshavsky, A. E., and V. V. Dubinina. "Global Trends and Directions of Development of Industrial Robots." MIR (Modernization. Innovation. Research) 11, no. 3 (October 27, 2020): 294–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.18184/2079-4665.2020.11.3.294-319.

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Purpose: the main purpose of this article is to analyze the main trends and directions of development of industrial robots, as well as the problems associated with their distribution. To achieve these goals, the following tasks were solved: analysis of the dynamics of the stock of industrial robots, the structure of the stock of robots by region (Europe, America, Asia / Australia), as well as the annual volumes and structure of world sales of robots by key industries; analysis of the main tasks of industrial robots, performed by them in these industries, and the directions of their use; analyze the dynamics of the robot fleet by industry in different countries (Japan, USA, South Korea, China, Germany, etc.); analysis of indicators and problems of using industrial robots in Russia.Methods: the research methodology consists in a comparative analysis of the use of industrial robots in different industries (automotive, food, chemical, electronic, etc.) based on statistical data by country. A systematic approach, tabular and graphical interpretation of information was applied, analysis of the dynamics of the levels of the time series, the calculation of growth indices of indicators.Results: the analysis showed that the use of industrial robots reduces injuries at the workplace, production costs and improves the quality of the final product, productivity, flexibility and safety, which contributes to a significant increase in their use in both developed and developing countries.Conclusions and Relevance: recently, robotization has become available even in non-industrial countries. The introduction of robotization into production processes increases the competitiveness of the economy. The acceleration of digitalization and automation, as well as the ease of use of industrial robots, are driving their proliferation. In Russia, the wider use of industrial robots, the development of the industrial Internet of things and the implementation of digitalization are possible only on the basis of the restoration and further development of mechanical engineering, electronic and other manufacturing industries.

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9

Engelhardt, F. R. "Remote Sensing for Oil Spill Detection and Response." Pure and Applied Chemistry 71, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199971010103.

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Introduction: Remote sensing is useful in several modes of oil spill control, including large area surveillance, site specific monitoring and tactical assistance in emergencies. Remote sensing is able to provide essential information to enhance strategic and tactical decision-making, potentially reducing incidence of spills by providing a deterrent factor, decreasing response costs by facilitating rapid oil recovery and ultimately minimising impact. Marine oil spills can be separated into two categories of relevance to the type of remote sensing technology which might be used to detect and respond to the incident. A first category is non-accidental discharges, which can include incidental losses from vessels due to hull or equipment leaks, as well as oil discharged intentionally during deballasting and tank-cleaning activities. While these non-accidental discharges tend to be small in themselves, they are frequent and contribute much more to the overall introduction of oil to the marine environment than accidental spills, and are of increasing international regulatory concern. Accidental spills are much less frequent, but typically involves much larger releases of oil. Such oil spills are high profile events for which rapid and effective emergency response is needed to contain and recover the spilled oil. In many countries, an appropriate and effective response capability is required by law, such as demanded by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 in the US, as well as by recent amendments to the Canada Shipping Act in Canada. There is a growing recognition that using remote sensing, especially airborne, to aid cleanup response efforts can mitigate the effects of oil on the environment, as well as reduce cleanup costs. Airborne remote sensing sensing in the support of spill response operations has a mixed level of interest by spill responders when viewed globally. In the US, for instance, airborne remote has had varying degrees of success in meeting operational expectations, and thus is not yet fully integrated into national, regional and area response plans and operations. By comparison, the record of successful use in the UK, for instance, is such that remote sensing support is contracted by the UK Coast Guard on a stand-by basis and used routinely when a significant spill occurs. As another example, airborne remote sensing technologies are now being adopted by the Australian Maritime Safety Authority to support its spill response actions. Low altitude aircraft have proven to be the most effective tactical method for obtaining information about spills and assisting in spill response. Combined with accurate oil drift computer model forecasting, these two methods were the primary strategic tools used for environmental response planning during the IXTOC-1 and Arabian Gulf spills, although less useful for guiding tactical operations (Pavia and Payton, 1983; Cekirge et al., 1992). Conversely, essential tactical support was provided by aerial remote sensing for the application of dispersants, a major spill response in the Sea Empress spill in Southwest Wales (Harris, 1997; Lunel et al., 1997). Currently, the use of imaging satellites for spill response is restricted because of limited spatial resolution, slow revisit times and often long delays in receipt of processed image data. The topic of oil spill monitoring by imaging satellites has been reviewed by Bern (1993a,b). There are significant advances being made, however, to increase resolution and coverage, as well as in the speed of image product delivery. Sensing oil on water by satellites appears best suited for routine surveillance purposes. There are synergisms in protecting the environment and property from oil spills which can be achieved by an integrated approach which draws on the remote sensing advantages of airborne and satellite imaging technology. There are many potential users of such remote sensing information, in government and private sector organisations. Government authorities use such information in surveillance, for example in the North and Baltic Seas, detecting spills when they occur and for identification of the spiller, which could be a vessel discharging illegally. Many government organisations also maintain an organised oil spill response capability, which would be supported by remote sensing information in oil spill response operations. The private sector includes the primary oil industry operating globally, and oil transporters, which carry responsibility and potential liability in the event of a spill. Other potential users are oil spill response organisations which might offer a sub-contracted remote sensing capability to their clients. Other private sector groups include the insurers for the shipping industry, who are directly and immediately interested in keeping both the costs of the response and oil spill impact damage as low as possible. The news media is a additional potential user, interested in quality graphical representation of the oil spill, as is true for any disaster event.

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10

Techera, Erika. "Australia." Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy 7, no. 1 (February 27, 2022): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519391-07010008.

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11

STORCK, WILLIAM. "COSTS STILL PINCH CHEMICAL FIRMS." Chemical & Engineering News 84, no. 18 (May 2006): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v084n018.p007.

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12

REISCH, MARC. "CARBON COSTS." Chemical & Engineering News 87, no. 35 (August 31, 2009): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v087n035.p010a.

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13

THAYER, ANN. "ACQUISITION COSTS." Chemical & Engineering News 79, no. 50 (December 10, 2001): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v079n050.p012.

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14

Rossel, R. A. Viscarra, and A. B. McBratney. "Soil chemical analytical accuracy and costs: implications from precision agriculture." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38, no. 7 (1998): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea97158.

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Summary. This article reviews soil sampling and soil chemical analysis, discussing their implications from, and applications in, precision agriculture. The variability of a number of agriculturally important soil chemical properties was investigated and the ‘nugget’ variance or effect discussed in terms of its importance in determining the proportion of not only short-range spatial variation, but also sampling and measurement error. Comments were then made on the accuracy of laboratory methods. Analytical variances were compared with world-average and estimated nugget variances for a field in New South Wales, the comparison showing that analytical precision needs to be maintained or improved when developing or adapting analytical methods for precision agriculture. A simple cost-analysis showed that soil chemical analytical costs are much too large for economic use in precision agriculture, costs in Australia being higher than in the United States. The conclusion this paper draws is that, for large-scale implementation of precision agriculture, the development of field-deployed, ‘on-the-go’ proximal soil sensing systems and scanners is tremendously important. These sensing systems or scanners should aim to overcome current problems of high cost, labour, time and to some extent, imprecision of soil sampling and analysis to more efficiently and accurately represent the spatial variability of the measured properties.

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15

STORCK, WILLIAM. "Raw material costs hit chemical earnings." Chemical & Engineering News 75, no. 17 (April 28, 1997): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v075n017.p010a.

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16

FREEMANTLE, MICHAEL. "IUPAC IN AUSTRALIA." Chemical & Engineering News 79, no. 34 (August 20, 2001): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v079n034.p036.

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17

JOHNSON, JEFF. "FOSSIL-FUEL COSTS." Chemical & Engineering News 87, no. 43 (October 26, 2009): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v087n043.p006.

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18

AINSWORTH, SUSAN. "Rail merger may raise chemical shipping costs." Chemical & Engineering News 73, no. 33 (August 14, 1995): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v073n033.p005.

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19

ST0RCK, WILLIAM. "FEEDSTOCK COSTS HAMMER EARNINGS." Chemical & Engineering News Archive 81, no. 13 (March 31, 2003): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v081n013.p008.

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20

SCHULZ, WILLIAM. "The Costs Of Biofuels." Chemical & Engineering News 85, no. 51 (December 17, 2007): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v085n051.p012.

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21

EMBER, LOIS. "LAGGING SCHEDULES, RISING COSTS." Chemical & Engineering News 79, no. 41 (October 8, 2001): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v079n041.p012.

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22

HEYLIN, MICHAEL. "Pesticides: costs versus benefits." Chemical & Engineering News 69, no. 1 (January 7, 1991): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v069n001.p005.

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23

Gadd, G. E., and P. J. Evans. "Introduction: Fullerene Science in Australia." Fullerene Science and Technology 7, no. 6 (November 1999): ix—xii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641229909350299.

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24

Korth, Jurgen, John Ellis, Phillip T. Crisp, and Adrian C. Hutton. "Chemical characterization of shale oil from Duaringa, Australia." Fuel 67, no. 10 (October 1988): 1331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(88)90113-5.

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25

Vitelli, Joseph, and Barbara Madigan. "Evaluating the efficacy of the EZ-Ject herbicide system in Queensland, Australia." Rangeland Journal 33, no. 3 (2011): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj11038.

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The EZ-Ject herbicide system was evaluated as a stem injection method for controlling woody weeds in a range of situations where traditional chemical application methods have limited scope. The equipment was trialled on three Queensland weed species; pond apple (Annona glabra), velvety tree pear (Opuntia tomentosa) and yellow oleander (Cascabela thevetia); at five different cartridge densities (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4) and with two herbicides (glyphosate and imazapyr). Cartridges filled with imazapyr were significantly more effective at controlling the three woody weed species than those filled with glyphosate. Injecting plants with three imazapyr cartridges resulted in plant kills ranging from 93 to 100%, compared with glyphosate kills of 17 to 100%. Pond apple was the most susceptible species, requiring one imazapyr cartridge or two glyphosate cartridges to kill 97 and 92% of the treated plants. Plant mortality increased as the number of cartridges injected increased. Mortality did not differ significantly for treatments receiving three and four imazapyr cartridges, as these cartridge densities met the criterion of injecting one cartridge per 10-cm basal circumference, a criterion recommended by the manufacturers for treating large plants (>6.35 cm in diameter at breast height). The cost of treating a weed infestation of 1500 plants ha–1 with three cartridges per tree is $1070 ha–1, with labour costs accounting for 16% of the total. The high chemical costs would preclude this technique from broad-scale use, but the method could have application for treating woody weeds in sensitive, high conservation areas.

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26

ANDERSON, EARL. "Costs creating ethylene feedstock problems." Chemical & Engineering News 69, no. 20 (May 20, 1991): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v069n020.p015.

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27

STORCK, WILLIAM. "ENERGY COSTS HIT EARNINGS HARD." Chemical & Engineering News 79, no. 6 (February 5, 2001): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v079n006.p006.

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28

TREMBLAY, JEAN-FRANÇOIS. "Government policies threaten investment in Australia." Chemical & Engineering News 75, no. 30 (July 28, 1997): 25–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v075n030.p025.

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Mclellan, B., J. C. Da Diniz Costa, A. L. Dicks, V. Rudolph, R. J. Pagan, C. Sheng, and T. F. Wall. "Hydrogen Economy Options for Australia." Developments in Chemical Engineering and Mineral Processing 12, no. 5-6 (May 15, 2008): 447–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apj.5500120502.

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30

Ge, Xin Janet. "Did the Introduction of Carbon Tax in Australia Affect Housing Affordability?" Advanced Materials Research 869-870 (December 2013): 840–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.869-870.840.

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The Australian carbon pricing scheme (carbon tax) was introduced and became effective on 01 July 2012. The introduction of the carbon tax immediately increases the cost of electricity to a number of industries such as manufacturing and construction. Households were also affected as a result of these costs been passed through the supply chain of the affected industries. The carbon tax policy was introduced to addresses greenhouse emissions and energy consumption in Australia. However, the carbon tax policy may have introduced a number of economic risk factors to the Australian housing market, in particular the impact of housing affordability.

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31

COLBORN, THEO. "Environmental Degradation and Health Care Costs." Chemical & Engineering News 69, no. 50 (December 16, 1991): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v069n050.p025.

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32

REISCH, MARC. "DUPONT CUTS COSTS BY $900 MILLION." Chemical & Engineering News Archive 81, no. 49 (December 8, 2003): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v081n049.p007.

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33

GREEK, BRUCE F., and PATRICIA L. LAYMAN. "Higher Costs Spur New Detergent Formulations." Chemical & Engineering News 67, no. 4 (January 23, 1989): 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v067n004.p029.

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34

HANSON, DAVID. "U.S., Stanford settle research costs dispute." Chemical & Engineering News 72, no. 43 (October 24, 1994): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v072n043.p009.

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35

HANSON, DAVID. "Federal agencies face huge cleanup costs." Chemical & Engineering News 68, no. 24 (June 11, 1990): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v068n024.p005.

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36

Prokhorenko, N. N., and K. O. Goncharuk. "Technological reliability of chemical engineering systems." Fine Chemical Technologies 11, no. 3 (June 28, 2016): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2016-11-3-39-46.

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A significant part of the gross domestic product is lost because of hitches followed by long downtime periods in industrial systems. This is a common problem in the industry of developed nations. Analysis of causes of this phenomenon allows developing a conception of solving this problem and suggesting a method of studying the reliability (working capacity) of chemical-engineering systems (CES). In this article we prove the need for technological reliability analysis tools in prefeasibility study to estimate the potential working capacity of the technology and to avoid the large costs of starts and stops.

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37

Tomov, Mite, and Cvetanka Velkoska. "ANALYSIS AND TRENDS OF THE CHANGES IN THE GRAPHIC INTERPRETATION OF THE QUALITY COSTS MODELS." Journal of Production Engineering 24, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/jpe-2021-02-027.

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This paper presents four approaches to the graphic interpretation of the quality costs structure definition models: classical, modern, modified, and visionary approach. These give rise to theoretical graphic quality costs models and illustrate the relationship between the quality costs categories, as well as the relationship between the quality costs categories and the total quality costs and the quality level. The paper comparatively analyzes the underlying assumptions, existing knowledge, and principles characteristic of each approach. This contributes to the shaping of the quality costs categories curves and the overall quality cost curve in the theoretical models. The conducted analysis in the paper will enable forecasting the trend of development of theoretical graphic models and identification of potential stakeholders that contribute to changes in the structure and the behavior of the quality costs categories, and thus the behavior of the overall quality costs.

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38

de Wilde, Ari. "Major Taylor in Australia." Journal of Sport History 39, no. 2 (July 1, 2012): 345–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jsporthistory.39.2.345.

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39

Xu, X., V. Rudolph, and P. F. Greenfield. "Landfill Gas Utilisation Trends in Australia." Developments in Chemical Engineering and Mineral Processing 5, no. 1-2 (May 15, 2008): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apj.5500050212.

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Keough, M. J., and B. D. Mapstone. "Designing environmental monitoring for pulp mills in Australia." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 2-3 (February 1, 1997): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0567.

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We describe an approach to environmental monitoring that has been developed to deal with future pulp mills in Australia. We propose decision criteria that balance the chance of missing impacts and the chance of falsely accusing a proponent of environmental damage. Rather than focusing on either Type I or Type II statistical errors, we fix the ratio of the two error rates according to perceived costs of making each error. As monitoring is scaled up or down, risks of both errors rise and fall proportionately, in contrast to more traditional approaches, in which one error rate is fixed. We describe the steps necessary to implement a monitoring program using these criteria. Our emphasis is on guidelines that allow the flexibility to deal with monitoring a range of point source discharges in coastal environments that vary widely.

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Fahey, G. L. "Evaluation of the Recreational Benefits of Major Dams in Queensland, Australia." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0055.

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This paper describes the use of the “Final Clawson Demand Curve” method in the evaluation of the recreational benefits of four major dams in Queensland, Australia. The use of existing demand curves to predict the demand for recreational facilities at proposed sites was also investigated. The results indicate that the demand curves are sensitive to changes in variables such as travel costs. However, within the method is the potential to provide estimates of the recreational worth of proposed dams.

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ZURER, PAMELA. "Concern about indirect costs of research soars." Chemical & Engineering News 69, no. 17 (April 29, 1991): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v069n017.p005.

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ZURER, PAMELA. "Dingell keeps heat on indirect costs dispute." Chemical & Engineering News 70, no. 5 (February 3, 1992): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v070n005.p006.

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REISCH, MARC. "Pollution dispute costs Ciba-Geigy $62 million." Chemical & Engineering News 70, no. 10 (March 9, 1992): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v070n010.p004a.

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STORCK, WILLIAM. "Municipalities liable for share of cleanup costs." Chemical & Engineering News 70, no. 12 (March 23, 1992): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v070n012.p005.

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JOHNSON, JEFF. "Benefits of regulations top costs by billions." Chemical & Engineering News 76, no. 34 (August 24, 1998): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v076n034.p014.

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ZURER, PAMELA. "Changes proposed for indirect costs of research." Chemical & Engineering News 73, no. 7 (February 13, 1995): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v073n007.p008.

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FREEMANTLE, MICHAEL. "Manganese use may cut lithium battery costs." Chemical & Engineering News 74, no. 24 (June 10, 1996): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v074n024.p005.

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ZURER, PAMELA. "Colleges fight freeze on indirect research costs." Chemical & Engineering News 72, no. 22 (May 30, 1994): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v072n022.p005a.

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Saadi, Fadl H., Nathan S. Lewis, and Eric W. McFarland. "Relative costs of transporting electrical and chemical energy." Energy & Environmental Science 11, no. 3 (2018): 469–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ee01987d.

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