Relevant bibliographies by topics / CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOIL

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Academic literature on the topic 'CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOIL'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOIL"

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MF, Qayyum, D. Steffens, Reisenauer HP, and S. Schubert. "Biochars influence differential distribution and chemical composition of soil organic matter." Plant, Soil and Environment 60, No. 8 (August 10, 2014): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/768/2013-pse.

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In the present study, three soils (Ferralsol, Luvisol topsoil, and Luvisol subsoil) were amended with biochars (charcoal, hydrothermal carbonization coal (HTC) of bark, and low-temperature conversion coal of sewage sludge), wheat straw and a control (no amendment) and incubated over a period of 365 days. Each amendment was applied at a rate of 11.29 g C/kg soil. After incubation, the soils were analyzed to retrieve three density fractions (free fraction (FF), intra-aggregate fraction (IAF), and heavy fraction) which were analyzed for total carbon (TC) contents and scanned by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The biochars and straw significantly increased the TC contents of soils as compared to control. Among soil organic matter (SOM) density fractions, higher TC contents were documented in the FF and IAF from biochar treatments as compared to the straw. The FTIR spectra of the FF from the charcoal and HTC treatments showed the presence of aluminosilicate minerals on surfaces of SOM. There were slight changes in the FF of straw and HTC treatments as compared to spectra of original amendments. The study suggests that the stability of charcoal and HTC in soils is due to the recalcitrant nature of biochar followed by occlusion into soil micro-aggregates.
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Vlček, V., L. Pospíšilová, and P. Uhlík. "Mineralogy and chemical composition of Cryosols and Andosols in Antarctica." Soil and Water Research 13, No. 2 (April 13, 2018): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/231/2016-swr.

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Variations in mineralogical and elemental composition of Turbic Cryosol (King George Island and James Ross Island), Skeletic Cryosol (J. Ross Island, the Trinity Peninsula), Leptic Andosols (Deception Island), and Skeletic Andosols (Deception Island) were studied. Significant differences in mineralogical composition in size fraction, vertical and horizontal position were determined by X-ray diffraction quantitative analysis. The differences were attributed to a variable degree of chemical weathering process. As a product of weathering were defined montmorillonite, chlorite, microcrystalline polymorphous silica, Fe oxides, and oxyhydroxides. Their content was increased towards the surface and in a finer fraction. Crystal thickness and size distribution of montmorillonite was measured by the Bertaut-Warren-Averbach technique and the results confirmed higher intensity of chemical weathering in Turbic Cryosols (J. Ross Island and King George Island). Feldspars and volcanic glass were the main phases found in soil samples from Deception Island. They were determined as phases of parent rock and indicated low intensity of chemical weathering. Clinoptilolite was identified in soil samples from J. Ross Island and Deception Islad and its hydrothermal origin was supposed. Soil (sample AP) from Base General Bernardo O’Higgins Riquelme had significantly higher content of phosphate minerals, which was a result of ornithogenic activities. Macro elements content was consistent with mineralogical analyses. Turbic Cryosols were rich in iron, aluminium, magnesium, and manganese (> 2%). Skeletic Cryosols contained also iron, aluminium, magnesium, manganese, calcium, and sulphur (> 1%). Leptic Andosols were rich in iron and aluminium (> 2%). Soil properties and humic substances quality were evaluted. Results of chemical and physical analyses indicated that poorly developed soils of Antarctica varied in acidity, conductivity, humus content, and texture. Humic substances content and quality were low. Mainly mechanical (physical) and chemical weathering processes played major role in the soil development accompanied by low intensity of biological activity.
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Qiao, Yunfa, Shujie Miao, Yingxue Li, and Xin Zhong. "Chemical composition of soil organic carbon changed by long-term monoculture cropping system in Chinese black soil." Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 11 (November 1, 2018): 557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/492/2018-pse.

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Monoculture is common to meet commodity grain requirements in Northeast China. The effect of long-term monoculture on chemical composition of soil organic carbon (SOC) remains unclear. This study was done to evaluate how changes in chemical compositions of SOC responded to long-term monoculture. To achieve this objective, the chemical compositions of SOC in maize-soybean rotation, continuous soybean and continuous maize were characterized with the nuclear magnetic resonance technique. Two main components, O-alkyl and aromatic C, showed a wider range of relative proportion in monoculture than rotation system across soil profiles, but no difference was observed between two monoculture systems. Pearson’s analysis showed a significant relationship between plant-C and OCH<sub>3</sub>/NCH, alkyl C or alkyl O-C-O, and the A/O-A was closely related to plant-C. The findings indicated a greater influence of monoculture on the chemical composition of SOC compared to rotation, but lower response to crop species.
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Nnamani, Chidiebere Henry. "The Chemical and Mineralogical Composition and Their Effects on Strength Parameters of Cohesive Soil Developed over Enugu Shale." European Journal of Environment and Earth Sciences 3, no. 1 (January 29, 2022): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejgeo.2022.3.1.234.

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The results of chemical and mineralogical composition of cohesive soils developed over Enugu Shale, as well as the effects on the strength parameters are presented in this paper. The strength parameters were determined in the cohesive soil specimens in the study area, while the chemical and mineralogical tests were done on the representative soil types from the study area. Some correlations between chemical composition and strength parameters of cohesion and angle of internal friction as well as other physical parameters such as liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index and activity of soil were obtained. The effects of chemical and mineralogical composition on strength parameters, based on the correlation between chemical composition and strength parameters (cohesion and angle of internal friction) were examined. The results show that chemical and mineralogical compositions significantly affect the angle of internal friction and cohesion thereby impacting on the strength of cohesive soils developed over Enugu Shale.
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Sova, Olha. "Gross chemical composition of soil of Sian-Dniester Upland." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 44 (November 28, 2013): 333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2013.44.1241.

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The results of studies of the gross chemical composition of soil of Sian-Dniester upland were given. Features of oxide content in soils and soil-forming rocks were considered. The changes that take place in one of the most conservative substances of soil due to anthropogenic use are analyzed. Key words: grey forest soils, dark grey podzolic soils, podzolized chernozems, gross chemical composition, oxides molar ratio, leaching, constitutional water.
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Thanachit, Suphicha, Anchalee Suddhiprakarn, Irb Kheoruenromne, and Robert J. Gilkes. "The geochemistry of soils on a catena on sedimentary rock at Nam Phong, north-east Thailand." Soil Research 44, no. 2 (2006): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr05030.

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The elemental composition of size fractions of soils on the Nam Phong catena, north-east Thailand, has been determined. The catena can be divided into 6 geomorphic positions: summit, shoulder, upper midslope, lower midslope, footslope and toeslope positions where soils have developed on sedimentary rocks under a tropical savannah climate. Factor analysis was used to interpret the large dataset and to determine profile and spatial trends in geochemistry. Silica is the major component of the soils on this catena, reflecting the presence of much quartz in the silt and sand fractions in soils at all landscape positions. Smaller amount of Al and Fe are also present; these elements are associated with the presence of kaolin and iron oxides. Factor analysis shows systematic differences in chemical composition between soils on higher positions and the soil on the lowest position in the landscape. Small variations in the chemical compositions of the whole soil, fine sand and silt between upslope soils are recognised. Soils on the summit, shoulder, midslope, and footslope exhibit little within-profile variation in chemical composition and the compositions of the profiles overlap closely. The Al affinity group (Al, Co, Ca, Mg, K, Sr, Cs, Rb, Ga, Zn, Ni, Li, Mn, Ti) increases in abundance in the toeslope soil, which is clearly different in chemical composition from the soils on higher positions. For the clay fraction, the differences in concentration of both the Si group (Si, Ni, Mn, Co, Mg, K, Ba, Pb) and Ca group (Ca, Zn, Cu, Sr, Cr, P) result in soils on toeslope and footslope positions being distinctly different from upslope soils, which have similar compositions. Soils at all positions show moderate variation in chemical composition of the clay with depth. The small variations in the chemical compositions of upslope soils on the Nam Phong catena are due to different degrees of weathering of the same parent rock, whereas soil on the toeslope position has a quite different elemental composition, possibly due to a different parent rock and the authigenesis of minerals in this landscape position where leached ions accumulate.
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Netsyk, Maria. "Gross chemical composition of peat soils of Small Polissya." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 44 (November 28, 2013): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2013.44.1229.

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The research results of gross chemical composition of peat soils and pyrogenic formations are shown. It was established that oxides of silicon, calcium, iron, aluminium and others are dominated in mineral composition of the ash peat soils. Change in gross chemical composition of peat horizons within the profile depending on soil-forming rocks is shown. It is characterized the chemical composition of genetic horizons of pyrogenic modified peat soils and changes during the first years of postpirogenic period. Key words: gross chemical composition, peat soils, pyrogenic modified peat soils, loss on ignition, chemical components of mineral soil.
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Blaylock, Alan D., Lyle R. Bjornestad, and Joseph G. Lauer. "Soil probe lubrication and effects on soil chemical composition." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 26, no. 11-12 (June 1995): 1687–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103629509369401.

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Vasil'chuk, Yurij Kirillovich, and Alexander Pavlovich Ginzburg. "Lateral and radial differentiation of cryogenic soils geochemical composition in the Khanovei scientific and educational field site, Bolshezemel'skaya tundra." Арктика и Антарктика, no. 1 (January 2023): 88–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2453-8922.2023.1.40136.

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The subject of the study was the soil and geochemical features of southern tundra cryogenic landscapes on the Khanovei educational and scientific field site located nearby the eponymous settlement in the Vorkuta district, Komi Republic. Morphology of soil profiles were described according to the modern Russian soil classification system. Chemical analytical sample treatment was done to evaluate such physical and chemical parameters of soil horizons as the pH rate, water-soluble salts content, organic carbon content, soil texture, iron fractional composition. The main point among soil and geochemical features of the Khanovei field site was gross chemical composition of cryogenic soils. Gross concentrations of chemicals were measured with the X-ray fluorescence method by portable X-ray Fluorescence Analyzer and then geochemical ratios of radial (profile) and lateral (catenar) differentiation of chemical elements – R and L. Largest R ratio meanings in soil profiles were in gleyic horizons including above-permafrost. Peat horizons without traces of soil mineral fraction were depleted with the most of elements (R = 0,1–0,3) and mineral horizons of soils were differed by increased RFe, RMn etc. The lower part of the catena with soils of mostly sandy texture was depleted by the main part of elements (Ti, Zn, Zr etc.) and predominantly loamy-textured soils in the upper part accumulate these elements and form increased L ratio meanings.
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Ende, J. van den. "Estimating the chemical composition of the soil solution of glasshouse soil. 1. Compositions of soil solution and aqueous extracts." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 37, no. 4 (December 1, 1989): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v37i4.16616.

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Press extracts, saturation extracts and 1:5 by-weight extracts obtained from 75 glasshouse soils were analysed for EC and K, Na, Ca, Mg, NO3, Cl, SO4, HCO3 and P. The analytical data are discussed, with the exception of the HCO3 and P contents of press extracts, as these were much lower than the HCO3 and P contents of equilibrium solutions of the soils. The water-saturated soil pastes from which the saturation extracts were obtained were prepared from both field-moist and air-dry soil. They stood overnight at 25 degrees C before filtration. This overnight storage was unsatisfactory for NO3, as it induced denitrification in the saturated pastes prepared from air-dry soil. Hence, for the determination of NO3, saturation extracts were prepared from air-dry soil, with pastes standing only two hours before filtration. The suspensions from which the 1:5 by-weight extracts were obtained were prepared from air-dry soil and stood overnight at 25 degrees C before filtration. Again overnight storage proved unsatisfactory because of denitrification. Thus, for the determination of NO3, 1:5 suspensions were prepared, this time with a storage period of only two hours. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOIL"

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Campbell, Duncan J. "The chemical composition of soil solutions extracted from top soils in the Oxford area : the magnitude and range of variability." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e70e0323-8383-45f2-91f5-9cb2c26b5008.

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Although the soil solution lies at the centre of many of the processes which occur in soils, little information is available on the chemical composition of the soil solutions of field soils, or on the temporal and spatial variability of such solutions. The suitability of an immiscible fluid centrifugation method for obtaining samples of the soil solution was evaluated. The method was found to be substantially free from interferences and well suited to routine use. It was adapted for use with soils of low bulk density. Yields of soil solution from soils at or near field capacity ranged from 20 to 50% of the total water present. However little or no soil solution could be extracted from dry soils. Displaced solutions were analysed for about 20 solutes principally by inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. Typical solute concentrations in soil solutons from six neutral and calcareous soil series in the Oxford area were in the range 10-2.4 to 10-3.4 M for Na, K, Ca, S, Cl, N03, alkalinity and dissolved organic carbon (DOC); 10-3.4 to 10-4.4 M for Mg, Si and P and <10-5.33 M for B, Li r Y, Ba, Mn, Cu, Fe, V, Zn, Al, Pb f Ni, Cd, Co, Sr and Mo. Short-range (5-10 m) variability was significantly less, and between-soil series variability significantly more, than the variability found between grass fields on the same soil series for most solutes. The main exception to this was N03 which exhibited a large between-field variability. In general, soil solutions from arable soils were more dilute than those from nearby pasture soils. Solutions from poorly drained sites on a heavy clay soil were more concentrated than those from freely draining sites on the same soil series. A year-long sampling programme showed that with the exception of P and alkalinity the concentrations of solutes in the soil solution changed significantly with time. The temporal range in the concentrations of solutes was found to increase in the order Si-Pandlt;alkalinity-Feandlt;Naandlt;Ca-Sr-Mg-Cuandlt;S-DOCandlt;K-Znandlt;Cl-pHandlt;Mn.
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Saito, Hiroshi Harlan. "Effects of temperature and heating rate on off-gas composition and pyrene removal from an artifically-contaminated soil." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11060.

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Munzur, Basak. "Chemical Composition Of Atmospheric Particles In The Aegean Region." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609373/index.pdf.

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Daily aerosol samples were collected at the Ç
andarli which is located on Aegean coast of Turkey. A rural site was selected to monitor atmospheric pollution by long range transport. Sampling was performed in both summer and winter seasons, and in total 151 samples were obtained. Concentrations of elements in the samples were measured in order to identify sources and possible source locations of pollutants. Measured concentrations of trace elements at the Ç
andarli station were compared with those measured at various sites around the world and, also in Turkey. As a result of comparison, level of pollution at the Aegean Region was found to be lower than the Mediterranean Region and Black Sea Region. Air flow climatology at Ç
andarli was investigated in order to determine potential source regions for pollutants. Frequency of air flows from Russia and Western Europe are higher suggesting that emissions from these industrial regions affect the chemical composition of particulate matter. Besides these, it was concluded that contributions from Central and Eastern European countries are significantly high because of frequent air mass transport. Concentrations of elements measured at Ç
andarli station were found to show short and seasonal variations. Such variations in concentrations are explained by variations in the source strengths and transport patterns. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to determine sources of elements and contribution of sources to each element. This analysis revealed 5 sources, two local anthropogenic emissions factor, one soil factor, one sea salt factor and one long range transport factor. Distribution of Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) values showed that main sources of SO42- are observed in Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, Ukraine and central part of Aegean region.
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Furtado, Francisca Mirlanda Vasconcelos. "Feature soil, growth and chemical composition of grass in tifton fertilization and irrigation of aquaculture with wastewater." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=15397.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
This work was carried out to evaluate the effects of nitrogen fertilization in areas of irrigated pastures with biofertilizados effluents from fish farming. Four doses of nitrogen fertilizer were used for 3 cycles of Tifton-85 grass cut every 28 days and irrigated with wastewater from fish farming. After each cutting the grass was fertilized with the respective doses of fertilizer. The design was completely randomized in a factorial 2 x 4 with four replicates. Four doses of nitrogen fertilizer dose corresponded to 0 to N; 198 kg N ha-1 yr-1 33% of the dose of N; 396 kg N ha-1 yr-1 66% of the dose of N; and 600 kg N ha-1 yr-1 corresponding to 100% of the dose of growth assessment the design was completely randomized using the nitrogen dosages described and four replications. The area per plot was used to harvest the fresh biomass to be analyzed, which was immediately measured on a digital scale pendulum for its determination. After all installments have their biomass values known and properly stored, they were sent to the laboratory of plant analysis Embrapa Mid-North. The collected biomass is fractionated into categories: whole plant (pseudo stem and leaf without senescent material), only pseudoculm, only leaf and senescent material. The stored material was taken for laboratory analysis of animal- nutrition LANA, Federal University Of CearÃ. Analyzes to determine the levels of dry matter were held (MS), mineral matter (MM), ether extract (EE), crude protein (% N x 6.25 = PB). The cellular content of the contents (CC) and hemicellulose (HEM) were obtained following the post- analysis equations. The fiber values of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were measured after preparation of the material to be analyzed in bags of TNT (100 g / m2) with dimensions of 4 x 5cm and engagement in analysis instrument fibers (Ankom220Â). Nitrogen fertilization influenced the soil chemical characteristics as the base saturation and potential soil acidity in Tifton 85 irrigated pasture with fish farm effluents, where nitrogen (N) influenced positively to the growth of Tifton 85 irrigated with wastewater fish farming. Nitrogen fertilization in conjunction with wastewater from fish farming. The absence of nitrogen fertilization promoted increase in dry matter content in Tifton-85 grass, as well as high levels of ADF and NDF. Leaf fraction of Tifton 85 has a higher amount of organic compounds in relation to pseudoculm fraction, and this can change the true values of ether extract and crude protein. The wastewater fish farming along with the application of ammonium sulfate positive effect on the chemical composition of Tifton 85 grass.
Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da adubaÃÃo nitrogenada em Ãreas de pastagens irrigadas com efluentes biofertilizados oriundos da piscicultura. Quatro doses de adubo nitrogenado foram utilizados durante 3 ciclos do capim Tifton-85, cortado a cada 28 dias e irrigado com Ãgua residuÃria de piscicultura. ApÃs cada corte o capim era adubado com as respectivas doses de adubo. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 4 com quatro repetiÃÃes. As quatro doses de adubo nitrogenado correspondiam a dose 0 de N; 198 kg de N ha-1 ano-1 33 % da dose de N; 396 kg de N ha-1 ano-1 66% da dose de N; e 600 kg de N ha-1 ano-1 que correspondeu a 100% da dose de N. Para avaliaÃÃo do crescimento o delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado utilizando as dosagens de nitrogÃnio descritas e quatro repetiÃÃes. A Ãrea da parcela Ãtil foi utilizada para a colheita da biomassa fresca a ser analisada, que foi imediatamente medida em uma balanÃa digital de pendulo para sua determinaÃÃo. ApÃs todas as parcelas terem seus valores de biomassa conhecidos e devidamente armazenados, estes eram encaminhados ao laboratÃrio de analises vegetais da Embrapa Meio-Norte. A biomassa coletada foi fracionada em categorias: planta inteira (pseudocolmo e folha sem o material senescente), somente pseudocolmo , somente folha e material senescente. O material armazenado foi levado para o laboratÃrio de analise de nutriÃÃo animal- LANA, da Universidade Federal Do CearÃ. Foram realizadas anÃlises para determinaÃÃo dos teores de matÃria seca (MS), matÃria mineral (MM), extrato etÃreo (EE), proteÃna bruta (% de N x 6,25 = PB). Os teores do conteÃdo celular (CC) e hemicelulose (HEM) foram obtidos seguindo-se as equaÃÃes pÃs analises. Os valores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente Ãcido ( FDA), foram mensurados apÃs o acondicionamento do material a ser analisado em saquinhos de TNT (100 g/m2) com dimensÃes de 4 x 5cm e acoplamento em aparelho analisador de fibras (Ankom220Â). A adubaÃÃo nitrogenada influenciou caracterÃsticas quÃmicas do solo como a saturaÃÃo por base e acidez potencial do solo em pastagem de capim- tifton 85 irrigada com efluentes de piscicultura, onde o nitrogÃnio (N) influenciou positivamente para o crescimento do capim-tifton 85 irrigado com efluentes de piscicultura. A adubaÃÃo nitrogenada em conjunto com a Ãgua residuÃria de piscicultura. A ausÃncia de adubaÃÃo nitrogenada promoveu aumento nos teores de matÃria seca no capim tifton-85, assim como elevados teores de FDA e FDN. A fraÃÃo folha do capim tifton 85 possui maior quantidade de compostos orgÃnicos em relaÃÃo a fraÃÃo pseudocolmo, e isso pode alterar os valores verdadeiros de extrato etÃreo e proteÃna bruta. A Ãgua residuÃria de piscicultura junto com a adubaÃÃo nitrogenada proporcionou efeito positivo na composiÃÃo bromatologica do capim Tifton 85.
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Mofokeng, Motiki Meshack. "Growth, yield and chemical composition of Pelargonium sidoides DC. in response to nitrogen and soil water management." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/50704.

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Pelargonium sidoides DC. is one of many medicinal plant species that are harvested in the wild. The current trade in these medicinal plants has negatively affected their distribution in the wild due to unsustainable harvesting. The demand for medicinal plants is unlikely to decrease, but sustainability of the supply is questionable. This is because commercial exploitation threatens to deplete their populations, resulting in many species being considered vulnerable to extinction and being lost from their natural habitat. Increased demand, which is already too high to be met by sustainable harvesting, and price increases presents potential opportunities for cultivating indigenous medicinal plants at a commercial scale. A need for basic information on how to grow the plants and other related matters necessitates that field trials be conducted, before farmers could be expected to venture into cultivating medicinal plants and this study aimed at developing such information. The specific objectives of the study were to investigate 1) the physiological and morphological, 2) the yield components and 3) chemical composition of P. sidoides in response to soil water and nitrogen levels. The study was conducted under a rainshelter as a randomized complete block design with three irrigation levels, four nitrogen levels and three replicates. The irrigation treatments were 30% allowable depletion level (ADL) (well watered treatment), 50% ADL (moderately stressed treatment) and 70% ADL (severely stressed treatment), while the nitrogen levels were 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg · N · ha-1. Dried root samples were analyzed for the presence of two standard compounds, scopoletin and esculin, using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and for metabolite profiling using the nuclear magnetic resonance technique (NMR). Nitrogen and water level had no significant interaction effect on all measured parameters. Water stress significantly reduced stomatal conductance, while nitrogen had no significant effect on it. The well watered control had a significantly higher leaf area index, plant height and leaf area compared to the water stressed treatments. Nitrogen had a significant effect on the number of leaves, where 100 kg · N · ha-1 had a significantly higher number of leaves compared to other nitrogen treatments. The well watered treatment again had a significantly higher total biomass, fresh and dry root yield; and nitrogen use efficiency compared to the water stressed treatments. The water use efficiency was significantly decreased in the well watered treatment. Water stress significantly increased nitrogen content and chlorophyll content of P. sidoides plants and leaves, respectively. Nitrogen levels of 50 and 100 kg · N · ha-1 resulted in a significantly higher total biomass compared to the control. TLC analysis showed the presence of the two standard compounds in all treatment samples analyzed. The orthogonal partial least square discriminatory analysis (OPLS-DA), which was performed on the NMR spectral data, showed separation between the irrigation treatments, resulting in two clusters representing the well watered treatment and the water stressed treatments. Asparagine, arginine, sucrose, xylose, glucose and citric acid were found to be the compounds associated with the separation. There was no separation of the samples regarding the nitrogen treatments which is indicative of the small effect of nitrogen on the metabolite content of the treatments. The results from this study showed a relationship between physiological, morphological and yield response as well as chemical composition of P. sidoides. The observed stomatal closure under water stress conditions, due to low turgor pressure in the guard cells, had a significant negative effect on leaf area, leaf area index, total biomass and root yield. Also the increases in total biomass and root yield under well watered conditions could be attributed to the increased primary metabolite content, under such conditions. The recommendation from the study is that P. sidoides plants should be grown under well watered conditions for a year or two to increase growth and root yield. Thereafter plants can be exposed to water stress in the second season, which is expected to increase the concentration of important secondary metabolites.
Dissertation (MInst Agrar)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
tm2015
Plant Production and Soil Science
MInst Agrar
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Nchabeleng, Lehlohonolo. "Effects of different climatic and soil factors at different locations on chemical composition of bush tea (Athrixia phylicoides DC.)." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/740.

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Soltani, Dashtbozorg Soroosh. "Microbial Rhamnolipids as Environmentally Friendly Biopesticides: Congener Composition Produced, Adsorption in Soil, and Effects on Phytophthora sojae." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1438175115.

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Terrill, Thomas Howard. "Effects of soil moisture and al-nitrilotriacetate on yeild chemical composition and digestibility of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum, L.) by meadow voles." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53088.

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Flooding effects mineral composition of pasture grasses, but little is known concerning effects on mineral metabolism and fiber digestibility in animals. Experiments were conducted to investigate effects of flooding and Al-nitrilo-triacetate (Al-NTA) on growth, chemical composition and digestibility of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum, L.). Ryegrass was grown in a greenhouse experiment on Bucks silt loam soil with two soil moisture levels (flooding and 80% field capacity) and two Al rates (0 and 135 mg/kg) as Al-NTA. Flooding increased Al, Fe, Cu, Ca and fiber and decreased dry matter yield, Mg, K and Zn concentrations. Treatment with 135 mg/kg Al had no effect on Al in plants, but decreased Ca and P concentrations. Two digestion trials were conducted with meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) fed forage harvested from the greenhouse experiment. Voles were housed in stainless steel metabolism cages for total collections of feed and feces. A 2-day preliminary, during which voles were fed 100% ryegrass, preceded a 3-day collection period. At the end of the collection period, a blood sample was taken from the animals. Forage grown under flooding increased apparent absorption of Al, and Ca concentration in urine samples. Apparent absorption of Mg and serum Mg were decreased, and dry matter digestibility tended to decrease. Grazing forages produced under flooded conditions would increase potential for outbreaks of grass tetany in animals due to reduced Mg intake and absorption. Altered Mg and Ca metabolism appeared related to Al ingestion. Lowered animal performance could result from reduced DM digestibility.
Master of Science
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Bergknut, Magnus. "Characterization of PAH-contaminated soils focusing on availability, chemical composition and biological effects." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Umeå University, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-789.

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Joseph, Gilbert. "A comparative study of the chemical composition of soils from aquaculture systems in the Cochin estuarine area." Thesis, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 1985. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11071/1/Joseph%20Gilbert%20P.%20G..pdf.

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In recent years there has been an increasing awareness of the role and benefits of scientific fish farming in coastal waters for augmenting fish production of India, although a traditional practice of aquaculture has been prevailing in these waters for a long time. A comprehensive knowledge of the ecology of the different culture systems forms an integral part of the scientific farming because it directly influences the rate of production. The growth and survival of the organisms used for culture depend largely on the overall productivity of the pond, which in turn, is influenced by the various environmental characteristics of the water and the fertility of the pond soil. In short, the water and soil conditions to a great extent determine the success or failure of the culture operation. Further, the information on the various environmental characteristics of the pond water and soil, availability of essential elements and the rate of organic productivity, would not only help to adopt successful management principles and culture techniques but also to manipulate the ecosystem providing the necessary inputs for obtaining better production. Besides providing an overall picture of the productivity of the ponds, studies on soils furnish information on the inputs to enhance the fertility of soils and also help in selection of suitable sites for construction of farms.
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Books on the topic "CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOIL"

1

G, Crock J., Erdman James A, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Lateral and depth variability in chemical composition of soil at the Kendrick Reclamation Project Area, Wyoming. Denver, CO: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1989.

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Rourke, R. V. Chemical and physical properties of the Danforth, Elliottsville, Peacham and Penquis soil map units. Orono, Me: Department of applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Maine, 1997.

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Rourke, R. V. Chemical and physical properties of the Mapleton, Monson, Saddleback, and Sisk soil map units. Orono, Me: Department of applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Maine, 1998.

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Rourke, R. V. Chemical and physical properties of the Mapleton, Monson, Saddleback, and Sisk soil map units. Orono, Me: Dept. of Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Maine, 1998.

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Gough, L. P. Element concentrations in soils and other surficial materials of Alaska: An account of the concentrations of 43 chemical elements, ash, and pH in soil and other unconsolidated regolith samples. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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Gough, L. P. Element concentrations in soils and other surficial materials of Alaska: An account of the concentrations of 43 chemical elements, ash, and pH in soil and other unconsolidated regolith samples. Washington, DC: Dept. of the Interior, 1988.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Basalt depths in lunar basins using impact craters as stratigraphic probes: Evaluation of a method using orbital geochemical data. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1986.

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He, Zhongqi, and Fengchang Wu, eds. Labile Organic Matter-Chemical Compositions, Function, and Significance in Soil and the Environment. Madison, WI, USA: Soil Science Society of America, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaspecpub62.

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Sánchez, Mary Jeane. Chemical and physical analyses of selected plants and soils from Puerto Rico (1981-1990). [Río Piedras, P.R.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, 1997.

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Edwin, López, Lugo Ariel E, and International Institute of Tropical Forestry (Río Piedras, San Juan, P.R.), eds. Chemical and physical analyses of selected plants and soils from Puerto Rico (1981-1990). [Río Piedras, P.R.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOIL"

1

Mukherjee, Swapna. "Chemical Composition of Soil." In Current Topics in Soil Science, 139–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92669-4_13.

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Naidu, R., R. J. Haynes, J. S. Gawandar, R. J. Morrison, and R. W. Fitzpatrick. "Chemical and mineralogical properties and soil solution composition of acid soils from the South Pacific Islands." In Plant-Soil Interactions at Low pH, 43–53. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3438-5_5.

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Labętowicz, J., and B. Rutkowska. "The attempt to utilize chemical composition of soil solution in fertilization diagnostics." In Plant Nutrition, 740–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47624-x_359.

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Williams, C. T. "Alteration of Chemical Composition of Fossil Bones by Soil Processes and Groundwater." In Proceedings in Life Sciences, 27–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73297-3_3.

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Ugwoke, Tochukwu A. S., and Chukwuebuka Emeh. "Effect of Chemical Composition of Woodash and Lime on Stabilization of Expansive Soil." In Recent Advancements on Expansive Soils, 56–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01914-3_5.

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Tazisong, Irenus A., Zachary N. Senwo, and Zhongqi He. "Elemental Composition and Functional Groups in Soil Labile Organic Matter Fractions." In Labile Organic Matter-Chemical Compositions, Function, and Significance in Soil and the Environment, 137–55. Madison, WI, USA: Soil Science Society of America, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaspecpub62.2014.0039.

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Bytnerowicz, A., S. Godzik, M. Poth, I. Anderson, J. Szdzuj, C. Tobias, S. Macko, P. Kubiesa, T. Staszewski, and M. Fenn. "Chemical Composition of Air, Soil and Vegetation in Forests of the Silesian Beskid Mountains, Poland." In Forest Growth Responses to the Pollution Climate of the 21st Century, 141–50. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1578-2_12.

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Wänke, H., J. Brückner, G. Dreibus, R. Rieder, and I. Ryabchikov. "Chemical Composition of Rocks and Soils at the Pathfinder Site." In Space Sciences Series of ISSI, 317–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1035-0_11.

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He, Zhongqi, and Heidi M. Waldrip. "Composition of Whole and Water-Extractable Organic Matter of Cattle Manure Affected by Management Practices." In Labile Organic Matter-Chemical Compositions, Function, and Significance in Soil and the Environment, 41–60. Madison, WI, USA: Soil Science Society of America, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaspecpub62.2014.0034.

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Xu, Y. G., G. Y. Zhou, Z. M. Wu, T. S. Luo, and Z. C. He. "Chemical Composition of Precipitation, Throughfall and Soil Solutions at Two Forested Sites in Guangzhou, South China." In Acid rain 2000, 1079–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0810-5_27.

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Conference papers on the topic "CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOIL"

1

Woche, Susanne K., Marc-O. Goebel, Georg Guggenberger, and Joerg Bachmann. "Modification of Soil Wetting Properties Always Involves the Interface Chemical Composition." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.2881.

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Spirina, V. Z., L. V. Khotskova, and E. A. Zharikova. "PROPERTIES AND ELEMENT COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF THE DENDROLOGICAL TERRITORY OF THE SIBERIAN BOTANICAL GARDEN." In Prirodopol'zovanie i ohrana prirody: Ohrana pamjatnikov prirody, biologicheskogo i landshaftnogo raznoobrazija Tomskogo Priob'ja i drugih regionov Rossii. Izdatel'stvo Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-94621-954-9-2020-55.

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The properties, content and profile distribution of macroelements in the soils of the dendrological territory of the Siberian Botanical Garden were studied. The nature of the distribution of chemical elements in soil profiles is revealed depending on the intensity of sod, podzolic and glue soil formation processes.
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Zhao, Yijun, Shaozhi Li, Mian Wang, Xiang Wan, and Kun Xia. "An Adaptive K-Nearest-Neighbor Approach for Predicting Chemical Composition Content in Soil." In 2022 12th International Conference on Information Science and Technology (ICIST). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icist55546.2022.9926778.

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Adenan, Sakeenah, Jane Oja, Talaat Abdel-Fattah, and Juha Alatalo. "Linking Soil Chemical Parameters and Fungal Diversity in Qatar." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0068.

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Given the vast expanse of Qatar’s dryland ecosystems, agricultural productivity and soil stability is highly dependent on the diversity of soil microbiota. The soil environment is a heterogeneous habitat shaped by various components like chemical (organic matter, salinity and nutrients) and biological (fungal diversity and vegetation) properties that form multitudes of different microhabitats. Soil microbial diversity changes along environmental gradients. It is hypothesized that a “stable” microhabitat is one that is inhabited by a large diversity of established microorganisms that are best adapted to the niche. Microorganisms like fungi serve as the underlying biological drivers for biochemical processes within the soil. The key objective of this study is to evaluate the fungal diversity and abundance present within the Qatari soil using molecular-based tools and evaluate potential relationships between the identified fungal communities with chemical properties of the habitat. We found that the composition of fungi and AMF varied between different habitats around Qatar. Despite the lack of significant differences in the measured soil chemical parameters between sampled sites, it is evident that AMF species are more abundant than compared to that of other fungal species in most of the study sites; thus, suggesting that other factors like land use may also be an essential component explaining the variation in fungal communities.
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Drovovozova, T. I., S. A. Marias, E. S. Kulakova, and N. N. Panenko. "GEOECOLOGICAL CYCLES OF SALT-FORMING IONS IN AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS. DSTU-PRINT, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.1.509-513.

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The analysis of the chemical composition of natural water bodies-receivers of drainage and discharge waters. It is shown that the background concentrations of salt-forming ions in water bodies exceed the Mpcrx, which indicates the dominant influence of surface runoff from the entire catchment area and underground feeding by mineralized sulphate groundwater on the formation of the quality of the water environment. The chemical composition of water extract from the soil from irrigated areas adjacent to reservoirs was studied on the example of semikarakorsky district of the Rostov region. The classification of irrigated soils (0-20 cm) adjacent to the reservoirs, the degree and type of salinity depending on the chemistry of salts, which showed that agricultural activity is accompanied by a transformation of the geo-ecological cycles of salt-ions, leading to soil salinization, increase of mineralization of drainage runoff and, as a consequence, water of small streams. Based on the study of the chemical composition of natural, groundwater and water quality in reservoirs, and soil adjacent to sewers the features of dynamics of the content of salt ions and the intensity of their migration in agroecosystems.
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Mantrova, M. V. "COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PARAMETERS, QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION OF THE MAIN GROUPS OF MICROORGANISMS AND PHYTOTOXICITY OF CERTAIN TYPES OF SOILS IN SURGUT." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS. DSTU-PRINT, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.1.704-708.

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The article presents a comparative analysis of 4 urban soils-culturosem, 2 urbanozem and undisturbed podzolic soil (control) - by physical and chemical parameters, the quantitative composition of the main groups of microorganisms and phytotoxicity. Urban soils differ from the background and from each other in terms of acidity, saturation of bases, and lead content; they lead in the number of microorganisms and have a stimulating effect on radish seeds and seedlings.
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Mohammad, Shaik Imran, K. Suvarna Vani, Ganta Lokeshwar, and K. S. Vijaya Lakshmi. "Ensemble Model for Predicting the Best Fruit Crop based on Soil Chemical Composition and Environmental Variables." In 2023 World Conference on Communication & Computing (WCONF). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wconf58270.2023.10235170.

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Bezuglova, O. S. "THE IMPORTANCE OF THE RED BOOK OF SOILS FOR MONITORING AND JUSTIFICATION OF CONSERVATION MEASURES." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS. DSTU-PRINT, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.1.51-54.

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Rostov Region belongs to the highly protected natural territories characterized by the continuous plowing. There territories are the only reserves with the soils preserved in their natural state. However, these areas often lack detailed information about the soils quality and composition. Surveying soils on these territories is crucial for determination of their basic physical and chemical properties. The resulted compilation of soil maps could lay a foundation for creating the Red Book of Soils and the formation of a section in the soil-geographical database of the Russian Federation. Subsequently, such information can be used as a background data for the main types of soils in the region. It will be also valuable during monitoring and justification of conservation measures.
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Garalejić, Bogdan, Helena Majstorović, Maja Sudimac, Miloš Pavlović, and Vladimir Čolović. "FIZIČKE OSOBINE ZEMLJIŠTA U FUNKCIJI TIPA ZEMLJIŠTA NA TERITORIJI GRADA PANČEVA." In XXVII savetovanje o biotehnologiji. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt27.359g.

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Soil fertility studies emphasize the close correlation of all soil fertility factors starting from soil composition and soil properties, pedogenetic factors, climatic factors interactions, different biological, chemical and physical processes, intensive human influence through apication of various agrotehnical measures in different intensity and duration. The research in this paper is focused on connections between some soil physical properties and soil tipe, or in other words basic soil caracteristics that define productive capacity of that soil type.
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Parimita, Sheilla Nandya, Fatimah Nurul Tzaty, Hijrah Purnama, Arif Hidayat, Baskoro Lokahita, and Fumitake Takahashi. "Potential identification of landfill mining result in zone 1 Piyungan landfill using composition analysis, waste characteristic analysis and soil stability analysis." In 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CHEMISTRY, CHEMICAL PROCESS AND ENGINEERING (IC3PE). Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5065029.

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Reports on the topic "CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOIL"

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Doroshkevich, S. G., O. K. Smirnova, and R. A. Filenko. Mineral and chemical composition of soils of geotechnogenic landscapes of Transbaikalia sulphide-tungsten deposits. ЗабГУ, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/978-5-9293-2170-2-2018-140-143.

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Савосько, Василь Миколайович, Юлія Бєлик, and Юрій Васильович Лихолат. Ecological and Geological Determination of the Initial Pedogenesis on Devastated Lands in the Kryvyi Rih Iron Mining & Metallurgical District (Ukraine). Journ. Geol. Geograph. Geoecology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3643.

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In our time, a very urgent problem is the cessation of negative impacts on the environment and the return to the practical use of the territories of devastated lands. In this regard, it is important to find out the basic laws of primary soil formation in the area of these man-made neoplasms. The initial soil formation conditions were analyzed on 19 experimental sites which represent the main varieties of devastated land in the Kryvyi Rih Iron Mining and Metallurgical District (Central Ukraine): (i) waste rock dumps of old iron mines (old name “Forges”), (ii) tailing storage facility of underground iron mines, (iii) waste rock dumps of the Iron Ore Mining and Dressing Plant, (iv) waste rock dumps of the Granite Quarry Plant. It was established that on the devastated lands in Kryvyi Rih District, the initial soil formation occurs in very difficult conditions. Therefore, over 25- 100 years only very primitive soils were formed. The following features are inherent to them: (1) primitive soil profile (thickness 10-100 mm), (2) low levels of soil organic substance content (9.5-11.5 %), (3) alkaline indicators of the soil solution (pHH2O – 8.08-8.92, pHKCl – 7.42-8.23), (4) low levels of cation exchange capacity (6.34-8.47 mMol /100 g). By results of correlation calculations, among the factors of soil formation time (duration of soil formation) and input of plant ash elements’ fall are characterized by the maximum number of statistically significant correlation coefficients and their numerical values. In terms of chemical composition of the technosol, the values of organic matter content and exchangeable acidity (pHKCl) were the most predictable soil formation factors. Generally physical / chemical characteristics of geological rocks (as parent material) and time were the two most important factors in determining the initial pedogenesis on devastated lands in the Kryvyi Rih Iron Mining & Metallurgical District (Ukraine).
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Shenker, Moshe, Paul R. Bloom, Abraham Shaviv, Adina Paytan, Barbara J. Cade-Menun, Yona Chen, and Jorge Tarchitzky. Fate of Phosphorus Originated from Treated Wastewater and Biosolids in Soils: Speciation, Transport, and Accumulation. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697103.bard.

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Beneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levelsBeneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levels that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction.
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Roberts, M. J., A. A. Garrison, E. C. Muly, and C. F. Moore. On-line chemical composition analyzer development. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5010377.

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Garrison, A. A. On-line chemical composition analyzer development. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6568144.

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Birnbaum, E., S. Agnew, G. Jarvinen, and S. Yarbro. Chemical composition of Hanford Tank SY-102. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10107044.

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Fox, K., T. Edwards, and W. Riley. Chemical Composition Measurements of LAWA44 Glass Samples. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1332671.

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8

Chen, Yona, Jeffrey Buyer, and Yitzhak Hadar. Microbial Activity in the Rhizosphere in Relation to the Iron Nutrition of Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7613020.bard.

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Iron is the fourth most abundant element in the soil, but since it forms insoluble hydroxides at neutral and basic pH, it often falls short of meeting the basic requirements of plants and microorganisms. Most aerobic and facultative aerobic microorganisms possess a high-affinity Fe transport system in which siderophores are excreted and the consequent Fe complex is taken up via a cognate specific receptor and a transport pathway. The role of the siderophore in Fe uptake by plants and microorganisms was the focus of this study. In this research Rhizopus arrhizus was found to produce a novel siderophore named Rhizoferrin when grown under Fe deficiency. This compound was purified and its chemical structure was elucidated. Fe-Rhizoferrin was found to alleviate Fe deficiency when applied to several plants grown in nutrient solutions. It was concluded that Fe-Rhizoferrin is the most efficient Fe source for plants when compared with other among microbial siderophores known to date and its activity equals that of the most efficient synthetic commercial iron fertilizer-Fe EDDHA. Siderophores produced by several rhizosphere organisms including Rhizopus Pseudomonas were purified. Monoclonal antibodies were produced and used to develop a method for detection of the siderophores produced by plant-growth-promoting microorganisms in barley rhizosphere. The presence of an Fe-ferrichrome uptake in fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. was demonstrated, and its structural requirements were mapped in P. putida with the help of biomimetic ferrichrome analogs. Using competition experiments, it was shown that FOB, Cop B and FC share at least one common determinant in their uptake pathway. Since FC analogs did not affect FOB or Cop-mediated 55Fe uptake, it could be concluded that these siderophores make use of a different receptor(s) than FC. Therefore, recognition of Cop, FOB and FC proceeds through different receptors having different structural requirements. On the other hand, the phytosiderophores mugineic acid (MA and DMA), were utilized indirectly via ligand exchange by P. putida. Receptors from different biological systems seem to differ in their structural requirements for siderophore recognition and uptake. The design of genus- or species-specific drugs, probes or chemicals, along with an understanding of plant-microbe and microbe-microbe relationships as well as developing methods to detect siderophores using monoclonal antibodies are useful for manipulating the composition of the rhizosphere microbial population for better plant growth, Fe-nutrition and protection from diseases.
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Williams, A. L., J. E. Rothert, K. E. McClure, D. J. Alofs, D. E. Hagen, D. R. White, A. R. Hopkins, and M. B. Trueblood. Determining the chemical composition of cloud condensation nuclei. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7068030.

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Williams, A. L., J. E. Rothert, K. E. McClure, D. J. Alofs, D. E. Hagen, J. Schmitt, D. R. White, A. R. Hopkins, and M. B. Trueblood. Determining the chemical composition of cloud condensation nuclei. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6834940.

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