Journal articles on the topic 'Chemical and physicochemical properties of groundwater'
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1
Adebayo, Kehinde Ibrahim, Victor Etim Nyong, and Oluwaseye Peter Amah. "Physicochemical properties of groundwater in parts of Irun Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria." Global Journal of Geological Sciences 19, no. 1 (July 14, 2021): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjgs.v19i1.7.
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Ten groundwater samples from hand dug wells were collected at Irun Akoko within the basement complex of part of southwestern Nigeria. The aim of the study was to determine the groundwater suitability for both drinking and irrigation purposes. The groundwater samples were analysed for some physical and chemical constituents including pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), turbidity, Na, Ca, Mg, K, Cl, SO4, PO4 and NO3. The pH (7.0 – 7.9) and TDS (12.26 – 19.35 mg/l) of the groundwater indicate that the water is neutral to slightly alkaline and fresh respectively. The order of relative abundance for concentration of cations in the groundwater is K>Ca>Na>Mg, while that of anions is Cl>SO4>NO3>PO4. The concentrations of potassium in about 90% and chloride in about 40 % of the samples were above the World Health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water. Other hydro-geochemical parameters Ca, Mg, Na, SO4, PO4 and NO3 falls within the WHO standards. Values of Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) classified the water as excellent for irrigation purposes. The Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) values classified eighty percent of the water to be of good quality and the remaining samples as fair for irrigation purposes. However, using the Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (55.0 – 68.9 %) the samples may have hazardous effects on the soil. Generally, groundwater in the study area is suitable for both domestic and irrigation uses.
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Priyanshi, Tiwine Alice Phiri, Prachi, Chhaya, Somya Tomar, Sushant Sagar, Adamya Awasthi, and Shashank Sharma. "Assessment of Physicochemical Properties of Water Samples." Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 2, no. 2 (April 29, 2023): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.2.2.17.
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Water is life and abundant on earth but is not safe for human consumption due to anthropogenic activities and puts people at risk of developing waterborne diseases. There are physical and chemical parameters of water that must be checked regularly and compared to the guidelines provided to determine whether it is safe for human consumption. In the current study, water samples were collected from different locations at Sharda University, Greater Noida, and standard tests were carried out to analyze their physicochemical parameters, including temperature, odour, taste, colour, pH, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, turbidity, hardness, alkalinity, and chloride content to assess the quality of the water. Our results demonstrated that drinking water collected from different sites was more suitable for human consumption than groundwater.
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S. Vasanthan, S. Vasanthan, A. Murugesan A. Murugesan, and A. Selvam A. Selvam. "Study of Seasonal, Spatial Deviation and Pollution Indices of Ground Water by Tannery Activities in Vaniyambadi, Vellore district, Tamilnadu, India." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 38, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/380106.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties and the presence of heavy metals in groundwater samples. This study was carried out on the site of a tanneries of Vaniyambadi Taluk in the Vellore district. Evaluate the pollution index and risk assessment to assess the suitability of groundwater for human consumption. The information absorbed Physico-chemical properties and heavy metals like., Copper, Chromium, Lead, Zinc, Nickel, Aluminum, Cadmium contamination of groundwater samples. Flame AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometer) method used to assess the heavy metals concentration, The metal strength of groundwater in the area of the tanneries is rather high. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the chromium concentration was quite high in the groundwater samples from the tanneries, and the strengths of copper, chromium, lead, zinc, nickel, aluminum, and cadmium metals were also found slightly higher in groundwater in the tannery area. The calculated pollution indices, the Contamination Index (CI) and the Environmental risk Index (IER) for heavy metals, indicate that the majority of the groundwater samples studied are in severely contaminated areas. All physicochemical properties are within the normal range and metal contamination of groundwater is responsible for maintaining the harmfulness of crops and household needs.
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Maskooni, Ehsan, Mehran Naseri-Rad, Ronny Berndtsson, and Kei Nakagawa. "Use of Heavy Metal Content and Modified Water Quality Index to Assess Groundwater Quality in a Semiarid Area." Water 12, no. 4 (April 14, 2020): 1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12041115.
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Groundwater is a major source of drinking and agricultural water supply in arid and semiarid regions. Poor groundwater quality can be a threat to human health especially when it is combined with hazardous pollutants like heavy metals. In this study, an innovative method involving entropy weighted groundwater quality index for both physicochemical and heavy metal content was used for a semiarid region. The entropy weighted index was used to assess the groundwater’s suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. Thus, groundwater from 19 sampling sites was used for analyses of physicochemical properties (electrical conductivity—EC, pH, K+, Ca2+, Na+, SO42−, Cl−, HCO3−, TDS, NO3−, F−, biochemical oxygen demand—BOD, dissolved oxygen—DO, and chemical oxygen demand—COD) and heavy metal content (As, Ca, Sb, Se, Zn, Cu, Ba, Mn, and Cr). To evaluate the overall pollution status in the region, heavy metal indices such as the modified heavy metal pollution index (m-HPI), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), Nemerow index (NeI), and ecological risks of heavy metals (ERI) were calculated and compared. The results showed that Cd concentration plays a significant role in negatively affecting the groundwater quality. Thus, three wells were classified as poor water quality and not acceptable for drinking water supply. The maximum concentration of heavy metals such as Cd, Se, and Sb was higher than permissible limits by the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. However, all wells except one were suitable for agricultural purposes. The advantage of the innovative entropy weighted groundwater quality index for both physicochemical and heavy metal content, is that it permits objectivity when selecting the weights and reduces the error that may be caused by subjectivity. Thus, the new index can be used by groundwater managers and policymakers to better decide the water’s suitability for consumption.
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Salman Dalas, Israa, Muqdad Altae, and Raghad Mukdad Mahmood. "Suitability of some well water for different human uses by studying some physicochemical properties." Bionatura 7, no. 1 (February 15, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2022.07.01.26.
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The present study is carried out to identify (pH, EC, TDS, alkalinity, total hardness, calcium Ca, magnesium Mg, sulfate SO4, chloride Cl,) and Mpn cell / 100ml Total number of coliform bacteria of groundwater indicators in some wells within villages of Al-Dhuluiya, Al-Alam in Salahuddin and wells from Kayara (Al-Jawaana and Al-Jadaa villages). Four wells were studied for two seasons from November, December 2016 and January 2017. Results of this study showed that there was a seasonal variation in some chemical and physical factors. The groundwater was neutral because pH values were ranged (7-8.6). Electrical conductivity values were between (2543-50305) micro siemens. Total hardness values were within permissible limits (1200-2800 mg/L). Calcium and magnesium hardness between (1000-1950) mg /L, (100-1282) mg /L, respectively. Total dissolved solids were between (261-3245). Chloride ions (Cl-) in groundwater of studied samples were within the permissible limits for watering of animals and irrigation of plants, with values range (79-259 mg/l) and sulfate values were in range (460-1055) mg/L. The total number of coliform were between (3-240) cell/100 ml.
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Ali, Shahzad. "Effects of Wastewater use on Soil Physico-chemical Properties and Human Health Status." Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Biosciences 10, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.8864.
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Freshwater scarcity with an increasing population is a debatable scenario at the present time. Change in rainfall pattern results in agriculture production demanding more water. To be concerned with both problems, irrigation wastewater use is a compatible strategy to overcome both conditions. Wastewater composition depends upon source type (domestic or industrial) and location (area or site) where does the water evolved. Wastewater composition varied from site to site and area to area due to location differentiation. Wastewater helps the farmers to increment in total available plant macronutrients, micronutrients, and replication of microbial community in soil. But wastewater use has some cons that they cause the soil physicochemical properties affection such as soil conductivity, water retention capacity, bulk density, organic carbon ratio and pH. Now, the critical concern is an accumulation of heavy metals in the soil-plant system. In addition, wastewater contains an excessive amount of many heavy metals (zinc, nical, lead and chromium), and if they present in the soil in excessive amounts, then they cause hazards to plants, animals and human life. In this articles discussion are made about the wastewater uses in future prospects for agriculture and how they are important in sustainable agriculture. Wastewater uses have pros and cons, but groundwater levels are decreasing at an alarming rate.
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Naidu, Roselyn, Lionel Joseph, and Syed Sauban Ghani. "Physico-chemical and Biological Properties of Groundwater Quality in Rural Settlement, Nadi, Fiji." Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 18, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw210001.
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The current study investigated drinking water quality of samples taken from Arolevu village, a locality situated in Nadi, Fiji. The groundwater samples were collected and subjected to a comprehensive physicochemical and biological analysis. The analysis for the drinking water sample was conducted seasonally, six times a year, that is, three for the dry season and three for the wet season. The results retrieved from the analysis were compared to its maximum contamination levels (MCLs) based on the health-based guidelines provided by the World Health Organization (WHO). The WHO standards were used as an attribute to determine the sources of contaminants likely to be present at the study site. A degradation trend in drinking water quality in the context of climate change may lead to potential health impacts. Hence, it is important to understand seasonal variations in drinking water quality. A proper understanding of the drinking water quality through seasonal water analysis for nitrate, nitrite, potassium, calcium, magnesium and chlorine content as well as its microbiological presence to reduce preventable risks such as using calculated amounts of fertilisers and upgrading the sewerage system to alleviate drinking water contamination is devised through this study.
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Popa, Maria, Gabriela-Alina Dumitrel, Ioana Glevitzky, Mirel Glevitzky, and Dorin Popa. "Study of Rural Groundwater Quality in Brestea Village, Romania." “Agriculture for Life, Life for Agriculture” Conference Proceedings 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/alife-2018-0059.
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Abstract Water is a social requirement and an important factor in the ecological balance. Water from wells is good for direct consumption if the soil is not contaminated. The quality of drinking water is regulated by Law no. 458/2002 (transposing the Directive 98/83/EC on the quality of drinking water). The aim of this paper was to assess the physicochemical qualities of groundwaters from Brestea village, commune Denta, Timis County. The water samples were taken in 2015 from 10 functional wells. For the source whose physical and chemical parameters have exceeded the limit values, the monthly monitoring of the water quality (microbiological and physico-chemical properties) has been performed for 2 years. At the same time, the pH of the soil near the water sources was also measured. The results highlighted a good connection between the microorganisms from water and the nitrite, nitrate and ammonium content of water. The information can be further used to identify and eliminate the specific pollutants, areas and pollution sources.
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Likus, Magdalena, Małgorzata Komorowska-Kaufman, Alina Pruss, Łukasz Zych, and Tomasz Bajda. "Iron-Based Water Treatment Residuals: Phase, Physicochemical Characterization, and Textural Properties." Materials 14, no. 14 (July 14, 2021): 3938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14143938.
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Groundwater treatment residuals (GWTRs) are safe waste materials generated during drinking water treatment. GWTRs are mainly deposited in landfills, but the preferred solution should be reused or utilized for some components. To ensure proper sludge management, it is important to provide quality, chemical composition, and texture characteristics of GWTRs. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate and compare the features of GWTRs collected from four water treatment plants. GWTRs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD); scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS); Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR); thermogravimetric, differential thermogravimetric, and differential thermal analysis (TG, DTG, and DTA, respectively); X-ray fluorescence (XRF); inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OEP); specific surface area (SBET) measurement; and determination of the isoelectric point (pHIEP). According to the results, GWTRs are poor crystalline materials that are predominantly composed of ferrihydrite with minor calcite and quartz admixture. They formed heterogeneously mixed particles with irregular shapes. They were mainly composed of iron oxides (32–55%), silica (4–28%), calcium oxide (4–17%), and manganese oxides (0.3–4.0%). They were found to be mesoporous with a large specific surface area. Due to their composition and texture characteristics, GWTRs demonstrate good adsorption properties toward different compounds such as heavy metals and metalloids.
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Alam, Aftab, and Anshuman Singh. "GROUNDWATER QUALITY EVALUATION USING STATISTICAL APPROACH AND WATER QUALITY INDEX IN AURANGABAD, BIHAR." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry, Special Issue (2022): 180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2022.1558191.
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Groundwater is the primary source of drinking water in south Bihar, and its quality can potentially affect human health. To accurately anticipate and evaluate water quality, 112 samples of groundwater were collected from Aurangabad, Bihar. Samples were taken from hand pumps and bore/tube wells. Physiochemical quality parameters, namely pH, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, hardness, magnesium, calcium, sulphate, nitrate, chloride, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity were measured and compared to the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS10500:2012). The physicochemical properties of samples were evaluated to determine their water quality index (WQI). Various water quality indicators were examined and correlated with other variables. All statistical analysis was done using RStudio4.1.1 software. On water quality data, the PCA method was employed, and four components with a total variance of 75.66% were extracted. WQI of more than 98% of the samples, either of excellent or good quality. Overall, the groundwater is drinkable. Comprehensive regulation and coordinated groundwater management are needed to protect groundwater quality and to achieve one of the Sustainable Development Goals.
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SATOUR, Abdellatif, Noua ALLAOUA, and Hinda HAFID. "Bio-Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in the Souk Naamane and Ain M'lila region (Oum El Bouaghi, High Plain of Eastern Algeria." Genetics & Biodiversity Journal 6, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.46325/gabj.v6i2.186.
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The present study was carried out in order to assess the quality of groundwater in the western region of Oum El Bouaghi district, (commune of Souk Naamane and commune of Ain M'lila). A total of 9 wells and 2 water springs were tested in the two communes over a period of eight months from October 2017 to May 2018. The fauna were sampled using two methods: the net phreatobiological and the baited trap method. Some physicochemical properties of the wells were measured during each campaign. 1237 individuals belonging to 47 families were recorded during the sampling. From a physical-chemical point of view, the analysis in main components indicates that the water is highly mineralized.
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Mohammed Salman Dalas, Mohamed Ghadban Farhan2, and Muqdad Altae. "Evaluation of physical and chemical properties of water from some wells in Balad district within Salah al-Din governorate." Tikrit Journal of Pure Science 27, no. 4 (November 28, 2022): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v27i4.29.
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This study was conducted on water samples from 4 wells in the Balad district, Salah Al-Din Governorate, Iraq, to assess the water quality. Four wells were studied for the period from the month of November 2019 to February 2020, the chemical and physical analyzes were carried out in the Environmental Laboratory of the College of Science, Tikrit University. Electrical conductivity values rates ranged between (590-3492)µs/cm.pH values rates ranged (7.02-7.85). The sulfate values ranged between (49.672-796.279) mg/L. Dissolved solids of well water were (753-3614) mg/L. Total alkalinity values were low during study period, as recorded (84.5-174.25) mg/L. The chloride ions values rates ranged between (52.5-241.25) mg/L. Reason of groundwater very hardness due to geological factors of study area ,Which was mostly the result of ion bicarbonates , ranging values of total hardness, calcium and magnesium hardness between (795-1905) mg / L, (610-1025) mg / L, (135-1010) mg/L respectively. As for heavy metals, the study recorded values for lead whose rates ranged between (0.355-0.509) mg/L, while zinc recorded values ranging between (0.033- 3.841) mg/L, The results of the study showed that the physicochemical parameters of well water were not conformity with the Iraqi and international specifications for drinking water, except for well 2. The research aims to assess the water quality of some groundwater wells and indicate its suitability for irrigation and drinking in the light of international and Iraqi standards
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Lukashevich, Olga, Nadejda Usova, Vasily Lotov, and Sergey Filichev. "Iron-Oxide Pigments Obtained from Sewage Sludge: Properties, Structure, Phase Transformation." Key Engineering Materials 683 (February 2016): 338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.683.338.
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The paper presents chemical, physical, and physicochemical investigations of sewage sludge and iron-oxide pigments produced therefrom. Gravimetric, X-ray phase, and thermal analyses and scanning electron microscopy were carried out in certified laboratories. Experimental results are given for iron-containing sewage sludge produced by the water-treatment plant and taken from water collection filters of Tomsk groundwater sources. It is shown that at heating iron-containing sewage sludge up to 800 oС, a brick-red pigment is formed having the specific surface area of 9,8 m2/g that corresponds to the theoretical particle size of 124 nm. A flow-chart is suggested for the production of iron-oxide pigments obtained from sewage sludge, and the raw material compositions are designed for construction industry applications. The suggested cement-sand colored compositions of materials and products have passed the evaluation tests at OOO Akvatom (Tomsk, Russia), and their high service properties (strength, water-and frost-resistance) are experimentally supported.
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Abdollahi, Sara, Safieh Javadinejad, Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari, and Vijay P. Singh. "Investigating the Effects of Landfill in Azad-Shahr City on the Physicochemical Properties of Groundwater." American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 12, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2019.136.146.
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Kumar, Y. Vinod, V. Gopi Naik, G. Veeraswamy, and E. Balaji. "Geochemical Analysis of Groundwater for Drinking, Irrigation, and Human Health Impacts in Uddanam Area of Srikakulam District of Andhra Pradesh, India." Alinteri Journal of Agricultural Sciences 36, no. 2 (September 8, 2021): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/alinteri/v36i2/ajas21138.
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The current study's goal is to discover the geochemical analysis of groundwater in the uddanam area of the Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh, India. In the current study area, 50 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for physicochemical properties such as cations, anions, total hardness, conductivity, and alkalinity. This was assessed for its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes by calculating pH, EC, TDS, hardness, and alkalinity in addition to major cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and anions (HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, NO32-, F-). Chemical indices such as SAR, percent Na, permeability index, RSC, Kelly's Ratio, Magnesium Ratio, and Non-carbonate hardness (NCH) have been calculated based on the analytical results. Water with high alkalinity may be aesthetically unfit for drinking, whereas water with high TDS and TH may not be recommended for consumption by people suffering from kidney and related diseases. Geogenic, anthropogenic influence, agricultural activity, and mineral dissolution, Presence of high TDS and TH levels were the primary causes for chronic kidney disease (CKD), not suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes.
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M. N, MBORINGONG, ASHANO C. E.,, LAR A. U., DIBAL U. H., and ATANGCHO J. S. "CHEMICAL SPECIATION OF SOME HEAVY METALS AND HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT IN WATER AROUND MUNICIPAL DUMPSITES IN JOS, BUKURU AND RAYFIELD, PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA." BIMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (2536-6041) 6, no. 02 (August 30, 2022): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.56892/bimajst.v6i02.359.
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The impact of solid waste disposal on water quality is gaining importance worldwide due to seepage of toxic metals through the soil into the groundwater. Urbanization, industrialization and changes in our life styles have compounded the problem of solid waste management in Nigeria. Poor waste management threatens the health of humans and animals, particularly those livingclose to these pollution point sources.The study area covers Jos-Bukuru and environs in North Central Nigeria. This study was aimed at investigating the chemical species present in groundwater as a result of the impact of solid waste dumpsites in the study area and to evaluate the contributions of the dumpsites to the chemical and physicochemical properties of groundwater around the dumps. Five (5) major dumpsites (Bauchi Road Jos, Rukuba Road Jos, Building Materials Market, Rayfield and Bukuru Town) were sampled for this study. Ten water samples from hand dug wells (two from each site) close to the dumpsites and three controls were collected and analysed for chemical composition and further speciation analysis was conducted on the chemical result to assess the various species present in the waters and possible human health related issues. Results show that the mean values of the pH, temperature, EC, TDS, of the water samples all fall within the WHO permissible limits for portable drinking water. Content of trace elements are generally low in the waters but toxic metal species such as Ba+2, Mn+2, Ni+2, Zn+2, Cd+2, and Pb+2 are common to all the water sources. This study shows that different dumpsites have impacted differently on waters in their different environments. There is the need to curtail the excesses of dumping waste in these areas so as not to add to the exiting contents of toxic metal species in the waters.
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Cuk, Marina, Maja Todorovic, Jovana Sisovic, Jana Strbacki, Jakov Andrijasevic, and Petar Papic. "Hydrogeochemical approach to estimate the quality of bottled waters in Serbia." Chemical Industry 70, no. 3 (2016): 347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind150325042c.
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Bottled waters were analyzed for different chemical parameters and activity concentrations of radionuclides. The hydrocarbonate ion was dominant in all samples, while the major cation composition was a combination of Ca-Mg-Na ions. Physicochemical properties of bottled water samples are influenced by underlying geology. The sum of trace element concentrations varied from 79.7 to 9349.7 ?g/l. The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) system was applied and contributions of some essential elements were calculated according to age group and gender. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) grouped bottled water samples into four clusters based on the similarities of the groundwater quality and essential elements concentrations. The origin of radioactivity is natural and could be traced to minerals in felsic igneous rocks. Two brands exhibited elevated beta activity (1.087?0.134 Bq/l; 1.242?0.146 Bq/l). Effective doses were found to be below the reference level of 0.1 mSv/yr.
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Goncharenko, D. F., A. I. Aleinikova, and P. Yu Hulievskyi. "EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF ADHESION OF BASALT ELEMENTS AND CEMENT-SAND MORTAR FOR EXPEDIENCY OF USE IN THE SEWER ENVIRONMENT." Bulletin of Odessa State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture, no. 87 (June 3, 2022): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31650/2415-377x-2022-87-40-46.
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At present, there is a tendency in the world to replace steel and cast iron with composite materials with high chemical resistance and durability, which primarily include fiberglass, which has a set of high performance properties. However, currently the requirements for composites have increased, especially in terms of their heat and chemical resistance, resistance to microorganisms, groundwater and wastewater. Composites based on basalt fibers are significantly superior to traditional materials and alloys in their mechanical and physicochemical properties. They have corrosion resistance, chemical inertness, low thermal conductivity, high specific mechanical properties, low specific gravity. Basalt-based products have a number of advantages: high strength, relatively low weight, reliability in operation over a wide range of temperatures, not prone to corrosion and have high chemical resistance. Production and use of basalt fiber materials, composites and products from them are promising and economically feasible. Taking into account the physical- chemical properties of basalt fibers, the use of basalt elements from them as lining of sewer networks and structures is a promising method of their restoration. However, the durability of this depends primarily on the adhesion of basalt elements with cement-sand mortar. The article analyzes the mineral resource base of rocks as a one-component raw material for the manufacture of basalt fiber materials and composites based on them. The analysis of the properties of basalt continuous fibers in comparison with glass fibers of type E and S, carbon and aramid fibers is carried out. The results of the experimental study of the adhesion of basalt elements and cement-sand mortar are presented. The results of the research allow the use of basalt materials to perform repair and restoration work on sewers and structures.
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Hammani, B., I. Abubakar, A. Danlami, A. M. Gimba, M. Abdulkadir, and Z. Muhammad. "Assessment of Physicochemical Properties of Groundwater for Irrigation Purposes from Difa, Dadinkowa and Gwani Communitiesof Yamaltu-Deba Local Government Area of Gombe State, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 26, no. 10 (October 31, 2022): 1641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v26i10.4.
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The demand for quality water free of pollutants that can be maximally utilized by soil for crop production is on the societal increase. The study is aimed at examining some physico-chemical indices of groundwater for irrigation purposes from Difa, Dadinkowa and Gwani of Yamaltu-Deba Gombe State, Nigeria using standard methods. Samples collected were analysed ad data for mean concentration range presented aspH (6.00 - 6.80), temperature (23.95 - 25.78 oC), total dissolved solids (106.98 - 149.51 mg/L), total suspended solids (0.60 -1.28 mg/L), total alkalinity (17.00 - 19.25 mg/L) and dissolved oxygen (1.18 - 2.98 mg/L). The water samples recorded significant different (p<0.05) in pH values and were all below the permissible limits. However, cations and anions; NaCl, CaCO3, PO43-, CO2, NO2- and NH4- showed no significant difference p<0.05 and were below the permissible limit, except CaCO3 which exceeds the maximum permissible limits. These results suggest that the studied water samples are suitable for consumption and irrigation purposes.
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Błażejewska, Aleksandra, Magdalena Zalewska, Anna Grudniak, and Magdalena Popowska. "A Comprehensive Study of the Microbiome, Resistome, and Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Chicken Waste from Intensive Farms." Biomolecules 12, no. 8 (August 17, 2022): 1132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12081132.
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The application of chicken waste to farmland could be detrimental to public health. It may contribute to the dissemination of antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) from feces and their subsequent entry into the food chain. The present study analyzes the metagenome and resistome of chicken manure and litter obtained from a commercial chicken farm in Poland. ARB were isolated, identified, and screened for antibiogram fingerprints using standard microbiological and molecular methods. The physicochemical properties of the chicken waste were also determined. ARGs, integrons, and mobile genetic elements (MGE) in chicken waste were analyzed using high-throughput SmartChip qPCR. The results confirm the presence of many ARGs, probably located in MGE, which can be transferred to other bacteria. Potentially pathogenic or opportunistic microorganisms and phytopathogens were isolated. More than 50% of the isolated strains were classified as being multi-drug resistant, and the remainder were resistant to at least one antibiotic class; these pose a real risk of entering the groundwater and contaminating the surrounding environment. Our results indicate that while chicken manure can be sufficient sources of the nutrients essential for plant growth, its microbiological aspects make this material highly dangerous to the environment.
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Wydro, Urszula, Elżbieta Wołejko, Gabriela Sokołowska, Jacek Leszczyński, and Agata Jabłońska-Trypuć. "Investigating Landfill Leachate Influence on Soil Microbial Biodiversity and Its Cytotoxicity." Water 14, no. 22 (November 11, 2022): 3634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14223634.
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The most important problem related to the collection of waste in landfills is the presence of harmful substances contained in leachate resulting from the flow of atmospheric precipitation through the deposited waste, which may end up in the soil. As a result, the soil’s chemical degradation occurs, which may result in a change in the structure and activity of microorganisms. In addition, leachate can end up in groundwater that may be hazardous to human health. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of landfill leachate on selected physicochemical, biological and biochemical properties of soils. The cytotoxicity of soil filtrates (SF) in human cell lines and their effect on apoptosis were also analyzed. In the pot experiment, leachate was added to the soil in two doses: 50LL (50% of the N dose) and 100LL (100% of the N dose). Selected physicochemical properties, activity of enzymes, diversity of bacteria and fungi by the T-RFLP approach were determined in soil samples. As a result of the analyses, it was found that LL causes an increase in the activity of dehydrogenases and a decrease in β-glucosidase. In the soils treated with LL, bacterial T-RF (144) bp, (179) bp and (413) bp were specific, while fungal were T-RF (390) bp, (441) bp and (595) bp. Potentially cytotoxic effects of SF and reduction in apoptosis in neoplastic cells were found in in vitro tests. LL and SF are complex matrices with a variable composition, which means that their impact on the soil environment must be constantly monitored.
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Song, Du, and Ye. "Analysis of Potential Risks Associated with Urban Stormwater Quality for Managed Aquifer Recharge." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 17 (August 27, 2019): 3121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173121.
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Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) can be used to increase storage and availability of groundwater resources, but water resources available for recharge are constrained due to a surface water shortage. Alternative resources, like stormwater, are receiving increasing attention as sustainable resources for reuse in MAR. However, pollutants in stormwater can impact groundwater quality, and cause clogging of the infiltration system. Based on the stormwater data in the literature, the physicochemical stormwater properties of data were analyzed. The results showed that concentrations of pollutants from different underlying surfaces varied widely. The main pollutants of stormwater were as follows: Total suspended particles (TSSs), organic matter represented by the chemical oxygen demand (COD), nutrients (total nitrogen, TN; total phosphorus, TP; and NH3–N), and metals (Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd, Fe, and Mn). Based on the simulation of TOUGHREACT, the contamination risk of pollutants for each type of stormwater was assessed. The risk of contamination was divided into four categories due to the different migration times of ions through the sand column. The iron ion has the highest risk of contamination, followed by Zn and Mn, and the contamination risk of nutrients and other metals (Pb, Cu, and Cd) are relatively low. Besides, the physical, biological, and chemical clogging risk were evaluated. The physical clogging potential of all types of stormwater is very high because of the high concentration of TSS. According to the concentration of TN that can spur the growth of bacteria and algae, the relative risk of biological clogging for stormwater is greenbelt stormwater < road stormwater < roof stormwater. However, only road stormwater has high chemical clogging due to the existence of iron, which can generate precipitation that blocks the pore volume.
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Łuczak, Katarzyna, Sylwia Pindral, Adam Michalski, Grzegorz Kusza, Ewelina Ślęzak, and Piotr Hulisz. "The Influence of Industrial Waste on the Magnetic Properties of Salt-Affected Soils from Two Soda Ash Manufacturing Sites." Agronomy 11, no. 12 (November 27, 2021): 2419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122419.
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The aim of this study was to characterize the impact of soda ash manufacturing on the magnetic properties of soils located in the agricultural landscape in north-central Poland. Two study sites were chosen: Mątwy (SM) and Janikowo (SJ). Highly saline soils with halophyte communities were selected in order to develop an understanding of the relationship between salinization of water–soil interface and the potential contamination risk of the environment. Basic chemical and physicochemical properties of topsoil (0–25 cm) and water (surface and groundwater) samples from five locations were characterized. The characteristics of soil contamination were based on the content of selected metals, magnetic properties and salinity indices. Potential routes of contaminant migration (air and water fluxes) were analyzed. High magnetic anomalies of technogenic origin were revealed in the studied soils. A statistically confirmed relationship between high magnetic susceptibility and the content of selected metals (Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ba, Pb and Mn) showed the high utility of magnetometric techniques in soil research (diagnosis of soil transformation and contamination during technogenic impact). Three potential factors influencing contaminant migration were revealed: highly saline ground and surface water, eolian transport of fine-grained mineral fractions from waste ponds and atmospheric deposition of coal combustion products.
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Saalidong, Benjamin M., Simon Appah Aram, Samuel Otu, and Patrick Osei Lartey. "Examining the dynamics of the relationship between water pH and other water quality parameters in ground and surface water systems." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 25, 2022): e0262117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262117.
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This study evaluated the relationship between water pH and the physicochemical properties of water while controlling for the influence of heavy metals and bacteriological factors using a nested logistic regression model. The study further sought to assess how these relationships are compared across confined water systems (ground water) and open water systems (surface water). Samples were collected from 100 groundwater and 132 surface water locations in the Tarkwa mining area. For the zero-order relationship in groundwater, EC, TDS, TSS, Ca, SO42-, total alkalinity, Zn, Mn, Cu, faecal and total coliform were more likely to predict optimal water pH. For surface water however, only TSS, turbidity, total alkalinity and Ca were significant predictors of optimal pH levels. At the multivariate level for groundwater, TDS, turbidity, total alkalinity and TSS were more likely to predict optimal water pH while EC, Mg, Mn and Zn were associated with non-optimal water pH. For the surface water system, turbidity, Ca, TSS, NO3, Mn and total coliform were associated with optimal water pH while SO42-, EC, Zn, Cu, and faecal coliform were associated with non-optimal water pH. The non-robustness of predictors in the surface water models were conspicuous. The results indicate that the relationship between water pH and other water quality parameters are different in different water systems and can be influenced by the presence of other parameters. Associations between parameters are steadier in groundwater systems due to its confined nature. Extraneous inputs and physical variations subject surface water to constant variations which reflected in the non-robustness of the predictors. However, the carbonate system was influential in how water quality parameters associate with one another in both ground and surface water systems. This study affirms that chemical constituents in natural water bodies react in the environment in far more complicated ways than if they were isolated and that the interaction between various parameters could predict the quality of water in a particular system.
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Sarti, Otmane, Fouad El Mansouri, Emilia Otal, José Morillo, Abdelhamid Ouassini, Jamal Brigui, and Mohamed Saidi. "Assessing the Effect of Intensive Agriculture and Sandy Soil Properties on Groundwater Contamination by Nitrate and Potential Improvement Using Olive Pomace Biomass Slag (OPBS)." C 9, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c9010001.
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The relationship between agricultural activities, soil characteristics, and groundwater quality is critical, particularly in rural areas where groundwater directly supplies local people. In this paper, three agricultural sandy soils were sampled and analyzed for physicochemical parameters such as pH, water content, bulk density, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and soil grain size distribution. Major and trace elements were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP/OES) to determine their concentrations in the fine fraction (FF) of the soils. Afterward, the elemental composition of the soils was identified by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and quantified by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The surface soil characteristics were determined by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, whereas the thermal decomposition of the soils was carried out using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetric (TGA-DSC) measurements. The morphological characteristics were obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Afterward, column-leaching experiments were conducted to investigate the soil’s retention capacity of nitrate (NO−3). Parallelly, a chemical and physical study of olive pomace biomass slag (OPBS) residue was carried out in order to explore its potential use as a soil additive and improver in the R’mel area. The OPBS was characterized by physicochemical analysis, assessed for heavy metals toxicity, and characterized using (XRD, XRF, SEM, and BET) techniques. The results show that the R’mel soils were slightly acidic to alkaline in nature. The soils had a sandy texture with low clay and silt percentage (<5% of the total fraction), low OM content, and weak CEC. The column experiments demonstrated that the R’mel irrigated soils have a higher tendency to release large amounts of nitrate due to their texture and a higher degree of mineralization which allows water to drain quickly. The OPBS chemical characterization indicates a higher alkaline pH (12.1), higher water content (7.18%), and higher unburned carbon portion (19.97%). The trace elements were present in low concentrations in OPBS. Macronutrients in OPBS showed composition rich in Ca, K, and Mg which represent 10.59, 8.24, and 1.56%, respectively. Those nutrients were quite low in soil samples. Both XRD and XRF characterization have shown a quasi-dominance of SiO2 in soil samples revealing that quartz was the main crystalline phase dominating the R’mel soils. Oppositely, OPBS showed a reduced SiO2 percentage of 26,29% while K, Ca, and P were present in significant amounts. These results were confirmed by XRF analysis of OPBS reporting the presence of dolomite (CaMg, (CO3)2), fairchildite (K2Ca (CO3)2), and free lime (CaO). Finally, the comparison between the surface characteristic of OPBS and soils by BET and SEM indicated that OPBS has a higher surface area and pore volume compared to soils. In this context, this study suggests a potential utilization of OPBS in order to (1) increase soil fertility by the input of organic carbon and macronutrients in soil; (2) increase the water-holding capacity of soil; (3) increase soil CEC; (4) stabilize trace elements; (5) enhance the soil adsorption capacity and porosity.
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Asgarova, G., and T. Hasanova. "Modern Comparative Characteristic of Mountain Meadow Soils in Azerbaijan." Bulletin of Science and Practice 8, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/75/11.
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The northeastern slope of the Lesser Caucasus occupies a large territory in the western part of Azerbaijan. One of the most widespread soils in Azerbaijan is mountain meadow soils. The purpose of the research is a comprehensive and comparative study of morphodiagnostic parameters, physicochemical properties and biochemical activity of natural and anthropogenically modified biogeocenosis of mountain meadow soils of the Gadabay District. Some results of many years study are described in the article. Villages like Gara Murad, Kichik, Garamurad, Saratovka and others were researched. The research was carried out on virgin soils and cultivated lands in villages. A total of 15 land plots have been allocated, some of the research results are presented in the article. Carrying out numerous agro-reclamation activities, we managed to attract uncultivated land to agriculture and obtain high-quality products. The groundwater level in these areas exceeds 2 meters, and the salinization processes are active. Comparative results from all these agro-chemical studies helped to get virgin soils into agriculture in the plains and achieve high productivity. This can be invaluable literary material for a new generation of soil scientists.
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Yerima, Emmanuel Amuntse, Emmanuel Alhassan Kamba, Godwin Ogbaji Egah, Sheba Paul Ma'aji, Ibrahim Adamu Ibrahim, and Sumaiya Zulkifli. "Quality Index of Borehole Water in Marmara and New Site Communities of Wukari, Nigeria." UMYU Scientifica 1, no. 1 (September 30, 2022): 114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.56919/usci.1122.015.
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The fitness of groundwater has continued to deteriorate due to increasing population, commercialization, and urbanization, among others. Water quality can be assessed on physical, chemical and biological basis. This study evaluates the physicochemical properties and quality index of borehole water in Marmara and New site community of Wukari Local Government area using standard procedure. Result showed that the mean pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), alkalinity, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and nitrates were 6.6 and 6.9; 111.6 and 385 mg/L; 34.6 and 33.4 mg/L; 102.4 and 150 mg/L; 21.69 and 8.42 mg/L; 31.51 and 16.85 mg/L; 8.98 to 18.30 mg/L for Marmara and New site borehole water samples respectively and are within the permissible limit of the World Health Organization. Marmara recorded the highest pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, TDS, alkalinity and nitrate while New site had higher total suspended solids, COD and BOD. WQI values of 86.03 and 80.22 were obtained in borehole water sourced from New site and Marmara respectively, rating the quality of borehole water in this study good and, on further purification, can serve for drinking and other domestic applications.
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Ružičić, Kovač, Perković, Bačani, and Majhen. "The Relationship between the Physicochemical Properties and Permeability of the Fluvisols and Eutric Cambisols in the Zagreb Aquifer, Croatia." Geosciences 9, no. 10 (September 25, 2019): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9100416.
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The physicochemical properties of soil and the unsaturated zone can have a large influence on the infiltration of precipitation into an aquifer. Soil permeability presents soil property that can be very variable. The main objectives of this study were to estimate differences in soil permeability in two dominant types of soils—Fluvisols and Eutric Cambisols—in the area of the Zagreb aquifer and determine the relationship between the physicochemical properties and the permeability of the analyzed soils. For this purpose, the particle size distribution, soil water retention curves (SWRCs), hydraulic parameters, and chemical properties of soils (i.e., electrical conductivity (EC), pH, carbonate content, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and total concentration of zinc (Zn)) from six soil profiles were observed. In general, the results show that Fluvisols have a smaller amount of clay and a higher amount of sand. Furthermore, particle size distribution indicates that Eutric Cambisols have smaller permeability and a slightly higher capacity for retention. In Eutric Cambisols, the percentages of clay, silt, and sand generally do not change with depth. On average, Fluvisols and Eutric Cambisols become impermeable when they reach different values of water content and effective saturation. All results suggest that Fluvisols generally have to desaturate more than Eutric Cambisols to become impermeable. The proportions of sand and Ks increases through the depth of all analyzed soils, while CEC, EC, and Zn decrease. The total Zn generally decrease with depth, which can be attributed to the aerodeposition in the surface horizons of the analyzed soils and their higher availability for binding/sorption elements. Generally, it can be seen that most Zn concentrations increase until 80 cm in depth, after which they decrease. This result indicates that, in these specific locations, the groundwater body is not under the influence of a potentially toxic metal, in this case Zn. Statistical analysis shows a strong correlation between Zn concentrations and some soil properties, such as soil texture and CEC. This may point to the prevalence of Zn retention. Furthermore, statistical results show that silt has a higher influence on the permeability of Eutric Cambisols than Fluvisols.
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Łachacz, Andrzej, Barbara Kalisz, Paweł Sowiński, Bożena Smreczak, and Jacek Niedźwiecki. "Transformation of Organic Soils Due to Artificial Drainage and Agricultural Use in Poland." Agriculture 13, no. 3 (March 7, 2023): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030634.
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Organic soils that had been drained in order to obtain fertile agricultural land underwent changes leading to the formation of mursh (also known as moorsh). The mursh-forming process is a generic soil process that occurs in drained (artificially or naturally) organic soils, and leads to the changes in soil morphology, soil physical properties (including water retention capability), physicochemical properties, and chemical and biological properties. The aim of the paper is to present scientific knowledge on mursh soils, especially those that are not available to the wider audience. We firstly reviewed scientific literature on the mursh (moorsh) forming process of drained organic soils used for agriculture. We described the specific character of organic soils, differences between mursh and peat, the origin of the mursh-forming process, and the classification of organic soils (Histosols). Additionally, we described the changes in organic matter, such as the loss of soil carbon, increase of availability of plant nutrients, and leaching of biogens to groundwater. We revealed that the mineral matter in organic soils can be an indicator for distinguishing various types of murshes. We have highlighted the current gaps in the research that need to be filled in. The mursh-forming process is inherently related to the mineralization of soil organic matter and leads to a reduction of organic carbon in soil. Mursh has many unfavorable properties with regards to agriculture and environmental management. These properties are mainly related to decreased water storage capacity, which significantly limits the hydrological function of organic soils. The use of drained organic soils is a trade-off between environmental quality and agricultural production.
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Grabowski, Tadeusz, Krzysztof Jóźwiakowski, Andrzej Bochniak, Przemysław Stachyra, and Bogusław Radliński. "Assessment of Rainwater Quality Regarding its Use in The Roztocze National Park (Poland)—Case Study." Applied Sciences 13, no. 10 (May 16, 2023): 6110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13106110.
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The aim of this study was to determine the quality of rainwater and the possibility of using it for various purposes in the Roztocze National Park (RNP), Poland. This study was carried out in 2021–2022. Samples of rainwater that drained from the roofs of farm buildings in the RNP were tested for their organoleptic, physicochemical and microbiological qualities. The organoleptic tests were run to evaluate the water for a foreign odour and the threshold odour number. The physical and chemical tests included turbidity; colour; pH; conductivity; concentrations of ammonium ions, nitrates, nitrites, manganese, iron and chlorides; and general hardness. The microbiological tests included total microbial counts at 36 °C and 22 °C, coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, intestinal enterococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The rainwater quality results were compared with the quality parameters of surface water collected from the River Świerszcz, as well as with the Polish drinking water standards. The findings indicated that rainwater collected in the RNP had good organoleptic, physicochemical and microbiological properties, which, in some cases, complied with the standards for potable water. Exceedances of the permissible limits, mainly for ammonium ions and microbiological indicators, were periodically observed in the tested rainwater. This was probably due to contamination of roof surfaces with bird droppings. However, these exceedances did not exclude the use of the rainwater for economic purposes, e.g., flushing toilets, washing vehicles or watering plants, which may significantly reduce the abstraction of high-quality groundwater. The rainwater that is planned to be used as drinking water for the Polish konik horses living in the park will have to be pre-treated via filtration and disinfection processes (e.g., with a UV lamp).
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Yusuf, K. O., I. B. Sadiku, and O. S. Abioye. "Quality Assessment of Drinking Well Water near Dumpsite at Ogidi-Oloje Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 2 (April 20, 2020): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i2.19.
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This study was conducted to determine the quality of drinking well water near dumpsite at Ogidi-Oloje, Ilorin, Kwara State. Open wells near dumpsite could be polluted due to percolation of chemicals from the decomposition of refuse and scraps of electronic boards having potential of causing diseases to man. Most people at Ogidi-Oloje Ilorin depend on open wells near dumpsite for drinking water during dry season. Water samples were collected from seven open wells (W1 - W6) 9.2 - 18.2 m away from dumpsite and the control well W7 was 45.0 m away from the dumpsite. Physicochemical and bacteriological properties were determined from the water samples during dry season (March, 2019) and rainy season (July, 2019). Phosphate, Cadmium, Lead, Feacal coliform were not detected during dry season but only Feacal coliform was not detected in the water during rainy season. All the values of physicochemical properties of the water were within WHO permissible limits except Iron and Cadmium that above the limits which could cause diseases to mankind. Values of Iron during dry season for six well sources were 3.61, 4.02, 4.26, 3.25, 5.14 and 7.24 mg/L while values for rainy season and control were 0.715, 1.410, 0.650, 0.049, 0.780, 1.110 and 0.775 mg/L(control) but WHO limits is 0.03mg/L. Concentrations of Cadmium in the water during rainy season were 0.010, 0.015, 0.015, 0.020, 0.015, 0.015 and 0.02mg/L(control) but WHO limit is 0.003 mg/L. This study revealed that the water is suitable for consumption during dry season but unsuitable during rainy season.
Keywords: well water quality, groundwater pollution, water diseases, dumpsite
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Mojid, M. A., A. B. M. Z. Hossain, V. Cappuyns, and G. C. L. Wyseure. "Transport characteristics of heavy metals, metalloids and pesticides through major agricultural soils of Bangladesh as determined by TDR." Soil Research 54, no. 8 (2016): 970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr15367.
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The transport parameters of soluble chemicals through soils are needed to assess the pollution risks of soil and groundwater resources. The transport parameters of seven heavy metal/metalloid compounds (NaAsO2, Cd(NO3)2, Pb(NO3)2, Ni(NO3)2, ZnCl2, CuSO4 and Co(NO3)2), two pesticides (cartap and carbendazim) and an inert salt (CaCl2) were determined in repacked columns of eight agricultural soils of Bangladesh. The relationships between physicochemical properties of the soils and solutes and the solute-transport parameters were investigated by time-domain reflectometry (TDR) using bulk soil electrical conductivity as a proxy. The transport velocity (V) of the solutes decreased linearly with the increasing clay content of the soils. Of the nine reactive solutes, cartap and As moved with the largest and smallest V values, respectively. Dispersivity of the solutes decreased with increasing clay content linearly but following power law with increasing median grain diameter of the soils. It also increased significantly (P<0.05) with the increasing length of travel path. The solute retardation factor (R) increased with increasing clay content following power law, implying that clay content is a determining factor for heavy metal retention in soils. Parameter R increased non-linearly with increasing travel length except for cadmium, for which the increase was linear. Based on R, the general adsorption affinity of the solutes in the soils was As>Co>Cd>carbendazim>Pb>Cu>cartap>Zn>Ni>Ca. In some soils, however, Cd and carbendazim showed a lower adsorption than Pb and Co, and Zn and cartap were more strongly adsorbed than Ni. The relationships between physicochemical properties of the soils and solutes and the solute transport parameters contribute to the improved interpretation of TDR data as a preliminary assessment of pollutant mobility in soils with different textures.
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Đurđevac Ignjatović, Lidija, Vesna Krstić, Vlastimir Radonjanin, Violeta Jovanović, Mirjana Malešev, Dragan Ignjatović, and Vanja Đurđevac. "Application of Cement Paste in Mining Works, Environmental Protection, and the Sustainable Development Goals in the Mining Industry." Sustainability 14, no. 13 (June 28, 2022): 7902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14137902.
Full textAbstract:
Cement paste is an already well-known material used in ore mining. It is mainly used to fill excavation areas and the tailings from the surface return to underground mines. In this way, the amount of deposited material and degradation of the surface of the terrain are reduced. The paste itself can be used as an artificial barrier between mining works and underground watercourses. Significant economic and environmental benefits can be expected from using cement paste, which would contribute to sustainable development. The basic materials that make up cemented paste backfill (CPB) are flotation tailings, cement, and water. For CPB to be adequately and safely applied to the filling of excavation spaces and indirectly to the protection of the groundwater, environment, and sustainable development of the mining industry, it must meet certain physical–mechanical, physicochemical, and deformation properties. This paper presents the results of synthesized and analyzed samples of different compositions based on flotation tailings (from the production of ZiJin Copper in Bor, Serbia), cement, and water. The methods used for chemical and mineralogical tests include inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and nephelometric turbidity units (NTUs; turbidimetry). The results prepared with CPB consisting of 5% cement, 24% water, and 71% flotation tailings were the most acceptable.
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Król, Anna, Monika Gajec, and Ewa Kukulska-Zając. "Uranine as a Tracer in the Oil and Gas Industry: Determination in Formation Waters with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Water 13, no. 21 (November 2, 2021): 3082. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13213082.
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In the oil and gas industry, tracers are used to estimate residual oil saturation, to indicate the location and orientation of fractures in tight reservoirs, to identify and mark the direction of fluid flow in fractured deposits, to locate faults and discontinuities, and to measure fluid movement in injection wells during drilling. The tracers should behave in a mechanically similar manner to the tested substance, e.g., formation waters, oil or gas, and, on the other hand, they should significantly differ from them in terms of chemical properties so that it is possible to identify them. One of the fluorescent tracers used in the oil and gas industry, e.g., for inter-well tests during secondary or tertiary production methods (especially during reservoir hydration), is uranine. In order to assess the effectiveness of fluid movement measurements, it is necessary to determine the uranine content in formation waters. In this study, a method was developed to determine uranine in formation water samples using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC/FLD). The initial step in preparing samples for chromatographic analysis would be solid phase extraction (SPE). The method was validated and allows for the determination of uranine in formation water samples in the concentration range from 0.030 to 2.80 µg/L. The validation of the method included the analysis of factors influencing the measurement result (sources of uncertainty), determination of the linearity range of the standard curve, determination of the quantification limit of the method, and verification of the reproducibility, selectivity, stability and correctness achieved. The method developed within the study can be successfully applied in the case of the determination of uranine content in formation water samples from the oil and gas mining industry, which are often unstable and characterized by a relatively complex matrix. After validation, the method will also be applicable to the determination of uranine in matrices with a similar physicochemical composition, e.g., to assess groundwater flow in deformed carbonate aquifers or to characterize faults that act as barriers to horizontal groundwater flow.
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Mashau, Aluwani, Mugera Gitari, and Segun Akinyemi. "Evaluation of the Bioavailability and Translocation of Selected Heavy Metals by Brassica juncea and Spinacea oleracea L for a South African Power Utility Coal Fly Ash." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 12 (December 13, 2018): 2841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122841.
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This study evaluated the physicochemical and mineralogical properties, mobile chemical species bioavailability and translocation in Brassica juncea and Spinacea oleracea L. plants of a South African coal-fired power utility. Coal-fly-ash (CFA) disposal is associated with various environmental and health risks, including air, soil, surface, and groundwater pollution due to the leaching of toxic heavy metals; these ends up in food webs affecting human health, while repeated inhalation causes bronchitis, silicosis, hair loss, and lung cancer. The morphology and chemical and mineralogical composition of CFA were determined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and X-ray diffraction, respectively. In pot-culture experiments, S. oleracea L. and B. juncea plants were grown in three sets of pots containing CFA (Set 1), soil (Set 2), and a mixture of CFA plus soil at a ratio of 1:1 (50% CFA: 50% soil, Set 3), while no plants were grown in Set 4 as a control for the leachate samples. SEM showed that the surface morphology of CFA has a lower degree of sphericity with the irregular agglomerations of many particles. XRF results revealed that CFA contains 43.65%, 22.68%, and 10.89% of SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3, respectively, which indicates that CFA is an aluminosilicate material. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that CFA contains mullite as a major phase, followed by quartz mineral phases. Chemical species such as B, Ba, Mo, and Cr were occurring at higher concentrations in the leachates for most weeks in the pot-culture experiments, especially for CFA and soil + CFA growth media. However, there was a common trend for all growth media of chemical-species concentrations declining with time, which might have been caused by plant uptake or wash-off with water during irrigation; even for the growth media as well, where no plants were grown. Chemical species, such as Fe, Mn, B, Ba, and Zn, accumulated highly in most parts of the plant species. However, B. juncea showed higher potential to accumulate chemical species as compared to S. oleracea L. Bioconcentration and translocation factors (BF and TF) showed that B. juncea was the most effective in terms of bioconcentration and translocation of most of the chemical species. This indicates that B. juncea has potential in application for the phytoremediation of CFA dumps, and could contribute to the remediation of CFA dumps and the reduction of potential health and environmental impact associated with CFA.
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Garba, B., M. D. Salihu, B. Saidu, and U. G. Rambo. "Health hazards of abattoir effluents discharged from the Sokoto central abattoir, Nigeria." Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences 18, no. 1 (July 21, 2020): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v18i1.7.
Full textAbstract:
This study was undertaken to determine the level of water pollution that can be attributed to effluents discharged from the Sokoto Central abattoir. Both surface and well water samples from the abattoir and adjacent wells were investigated to determine their microbial and physicochemical properties. Samples were collected from five different spots that include; effluents from the abattoir where visceral organs are washed (sample point A), two wells located in the adjacent livestock market (sample point B and C), drainage outside the abattoir (sample point D) and another well downstream the abattoir used for irrigation farming (sample point E). The values for pH, were 7.2, 8.0, 7.5 and 6.8 for all the sampling sites respectively. Similarly, the values of nitrate and BOD recorded were all within the acceptable limit except for point A which had nitrate (60.0 mgl-1) and BOD (26.8 mgl-1) above the acceptable limit. While the total coliforms, for sampling point A and D were found to be very high. There was a significant difference in the quality of water from the studied samples in comparison with the acceptable standard especially with respect to total coliform, BOD, COD, and nitrates. The findings from this study indicate that abattoirs have the potential to contaminate and pollute water sources which may produce a detrimental effect on the quality of groundwater despite the sieving process. Hence, measures should be taken to prevent locating abattoirs in close proximity to human dwellings. Similarly, for the existing ones encroached by human habitation, effective pollution control measures such as treatment of hazardous waste and minimizing the use of chemicals for industrial and agricultural purposes should be taken in order to preserve the quality of groundwater and minimize the potential resultant health effect caused by such contaminants.
Keywords: Abattoir effluents, Health hazards, Sokoto State, Water quality, Waste water
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Quynh, Hoang, and Shima Kazuto. "Title “Organic Fertilizers” in Vietnam’s Markets: Nutrient Composition and Efficacy of Their Application." Sustainability 10, no. 7 (July 12, 2018): 2437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072437.
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Organic fertilizers have recently been gaining popularity; however, their governance is not completely assessed in developing countries. This study investigated the nutrient composition of so-called organic fertilizers in Vietnam’s markets and issues related to their production, and evaluated their potential to contaminate the groundwater. We analyzed the physicochemical properties of 12 domestic and four imported products of the fertilizers, and conducted a cultivation experiment in sandy soil with the fertilizer applied at a rate of 200 mg N kg−1 soil using an automatic watering apparatus in a greenhouse. We further studied the production of an “organic fertilizer” from coffee by-products. The nutrient content greatly varied among domestic products, whereas they were quite similar among imported products. The product packaging of the collected samples lacked information regarding raw materials. Two thirds of the domestic products contained over 30% of the total N in the inorganic form, implying that the N content dramatically increased in the fertilizers rather than in their supposed raw materials. The stages involved in the production were composting, the addition of extra soil as a bulking agent, and the mixing-in of chemical substances to increase the nutrient content before packing. The remarkably high ratio of inorganic N to total N was attributed to excessive N leaching from soil by the application of domestic fertilizers. These results suggested the need for quality criteria guidelines for organic fertilizers in Vietnam that underline not only nutrient levels, but also the control of raw materials and production process of compost, because they are closely related to nutrient uptake and the leaching loss of nutrients.
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Olumuyiwa, Falowo Olusola, and Ojo Olajumoke Olayemi. "Assessment of Water Quality Index and Irrigation Indices in Ese Odo Area of Ondo State, Southwestern Nigerian." International Annals of Science 9, no. 1 (July 3, 2020): 174–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/ias.9.1.174-187.
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An assessment of the ground water quality was carried out in Ese Odo local government area of Ondo State, southwestern Nigeria. The study was aimed at examining the various samples of ground water and the quality of the ground water as it relates to drinking and irrigation purposes. Forty-Five ground water samples were taken from boreholes and open wells and analyzed for physical, chemical and biological properties. The results were compared with World Health Organization standards. The usefulness of these parameters in predicting ground water quality characteristics were studied and water quality index was determined from these parameters. In assessing the water for irrigation uses, indices such as percent (%Na), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), permeability index (PI), Kelly’s ratio (KR), magnesium ratio (MR), equivalent salinity concentration (ESC) and Wilcox plot were used. The result obtained shows that the water studied has a mean value of 2.8 NTU for turbidity, 7.3 for pH, 294 μS/cm for electrical conductivity, 52mg/L for total dissolved solids, temperature 28.3°C, total hardness 41 mg/L, chloride 38.3 mg/L, calcium 15.8 mg/L, 5.64 mg/L for magnesium, nitrate 1.47mg/L, sulphate 51.7 mg/L, bicarbonate 15mg/L. Zinc, iron, manganese have mean values less than 1mg/L. The results indicated all the physicochemical parameters are within the recommended levels set by World Health Organization (WHO). Although traces of heavy metal and mineral oil contaminations are observed some of the samples. All the samples are plotted on the “Excellent irrigation class” of Wilcox plot with good/excellent irrigation indices. Consequently, the groundwater in the study area is good and suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes.
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Mikailova, R. A., D. N. Kurbakov, E. V. Sidorova, I. V. Geshel, N. V. Andreeva, Yu V. Sorokin, and A. V. Panov. "Comprehensive radioecological monitoring of freshwater ecosystems in the vicinity of Rooppur NPP (People's Republic of Bangladesh)." Marine Biological Journal 5, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 30–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21072/mbj.2020.05.3.04.
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The paper presents experience of developing and maintaining a system of radioecological monitoring of freshwater ecosystems in the vicinity of Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant (Bangladesh). Components of freshwater ecosystems in the zone of NPP impact are both very informative for determining the environmental state and very important for conducting economic activities. Therefore, the issue of assessing and predicting quality of freshwater ecosystems in the vicinity of NPP is relevant for ensuring radiation and environmental safety. During the studies, we developed a detailed monitoring program; selected observation points for the state of surface water and groundwater at different distances from Rooppur NPP; determined monitoring objects (water, bottom sediments, higher aquatic vegetation, and fish), list of parameters to be studied, observation regulation, methods, and regulatory and technical support. Among the indicators controlled we considered the following ones: physicochemical properties of water and bottom sediments; radionuclide content of components of freshwater ecosystems including natural (40K, 226Ra, and 232Th) and technogenic (90Sr, 137Cs, and 3H) radionuclides; and content of 19 heavy metals, as well as chemical pollutants. Monitoring studies were conducted in 2014–2017, considering climatic peculiarities of the region at different periods of the year. Radionuclides in environmental objects were determined by spectrometry and radiochemistry; heavy metals – by atomic absorption and plasma emission analysis methods. It was established that higher aquatic vegetation in the Padma River is found not in all seasons. In December, it was almost absent. The maximum species diversity was registered in June. Differences between surface water and groundwater in the vicinity of Rooppur NPP were distinguished for several physical and chemical characteristics. Values of drinking water total mineralization and hardness were higher than that of surface water by 2–3 times. This is due to Padma River water composition, the basis of which is meltwater and rainwater. Organic pollutants content in surface water and groundwater was below detection limits or at minimum ones (benzopyrene – less than 0.01 μg·L−1; phenols – 1.3–3.5 μg·L−1; and petroleum products – 0.01–0.043 mg·L−1). Activity concentration of 137Cs in Padma River water did not exceed 0.18 Bq·L−1 (with a mean of 0.07 Bq·L−1) during the observation period. The content of 90Sr was 0.02–0.12 Bq·L−1, and the concentration of 3H varied in the range of 0.8–2.1 Bq·L−1. Mean specific activity of 90Sr in bottom sediments was 0.5–1.8 Bq·kg−1, and 137Cs – 0.8–2.1 Bq·kg−1. Specific activity of 3H in bottom sediments was less than 3 Bq·kg−1, except for 3 samples in 2017 (12–30 Bq·kg−1), which was most likely due to a local pollution. Specific activity of 90Sr in higher aquatic vegetation was 0.4–3.9 Bq·kg−1, and 137Cs – 0.4–1.0 Bq·kg−1. In drinking water, activity concentrations of radionuclides were as follows: 137Cs – 0.03–0.27 Bq·L−1; 90Sr – 0.01–0.16 Bq·L−1; 3H – 0.4–1.2 Bq·L−1. Specific activity of 90Sr in fish was 0.02–1.6 Bq·kg−1.The content of 137Cs in fish was 0.26–0.3 Bq·kg−1. Analysis of monitoring data on heavy metal levels in components of freshwater ecosystems in the vicinity of Rooppur NPP showed that for a number of elements their increased concentrations were recorded, most of which belong to monsoon season. In Padma River surface water, a repeating increase in As, Cd, Mn, and Al concentrations was noted, and in bottom sediments – an increase in As, Cd, Ni, Co, and Zn content, which was associated with anthropogenic impact and increasing runoff of pollutants during monsoon rains. Repeatedly increased As and Mn concentrations were noted in drinking water of Rooppur NPP 30-km zone. In separate samples, there was an increase in Fe and Al content. This might be due to both natural peculiarities of the region (relatively high As content in aquifers) and the state of water supply systems. Obtained results and developed network of radioecological monitoring of freshwater ecosystems would make it possible to register a change in the situation and to identify impact of Rooppur NPP operation on human population and the environment.
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Alam, Masood, Sumbul Rais, and Mohd Aslam. "Hydro-chemical Survey of Groundwater of Delhi, India." E-Journal of Chemistry 6, no. 2 (2009): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/908647.
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The physicochemical parameters and trace metal contents of water samples from Delhi were assessed. A total of 20 water samples were collected from boring, tube well and hand pump and analyzed for the various physicochemical parameters like pH, conductivity, total dissolved solid, total alkalinity, Ca2+and Mg2+hardness, chloride ion, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, sulphate and heavy metal contents like Cu, Cr, Cd, Co, Zn and Ni. The results were compared with BIS standards for drinking water. The quality of water samples under study were within the maximum permissible limits. Therefore, the groundwater samples are fit for human consumption without prior treatment.
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Khadka, Karishma, and Moti Lal Rijal. "Hydrogeochemical assessment of spring water resources around Melamchi, Central Nepal." Water Practice and Technology 15, no. 3 (July 16, 2020): 748–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.066.
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Abstract Groundwater in the hills and mountains is manifested as springs, the major water sources for people in Nepal's mountainous regions. The aim of this study was to investigate the seasonal variations of in-situ groundwater physicochemical parameters, evaluate groundwater hydrochemistry with respect to water types, and identify groundwater chemistry control mechanisms by analyzing spring water. The area's geology is dominated by schist and gneiss. Depression and fracture springs occur widely. The study involved observation of seasonal variations in in-situ physicochemical parameters, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), and temperature, and major ion concentrations – Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3−, Cl−, SO42− – to describe the water's chemical characteristics. The seasonal variations in physicochemical parameters arose mainly from monsoonal precipitation and its interactions with host rocks. Chemical analysis showed that Ca-HCO3 type water dominated, indicating shallow aquifer groundwater processes. The relative abundance of cations was, in order, Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ and of anions HCO3− > Cl− > SO42−. Lithological contributions from the interactions of rocks with water across spring flow networks were the major mechanisms controlling spring water chemistry.
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Saito, Takumi, Motoki Terashima, Noboru Aoyagi, Seiya Nagao, Nobuhide Fujitake, and Toshihiko Ohnuki. "Physicochemical and ion-binding properties of highly aliphatic humic substances extracted from deep sedimentary groundwater." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 17, no. 8 (2015): 1386–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5em00176e.
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Popescu, Luisa Roxana, and Cristina Dinu. "Physicochemical Quality Evolution of Groundwater from the Area of an Chemical Platform." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 10 (November 15, 2018): 2718–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.10.6609.
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The most important natural resource which cannot be optimally used and sustained unless its quality is properly assessed, is groundwater. In the present study, the physicochemical variations of groundwater from the area of an chemical platform were determinate. The physicochemical parameters determined for the groundwater were evaluated by comparing the results obtained with the the limits allowed under current legislation. For this study were examining 16 drillings for a period of five years. Water samples were collected quarterly from each sampling point in the study. The physico-chemical quality indicators analyzed for each source were: pH, chlorides, sulfates, bicarbonates, carbonates, sodium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, filterable residue, suspended matter, mercury and CCO-Mn.Interpretation of physicochemical data revealed that groundwaters studied was neutral to slightly alkaline. The cations such as sodium (Na+) for all groundwaters studied it was in general found above the limit imposed under the laws in vigor in almost all studied drillings except drillings generally located upstream of the industrial platform. The anions such as chlorides (Cl-) exceeded, in general, the limit allowed under current legislation. The filterable residue concentration was observed in all the studied drillings and the parameter such as sulfate (SO42-), were within the limit allowed under current legislation for the most all studied drillings, for the whole period investigated. In general, the sulfate quality indicator exceeds the required limit, for drilling located downstream and in vicinity of the chemical platform.
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Rawat, Kishan Singh, T. German Amali Jacintha, and Sudhir Kumar Singh. "Hydro-chemical Survey and Quantifying Spatial Variations in Groundwater Quality in Coastal Region of Chennai, Tamilnadu, India – a case study." Indonesian Journal of Geography 50, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijg.27443.
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The good quality of groundwater is important for the purpose of future planning and management. The present study has been undertaken to provide an overview on the status of groundwater quality through physicochemical parameters namely pH, alkalinity, total hardness, total dissolved solids, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, phosphate and iron through laboratory analysis. Samples have been collected from seven wells located in Chennai costal region of state Tamilnadu, India. The laboratory-based results shows that the mean value of pH is 7.29, alkalinity (308.57 mg/l), total hardness (285.71 mg/l), chloride (175.71 mg/l), iron (0.71 mg/l), nitrate (13.57 mg/l), phosphorus (2.71 mg/l) and total dissolved solids (924 mg/l), respectively. The geo-database water quality parameters were created in Geographical an Information System. Further, the kriging a geo-statistical method of interpolation is applied to know the health of groundwater in the then-sampled area. This interpolation method has been used to predict spatial distribution physicochemical parameters in the form of contour. Local planners and policy makers may utilize these results for efficient management of groundwater resources in this area.
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Bekkouch, Mohamed F., and Ahlam Zanagui. "Quality of Hamadian groundwater table of the continental tertiary of Wadi Mehiya in Tindouf province (South-West of Algeria)." Journal of Water and Land Development 39, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2018-0053.
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AbstractThe Hamadian groundwater table ensures water supply for the agricultural perimeter of Wadi Mehiya region in the North-East of Tindouf city. In order to determine the behaviour of this groundwater table, a piezometric map have been realized, followed by physicochemical analyses to assess the chemical facies, the suitability of this water for irrigation and drinking purposes, as well as its vulnerability to different pollutants. This groundwater table is essentially composed of fine to coarse and clayey sands, surmounted by a silicified limestone slab. It is a free groundwater table with a thickness of 18 to 99 m. The sampling has been done in June 2010. Then, the physicochemical analyses have been performed on 7 samples taken from 7 boreholes. The piezometric study proved that the flow of groundwater table follows a North-East to South-West direction, towards the Sebkha of Tindouf. The graphic representation of chemical facies, using Piper and Schoeller–Berkaloff diagrams, reveals that the water of Wadi Mehiya contains mainly magnesium sulphate. The graphical representation of irrigation water quality, using Wilcox diagram, revealed an acceptable quality with a high salinity. Moreover, this water is potable with hard-mineralized character. Nitrates contamination has been also noted, which is a logical result of the excessive use of chemical fertilizers.
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Ogoko, E. "Physicochemical Properties and Heavy Metal Concentration of Groundwater in Owerri Metropolis, Nigeria." Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology 23, no. 1 (August 7, 2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2017/35144.
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Aline Beatrice, NZEKET, MOYO Karen Brell, Amina ABOUBAKAR, YOUDOM YOUTHA Armelle Stéphanie, MOUSSIMA YAKA Diane Armelle, ZING ZING Bertrand, SULEM YONG Nina Nindum, MAMA Anselme Crépin, and MFOPOU MEWOUO Yvette Clarisse. "Assessment of Physicochemical and Heavy Metal Properties of Groundwater in Edéa (Cameroon)." American Journal of Water Resources 7, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12691/ajwr-7-1-1.
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Brown, O. R. "Carbon—Electrochemical and Physicochemical Properties." Electrochimica Acta 34, no. 4 (April 1989): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(89)87066-5.
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Moghanlou, Maliheh Shahmorad, and Ebrahim Fataei. "Evaluation of chemical contamination of surface water and groundwater in the landfill city of Ardabil." Environment Conservation Journal 16, SE (December 5, 2015): 631–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2015.se1674.
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Todays in our country the problem of waste disposal and the effects of entry alluvial aquifer their leachate and pollution of aquifers by hydrodynamic thickness in the direction of groundwater flow is highly regarded analytical descriptive study was conducted. To this purpose, the concentration of heavy metals plumb and cadmium and some physicochemical and biological parameters of surface water and groundwater around the landfill city of Ardabil in two time periods in spring 2015 and summer seasons were measured. Sampling, preparation and analysis of samples in accordance with the standard method of station 10 to within 5.5 km of landfill were Ardabil. Measurement of heavy metals, plumb and cadmium by atomic absorption were performed. The Results were analyzed by SPSS software, for the comparison of each parameter with drinking water standards and Agriculture tests comparing the average (T-TEST) was used. The results showed that groundwater and surface water of heavy metals, non-contaminated area and their results are below international standards. The mean values ??of microbiological and physicochemical parameters other than normal turbidity level and at the level of 1% were significantly lower than international standards.
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Meshechkina, A. E., L. V. Mel’nik, G. V. Rybina, S. S. Srednev, Yu A. Moskvichev, A. S. Danilova, and Z. V. Kostyuk. "Physicochemical properties of 1,2-epoxycyclopentane." Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry 82, no. 5 (May 2009): 925–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070427209050358.
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