Relevant bibliographies by topics / Chemical building blocks

Academic literature on the topic 'Chemical building blocks'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Chemical building blocks"

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Toensemeier, Pat. "BUILDING BLOCKS." Plastics Engineering 67, no. 8 (September 2011): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1941-9635.2011.tb01942.x.

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Lavis, Luke D., and Ronald T. Raines. "Bright Building Blocks for Chemical Biology." ACS Chemical Biology 9, no. 4 (March 20, 2014): 855–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cb500078u.

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Trost, Barry Martin. "Chemical Chameleons. Organosulfones as Synthetic Building Blocks." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 61, no. 1 (January 1988): 107–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.61.107.

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Ryabukhin, Sergey V., Dmitriy M. Panov, Andrey S. Plaskon, Alexander Chuprina, Sergey E. Pipko, Andrey A. Tolmachev, and Alexander N. Shivanyuk. "Combinatorial synthesis of chemical building blocks 1. Azomethines." Molecular Diversity 16, no. 4 (October 30, 2012): 625–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11030-012-9407-9.

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Gumaste, J. L., and B. C. Swain. "Chemical Reaction Bonding of Earth Mud Building Blocks." Transactions of the Indian Ceramic Society 60, no. 1 (January 2001): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0371750x.2001.10799957.

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Kumar, Vinod, and Philip Longhurst. "Recycling of food waste into chemical building blocks." Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 13 (October 2018): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2018.05.012.

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BERTRAND, G. "ChemInform Abstract: Trialkylsilyldiazomethane Derivatives: Wonderful Chemical Building Blocks." ChemInform 29, no. 27 (June 21, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199827350.

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FAN, Z., and J. G. LU. "Nanostructured ZnO: Building Blocks for Nanoscale Devices." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 16, no. 04 (December 2006): 883–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156406004065.

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ZnO is attracting intensive attention for its versatile applications in transparent electronics, UV emitter, piezoelectric devices, chemical sensor and spin electronics. As one of the direct wide band gap semiconductors, it has advantages over GaN due to its larger exciton binding energy, better lattice match on heteroepitaxial growth and availability of single crystal substrate. Large effort has been invested in the growth of nanostructured ZnO to explore its potentials for nanoscale device applications. ZnO nanobelts, nanowires, nanorings, and nanohelixes demonstrate the diversity of ZnO nanostructures family. This review presents recent research on ZnO nanostructures. Issues of synthesis methods, optical, electrical, gas sensing and magnetic properties are summarized. These progresses constitute the basis for developing future applications in nanoscale electronics, optoelectronics, chemical sensor and spintronics.
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Shrestha, Ganesh, Matteo Panza, Yashapal Singh, Nigam P. Rath, and Alexei V. Demchenko. "Indolylthio Glycosides As Effective Building Blocks for Chemical Glycosylation." Journal of Organic Chemistry 85, no. 24 (July 6, 2020): 15885–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.0c00943.

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Ranade, Sneha C., Sophon Kaeothip, and Alexei V. Demchenko. "Glycosyl Alkoxythioimidates as Complementary Building Blocks for Chemical Glycosylation." Organic Letters 12, no. 24 (December 17, 2010): 5628–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol1023079.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Chemical building blocks"

1

Reiner, Holger [Verfasser]. "Nanoparticles as Chemical Building Blocks / Holger Reiner." Konstanz : Bibliothek der Universität Konstanz, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1162841087/34.

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Jong, Thing Soon. "Continuous flow synthesis of chemical building blocks for biological application." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/17938.

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A collection of twenty three selectively mono-protected di- and triamines, masked with the Boc, Fmoc or Ddiv protecting groups, were synthesised via continuous flow synthesis in a self-assembled meso-scale PTFE flow reactor. The continuous flow strategy offered direct access to the mono-protected compounds in good yields, especially in the case of the Fmoc carbamates which circumvented the use of another sacrificial protecting group. Two of the mono-Boc-protected carbamates were used as starting materials to generate N-alkylglycine monomers; synthesised via tandem mono-alkylation and Fmoc carbamation, linked by an in-line scavenging protocol using a silica-based trisamine scavenger resin. The final step of the monomer synthesis employed catalytic transfer hydrogenolysis using 20% Pd(OH)2/C and 1,4- cyclohexadiene. The three-step flow procedure gave access to two monomers, with one of them being a novel N-alkylglycine unit bearing a triethylene glycol bridge. The monomers were used as building blocks to assemble new oligo-N-alkylglycines (peptoids) via microwave-assisted solid phase synthesis. Three different types of peptoids were synthesised: (i) oligo-N-(6-aminohexyl)glycines (“standard” peptoids), (ii) oligo-N-{2-[2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethoxy]ethyl}glycines (“triethylene glycol” [TEG] peptoids) and (iii) hetero-oligomers of alternating “standard” and “TEG” monomers (“hybrid” peptoids). The peptoids were evaluated for their cellular permeability and cytotoxicity with HeLa, HEK-293 and CHO cells. All the peptoids were shown to be non-cytotoxic at 10 μM based on cell proliferation assays. In general, it was found that the cellular uptake of the hybrid peptoids outperformed their standard and TEG analogues. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy results revealed that the hybrid nonamer had the highest cellular uptake efficiency of all the peptoids synthesised. At a concentration of 1 μM, it outperformed the second best molecular transporter (standard nonamer) by a factor of seven.
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Ansaloni, Elena <1978&gt. "Secondary Chemical Building Blocks da coprodotti agroalimentari tramite processi di bioraffinazione." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4144/1/Ansaloni_Elena_Tesi.pdf.

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Ansaloni, Elena <1978&gt. "Secondary Chemical Building Blocks da coprodotti agroalimentari tramite processi di bioraffinazione." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4144/.

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Zanichelli, Dario <1976&gt. "Processi di biorefining per l'estrazione di secondary chemical building blocks da sottoprotti dell'agro-industria." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/641/1/Tesi_Zanichelli_Dario.pdf.

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Phenol and cresols represent a good example of primary chemical building blocks of which 2.8 million tons are currently produced in Europe each year. Currently, these primary phenolic building blocks are produced by refining processes from fossil hydrocarbons: 5% of the world-wide production comes from coal (which contains 0.2% of phenols) through the distillation of the tar residue after the production of coke, while 95% of current world production of phenol is produced by the distillation and cracking of crude oil. In nature phenolic compounds are present in terrestrial higher plants and ferns in several different chemical structures while they are essentially absent in lower organisms and in animals. Biomass (which contain 3-8% of phenols) represents a substantial source of secondary chemical building blocks presently underexploited. These phenolic derivatives are currently used in tens thousand of tons to produce high cost products such as food additives and flavours (i.e. vanillin), fine chemicals (i.e. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen or flurbiprofen) and polymers (i.e. poly p-vinylphenol, a photosensitive polymer for electronic and optoelectronic applications). European agrifood waste represents a low cost abundant raw material (250 millions tons per year) which does not subtract land use and processing resources from necessary sustainable food production. The class of phenolic compounds is essentially constituted by simple phenols, phenolic acids, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids and lignans. As in the case of coke production, the removal of the phenolic contents from biomass upgrades also the residual biomass. Focusing on the phenolic component of agrifood wastes, huge processing and marketing opportunities open since phenols are used as chemical intermediates for a large number of applications, ranging from pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals, food ingredients etc. Following this approach we developed a biorefining process to recover the phenolic fraction of wheat bran based on enzymatic commercial biocatalysts in completely water based process, and polymeric resins with the aim of substituting secondary chemical building blocks with the same compounds naturally present in biomass. We characterized several industrial enzymatic product for their ability to hydrolize the different molecular features that are present in wheat bran cell walls structures, focusing on the hydrolysis of polysaccharidic chains and phenolics cross links. This industrial biocatalysts were tested on wheat bran and the optimized process allowed to liquefy up to the 60 % of the treated matter. The enzymatic treatment was also able to solubilise up to the 30 % of the alkali extractable ferulic acid. An extraction process of the phenolic fraction of the hydrolyzed wheat bran based on an adsorbtion/desorption process on styrene-polyvinyl benzene weak cation-exchange resin Amberlite IRA 95 was developed. The efficiency of the resin was tested on different model system containing ferulic acid and the adsorption and desorption working parameters optimized for the crude enzymatic hydrolyzed wheat bran. The extraction process developed had an overall yield of the 82% and allowed to obtain concentrated extracts containing up to 3000 ppm of ferulic acid. The crude enzymatic hydrolyzed wheat bran and the concentrated extract were finally used as substrate in a bioconversion process of ferulic acid into vanillin through resting cells fermentation. The bioconversion process had a yields in vanillin of 60-70% within 5-6 hours of fermentation. Our findings are the first step on the way to demonstrating the economical feasibility for the recovery of biophenols from agrifood wastes through a whole crop approach in a sustainable biorefining process.
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Zanichelli, Dario <1976&gt. "Processi di biorefining per l'estrazione di secondary chemical building blocks da sottoprotti dell'agro-industria." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/641/.

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Phenol and cresols represent a good example of primary chemical building blocks of which 2.8 million tons are currently produced in Europe each year. Currently, these primary phenolic building blocks are produced by refining processes from fossil hydrocarbons: 5% of the world-wide production comes from coal (which contains 0.2% of phenols) through the distillation of the tar residue after the production of coke, while 95% of current world production of phenol is produced by the distillation and cracking of crude oil. In nature phenolic compounds are present in terrestrial higher plants and ferns in several different chemical structures while they are essentially absent in lower organisms and in animals. Biomass (which contain 3-8% of phenols) represents a substantial source of secondary chemical building blocks presently underexploited. These phenolic derivatives are currently used in tens thousand of tons to produce high cost products such as food additives and flavours (i.e. vanillin), fine chemicals (i.e. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen or flurbiprofen) and polymers (i.e. poly p-vinylphenol, a photosensitive polymer for electronic and optoelectronic applications). European agrifood waste represents a low cost abundant raw material (250 millions tons per year) which does not subtract land use and processing resources from necessary sustainable food production. The class of phenolic compounds is essentially constituted by simple phenols, phenolic acids, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids and lignans. As in the case of coke production, the removal of the phenolic contents from biomass upgrades also the residual biomass. Focusing on the phenolic component of agrifood wastes, huge processing and marketing opportunities open since phenols are used as chemical intermediates for a large number of applications, ranging from pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals, food ingredients etc. Following this approach we developed a biorefining process to recover the phenolic fraction of wheat bran based on enzymatic commercial biocatalysts in completely water based process, and polymeric resins with the aim of substituting secondary chemical building blocks with the same compounds naturally present in biomass. We characterized several industrial enzymatic product for their ability to hydrolize the different molecular features that are present in wheat bran cell walls structures, focusing on the hydrolysis of polysaccharidic chains and phenolics cross links. This industrial biocatalysts were tested on wheat bran and the optimized process allowed to liquefy up to the 60 % of the treated matter. The enzymatic treatment was also able to solubilise up to the 30 % of the alkali extractable ferulic acid. An extraction process of the phenolic fraction of the hydrolyzed wheat bran based on an adsorbtion/desorption process on styrene-polyvinyl benzene weak cation-exchange resin Amberlite IRA 95 was developed. The efficiency of the resin was tested on different model system containing ferulic acid and the adsorption and desorption working parameters optimized for the crude enzymatic hydrolyzed wheat bran. The extraction process developed had an overall yield of the 82% and allowed to obtain concentrated extracts containing up to 3000 ppm of ferulic acid. The crude enzymatic hydrolyzed wheat bran and the concentrated extract were finally used as substrate in a bioconversion process of ferulic acid into vanillin through resting cells fermentation. The bioconversion process had a yields in vanillin of 60-70% within 5-6 hours of fermentation. Our findings are the first step on the way to demonstrating the economical feasibility for the recovery of biophenols from agrifood wastes through a whole crop approach in a sustainable biorefining process.
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Mellor, Sarah Louise. "Development of novel solid-phase chemistry and building blocks for the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243473.

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Wieschalka, Stefan [Verfasser]. "Engineering Corynebacterium glutamicum as a designer-bug for the bio-based production of chemical building blocks and biofuel / Stefan Wieschalka." Ulm : Universität Ulm. Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1029295816/34.

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Aleeva, Yana. "Fabrication and characterisation of ZnO nanostructures: from nanoscale building blocks to hybrid nanomaterials - towards emerging technologies in sensing applications." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/977.

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Metal oxide nanostructures characterized by multiple morphologies and structures are at the forefront of applications driven nanotechnology research. In particular, they represent a versatile solution for performance enhancement and applications in multifunctional devices and offer distinct advantages over their bulk counterparts. The current state in ZnO nanomaterials research and its impact in nanotechnology and modern engineering are discussed through the lens of con-tinuing technological advances in synthetic techniques allowing to obtain the material with predefined specific set of criteria including size, functionality, and uniqueness. Aim of this research activity is fabrication and study of the potential ap-plications as biomolecular nanoplatforms of ZnO nanostructures obtained using different synthetic techniques ranging from vapor phase deposition (Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition) to solution growth (Chemical Bath Depo-sition). Moreover, hybrid synthetic approaches are used to obtain complex hier-archical ZnO structures having dual or multiple morphologies. The non-covalent interaction of these inorganic nanosystems with organic molecules, having spe-cific chemical behavior, represents a strategy to obtain hybrid organic-inorganic nanomaterials, thus offering interesting potentiality for the design of high per-formance devices. In particular, it is demonstrated that integration of Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition and Chemical Bath Deposition strategies with Nanosphere Colloidal Lithography allows to define two-dimensional hybrid ZnO-SiO2 nanoarrays having great potential as innovative fluorescence sensing substrates with individual addressability and tuning of the biomolecular detec-tion capability. Combination of Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition with Electro-spinning leads to fabrication of core shell Zn-doped TiO2 ZnO nanofibers char-acterised by hierarchical growth of ZnO nanoneedles onto the TiO2 nanofiber surface. XRD measurements revealed that after ZnO deposition at T > 500 °C, the TiO2 nanofibers were composed of the anatase rutile mixed phases with dif-ferent fractions of rutile, modulated by the Zn dopant concentration. These com-posite nanomaterials may be intriguing to the future study of nanofiber photo-catalysts and sensors, and functional properties based on titanium dioxide.
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Brüsseler, Christian [Verfasser], Michael [Gutachter] Bott, and Karl-Erich [Gutachter] Jaeger. "Shortcut to the carbon-efficient microbial production of chemical building blocks from lignocellulose-derived D-xylose / Christian Brüsseler ; Gutachter: Michael Bott, Karl-Erich Jaeger." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1189901722/34.

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Books on the topic "Chemical building blocks"

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Padilla, Michael J. Chemical building blocks. Needham, Mass: Prentice Hall, 2000.

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Organic building blocks of the chemical industry. New York: Wiley, 1989.

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(Firm), Learning Solutions, Pearson Education Inc, and Pearson/Prentice Hall, eds. Prentice Hall science explorer: Chemical building blocks. New York: Learning Solutions, 2011.

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Green, Dan. The elements: The building blocks of the Universe. New York, NY: Scholastic, 2012.

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Nature's building blocks: An A-Z guide to the elements. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

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Nature's building blocks: An A-Z guide to the elements. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

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Science of synthesis: C-1 building blocks in organic synthesis. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2014.

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Challoner, Jack. The elements: The new guide to the building blocks of our universe. London: Carlton, 2012.

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Hua,Xi (ke pu) Fan yi and Wang Ting Fan yi, eds. Ke xue tan suo zhe: Science explorer : Wu zhi gou cheng Chemical building blocks. 3rd ed. Hang zhou: Zhe jiang jiao yu chu ban she, 2013.

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Challoner, Jack. The intriguing story of the elements: The new guide to the building blocks of our universe. New York, NY: Metro Books, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Chemical building blocks"

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Yamazaki, Mai, and Samuel M. Hudson. "Chitosan Derivatives for Bioadhesive/Hemostatic Applications: Chemical and Biological Aspects." In Polysaccharide Building Blocks, 199–226. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118229484.ch7.

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Nuss, Hanne, and Martin Jansen. "Ionic Ozonides - From Simple Inorganic Salts to Supramolecular Building Blocks." In New Strategies in Chemical Synthesis and Catalysis, 79–95. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527645824.ch4.

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Shida, Tadamasa. "Multi-Electron Atoms: The Building Blocks that Produce the Tremendous Variety of Molecules." In Springer Series in Chemical Physics, 79–106. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10311-1_4.

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Fitz, Daniel, Thomas Jakschitz, and Bernd M. Rode. "Salt-Induced Peptide Formation in Chemical Evolution: Building Blocks Before RNA – Potential of Peptide Splicing Reactions." In Origins of Life: The Primal Self-Organization, 109–27. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21625-1_5.

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Desaeger, Johan, Richard A. Sikora, and Leendert P. G. Molendijk. "Outlook: a vision of the future of integrated nematode management." In Integrated nematode management: state-of-the-art and visions for the future, 475–83. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247541.0065.

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Abstract Integrated nematode management (INM) employs a diversity of management practices and focuses on key concepts such as targeted rotations, intercropping, advanced genetics for resistance breeding, remote sensing to monitor nematode distribution and densities, precision agriculture to target control treatments and molecular tools to measure soil suppressiveness. This chapter further discusses new building blocks of INM that could improve the future of nematode management. Outlooks on chemical control in the future; the growth of biological control; the need for resistance breeding; suppressive soil and its antagonistic potential for nematode management; climate change adaption; regional and site-specific approach in nematode management; loss of applied nematology positions at universities and plant protection agencies; and recommended INM programmes are described. For INM to become a reality, applied nematology needs to be at the forefront of the science of nematology again, and funded accordingly.
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Ángyán, János G. "Chemical building blocks in quantum chemical calculations. Perspective on “The density matrix in many-electron quantum mechanics I. Generalized product functions. Factorization and physical interpretation of the density matrices”." In Theoretical Chemistry Accounts, 238–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10421-7_23.

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Falarz, Lucas J., Stacy D. Singer, and Guanqun Chen. "Biomass-Derived Building Block Chemicals." In Plant Bioproducts, 177–200. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8616-3_10.

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Girotti, Gianni, and Marco Ricci. "Integrated Biorefinery to Renewable-Based Chemicals." In Chemicals and Fuels from Bio-Based Building Blocks, 603–14. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527698202.ch23.

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Charati, Sanjay, Corine Cochennec, Manilal Dahanayake, Patrick Gilbeau, Marie-Pierre Labeau, Philippe Lapersonne, Philippe Marion, et al. "Chemistry and Chemicals from Renewables Resources within Solvay." In Chemicals and Fuels from Bio-Based Building Blocks, 615–42. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527698202.ch24.

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Jolie, Ruben, Jean-Claude de Troostembergh, Aristos Aristidou, Massimo Bregola, and Eric Black. "Colocation as Model for Production of Bio-Based Chemicals from Starch." In Chemicals and Fuels from Bio-Based Building Blocks, 549–68. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527698202.ch21.

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Conference papers on the topic "Chemical building blocks"

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Murray, Christopher B. "The Chemical Design of Plasmonic Building Blocks." In CLEO: QELS_Fundamental Science. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_qels.2013.qw1n.1.

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Ericsen, T., N. Hingorani, and Y. Khersonsky. "PEBB - Power Electronics Building Blocks from Concept to Reality." In Record of Conference Paper Industry Applications Society 53rd Annual Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pcicon.2006.359706.

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Hostnik, G., M. Gladović, and U. Bren. "Tannin basic building blocks as potential scavengers of chemical carcinogens: a computational study." In 67th International Congress and Annual Meeting of the Society for Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research (GA) in cooperation with the French Society of Pharmacognosy AFERP. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3400093.

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Zhang, X. H., Z. J. Pei, and Graham R. Fisher. "Measurement Methods of Pad Properties for Chemical Mechanical Polishing." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-44013.

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Silicon wafers are the fundamental building blocks for most integrated circuits. Chemical mechanical polishing is used to manufacture silicon wafers as the final material removal process to meet the ever-increasing demand for flatter wafers and lower prices. The polishing pad is one of the critical factors in planarizing wafer surfaces and its properties play critical roles in polishing. However, pad properties change during the process. This paper reviews the measurement methods for thickness, hardness, and Young’s modulus of polishing pads.
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Kulshreshtha, Yask, Philip J. Vardon, Yi Du, Guillaume Habert, Aurélie Vissac, Jean-Claude Morel, Sudhakar M. Rao, et al. "Biological Stabilisers in Earthen Construction: A Mechanistic Understanding of their Response to Water-Ingress." In 4th International Conference on Bio-Based Building Materials. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/cta.1.529.

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Earthen construction is re-gaining popularity as an ecological and economical alternative to contemporary building materials. While building with earth offers several benefits, its performance due to water ingress is a concern for its widespread application. This limitation is often solved by adding chemical stabilisers such as Portland cement and hydraulic lime. Chemical stabilisers are a subject of widespread debate as they increase the cost and embodied energy of the structure, and reduce the desirable characteristics of raw or unstabilised earth. This along with perceived environmental performance, renewability, and proven effectiveness in traditional earthen construction has led to a growing interest in biological or organic stabilisers. Although the strengthening mechanism of biological stabilisers is widely covered in scientific studies, discussion regarding the water-resistance is limited. This review aggregates the research from the field of earthen construction and geotechnical engineering and extends it to explain the possible mechanism responsible for the water-resistance behaviour of biologically stabilised earthen materials. This study includes a wide range of traditional and industrial biological stabilisers derived from animals (cow-dung, casein, chitosan), plants (starch, guar gum, cactus mucilage, lignin, tannin) seaweeds (alginate, agar, carrageen) and microbes (xanthan gum, gellan gum). A conceptual model of water-ingress in unstabilised earthen blocks is proposed and the response of biological stabiliser to water ingress and related physico-chemical and physical factors is discussed using the model at microscale (stabiliser interaction with clay, sand) and macroscale (hydraulic conductivity of block). Properties of stabilisers such as hydrophobicity, stability under wet conditions or interaction with cations have a dominant effect on the overall response to water ingress. Key gaps have been identified in the existing knowledge that are necessary to investigate in order to understand the water-resistance behaviour comprehensively. The study concludes with a brief assessment of biological stabilisers based on their performance and feasibility to use in contemporary earthen construction.
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Faber, K., U. Felfer, W. Kroutil, and U. Strauss. "Biocatalytic Strategies for the Preparation of Chiral Building Blocks in 100% Chemical and Optical Yield from Racemates." In The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-2-01667.

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Briou, Benoit, Adélaïde de Gartili, Audrey Roy, and Lucas Jego. "Cashew NutSell Liquid (CNSL), a promising source of biobased additives and building blocks for the industry." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/wtub1155.

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CNSL is a crude oil extracted from cashew nutshells. Among the renewable resource materials available, CNSL is considered as an important starting material due to its abundant availability and low cost. Depending on the extraction method, it is possible to obtain an oil with different grades of quality. Once purified, bio-based phenolic compounds of great interest are isolated: cardanol, cardol, and anacardic acid. Many and diverse reactive sites are present on these molecules such as aromatic ring, phenolic hydroxyl, carboxylic acid, and an unsaturated long alkenyl side chain. Their peculiar structures induce some pertinent properties, allowing a good compromise between flexibility and thermal stability. Several platform molecules for the synthesis of additives or monomers have been made by chemical transformation respecting the principles of green chemistry as far as possible. surfactants, plasticizers, paint binder, hardening agents and polymers have been developed from this multi-skilled natural resource.
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Panchapakesan, B., Kousik Sivakumar, and Shaoxin Lu. "Metallic Nanowires From Carbon Nanotube Building Blocks: The Effect of Atomic Defects on the Nanotube Influencing Nanowire Growth." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-55042.

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Manipulation and control of matter at the nano- and atomic level are crucial for the success of nano-scale sensors and actuators. The ability to control and synthesize multilayer structures using carbon nanotubes that will enable to build electronic devices within a nanotube is still in its infancy. In this paper, we present results on selective electric field assisted deposition of metals on carbon nanotubes realizing metallic nanowire structures. Silver and platinum nanowires has been fabricated using this approach due to its applications in chemical sensing sensing as catalytic materials to sniff toxic agents and in the area of biomedical nanotechnology for construction of artificial muscles. The electric field assisted technique allows the deposition of metals with high degree of selectivity on carbon nanotubes by manipulating the charges on the surface of the nanotubes. The thickness and the growth of the nanowires was altered by inducing defects on the initial surface of the nanotubes that affected the local current densities and electrochemical reduction of silver and platinum on those defect sites. SEM and TEM investigations revealed silver and platinum nanowires between 10 nm-100 nm in diameter. Relatively higher metal deposition was achieved in defect related sites or places where the nanotubes criss-crossed each other, due to the high current densities in these sites. The present technique is versatile and enables the fabrication of host of different types of metallic and semiconduting nanowires using carbon nanotube templates for nanoelectronics and myriad of sensor applications. Further, nanowires can also serve as model systems for studying quantum size effects in these dimensions.
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Park, Y. H., and I. Hijazi. "Ground State Structure of Cu Nanoclusters." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57748.

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The study of metal clusters has attracted much attention in recent years. Noble metal nanoparticles are of particular interest since their chemical, thermodynamic, electronic, and optical properties make them interesting candidates as building blocks of nanostructure materials. Delineation of these properties requires a complete and definitive characterization of the cluster’s geometrical structure. To find the ground state structure for a cluster, the potential-energy surface (PES) needs to be searched. In this paper, we proposed an efficient hierarchical search method to determine a ground state structure of copper clusters using an effective Monte Carlo simulated annealing method, which employs the Aggregate-Volume-Bias Monte Carlo (AVBMC) algorithm. Incorporated in the Monte Carlo method, is an efficient Embedded Atom Method (EAM) potential developed by the authors.
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Deng, Y. M., and W. F. Lu. "A Conceptual Design Synthesis Framework for Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS)." In ASME 2004 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2004-57235.

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It is well recognized that conceptual design is the most critical stage of product development process. Yet, existing MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) design synthesis models or methods are very restrictive in supporting MEMS conceptual design, in that they are only applicable to specific or specific types of designs, where building blocks for design synthesis have to be pre-specified by the designers. To address this problem, this paper proposes a MEMS conceptual design synthesis framework, which consists of a behavior representation that caters for the multidisciplinary MEMS design characteristics and a design synthesis strategy that is able to explore multidisciplinary phenomena for the development of MEMS initial design concepts. The behavior representation incorporates information of both physical interactions and chemical/biological/other reactions that take place during a MEMS device’s behavioral process. The design synthesis is accomplished by both forward and backward synthetic search strategies in identifying the relevant phenomena for the development of the desired behavioral processes. The framework can be used to develop both the physical structure of a MEMS device and the substances that are necessary for the chemical/biological/other reactions. A software prototype implementing the proposed framework is also presented, followed by a MEMS design case study.
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Reports on the topic "Chemical building blocks"

1

Baltus, Wolfgang. Asian markets for bio-based chemical building blocks and polymers. Nova-Institut GmbH, January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.52548/rfhf3852.

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Sutton, Andrew. FUELS AND CHEMICALS FROM RENEWABLE BUILDING BLOCKS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1595635.

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Chen, Eugene. Catalytic Upgrading of Key Biorefining Building Blocks to Renewable Chemicals, Polymeric Materials, and Liquid Fuels. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1399341.

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Wineland, J. Methyl chloride via oxyhydrochlorination of methane: a building block for chemicals and fuels from natural gas. Second semiannual report, 1996. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/621004.

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Wineland, J. Methyl chloride via oxyhydrochlorination of methane: A building block for chemicals and fuels from natural gas. Quarterly technical progress report No. 01, September 30, 1996--December 31, 1996. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/481905.

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Methyl chloride via oxyhydrochlorination of methane: A building block for chemicals and fuels from natural gas. Environmental assessment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/441701.

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