Academic literature on the topic 'Chemical and fuel properties'

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Journal articles on the topic "Chemical and fuel properties"

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Iakovlieva, Anna, Oksana Vovk, Sergii Boichenko, Kazimierz Lejda, and Hubert Kuszewski. "Physical-Chemical Properties of Jet Fuel Blends with Components Derived from Rape Oil." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 10, no. 4 (September 15, 2016): 485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht10.04.485.

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The work is devoted to the development of alternative jet fuel blended with rapeseed oil-derived biocomponents and study of their physical-chemical properties. The modification of conventional jet fuel by rapeseed oil esters was chosen for this work among the variety of technologies for alternative jet fuels development. The main characteristics of conventional jet fuel and three kinds of biocomponents were determined and compared to the standards requirements to jet fuel of Jet A-1 grade. The most important or identifying physical-chemical properties of jet fuels were determined for the scope of this study. Among them are: density, viscosity, fractional composition, freezing point and net heat of combustion. The influence of rapeseed oil-derived biocomponents on the mentioned above characteristics of blended jet fuels was studied and explained.
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DEMİRBAŞ, AYHAN. "Chemical and Fuel Properties of Seventeen Vegetable Oils." Energy Sources 25, no. 7 (July 2003): 721–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908310390212426.

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Antonenko, V. O., V. I. Zubenko, and O. V. Epik. "FUEL PROPERTIES OF UKRAINIAN CORN STOVER." Industrial Heat Engineering 40, no. 3 (September 7, 2018): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ihe.3.2018.11.

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In order to provide reliable and efficient thermal conversion, it is necessary to understand the physical and chemical properties of corn stover. The properties of corn stover depend on species, climatic and weather conditions, soil type, fertilizer input etc. Thus, it is necessary to study the fuel from various locations. The present paper describes analysis results of corn stover from a single location in Kyiv region, Ukraine. The soil was fertilized with anhydrous ammonia 80 kg/ha. Elemental composition (W, A, C, H, S, N, O, Cl), calorific values, ash melting temperatures and ash chemical composition of the samples have been tested. The comparative analysis of the samples with foreign analogues has been carried out. It is shown that the test samples of corn stover from Kyiv region are characterized by ash initial deformation temperatures of 1160 - 1200 °C. These temperatures are higher than the average agricultural biomass values and typical for woody biomass. The relatively high ash melting temperature reduces risks of sintering and deposit formation on the furnace inner surface.
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Kerimov, M. A., R. N. Safiullin, and A. V. Marusin. "Estimation of fuel quality indices based on the investigation of its tribochemical processes and properties." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 81, no. 7 (July 15, 2014): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-65612.

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To improve of motor vehicle reliability and increase its service life by means of high-quality fuel supply, universal method of quality rating of fuel during formation of fuel physical-and-chemical properties directly on engine is developed. Results of investigation representing data collection concerning values of dielectric constant for fuels of different physical-and-chemical compositions at different frequencies are given. These data can be used for optimization of engine control systems using a certain brand of fuel.
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Selim, Mohamed, Mamdouh Ghannam, and Adel Hussein. "Physical-Chemical Properties of Water-in-Diesel Fuel Emulsions." International Journal of Petroleum Technology 2, no. 2 (July 21, 2016): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15377/2409-787x.2015.02.02.2.

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Cookson, David J., C. Paul Lloyd, and Brian E. Smith. "Investigation of the chemical basis of diesel fuel properties." Energy & Fuels 2, no. 6 (November 1988): 854–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef00012a021.

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Torres-Jimenez, Eloisa, Marta Svoljšak Jerman, Andreja Gregorc, Irenca Lisec, M. Pilar Dorado, and Breda Kegl. "Physical and chemical properties of ethanol–diesel fuel blends." Fuel 90, no. 2 (February 2011): 795–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.09.045.

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Jamal, Jamal, and B. Siti Aisyah. "Analysis of Physical and Chemical Properties of Dammar Resin as an Alternative Fuel." Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences 49, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.49.4.6.

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Efforts to obtain alternative and renewable energy continue to be carried out sustainably. Various natural materials continue to be studied for their feasibility in using alternative and renewable fuels. One of the natural materials that have the potential as a source of renewable energy is dammar resin (Shorea Javanica k. et v.). Therefore, it is necessary to analyze dammar resin's physical and chemical properties to determine its potential as an alternative fuel. This study evaluates dammar resin's physical and chemical properties as a renewable energy source. In this research, the physical and chemical properties of dammar resin were investigated related to its function as an alternative fuel compared to other alternative fuels. This study also aims to determine the advantages and disadvantages of dammar resin's physical and chemical properties as an alternative fuel. The American Society for Testing and Materials standard (ASTM), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and the American Oil Chemists Society standard (AOCS) methods have been adopted to analyze the physical and chemical properties of dammar resins. This study's physical and chemical properties were cloud point, pour point, flash point, density, energy content, ash content, sulfur content, iodine value, saponification value, and cetane number. The result indicates that based on the physical and chemical property analysis, dammar resin has potency as a renewable energy source and can be developed as an alternative fuel. Dammar resin has a low flash point, sulfur content, and iodine value but a high saponification value and cetane number; these values have met European requirements. Moreover, the energy content of dammar resin is lower, and the ash content is higher than other biodiesel materials. However, dammar resin still requires advanced processes to be converted as alternative energy because it still has a high density, cloud, and pour point.
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Benavides, Alirio, Pedro Benjumea, Farid B. Cortés, and Marco A. Ruiz. "Chemical Composition and Low-Temperature Fluidity Properties of Jet Fuels." Processes 9, no. 7 (July 7, 2021): 1184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9071184.

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The physicochemical properties of petroleum-derived jet fuels mainly depend on their chemical composition, which can vary from sample to sample as a result of the diversity of the crude diet processed by the refinery. Jet fuels are exposed to very low temperatures both at altitude and on the ground in places subject to extreme climates and must be able to maintain their fluidity at these low temperatures otherwise the flow of fuel to turbine engines will be reduced or even stopped. In this work, an experimental evaluation of the effect of chemical composition on low-temperature fluidity properties of jet fuels (freezing point, crystallization onset temperature and viscosity at −20 °C) was carried out. Initially, a methodology based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was adapted to determine the composition of 70 samples of Jet A1 and Jet A fuels. This methodology allowed quantifying the content, in weight percentage, of five main families of hydrocarbons: paraffinic, naphthenic, aromatic, naphthalene derivatives, and tetralin- and indane-derived compounds. Fuel components were also grouped into 11 classes depending on structural characteristics and the number of carbon atoms in the compound. The latter compositional approach allowed obtaining more precise model regressions for predicting the composition–property dependence and identifying individual components or hydrocarbon classes contributing to increased or decreased property values.
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Gu¨lder, O¨mer L. "Combustion Gas Properties: Part III—Prediction of the Thermodynamic Properties of Combustion Gases of Aviation and Diesel Fuels." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 110, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240093.

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Empirical formulae are presented by means of which the specific heat, mean molecular weight, density, and specific heat ratio of aviation fuel-air and diesel fuel-air systems can be calculated as functions of pressure, temperature, equivalence ratio, and hydrogen-to-carbon atomic ratio of the fuel. The formulae have been developed by fitting the data from a detailed chemical equilibrium code to a functional expression. Comparisons of the results from the proposed formulae with the results obtained from a chemical equilibrium code have shown that the mean absolute error in predicted specific heat is 0.8 percent, and that for molecular weight is 0.25 percent. These formulae provide a very fast and easy means of predicting the thermodynamic properties of combustion gases as compared to detailed equilibrium calculations, and they are also valid for a wide range of complex hydrocarbon mixtures and pure hydrocarbons as well as aviation and diesel fuels.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Chemical and fuel properties"

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Goldsmith, Claude Franklin III. "Predicting combustion properties of hydrocarbon fuel mixtures." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59876.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 2010.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 189-201).
In this thesis, I applied computational quantum chemistry to improve the accuracy of kinetic mechanisms that are used to model combustion chemistry. I performed transition state theory calculations for several reactions that are critical in combustion, including a detailed analysis of the pressure dependence of these rate coefficients. I developed a new method for rapidly estimating the vibrational modes and hindered rotor parameters for molecules. This new method has been implemented in an automatic reaction mechanism generation software, RMG, and has improved the accuracy of the density of states computed in RMG, which in turn has improved RMG's ability to predict the pressure-dependence of rate coefficients for complex reaction networks. I used statistical mechanics to compute the thermochemistry for over 170 of the most important species in combustion. These calculations form a new library of thermodynamic parameters, and this library will improve the accuracy of kinetic models, particularly for fuel lean conditions. I measured reaction rate coefficients using both laser flash-photolysis absorption spectroscopy in a slow-flow reactor and time-of-flight mass spectrometry and laser Schlieren densitometry in a shock tube. Based upon these experimental projects, I helped design a one-of-a-kind instrument for measuring rate coefficients for combustion-relevant reactions. The new reactor combines photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry with multi-pass absorption spectroscopy in a laser-flash photolysis cell. The cumulative effect of these efforts should advance our understanding of combustion chemistry and allow us to make more accurate predictions of how hydrocarbons burn.
by Claude Franklin Goldsmith, III.
Ph.D.
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Ashcraft, James Nathan. "Tuning the transport properties of layer-by-layer thin films for fuel cell applications." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/54207.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 2009.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 138-148).
The increasing global focus on alternative energy sources has led to a renewed interest in fuel cells. For low power, portable applications, direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) are the most promising type of fuel cell. DMFCs can operate at ambient conditions and only require dilute methanol solutions and air to be input to the devices. At the core of these devices is a proton exchange membrane (PEM) that allows rapid proton transport through the polymer matrix while preventing fuel from permeating across. Additionally, PEMs must have long-term stability in the fuel cell environment, the ability to operate over a wide range of conditions (temperature and humidity), and be cost effective. A promising, robust method for fabricating polymer films with tunable properties is layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. This technique consists of building a polymer film by sequential dipping into polymer solutions with complementary interactions, such as opposite electrostatic charges. The LbL method allows the formation of thin films that have perm-selective properties and high ionic conductivity values. This work describes the optimization of multilayer systems for use as the PEM in DMFCs. First, LbL assembled films of poly[bis(methoxyethoxyethoxy)-phosphazene] (MEEP) and poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) are demonstrated by utilizing the hydrogen bonding between these two polymers. These films show controlled thickness growth, high ionic conductivity, and excellent hydrolytic stability. The ionic conductivity of these films is optimized by tuning the assembly pH of initial polymer solutions and thereby controlling the hydrogen bonding characteristics.
(cont.) Despite similar film composition, MEEP/PAA LbL films assembled at higher pH values have enhanced water uptake and transport properties, which play a key role in increasing ion transport within the films. At fully humidified conditions, the ionic conductivity of MEEP/PAA is over one order of magnitude higher than previously studied hydrogen bonded LbL systems. The next LbL systems studied consist of a highly sulfonated aromatic polyether (sPPO) paired with amine containing polycations. The best performing sPPO system has ionic conductivity values which are the same order of magnitude as commercially relevant PEMs and has the highest ionic conductivity ever obtained from a LbL assembled film. Additionally, these LbL systems have methanol permeability values over two orders of magnitude lower than traditional PEMs. Incorporating the sPPO systems into DMFCs results in a 53% improvement in power output as compared with DMFCs using traditional PEMs. In-depth structure property studies are performed to understand the nature of the high ionic conductivity of the sPPO LbL systems with respect to film growth, composition, water uptake, and ionic crosslink density. Lastly, the mechanical properties of highly conducting LbL films are improved by forming the LbL matrix on highly tunable electrospun fiber mat (EFM) supports. Free-standing LbL films have moderate mechanical properties when dry, but are mechanically deficient when hydrated. Coating an EFM with the LbL dipping process produces composite membranes with interesting "bridged" morphologies, while still maintaining high ionic conductivity values.
(cont.) The spray LbL assembly is studied as a means for the rapid formation of LbL films on EFMs. At optimized conditions, the LbL materials conformally coat the individual fibers throughout the bulk of the EFM and have uniform surface coatings. The mechanical properties of the spray coated EMFs are shown to be superior to the pristine LbL systems.
by James Nathan Ashcraft.
Ph.D.
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El-Kharouf, Ahmad. "Understanding GDL properties and performance in polymer electrolyte fuel cells." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5211/.

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The Gas Diffusion Layer (GDL) has the important role of transporting the reactants into, and products out of the cell. This study aims to provide insights for understanding the relationship between GDL properties and the performance of PEFCs. Ex-situ characterisation techniques were employed to study the mechanical, physical and electrical properties of the GDL. The relationship between the various properties of GDL was investigated and discussed in this work. The study shows that characteristics such as GDL thickness, bulk density, PTFE and MPL content, porosity, hydrophobicity, permeability and electrical conductivity are closely connected. The effect of compression on the cathode GDL performance in PEFC membrane electrode assembly (MEA) is discussed using Polarisation (IV) curve and electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Compression affects the electrical and mass transport properties of the GDL and therefore needs to be optimised. The results show that there is an optimum compression point, at which; a minimum contact resistance and optimum water transport are achieved. The optimum compression level is dependent on the GDL properties. The optimum compression ratio varies for the different GDLs according to the difference in the material properties. At optimum compression, the performance of the different GDL materials was compared to understand the effect of the GDL properties on the performance. GDL characteristics such as structure, thickness, bulk density, PTFE loading, and MPL presence have a direct effect on the MEA performance and need to be optimized for the different PEFC applications.
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Taylor, Kevin Brian. "Comparative Study of Alternative Fuel Icing Inhibitor Additive Properties and Chemical Analysis of Metal Speciation in Aviation Fuels." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1280850044.

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Zhang, Lipeng. "Theoretical study of oxygen reduction reaction catalytic properties of defective graphene in fuel cells." Thesis, The University of Akron, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3718274.

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In this dissertation density functional theory (DFT) was applied to study the electronic structure and catalytic properties of graphene containing different types of defects. These defects includes hetero-atoms such as nitrogen, sulfur doped graphene, point defects such as Stone-Wales defects, single vacancy, double vacancies and substituting pentagon ring at zigzag edge, line defects such as pentagon-heptagon carbon ring chains, pentagon-pentagon-octagon carbon ring chains locating at the middle of graphene. The mechanisms of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) were studied on these defective graphene, and electron transfer processes were simulated. Using DFT methods, we also explored the effect of strains to ORR electronic catalytic properties on pure and nitrogen doped graphene.

Our simulaltion results show that nitrogen, sulfur doped graphene, graphene containing point defects, substituting pentagon ring at zigzag edge, graphene containing line defects, pentagon-heptagon chain or pentagon-pentagon-octagon chains which have odd number of heptagon or octagon carbon ring perform high catalytic properties for ORR. Four electron transfer reactions could occur, and there are also two electrons transfer occuring on these defective graphene. The Stone-Wales defect itself cannot generate the catalytic activity on the graphene, but can facilitate the formation of hetero atom doping on graphene, which could show high catalytic activities to ORR. The catalytic active sites on defective graphene are atoms possessing high spin or charge density, where the spin density plays more important effect on the catalytic properties. For the N-doped graphene, the identified active sites are closely related to doping cluster size and dopant-defect interactions. Generally speaking, a large doping cluster size (number of N atoms >2) reduces the number of catalytic active sites per N atom. In combination with N clustering, Stone-Wales defects can strongly promote ORR. For four-electron transfer, the effective reversible potential ranges from 1.04 to 1.15 V/SHE, depending on the defects and cluster size. The catalytic properties of graphene could be optimized by introducing small N clusters in combination with material defects. For S-doped graphene, sulfur atoms could be adsorbed on the graphene surface, substitute carbon atoms at the graphene edges in the form of sulfur/sulfur oxide, or connect two graphene sheets by forming a sulfur cluster ring. Catalytic active sites distribute at the zigzag edge or the neighboring carbon atoms of doped sulfur oxide atoms, which possess large spin or charge density. For those being the active catalytic sites, sulfur atoms with the highest charge density take two-electron transfer pathway while the carbon atoms with high spin or charge density follow four-electron transfer pathway. Stone-Wales defects not only promote the formation of sulfur-doped graphenes, but also facilitate the catalytic activity of these graphenes. The ORR catalytic capabilities of the graphene containing point or line defects denpend on whether the defects could introduce spin density into the system or not. The axial strain field applied on the graphene could change its electronic properties. Neither the compressive nor the tensile strain along the zigzag or armchair direction could facinitate the catalytic activities of perfect graphene without any defects. Tensile strain along zigzag direction could change the electronic properties of nitrogen doped graphene, which are favorable to its ORR catalytic property.

Our simulation results explored the ORR on defective graphene in essence and provide the theoretical base for searching and fabricating new high efficient catalysts using the carbon based materials for fuel cells.

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Nerva, Jean-Guillaume. "An Assessment of fuel physical and chemical properties in the combustion of a Diesel spray." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/29767.

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With the slow but ineluctable depletion of fossil fuels, several avenues are currently being explored in order to define the strategic boundaries for a clean and sustainable energetic future, while accounting for the specificities of each sectors involved. In regard to transport applications, alternative fuels may represent a promising solution, at least at short or middle term, such as the International Energy Agency foresees that their share could account for 9% of the road transport fuel needs by 2030 and 27 % by 2050, with the potential resources to reach 48% beyond. If they have already been included in significant blending proportions with conventional fossil fuel in most of the occidental countries, their introduction also coincides with a long-time established program of continuously more drastic standards for engine emissions of NOX and PM, now even further demanding by the seek for combustion efficiency aiming at reducing CO2 emissions. While several works discuss the alternative fuels effect on exhaust emissions when used directly in production Diesel engines, results and analysis are sometimes contradictory, depending sometimes on the conditions in which they were obtained, and the causes of these results remain unclear. Therefore, in order to better understand their effect on the combustion processes, and thus extract the maximum benefits from these fuels in the optimization of engine design and calibration, a detailed comprehension of their spray and combustion characteristics is essential. The approach of this study is mostly experimental and based on an incremental methodology of tests aiming at isolating injection and combustion processes with the objective to identify and quantify the role of both fuel physical and chemical properties at some key stages of the Diesel combustion process. After obtaining a detailed characterization of their properties, five fuels have been injected in an optical engine enabling a sharp control of the thermodynamic e
Nerva, J. (2013). An Assessment of fuel physical and chemical properties in the combustion of a Diesel spray [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/29767
Palancia
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Liu, David ShinRen. "Controlling the mechanical and transport properties of layer-by-layer films and electrospun mat composite membranes for fuel cell applications." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/91061.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, 2014.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
There is an ever increasing need for clean, portable energy devices, such as fuel cells and high energy batteries to replace or reduce the world's dependence on fossil fuels. The continued development of thin-film solid polymer electrolytes with improved mechanical and ion transport properties is critical for the further advancement of such electrochemical energy devices. For hydrogen and methanol fuel cells, the proton exchange membrane (PEM) has to have high protonic conductivity, low fuel crossover, and be mechanically and chemically stable. In particular, for direct methanol fuel cells and for high temperature (>100 °C), low relative humidity (< 60% RH) hydrogen fuel cells, the current industrial standard PEM, Nafion®, does not have all the required attributes. Layer-by-Layer (LbL) assembly allows for the controlled deposition of alternating polyelectrolytes at the nanometer scale. This technique can be used with highly proton conductive water soluble polymers as well as doped polymers. In addition, LbL assembly can be used to coat a variety of substrates of various shapes and sizes. An LbL system composed of poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) (PDAC) and sulfonated poly(2,6-dimethyl 1,4- phenylene oxide) (sPPO) has shown to have relatively high proton conductivity and very low methanol permeability compared to that of Nafion@, but lacking in mechanical strength when hydrated and losing significant proton conductivity at lower RH conditions. Herein this thesis work describes the selection, optimization, and utilization of multilayer systems and system composites as the PEM in hydrogen and methanol fuel cells, focusing on improving and understanding the improvements to the properties of layer-by-layer films and composite membranes for fuel cell applications by targeting two main areas: the mechanical properties and the conductive properties. In addition, characterization and film analysis work was done to correlate and explain how the changing of the LbL system and fabrication techniques impacted the membrane's mechanical and conductive properties. First, the mechanical strength and stability were greatly improved by spray-assembling the films on an electrospun fiber mat to form a composite membrane. Spray-LbL assembly was performed both with and without vacuum assistance, which had complementary effects on the film properties. By combining these techniques, composite membranes with methanol permeability twenty times lower than Nafion® and through-plane proton selectivity five times greater than Nafion@ were fabricated. In addition, the planar swelling of the composite membranes in water was significantly reduced. This large reduction in swelling is hypothesized to be due to the electrostatic interaction of the LbL system with the underlying electrospun fibers and would not occur in a typical polymer blend. Second, to improve the conductivity of the LbL films overall and specifically at lower RH conditions, two approaches were used. In the first approach, divalent salts were added to the polyanion solution to provide a stronger shielding effect than monovalent salts. The divalent salts allowed for ion bridging and increased both the number and the mobility of protons associated with sulfonic acid groups in the LbL film; thus increasing the film's conductivity. Through optimization of salt type and concentration, the protonic conductivity of PDAC/sPPO films was increased fourfold, and the humidity dependence of the conductivity was decreased. In the second approach, PDAC was replaced with a phosphoric-acid-doped polymer, poly(2- vinyl pyridine) (P2VP). The phosphoric acid concentration in the LbL film and the number of free sulfonic acid groups could be controlled post film fabrication by changing the concentration of the phosphoric acid dopant. The resulting P2VP/sPPO films exhibited greater conductivity than similarly doped P2VP films and under stronger doping conditions (0.4 M - 1.0 M phosphoric acid), the film's conductivity increases seventy-fivefold (110 mS/cm at 50% RH at room temperature), resulting in a conductivity an order of magnitude greater than Nafion®. The large increases in conductivity, particularly at low RH conditions further support a recently reported and very promising proton transport mechanism that utilizes both phosphoric and sulfonic acid groups.
by David ShinRen Liu.
Ph. D.
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Zhang, Lipeng. "Theoretical Study of Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalytic Properties of Defective Graphene in Fuel Cells." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1374245184.

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Cheng, Xinwei. "Development of reduced reaction kinetics and fuel physical properties models for in-cylinder simulation of biodiesel combustion." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/33397/.

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The analyses of spray, combustion and emission characteristics for two types of biodiesel fuels, namely coconut methyl ester (CME) and soybean methyl ester (SME) are reported in this thesis. In order to produce high fidelity numerical spray and combustion representation for CME and SME, accurately developed thermo-physical properties and chemical kinetics were integrated with open-source computational fluid dynamics codes. First, the thermo-physical properties of CME and SME which include liquid and vapour properties were calculated using temperature-dependent correlations that were found in the literature. These calculated thermo-physical properties were then incorporated into Open Field Operation and Manipulation (OpenFOAM) to determine the sensitivities of the fuel properties on the spray development. Based on the sensitivity analyses, 5 of 12 thermo-physical properties, including latent heat of vaporisation, liquid density, liquid heat capacity, liquid surface tension and vapour pressure, gave the largest fluctuation to the spray development. Besides, coupled effects among the thermo-physical properties were discovered. The effects of thermo-physical properties were also varied according to the addition of unsaturation levels and combustion chemistries. Next, a generic reduced chemical kinetic mechanism, with components of methyl decanoate, methyl-9-decenoate and n-heptane was developed to represent the biodiesel fuels. The reduced mechanism with 92 species and 360 elementary reactions was validated under 72 shock tube conditions against experimental measurements in the literature and detailed mechanism predictions, for each zero-dimensional auto-ignition and extinction process using CHEMKIN-PRO. Maximum percentage errors of less than 40.0% were recorded when the ignition delay (ID) period predictions of the reduced mechanism were compared to those of detailed mechanism. Satisfactory agreement was attained when the predictions of the reduced mechanism were validated against the measured species profiles of rapeseed methyl ester oxidation in jet stirred reactor, which were obtained from the literature. Besides, the ID periods and lift-off lengths (LOL) predicted for the reacting spray at initial temperatures of 900 K and 1000 K achieved a maximum deviation of 29.8% and 43.4%, respectively, as compared to those of the experimental measurements in the literature. CME and SME were then numerically analysed under both the conditions of constant volume bomb and diesel engine, using the validated thermo-physical properties and reduced mechanism. The ambient oxygen level of the constant volume bomb was raised from 15.0 to 21.0% to emulate the intake air composition in the diesel engine. As such, the spray development was changed from radial to forward propagation, where LOL was reduced by 24.3%. Higher levels of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and soot mass concentrations were also obtained. When the unsaturation level was increased from 20.0% (CME) to 80.0% (SME), retarded spray and combustion developments were found in both the constant volume bomb and diesel engine. Besides, the CO, soot and nitric oxide (NO) emissions, including the tailpipe predictions were maximally increased by 32.0%. In overall, CME performs better than SME does because of the improved air-fuel mixing and decreased tailpipe NO, CO and CO2 emissions. Based on these, it is sufficient to deduce that the phenomena predicted in the constant volume bomb are adequate to replicate those in the diesel engine.
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Shen, Chen. "Application of Fuel Element Combustion Properties to a Semi-Empirical Flame Propagation Model for Live Wildland Utah Shrubs." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3550.

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Current field models for wildfire prediction are mostly based on dry or low-moisture fuel combustion research. To better study live fuel combustion behavior and develop the current semi-empirical bush combustion model, a laminar flow flat-flame burner was used to provide a convection heating source to ignite individual live fuel samples. In this research project, four Utah species were studied: Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii), canyon maple (Acer grandidentatum), big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) and Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma). Leaf geometrical parameters and time-dependent combustion behavior were recorded. Qualitative results included various combustion phenomena like bursting, brand formation and bending. Quantitative results included determination of best correlations for (a) leaf geometrical properties (individual leaf dry mass (mdry), thickness (Δx), leaf width (W) and leaf length (L)) and (b) combustion characteristics (e.g., time to ignition (tig), time of flame duration (tfd), time to maximum flame height (tfh), time to burnout (tbrn), and maximum flame height (hf,max)). A semi-empirical bush model was expanded to describe the combustion behavior of the three Utah species (Gambel oak, canyon maple and Utah juniper). Leaf placement and bush structure were determined from the statistical model. A new flame area simulation was explored in the semi-empirical bush model in order to improve the bush burning predictions.
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Books on the topic "Chemical and fuel properties"

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Gaur, Siddhartha. Thermal data for natural and synthetic fuels. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1998.

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Boichenko, Sergii, Olufemi Olaulava Babatunde, Petro Topіl'nic'kii, and Vіktorіya Romanchuk. Physical and chemical properties of Nigerian oils and prospective technological scheme of their proccesing. Київ, Україна: Національний технічний університет України «Київський політехнічний інститут імені Ігоря Сікорського», 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/978-966-919-783-2.

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The current state of the oil refining industry in Nigeria, its problems and prospects are considered.The presented results of studies of the physicochemical properties of Nigerian oils, as well as gasoline,diesel fractions, jet fuel and fuel oil fractions obtained from them are compared with those obtained for oils from the eastern and western regions of Ukraine. Processing methods of fuel oils from Nigerian oils are presented with the aim of bitumen and base oils production. A promising technologicalscheme for the processing of Nigerian oils is proposed.
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Synthetic fuels handbook: Properties, process, and performance. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008.

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McDaniel, Rebecca. Effects of hot plant fuel characteristics and combustion on asphalt concrete quality: Rebecca S. McDaniel and John Haddock. Pierre, S.D: Office of Research, S.D. Dept. of Transportation, 2004.

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Practical handbook on biodiesel production and properties. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2012.

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Richardson, Stephen. Sulphide ore minerals:surface chemical properties. Birmingham: Aston University. Department of Electricaland Electronic Engineering and Applied Physics, 1988.

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Chemical properties of material surfaces. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2001.

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Serebryakov, Andrey, Tat'yana Smirnova, Valentina Mercheva, and Elena Soboleva. Chemistry of combustible minerals. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1041945.

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This textbook is a publication of the latest generation, designed to optimize the national project "Education"; develops theoretical knowledge about the genesis of natural liquid, gaseous and solid combustible minerals, the formation of the composition and properties, the practical significance of fuel and energy natural complexes. It is devoted to the study of the composition, properties and classification of oils, gas condensate, natural gases and solid combustible minerals, studied at the level of modern achievements of instrumental analytical and factory equipment in accordance with existing technologies, theories and hypotheses about the genesis of hydrocarbons and Earth sciences. The publication is supplemented with the main directions of processing of combustible minerals. Digital and graphical types of chemical models of the synergy of components of gas and oil deposits are described, which are necessary for predicting the phase state and composition of hydrocarbons and optimizing the directions of processing of marketable products. To facilitate the process of cognition of the origin and formation of the composition and properties of natural combustible minerals, a glossary, tests, as well as questions for the test and exam are offered. To control the knowledge gained by students while studying textbook materials, each chapter is accompanied by questions and tasks. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is intended for students studying in the fields of 05.04.01, 05.03.01 "Geology", 21.05.02 "Applied Geology", as well as for specialists in the field of geology, geochemistry, extraction and processing of oil, gas, gas condensate, solid fuels.
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Military chemical and biological agents: Chemical and toxicological properties. Caldwell, NJ: Telford Press, 1987.

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International, ASTM, ed. Fuel and fuel system microbiology-- fundamentals, diagnosis, and contamination control. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Chemical and fuel properties"

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Swaminathan, Narasimhan, and Jianmin Qu. "Determination of Chemical Expansion Coefficient and Elastic Properties of Non-Stoichiometric GDC Using Molecular Dynamic Simulations." In Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells III, 401–11. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470339534.ch36.

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Lalit. "The Physical and Chemical Fuel Properties of Jatropha Oil Diesel Blends with Biogas in Dual Fuel Operation." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 521–29. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9613-8_48.

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Markov, A. Yu, V. V. Strokova, I. Yu Markova, and M. A. Stepanenko. "Physico-Chemical Properties of Fuel Ashes as Factor of Interaction with Cationic Bitumen Emulsion." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 294–300. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54652-6_44.

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Gonzalez, George Luis. "Chapter 11 | Hydrocarbons for Chemical and Specialty Uses." In Fuels and Lubricants Handbook: Technology, Properties, Performance, and Testing, 2nd Edition, 333–50. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/mnl3720150031.

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Pędzich, Dominik, Natalia Reczek, Krzysztof Skrzypek-Markiewicz, and Katarzyna Bizon. "Analysis of the Steady-State Properties of a Bifunctional Catalyst for the Synthesis of Renewable Fuels." In Practical Aspects of Chemical Engineering, 314–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39867-5_33.

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Weekers, F., Ph Thonart, Ph Jacques, D. Springael, M. Mergeay, and L. Diels. "Effect of Drying on Bioremediation Bacteria Properties." In Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals, 311–22. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1814-2_30.

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Pimenova, Natalia V., and Thomas R. Hanley. "Measurement of Rheological Properties of Corn Stover Suspensions." In Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals, 383–92. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0057-4_31.

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Diaz-Bejarano, Emilio, Sandro Macchietto, Andrey Porsin, Davide Manca, and Valentina Depetri. "9 Fossil Fuel." In Green Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 275–332. 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487–2742: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315153209-10.

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Abidin, Sumaiya, Basudeb Saha, Raj Patel, Amir Khan, I. Mujtaba, Richard Butterfield, Elisabetta Mercuri, and Davide Manca. "10 Bio Fuel." In Green Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 333–72. 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487–2742: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315153209-11.

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Gunstone, F. D. "Chemical Properties." In The Lipid Handbook, 449–84. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2905-1_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Chemical and fuel properties"

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Wzorek, M. "Physical and chemical properties of fuel containing animal waste." In WASTE MANAGEMENT 2008. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wm080081.

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Chin, J. S., and A. H. Lefebvre. "Influence of Fuel Chemical Properties on Soot Emissions From Gas Turbine Combustors." In ASME 1989 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/89-gt-261.

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The influence of fuel composition on soot emissions from continuous flow combustors is examined. A study of the combustion characteristics of a wide range of present and potential aviation fuels suggests that smoke point provides a better indication of sooting tendency than does hydrogen content. It is concluded from this study that the best empirical relationship between fuel chemical composition and soot emissions is one which combines two fuel composition parameters — smoke point and naphthalene content — into a single parameter which is shown to correlate successfully soot emissions data acquired from several different fuels burning in a variety of gas turbine and model combustors.
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Weerachanchai, Piyarat, Chaiyot Tangsathitkulchai, and Malee Tangsathitkulchai. "Fuel Properties and Chemical Compositions of Bio-Oils from Biomass Pyrolysis." In JSAE/SAE International Fuels & Lubricants Meeting. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-2024.

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Geng, Pat, and Douglas Conran. "Correlation of Chemical Compositions and Fuel Properties with Fuel Octane Rating of Gasoline Containing Ethanol." In SAE International Powertrains, Fuels and Lubricants Meeting. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-1986.

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Kolokol, Alexander S., and Alexander L. Shimkevich. "On Advanced Fuel With Improved Properties." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48090.

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A disadvantage of the uranium dioxide fuel is very low thermal conductivity than the one of nitride, carbide, metal fuel, and cermets as composites, UO2+Me, due to the portion in thermal conductivity of their electronic conductivity and high phonon mobility. An investigation of the microstructure and atomic dynamics of solid solutions as well as the physical and chemical processes in them will make it possible to adjust the properties of the solutions in steps according to prescribed indicators by using alloying additives. The concept for designing an oxide fuel may be promising for the development of a new generation of nuclear reactors. In developing the methods for designing reactor materials as to the nuclear fuel, microscopic-structure improving its thermal and physical properties is formulated here.
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Cracknell, R. F., and M. S. Stark. "Influence of Fuel Properties on Lubricant Oxidative Stability: Part 2 - Chemical Kinetics Modelling." In 2007 Fuels and Emissions Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-0003.

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Burger, Victor, Andy Yates, Thomas Mosbach, and Barani Gunasekaran. "Fuel Influence on Targeted Gas Turbine Combustion Properties: Part II — Detailed Results." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-25105.

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The paper presents the results from a study that formed part of a bilateral project between DLR-VT and Sasol Technology Fuels Research aimed at investigating the potential influence of physical and chemical fuel properties on ignition and extinction limits within heterogeneous gas turbine combustion. The threshold of flame extinction and re-ignition behaviour of a range of alternative fuels was investigated in a representative aero-combustor sector to determine the relative influence of physical properties and chemical reaction timescales. A matrix of eight test fuels was selected for use during the study and included conventional crude-derived Jet A-1, synthetic paraffinic kerosene, linear paraffinic solvents, aromatic solvents and pure compounds. All test fuels were characterised through full specification analyses, distillation profiles and two-dimensional gas chromatography. The ignition and extinction behaviour of the test fuel matrix was evaluated under simulated altitude conditions at the Rolls-Royce Strategic Research Centre’s sub-atmospheric altitude ignition facility in Derby, UK. A twin sector segment of a Rich Quench Lean (RQL) combustor was employed with fuel supplied to a single burner. Combustor air inlet conditions were controlled to 41.4 kPa and 265 K. Fuel temperature was controlled to 288 K. In addition to the standard extinction and ignition detection systems, optical diagnostics were applied during the test programme. Simultaneous high-speed imaging of the OH* chemiluminescence, and broadband flame luminosity was employed to capture the main reaction zones, the global heat release and distribution of radiative soot particles respectively. Lean extinction points were determined using both a photodiode as well as from the OH* chemiluminescence data. The position of extinction and overall combustor ignition and extinction timescales were determined. The diagnostic methodology that was used to obtain the results reported in this paper is discussed in greater detail in a separate complementary paper. All eight fuels, including the fully synthetic Jet A-1 fuels that formed part of the test matrix, yielded performance that was comparable to that obtained with conventional crude-derived Jet A-1.
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Morgan, Paul M., Carl L. Viljoen, Piet N. Roets, Paul W. Schaberg, Ian S. Myburgh, Jacobus J. Botha, and Luis P. Dancuart. "Some Comparative Chemical, Physical and Compatibility Properties of Sasol Slurry Phase Distillate Diesel Fuel." In International Fall Fuels and Lubricants Meeting and Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/982488.

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Corporan, Edwin, Orvin Monroig, Matthew Wagner, and Matthew J. Dewitt. "Influence of Fuel Chemical Composition on Particulate Matter Emissions of a Turbine Engine." In ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-54335.

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The effects of fuel chemical composition on particulate matter (PM) emissions of a T63 engine were investigated. Fuels with different aromatic, cycloparaffin (naphthene), iso-paraffin and normal paraffin levels were evaluated in the turboshaft engine and compared to the performance of a typical JP-8 fuel. The fuels studied include: a semi-synthetic jet fuel, two high naphthenic experimental fuels, three Exxon solvents (Isopar M, Isopar H and Norpar-13) and methylcyclohexane. The effect of blending solvents in JP-8 on PM emissions was also assessed. Commercially available particulate instruments were used to measure particle number density, particulate mass concentration and particle size distribution. Results showed a general trend of higher particulate concentrations and larger diameter soot particles with decreasing fuel hydrogen-to-carbon (H/C) ratio or increasing aromatic content. However, for several fuels with approximately the same H/C ratio, significant differences in PND and calculated mass were observed. Furthermore, blends of JP-8 with solvents of similar H/C ratio but varying chemical composition produced significantly different particulate emissions. These findings demonstrate that particulate emissions from hydrocarbon-fueled combustion processes are not solely a function of the H/C ratio or aromatic concentration of the fuel, but that other properties or constituents also impact soot emissions. Chemical and physical properties of the fuels and their potential effect on particulate emissions are discussed. These findings provide insight into fuel properties that impact PM emissions, which may aid in the development of fuel additives to reduce particulate emissions from turbine engine combustors.
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Tang, Meng, Yuanjiang Pei, Yu Zhang, Michael Traver, and Jeffrey Naber. "Effect of Fuel Chemical and Physical Properties on Spray and Ignition Characteristics Under Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Conditions." In ASME 2019 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2019-7266.

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Abstract Spray combustion in compression ignition (CI) engines is a complex physical-chemical phenomenon. The differences in key fuel properties between gasoline range fuels and diesel, including the distillation temperature ranges and fuel reactivity, affect spray formation and combustion. To understand the impact of these fuel effects, this study aims at a thorough computational investigation involving variations in both the fuel physical and chemical properties. Physical properties include latent heat of vaporization, specific heat capacity, density, vapor pressure, viscosity, and surface tension. These properties were individually perturbed between gasoline and diesel. Chemical properties were represented by different fuel reactivity, including PRF0 and PRF60. The model was validated against diesel and RON60 gasoline spray experiments performed in a constant-volume combustion chamber. The physical and chemical properties were modeled separately to isolate the effect of a single parameter that is often difficult to single out in experimental investigations. Sprays under non-reacting and reacting conditions were then simulated to understand the physical processes that lead to ignition and thus the fuel reactivity effects on the subsequent processes. The investigation covered low to high temperature combustion and different exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) levels. Simulation results suggested that the chemical property dominated the ignition process, whereas the physical properties had more influence on the atomization and vaporization process. Also, there was a complex interaction between physical and chemical parameters on spray ignition depending on the operating conditions, which provide insights on tailoring fuel properties for different CI applications.
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Reports on the topic "Chemical and fuel properties"

1

Kolodziejczyk, Bart. Unsettled Issues Concerning the Use of Green Ammonia Fuel in Ground Vehicles. SAE International, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021003.

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While hydrogen is emerging as a clean alternative automotive fuel and energy storage medium, there are still numerous challenges to implementation, such as the economy of hydrogen production and deployment, expensive storage materials, energy intensive compression or liquefaction processes, and limited trial applications. Synthetic ammonia production, on the other hand, has been available on an industrial scale for nearly a century. Ammonia is one of the most-traded commodities globally and the second most-produced synthetic chemical after sulfuric acid. As an energy carrier, it enables effective hydrogen storage in chemical form by binding hydrogen atoms to atmospheric nitrogen. While ammonia as a fuel is still in its infancy, its unique properties render it as a potentially viable candidate for decarbonizing the automotive industry. Yet, lack of regulation and standards for automotive applications, technology readiness, and reliance on natural gas for both hydrogen feedstocks to generate the ammonia and facilitate hydrogen and nitrogen conversion into liquid ammonia add extra uncertainty to use scenarios. Unsettled Issues Concerning the Use of Green Ammonia Fuel in Ground Vehicles brings together collected knowledge on current and future prospects for the application of ammonia in ground vehicles, including the technological and regulatory challenges for this new type of clean fuel.
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Benny, H. L. Physical properties of Dowell Chemical Seal Ring. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5421514.

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Zamansky, Vladimir M., Vitali V. Lissianski, Mark S. Sheldon, and Eric L. Petersen. Chemical Additives for Maximizing Fuel Reactivity. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada373515.

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Martel, Charles R. Properties of JP-8 Jet Fuel. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada197270.

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Wilson, III, Westbrook George R., and Steven. Distillate Fuel Trends: International Supply Variations and Alternate Fuel Properties. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada587317.

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Kacher, Christian D. Chemical and nuclear properties of Rutherfordium (Element 104). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/193914.

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Scripsick, R. C., S. Ehrman, and S. K. Friedlander. Chemical and physicochemial properties of submicron aerosol agglomerates. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/560747.

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Zhao, Youyang. Molten Chloride Thermophysical Properties, Chemical Optimization, and Purification. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1734652.

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Raj, R. Ceramic films and interfaces: Chemical and mechanical properties. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5834676.

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Ayres, D. A. Chemical process safety at fuel cycle facilities. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/515582.

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