Academic literature on the topic 'Chemical and thermal processes in energy and combustion'
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Journal articles on the topic "Chemical and thermal processes in energy and combustion"
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Wolfrum, J. "Laser Induced Chemical Reactions in Combustion and Industrial Processes." Laser Chemistry 6, no. 2 (January 1, 1986): 125–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/lc.6.125.
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The rapid development of powerful UV-laser sources allows the investigation of macroscopic and microscopic details of elementary chemical reactions important in combustion processes. Experimental results on the effect of selective translational and vibrational excitation of reactants in elementary combustion reactions using laser photolysis and time-resolved atomic line resonance absorption, laser-induced fluorescence and CARS spectroscopy are compared with the results of theoretical studies on ab initio potential energy surfaces and thermal rate parameters. Thermal elimination of hydrogen chloride from 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,1,1-chlorodifluoroethane is a main industrial route to some important monomer compounds. Inducing these radical chain reactions by UV-exciplex laser radiation offers the advantage that a monomolecular process with low activation energy becomes the rate determining step. This allows lower process temperatures with decreasing energy expense and avoiding the high temperature formation of byproducts.
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Demin, A. V., R. Ya Dyganova, and N. N. Fakhreev. "Analysis of Processes of Thermal Utilization of Biowaste." Ecology and Industry of Russia 22, no. 5 (May 23, 2018): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2018-5-50-53.
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The problems associated with the thermal utilization of droppings litter, which is formed at poultry farming facilities, are considered. The results of numerical studies for the biogas combustion method based on preliminary gasification of fuel are presented. A method for estimating the composition of thermal decomposition products based on the thermodynamic calculation of the chemical and phase equilibria is proposed. Calculated indicators of energy efficiency and environmental characteristics of combustion products are presented for a multi-zone combustion scheme.
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Barysheva, Olga, and Alina Mokhova. "Formation of soot in the disposal of municipal solid waste." E3S Web of Conferences 274 (2021): 08001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127408001.
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In power plants intended for the disposal of solid household waste, the processes take place at a high temperature. For such installations, nonequilibrium processes are characteristic of a change in the composition of combustion products caused by the final rates of the ongoing chemical reactions. This affects the basic characteristics of the combustion process of municipal solid waste. A mathematical model has been created for calculating the chemically nonequilibrium composition of the fuel. Solid household and industrial waste is a high-energy fuel. It is a high energy fuel. The process of thermal neutralization of solid household waste is considered. An alternative calculation method is presented that allows one to find the composition of combustion products under conditions of nonequilibrium in the process of thermal utilization of solid domestic waste. The data on the composition and properties of solid household waste obtained by the developed method of calculation allow predicting the yield of super Eco toxicants in combustion products. On the basis of the equations of formal chemical kinetics, an alternative was created, which consists in determining the composition of combustion products taking into account the kinetics of chemical reactions. The assumption is introduced that transformations in the gas phase are elementary, one-stage. Various chemical interactions can be represented by a set of elementary stages. The most probable are mono-, biand three molecular chemical reactions. The method allows predicting the yield of Eco toxicants by finding the composition of the fuel combustion products prior to its utilization.
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Liang, Yuntao, and Rui Zhou. "Numerical Simulation of Coupled Thermal-Hydrological-Mechanical-Chemical Processes in the Spontaneous Combustion of Underground Coal Seams." Geofluids 2021 (August 12, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9572502.
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In this study, we develop a fully coupled thermal-hydrological-mechanical-chemical (THMC) model to analyze the spontaneous combustion process of underground coal seams, focusing on investigating the influences of the pressure difference between oxygen and coal, the rate of coal-oxygen reaction heat, and the activation energy. The simulation results show that as oxygen propagates into the coal seams, the coal-oxygen reaction causes the spontaneous combustion of coal to heat. The consumption of oxygen leads to an increase in oxygen consumption along the way and a decrease in gas pressure. The permeability near the right boundary increases while significantly reducing the area far away from the right boundary as the predominant effect of spontaneous combustion. Additionally, a sensitivity study shows that a more considerable pressure difference and coal-oxygen reaction heat contribute to promoting the coal temperature, while the activation energy has a slight effect. Moreover, an increase in coal-oxygen reaction heat and activation energy accelerates the oxygen consumption rate and thus causes a lower oxygen concentration. Overall, the results provide a basis for the prediction and prevention of coal seam spontaneous combustion.
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Demin, A. V., and G. V. Demina. "Environmental characteristics of thermal utilization of waste with external and internal supply of thermal energy." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 24, no. 6 (January 11, 2023): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2022-24-6-143-152.
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THE PURPOSE. Identification of optimal regimes for autothermal and allothermic methods of gasification of plant biomass in terms of energy parameters of generator gases, as well as determination of environmental indicators during subsequent combustion of generator gases to obtain thermal energy.METHODS. When modeling gasification processes, a nonstoichiometric model was used, based on the assumption that a chemically reacting multicomponent mixture is in a state of thermodynamic and chemical equilibrium, which corresponds to the minimum value of the isobaric-isothermal potential. When modeling the combustion of generator gas in a mixture with air, a kinetic model of a perfectly mixed flow reactor was used and the detailed mechanism of chemical interaction for the C-H-O-N-S reacting system was taken into account. The calorific value of generator gas obtained by steam gasification and external supply of thermal energy is significantly higher than the calorific value of gas obtained by internal supply of thermal energy. However, the values of the energy potential and thermochemical efficiency are very close for both types of gasification.RESULTS. For plant biomass with a given averaged elemental composition, gasification conditions are determined that increase the degree of conversion of initial materials into generator gas. In particular, for the autothermal gasification method, the maximum calculated values of the energy potential of dry ash-free generator gas and thermochemical efficiency were obtained at an excess air coefficient α ≈ 0.32. For the allothermic gasification method, the maximum calculated values of the energy potential of the generator gas and the thermochemical efficiency correspond to the gasification temperature range T ≈ 1050 -1100 K and the mass fraction of the supplied steam gH2O ≈ 0.217. To ensure these conditions, it will be necessary to supply thermal energy through combustion of ≈ 37 wt. % generator gas. Generator gas produced by the allothermic method has higher energy performance, and the negative impact on the environment during its subsequent combustion is characterized by lower specific CO and CO2 emissions in terms of a ton of reference fuel.
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Barmina, Inesa, Harijs Kalis, Antons Kolmickovs, Maksims Marinaki, Liiva Ozola, Uldis Strautins, Raimonds Valdmanis, and Maija Zake. "MATHEMATICAL MODELLING AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF STRAW CO-FIRING WITH GAS." Mathematical Modelling and Analysis 24, no. 4 (October 25, 2019): 507–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mma.2019.031.
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The main goal of the present study is to promote a more effective use of agriculture residues (straw) as an alternative renewable fuel for cleaner energy production with reduced greenhouse gas emissions. With the aim to improve the main combustion characteristics at thermo-chemical conversion of wheat straw, complex experimental study and mathematical modelling of the processes developing when co-firing wheat straw pellets with a gaseous fuel were carried out. The effect of co-firing on the main gasification and combustion characteristics was studied experimentally by varying the propane supply and additional heat input into the pilot device, along with the estimation of the effect of co-firing on the thermal decomposition of wheat straw pellets, on the formation, ignition and combustion of volatiles (CO, H2). A mathematical model has been developed using the environment of the Matlab (2D modelling) and MATLAB package ”pdepe”(1D modelling) considering the variations in supplying heat energy and combustible volatiles (CO, H2) into the bottom of the combustor. Dominant exothermal chemical reactions were used to evaluate the effect of co-firing on the main combustion characteristics and composition of the products CO2 and H2O. The results prove that the additional heat from the propane flame makes it possible to control the thermal decomposition of straw pellets, the formation, ignition and combustion of volatiles and the development of combustion dynamics, thus completing the combustion of biomass and leading to cleaner heat energy production.
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Ion, Ion V., Florin Popescu, Razvan Mahu, and Eugen Rusu. "A Numerical Model of Biomass Combustion Physical and Chemical Processes." Energies 14, no. 7 (April 2, 2021): 1978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071978.
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Identifying a modeling procedure of biomass thermal decomposition that is not only simple enough to implement and use, and computationally efficient, but also sufficiently accurate for engineering design activities, and with a spectrum of applications as broad as possible is a very difficult task. The authors propose a procedure which consists of two main stages: (a) the static modeling phase with the purpose of generating the algorithm (macro functions) that supplies a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model with specific input data (source/sink terms and local material properties) and (b) the dynamic modeling phase, where the CFD model is bi-directionally coupled to the external biomass decomposition model in the form of a User-Defined Function (UDF). The modeling approach was successfully validated against data obtained from single particle decomposition experiments, demonstrating its applicability even to large biomass particles, under high heating rates and combusting conditions.
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Yang, Qingfeng, Karla Dussan, Rory F. D. Monaghan, and Xinmin Zhan. "Energy recovery from thermal treatment of dewatered sludge in wastewater treatment plants." Water Science and Technology 74, no. 3 (May 31, 2016): 672–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.251.
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Sewage sludge is a by-product generated from municipal wastewater treatment (WWT) processes. This study examines the conversion of sludge via energy recovery from gasification/combustion for thermal treatment of dewatered sludge. The present analysis is based on a chemical equilibrium model of thermal conversion of previously dewatered sludge with moisture content of 60–80%. Prior to combustion/gasification, sludge is dried to a moisture content of 25–55% by two processes: (1) heat recovered from syngas/flue gas cooling and (2) heat recovered from syngas combustion. The electricity recovered from the combined heat and power process can be reused in syngas cleaning and in the WWT plant. Gas temperature, total heat and electricity recoverable are evaluated using the model. Results show that generation of electricity from dewatered sludge with low moisture content (≤ 70%) is feasible within a self-sufficient sludge treatment process. Optimal conditions for gasification correspond to an equivalence ratio of 2.3 and dried sludge moisture content of 25%. Net electricity generated from syngas combustion can account for 0.071 kWh/m3 of wastewater treated, which is up to 25.4–28.4% of the WWT plant's total energy consumption.
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Kijo-Kleczkowska, Agnieszka, and Adam Gnatowski. "Recycling of Plastic Waste, with Particular Emphasis on Thermal Methods—Review." Energies 15, no. 6 (March 14, 2022): 2114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062114.
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The civilization development requires improvement of technologies and satisfaction of people’s needs on the one side, but on the other one it is directly connected with the increasing production of waste. In this paper, the authors dealt with the second of these aspects, reviewing the recycling of plastic waste, which can be processed without changing its chemical structure (mechanical recycling), and with changing its chemical structure (chemical recycling, of which thermal recycling). Mechanical recycling involves shredding the waste in order to obtain recyclate or regranulate that meets specific quality requirements. Chemical recycling consists of the degradation of the material into low-molecular compounds, and it can take place in the processes of hydrolysis, glycolysis, methanolysis by means of chemical solvents, and during thermal processes of hydrocracking, gasification, pyrolysis, combustion, enabling the recovery of gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons foundings in application as a fuel in the energy and cement-lime industry and enabling the recovery of thermal energy contained in plastics. The paper focuses on thermal methods of plastics recycling that become more important due to legal regulations limiting the landfilling of waste. The authors also took up the properties of plastics and their production in European conditions.
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Askarova, Aliya, Saltanat Bolegenova, Symbat Bolegenova, Meruyert Beketayeva, Valeriy Maximov, Aizhan Nugymanova, and Pavel Šafařík. "SIMULATION OF LOW-GRADE COAL COMBUSTION IN REAL CHAMBERS OF ENERGY OBJECTS." Acta Polytechnica 59, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2019.59.0098.
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The aim of the work is to create new computer technologies for 3D modelling of heat and mass transfer processes in high-temperature physicochemically reacting environments that will allow to determine the aerodynamics of the flow and heat and mass transfer characteristics of technological processes occurring in the combustion chambers in existing coal-fired thermal power plants of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The novelty of the research lies in the use of the latest information technologies of 3D modelling, which will enable project participants to obtain new data on complex heat and mass transfer processes when burning pulverized coal in real combustion chambers operating in Kazakhstan’s Thermal Power Plants (TPP). A numerical simulation, including thermodynamic, kinetic and threedimensional computer simulation of heat and mass transfer processes when burning low-grade fuel, will allow finding optimal conditions for setting adequate physical, mathematical and chemical models of the technological process of combustion of burning high ash coals. The computer modelling methods proposed for the development are new and technically feasible, since coal-fired power plants all over the world use all types of coal. The developed technologies will allow replacing or eliminating the conduct of expensive and labour-consuming natural experiments on coal-fired power plants.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Chemical and thermal processes in energy and combustion"
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Kamali-Asl, Arash. "Coupled Thermal-Hydrological-Mechanical-Chemical Processes In Geothermal And Shale Energy Developments." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2019. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/1031.
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Coupled Thermal-Hydrological-Mechanical-Chemical (THMC) processes that exist in the development of different geo-resources (e.g. deep geothermal and shale gas) affect the fracture response (i.e. aperture and permeability), which in turn influences the reservoir production. The main goal of this study was to experimentally evaluate the impact of THMC processes on the response of rock specimens relevant for deep geothermal and shale gas formations. The effects of THMC processes were investigated on: (i) success of the hydraulic fracturing/hydro-shearing mechanism during stimulation stage, and (ii) closure of the created network of fractures during production stage.
The elastic, cyclic, creep, and failure characteristics of different intact reservoir rocks in both short- and long-term were investigated to evaluate their response in stimulation stage. In addition, a series of flow tests on fractured reservoir cores were conducted to evaluate how THMC processes affect fracture response subjected to different stress levels, temperatures, composition of injected fluid, and injection rate. Moreover, the sensitivity of ultrasonic signatures (i.e. velocity, amplitude, attenuation, and time-frequency content) to (i) microstructural changes in the intact rocks, and (ii) flow-induced alterations of aperture/permeability in the fractured rocks were investigated. Analysis of hydraulic data, chemical composition of the effluent, ultrasonic signatures, and X-Ray micro-CT and SEM images, provided invaluable information that facilitated interpretation of the effects of coupled THMC processes on fracture response.
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Yurdakul, Yorulmaz Sema. "Investigation Of Emissions And Combustion Kinetics Of Waste Wood Samples With Thermal And Spectral Methods." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607570/index.pdf.
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The mechanisms and kinetics of combustion of waste wood as well as the phases during combustion processes are important to eliminate these wastes without any possible damage to environment. In the present study, combustion mechanisms, activation energy and pre-exponential constants, and phases of combustion were investigated for untreated natural pine and treated Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF), plywood and particleboard samples that involve some chemicals and additives. Waste wood samples were heated in air at 10, 20 and 30oC/min heating rates in a Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA) from room temperature to 900oC. Thermogravimetry (TG) and Derivative Thermogravimetry (DTG) curves for all samples were obtained. The gases formed during combustion reactions were directly fed to a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) instrument coupled to TGA. Emission characteristics of the samples were determined in-situ by using the FTIR spectrums.
As a result of TG analysis, thermal decomposition of treated samples was observed at lower temperatures as compared to the untreated pine sample because of the catalyzing effects of the chemicals in the treated samples.
Therefore, there were less flammable products, lower weight losses in the main oxidation region, decrease in the max. weight loss temperatures and formation of more char for treated samples as compared to untreated pine sample. In other words, chemicals used during production of these samples lead to decrease in the combustibility of the treated samples.
Thermal kinetic constants for the samples were calculated by using Coats Redfern and Broido Methods. In order to find out the mechanisms responsible for the oxidation of the waste wood samples in different regions, six solid state mechanisms of Coats Redfern Method were tested.
As a result of FTIR analysis of the emitted gases from TG analysis, several chemical groups were detected from pine and treated samples. Combustion of all samples revealed some gases containing aromatics, C-H groups, CO2 and CO. However, there were some toxic and carcinogenic gases like formaldehyde, isocyanate group, ammonia, phenyl group and benzoylbromide among the emissions of treated samples which need utmost attention when recovering energy from treated waste woods.
Books on the topic "Chemical and thermal processes in energy and combustion"
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Desideri, Umberto, Giampaolo Manfrida, and Enrico Sciubba, eds. ECOS 2012. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-322-9.
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The 8-volume set contains the Proceedings of the 25th ECOS 2012 International Conference, Perugia, Italy, June 26th to June 29th, 2012. ECOS is an acronym for Efficiency, Cost, Optimization and Simulation (of energy conversion systems and processes), summarizing the topics covered in ECOS: Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer, Exergy and Second Law Analysis, Process Integration and Heat Exchanger Networks, Fluid Dynamics and Power Plant Components, Fuel Cells, Simulation of Energy Conversion Systems, Renewable Energies, Thermo-Economic Analysis and Optimisation, Combustion, Chemical Reactors, Carbon Capture and Sequestration, Building/Urban/Complex Energy Systems, Water Desalination and Use of Water Resources, Energy Systems- Environmental and Sustainability Issues, System Operation/ Control/Diagnosis and Prognosis, Industrial Ecology.
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Szargut, Jan. Exergy analysis of thermal, chemical, and metallurgical processes. New York: Hemisphere, 1988.
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Shilyaev, Mihail, Elena Hromova, Aleksandr Bogomolov, A. Pavlenko, and V. Butov. Modeling of hydrodynamics and heat and mass transfer in dispersed media. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1865376.
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The monograph presents methods for calculating the dehydration of wet granular materials in industrial centrifuges, filter presses and vacuum filters under the influence of gravitational forces, as well as by purging the granular layer with dry air with elevated temperature; physical and mathematical models of gas absorption and the theory of capturing submicron dust by condensation in foam, centrifugal bubbling apparatus and hollow nozzle scrubbers, packing columns and tubular absorbers; physical and mathematical models of dry adsorption of gases in packing columns and flues by injecting a dispersed adsorbent into the flow are presented, a method for determining the phase equilibrium constants of sorption processes based on the developed models is proposed; physical and mathematical modeling and analysis of the combustion process of dispersed solid ash fuel in a four-stage cyclone gorenje is carried out. the furnace.
It can be useful in the educational process for a number of specialties, in particular thermal power engineering, chemical-technological, metallurgical profiles, environmentalists, as well as for researchers and graduate students and in engineering practice.
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Mihaylov, Vyacheslav, Elena Sotnikova, and Nina Kalpina. Eco-friendly air protection systems for motor transport facilities. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1093106.
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The textbook considers the issue of assessing the heat and humidity state of air in the processes of its processing in various systems, provides requirements for air protection means, taking into account their environmental friendliness, shows ways of energy saving in cooling, heating and year-round air conditioning systems, as well as when protecting the atmosphere from harmful emissions. The way of energy saving with individual thermal protection of the operator by means of local cooling during air treatment in an irrigated intensified nozzle is shown and recommendations for reducing its material consumption are developed. The method and means of reducing the toxicity of emissions of tractor internal combustion engines during its operation in rooms of limited volume by water vapor humidification of the fuel-air mixture are demonstrated. The ways of noise reduction of air protection systems are shown.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
It is intended for students studying in the specialties "Ground transport and technical means", "Operation of transport and technological machines and complexes", "Power engineering", "Ground transport and technological complexes", "Refrigeration, cryogenic equipment and life support systems", "Technosphere safety", "Ecology and nature management".
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Nazarov, Vyacheslav, Roman Sandu, and Dmitriy Makarenkov. Technique and technology of combined processing of solid waste. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/996365.
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The educational manual provides information about industrial and domestic waste. The properties of the lithosphere and the soil components. The estimation of soil pollution by industrial and household waste. The peculiarities of classification of wastes and provides criteria for determining risk. Describe the General pattern of the combined methods of processing that use mechanical, physical, thermal and biothermal recycling processes. In detail the construction described granulating equipment, methods of intensification of processes, process flow sheets and engineering calculation methods. Special attention is given to the thermal methods of waste treatment, process lines, constructions of furnaces and reactors. On the basis of the system approach with use of data of environmental monitoring are considered the methodology for selecting the most available technology.
Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation.
Intended for independent work of undergraduates majoring in 20.04.01 "Technospheric safety" (master level), 20.03.01 "Technosphere safety" (bachelor level), 18.03.01 "Chemical technology" 18.03.02 "Energy and resource saving processes in chemical technology, petrochemistry and biotechnology". Can be useful for engineers and technicians of chemical industry and related industries.
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Szargut, Jan, David R. Morris, and Frank R. Steward. Exergy Analysis of Thermal, Chemical, and Metallurgical Processes. Springer, 1988.
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Becker, Manfred. Solar Thermal Energy Utilization : German Studies on Technology and Application. Volume 3: Solar Thermal Energy for Chemical Processes. Springer, 2014.
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Becker, M. Solar Thermal Energy Utilization. German Studies on Technology and Applications: Volume 3: Solar Thermal Energy for Chemical Processes. Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG, 1987.
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Becker, Manfred. Solar Thermal Energy Utilization. German Studies on Technology and Applications: Volume 3: Solar Thermal Energy for Chemical Processes. Springer, 1987.
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Becker, Manfred. Solar Thermal Energy Utilization : German Studies on Technology and Application. Volume 3: Solar Thermal Energy for Chemical Processes. Springer London, Limited, 2013.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Chemical and thermal processes in energy and combustion"
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Dilmaç, Nesibe, Omer Faruk Dilmaç, Osman Nuri Şara, and Sedat Yörük. "Utilization of Iron Oxides in Chemical Looping Combustion Processes." In Progress in Clean Energy, Volume 1, 551–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16709-1_39.
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Jaleta Dirbeba, Meheretu, and Johan Werkelin. "Challenging Biomass Feedstocks for Energy and Chemicals." In Biomass [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.103936.
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The Nordic countries have a long tradition of utilizing agro-industrial sidestreams for heat and power production and recovery of chemicals. A typical example is black liquor from pulp mills. Here, the woody biomass undergoes a digestion process where the fibers are separated to produce pulp for paper production. The liquid by-product from the digester, black liquor, contains wood lignin and the spent cooking chemicals. Through the chemical recovery cycle, the black liquor is utilized for heat and power production and recovery of cooking chemicals. Worldwide, there are several challenging biomass sidestreams that can be utilized in a similar fashion as with black liquor. Some examples of these are vinasse from the integrated sugar-ethanol production process; straw and manure from agriculture sources; forest residues; by-products from the food industry; etc. This book chapter will review the availability of these types of feedstocks and discuss their applicability and challenges to be used for energy and chemicals. Pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion are the potential thermal conversion options considered for the utilization of these types of challenging biomass feedstocks.
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Vaniyankandy, Arosha, Bobita Ray, Subburamu Karthikeyan, and Suchitra Rakesh. "Thermochemical Conversion of Algal Based Biorefinery for Biofuel." In Cyanobacteria - Recent Advances and New Perspectives [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106357.
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Algae being the photosynthetic organism, currently considered as underexplored species for biofuel production in the entire global region and yet need to be explored more. In presence of algal based theory regarding the thermochemical process, though many researchers have been proceeding with the experiment but have got to stretch it further. This process aims to produce energy and bioactive compounds using algal biomass as a raw material. The current study relates with the thermochemical conversion process and mainly reflects about the algal biomass conversion into biorefinery production, in a short time with easier and economically viable points, unlike other biochemical and chemical conversion processes. In thermochemical process, high temperatures used during the process produces different biofuels including solid, liquid, gaseous biofuels. This thermal decomposition process of algal biomass can be categorized into Gasification, Pyrolysis, Direct combustion, Hydrothermal process, and Torrefaction. Hence, in this study, it briefs on different type of processes for better production of biofuel as well as its significant merit and demerit comparisons of each process.
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Shah, Yatish T. "Combustion—Chemical Heat." In Thermal Energy, 325–417. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b21860-6.
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"ENERGY RELATIONS IN CHEMICAL PROCESSES: COMBUSTION." In Understanding Energy, 136–50. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814317139_0014.
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Purohit, Suneeti, and Geoffrey A. Brooks. "Application of solar thermal energy to metallurgical processes." In Advances in Chemical Engineering, 197–246. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.ache.2021.10.007.
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Bhavsar, Saurabh, Michelle Najera, Amey More, and Götz Veser. "Chemical-looping processes for fuel-flexible combustion and fuel production." In Reactor and Process Design in Sustainable Energy Technology, 233–80. Elsevier, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-59566-9.00007-7.
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J. Ojolo, Sunday, and Musbau G. Sobamowo. "Combating Greenhouse Effects through Biomass Gasification: A Focus on Kinetic Modeling of Combustion and Gasification Zones." In Next-Generation Greenhouses for Food Security. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97331.
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The prevalent challenges of global warming, food security, food production, crop production systems, environment control called for consideration and better utilization of green energy system such as biomass. The advanced thermo-chemical conversion of the renewable energy source which is aimed at production of optimal yield of energy has not been well understood. In order to have better physical insights into the detailed structure of the biomass burning process inside a solid bed, the kinetics of the biomass combustion and gasification must be properly analyzed. Consequently, improved kinetic models of the combustion and gasification zones in the thermochemical conversion system are very required. Therefore, the present study focuses on the development of improved kinetic modeling of the combustion and gasification zones in the biomass gasification system. The performance of the biomass gasifier system is evaluated through the equivalence ratio, the syngas composition, cold gas efficiency and lower heating value. Also, the effects of the equivalent ratio on gas compositions, the gasifier performance and the low heating value of the biomass are analyzed. From the analysis, it is established that the concentration of CO, H2 and CH4 in the gasifier decrease as the equivalence ratio increases. However, CO2 concentration increases with an increase in the equivalence ratio. The cold efficiency and LHV decreases as the equivalence ratio increases while the gas yield increases with an increase in the equivalence ratio. The quantity of gas produced increases as the amount of oxygen consumed increases. Also, the ratio of CO/CO2 decreases as the temperature of the reduction zone increases. Such analysis as presented in this work, is very useful as a time-saving and cost-effective tool for designing and optimizing the biomass gasifier. Therefore, it is evident that this work will play a significant role in the system design including analysis of the distribution of products and ash deposit in the downdraft gasifiers.
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Hinkley, James, and Christos Agrafiotis. "Solar Thermal Energy and Its Conversion to Solar Fuels via Thermochemical Processes." In Polygeneration with Polystorage for Chemical and Energy Hubs, 247–86. Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-813306-4.00009-4.
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Beck, Anton, and René Hofmann. "Extensions for Multi-Period MINLP Superstructure Formulation for Integration of Thermal Energy Storages in Industrial Processes." In Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 1335–40. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-64235-6.50234-5.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Chemical and thermal processes in energy and combustion"
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Korotkikh, A. G., V. A. Arkhipov, I. V. Sorokin, and E. A. Selikhova. "THERMAL BEHAVIOR AND IGNITION OF HIGH-ENERGY MATERIALS CONTAINING B, ALB2, AND TIB2." In 8TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON NONEQUILIBRIUM PROCESSES, PLASMA, COMBUSTION, AND ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA. TORUS PRESS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30826/nepcap2018-2-14.
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The paper presents the results of ignition and thermal behavior for samples of high-energy materials (HEM) based on ammonium perchlorate (AP) and ammonium nitrate (AN), active binder and powders of Al, B, AlB2, and TiB2. A CO2 laser with a heat flux density range of 90-200 W/cm2 was used for studies of ignition. The activation energy and characteristics of ignition for the HEM samples were determined. Also, the ignition delay time and the surface temperature of the reaction layer during the heating and ignition for the HEM samples were determined. It was found that the complete replacement of micron-sized aluminum powder by amorphous boron in a HEM sample leads to a considerable decrease in the ignition delay time by a factor of 2.2-2.8 at the same heat flux density due to high chemical activity and the difference in the oxidation mechanisms of boron particles. The use of aluminum diboride in a HEM sample allows one to reduce the ignition delay time of a HEM sample by a factor of 1.7-2.2. The quasi-stationary ignition temperature is the same for the AlB2-based and AlB12-based HEM samples.
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PELEVKIN, A. V., and A. S. SHARIPOV. "REACTION KINETICS OF CH4 AND C2H6 WITH O2 IN EXCITED ELECTRONIC STATES:REACTION PATHWAYS AND RATE CONSTANTS." In 9th International Symposium on Nonequilibrium Processes, Plasma, Combustion, and Atmospheric Phenomena. TORUS PRESS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30826/nepcap9b-03.
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Quantum chemical study with the use of the multireference state-averaged complete active space self-consistent field approach was carried out to explore the reactions of CH4 and C2H6 molecules with O2 in dfferent electronic states relevant for plasma-assisted combustion and plasma-chemical fuel reforming. The thermodynamically and kinetically favorable reaction pathways and possibilities of intersystem crossings have been detected. The key energy barriers were refined employing the extended multiconfiguration quasi-degenerate second-order perturbation theory. These results were compared with the previous theoretical findings. Appropriate thermal rate constants for revealed channels have been calculated employing variational transition-state theory and capture approximation with allowance for possible nonadiabatic transitions.
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Heyes, Andrew L., Loukas Botsis, Niall R. McGlashan, and Peter R. N. Childs. "A Thermodynamic Analysis of Chemical Looping Combustion." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45480.
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Recently, interest has grown in chemical looping combustion (CLC) because it is seen as a technique that may allow cost-effective carbon capture and storage (CCS). In CLC the overall reaction by which chemical energy is released is between a hydrocarbon and air as in conventional combustors. However, the reaction is completed in two separate oxidation and reduction steps occurring in different reaction vessels. In the oxidizer (or air reactor) an oxygen carrier, usually a metal, is exothermically oxidized in air resulting in an oxide and a hot air stream (oxygen depleted). The exhaust gasses may be expanded through a turbine to produce work, while the oxide passes to the reduction vessel (or fuel reactor). Here, it reacts with the fuel, is reduced and the metal regenerated. The metal then returns to the oxidizer to complete the loop. The exhaust gasses from the reducer contain only carbon dioxide and water so that, after expansion and work extraction, the water may be condensed leaving a stream of pure CO2 ready for storage. Hydrocarbon fuels will continue to be used for decades, so, in the face of ambitious emission reduction targets, CCS is an important technology and methods, such as CLC, that offer automatic CO2 separation (so-called inherent carbon capture) are particularly attractive. Despite this obvious advantage CLC was not originally conceived for the purposes of CCS, but rather as a means to produce pure carbon dioxide free from contamination by inert gases such as nitrogen. In the context of power generation it was then proposed as a means to improve the exergetic efficiency of energy conversion processes using hydrocarbons. Combustion is usually a highly irreversible process and necessitates the rejection of large quantities of heat from power cycles leading to the low thermal efficiency of gas turbines and the like. The two-stage reaction approach of CLC can reduce the irreversibility and the extent of heat rejection and hence provide improved cycle efficiency. Ideally, both goals would be simultaneously achieved thereby offsetting both the cost of carbon capture and of compression, transportation and storage. In the paper we present a thermodynamic analysis of CLC to illustrate its potential for improving efficiency. We will then develop a methodology for selecting oxygen carriers based on their thermodynamic properties and review several candidate materials. In particular, we will compare, from a thermodynamic perspective, solid phase oxygen carriers as used in fluidised bed based reaction systems and the liquid/vapour phase carriers previously suggested by the authors. Finally, comments on practical implementations of CLC in power plant will be presented.
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Hu, Zhiyu. "Nanoscale Energy Conversion and Its Applications." In 2007 First International Conference on Integration and Commercialization of Micro and Nanosystems. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnc2007-21446.
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There are many ways in which the energy around us can be stored, converted, and developed for use. Energy exists in two basic types: potential energy, including chemical, elastic, gravitational, and nuclear energies, and kinetic energy, including heat, electrical, and electromagnetic energies. It is often necessary to convert one type of energy to another type or other types of energy. However, human engineering and nature take very different paths to complete such conversion processes. This paper discusses the similarities and dissimilarities of energy conversion processes that are taken by nature and human engineering. One might notice that energy conversion efficiency in biological systems is often higher than what human engineering can offer. As an attempt to mimic nature’s way of energy conversion on the nanoscale, our experiment indicates that nanocatalytic particles can convert chemical energy directly to thermal energy without conventional high-temperature gas-phase combustion and without the traditional ignition process. Furthermore, we have converted chemical energy to thermal energy and thermal energy to electrical energy on semiconductor materials, an achievement that raises the possibility of constructing a new class of nano-thermoelectric power generation systems.
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Vernon, David R., Eddie A. Jordan, Jonathon M. Woolley, and Paul A. Erickson. "The Potential for Exhaust Heat Recovery by Thermochemical Recuperation for Hydrogen Enriched Internal Combustion." In ASME 2007 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2007-1750.
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In internal combustion engines a large portion of the chemical energy held in the original fuel is exhausted as waste heat. This exhaust heat represents a significant potential source of energy to be harnessed. The thermochemical recuperation process uses an endothermic reformation reaction to upgrade fuel into a hydrogen rich gas, thereby converting a portion of the exhaust heat into chemical energy. Enriching the primary fuel mixture with this hydrogen rich gas enables combustion with very lean or dilute mixtures resulting in low temperature combustion. The low temperature combustion regime can achieve higher efficiency and lower emissions than standard combustion regimes. Hydrogen enrichment via thermochemical recuperation does not require hydrogen refueling station infrastructure nor significant on-board hydrogen storage and could be used with existing engines. This technology shows promise in increasing the efficiency and reducing the emissions in internal combustion engines while also laying the groundwork for hydrogen production technologies and eventually for fuel cell systems. The promise of future application of this technology motivates further investigations. Thermochemical recuperation to produce the hydrogen required is carried out through a series of processes starting with fuel and water vaporization, superheating of the vapor and finally reformation of the mixture in a catalytic reactor. Based on the fuel being reformed and the catalyst being used, each of these processes takes place at a different temperature. The difference between the temperatures of these processes and the temperature of the exhaust stream drives heat transfer and determines the amount of thermal energy potentially recovered. This work will use computer models to explore various strategies for recovering thermal energy using a thermochemical recuperation process. The parameters used in this modeling effort come from reformation experiments and engine experiments underway in the Hydrogen Production and Utilization Laboratory at the University of California, Davis as well as engine and reformer models.
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Hong, Hui, Ying Pan, Xiaosong Zhang, Tao Han, Shuo Peng, and Hongguang Jin. "A Solar-Hybrid Power Plant Integrated With Ethanol Chemical-Looping Combustion." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45600.
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In this paper, a new solar hybrid gas turbine cycle integrating ethanol-fueled chemical-looping combustion (CLC) has been proposed, and the system was investigated with the aid of the Energy-Utilization Diagram (EUD). Chemical-looping combustion consists of two successive reactions: first, ethanol fuel is oxidized by metal oxide (NiO) as an oxygen carrier (reduction of metal oxide); secondly, the reduced metal (Ni) is successively oxidized by combustion air (the oxidation of metal). The reduction of NiO with ethanol requires a relative low-grade thermal energy at 150–200°C. Then concentrated solar thermal energy at approximately 200–300°C can be utilized to provide the process heat for this reaction. The integration of solar thermal energy and CLC could make the exergy efficiency and the net solar-to-electric efficiency of the system more than 54% and 28% at a turbine inlet temperature (TIT) of 1288°C, respectively. At the same time, the variation in the overall thermal efficiency (η) of the system with varying key parameters was analyzed, such as Turbine Inlet Temperature, pressure ratio (π) and the temperature of reduction reactor. Additionally, preliminary experiments on ethanol-fueled chemical-looping combustion are carried out to verify the feasibility of the key process. The promising results obtained here indicate that this novel gas turbine cycle with ethanol-fueled chemical-looping combustion could provide a promising approach of both efficient use of alternative fuel and low-temperature solar thermal and offer a technical probability of combining the chemical-looping combustion with inherent CO2 capture for the alternative fuel.
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Factor, M., I. Roman, and S. Wald. "The Capabilities and Limitations of Pulsed Plasma, Electrical, Chemical Thermal Spray." In ITSC 2000, edited by Christopher C. Berndt. ASM International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2000p0091.
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Abstract A new thermal spray technology has been proposed. Called Electrical Chemical Thermal Spray (ETCS), it combines plasma energy with the combustion gases of solid propellants to heat and accelerate particulate materials. The hybrid technology promises new degrees of freedom in materials processing over the conventional thermal spray processes by allowing thermal energy transfer to the particles and particle accelerations to be optimized separately. Experimental coatings were formed using a prototype system made from a converted ½” plasma gun fueled with double-base solid propellants to explore this novel concept. The prototype test-facility equipment was limited to single-shot mode. Examination of the coatings formed, and conceptual analysis by analogy to conventional technologies was used to assess the capabilities and limitations of the hybrid process. Impressive in-flight powder velocities of 1100 m/s were reached, with deposition yield efficiencies of 60 - 85% achieved for WC-Co coatings after first round of optimization. However despite the ability to deposit single-shot carbide and metallic coatings with thickness exceeding 200 µm. chemical degradation and extensive cracking combined to limit attractiveness of coatings as compared to those produced using commercial technologies. Unlike the oxidation effects with atmospheric plasma spray and the various low-velocity flame-spraying technologies, chemical degradation in the prototype ETCS was the result of interaction between the gases produced from the combustion of the propellant and the coating material. It is seen that the organic, nitrocellulose based solid propellants are inherently unsuitable for spraying reactive material. With suitable fuels however, it is believed that the inherent advantages of high throughput, versatility and low labour requirements are such that ETCS will have commercial advantages for the coating of large structures.
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Han, Tao, Hui Hong, Hongguang Jin, and Chuanqiang Zhang. "An Advanced Power-Generation System With CO2 Recovery Integrating Dimethyl Ether (DME) Fueled Chemical-Looping Combustion." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90199.
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Dimethyl ether (DME) is a promising alternative fuel, but direct combustion of DME will result in extra energy penalty for CO2 separation. In this paper, an advanced power-generation system with CO2 recovery integrating DME-fueled chemical-looping combustion is proposed. In the reduction reactor, DME is oxidized by Fe2O3 into CO2 and H2O, and Fe2O3 is reduced into FeO simultaneously. Since the endothermic reduction of Fe2O3 with DME requires relatively low-grade thermal energy around 180°C, waste heat is used to provide the reaction heat. FeO is oxidized into Fe2O3 by air in the oxidation reactor, producing high-temperature flue gas to generate electricity through a thermal cycle. The gas production from the fuel reactor only consists of CO2 and H2O, so CO2 can be easily separated through condensing with no extra energy penalty. As a result, the thermal efficiency could be expected to be 58.6% at a turbine inlet temperature of 1288°C. Additionally, experiments on DME-fueled Chemical-looping combustion are carried out to verify the feasibility of the core process. This proposed system may provide a new approach for high efficient use of DME in the industrial fields, and offer a possibility of chemical-looping combustion with inherent CO2 capture for the alternative fuel.
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Bonnet, P., S. Abboudl, and B. Normand. "Study of Damage Processes in Plasma Sprayed Bond Coat Under Thermal Cycling." In ITSC 1998, edited by Christian Coddet. ASM International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc1998p1607.
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Abstract Plasma sprayed thermal barriers are used as insulating materials in the hot sections of gas turbines to decrease the metal temperatures during service and men allow a higher combustion temperature for better engine efficiency. They usually contain a bond coating to protect the substrate from high temperature oxidation and a top coat with a low thermal conductivity. This study evaluate and identify the mechanisms of degradation of a vacuum plasma sprayed NiCoCrAlYTa bond coat subjected to thermal cycling at high temperature. The microstructure and micro-composition of the coating layer were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis to elucidate the improvement and degradation mechanisms of the material. The thermal cycling provokes some morphological and chemical modifications changes within this material. These modifications provoke a perturbation of the heat transfer within the material.
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Hutchins, Timothy E., and Mohamad Metghalchi. "Energy and Exergy Analyses of the Pulse Detonation Engine." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/aes-23638.
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Abstract Energy and exergy analyses have been performed on a pulse detonation engine. A pulse detonation engine is a promising new engine, which uses a detonation wave instead of a deflagration wave for the combustion process. The high-speed supersonic combustion wave reduces overall combustion duration resulting in a nearly constant volume energy release process compared to the constant pressure process of gas turbine engines. Gas mixture in a pulse detonation engine has been modeled to execute the Humphrey cycle. The cycle includes four processes: isentropic compression, constant volume combustion, isentropic expansion and isobaric compression. Working fluid is a fuel-air mixture for unburned gases and products of combustion for burned gases. Different fuels such as methane and JP10 have been used. It is assumed that burned gases are in chemical equilibrium states. Both thermal efficiency and effectiveness (exergetic efficiency) have been calculated for the pulse detonation engine and simple gas turbine engine. Comparison shows that for the same pressure ratio pulse detonation engine has better efficiency and effectiveness than the gas turbine system.
Reports on the topic "Chemical and thermal processes in energy and combustion"
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Pag, F., M. Jesper, U. Jordan, W. Gruber-Glatzl, and J. Fluch. Reference applications for renewable heat. IEA SHC Task 64, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task64-2021-0002.
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There is a high degree of freedom and flexibility in the way to integrate renewable process heat in industrial processes. Nearly in every industrial or commercial application various heat sinks can be found, which are suitable to be supplied by renewable heat, e.g. from solar thermal, heat pumps, biomass or others. But in contrast to conventional fossil fuel powered heating systems, most renewable heating technologies are more sensitive to the requirements defined by the specific demand of the industrial company. Fossil fuel-based systems benefit from their indifference to process temperatures in terms of energy efficiency, their flexibility with respect to part-load as well as on-off operation, and the fuel as a (unlimited) chemical storage. In contrast, the required temperature and the temporal course of the heat demand over the year determine whether a certain regenerative heat generator is technically feasible at all or at least significantly influence parameters like efficiency or coverage rate.