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Journal articles on the topic 'Chemical and biological'

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Published: 10 March 2023
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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1

Brovarska, O. S., L. D. Varbanets, and S. V. Kalinichenko. "Chemical Characterization and Biological Activity of Escherichia coli Lipopolysaccharides." Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal 82, no. 6 (November 30, 2020): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj82.06.035.

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Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are specific components of the cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria, located at the external surface of their outer membrane and performing a number of important physicochemical and biological functions. The widespread in nature are representatives of Enterobacteriaceae family. Among them there are saprotrophic, useful human symbionts, as well as causative agents of acute intestinal infections. The role of saprophytic intestinal microbiota is not limited only to its participation in the digestion process. The endotoxin released as a result of self-renewal of the cell pool of Escherichia coli partially enters the portal blood and performs antigenic stimulation of the macroorganism. In addition, a small amount of endotoxin can also be released by live gram-negative bacteria, which, given the large population of E. coli in the intestine, can create a sufficiently high concentration of endotoxin. Aim. The study of composition and biological activity of lipopolysaccharides of new E. coli strains, found in the human body. Methods. The objects of investigation were strains of Escherichia coli, isolated from healthy patients at the epidemiological center in Kharkiv. Lipopolysaccharides were extracted from dried cells by 45% phenol water solution at 65–68°С by Westphal and Jann method. The amount of carbohydrates was determined by phenol-sulfuric method. Carbohydrate content was determined in accordance to the calibration curve, which was built using glucose as a standard. The content of nucleic acids was determined by Spirin method, protein − by Lowry method. Serological activity of LPS was investigated by double immunodiffusion in agar using the method of Ouchterlony. Results. In all studied E. coli LPS (2884, 2890, 2892), glucose was dominant monosaccharide (40.5, 41.1, 67.3%, respectively). LPS also contained rhamnose (1.8, 22.9, 1.6%, respectively), ribose (3.5, 6.1, 3.6%, respectively) and galactose (4.1, 20.2, 18.3%, respectively). E. coli 2884 LPS also contained arabinose (1.0%) and mannose (44.8%), while E. coli strains 2890 and 2892 LPS contained heptose (9.7 and 7.8%, respectively). Lipid A composition was presented by fatty acids with a carbon chain length from C12 to C18. As the predominant components were 3-hydroxytetradecanoic (39.2–51.3%) as well as tetradecanoic (23.1–28.5%), dodecanoic (8.9–10.9%), hexadecanoic (4.3–7.2%) and octadecanoic (1.8–2.4%) acids. Unsaturated fatty acids: hexadecenoic (2.0–17.9%) and octadecenoic (3.4–4.2%) have been also identified. It was found that octadecanoic and octadecenoic acids were absent in the LPS of 2884 and 2892 strains, respectively. In SDS-PAAG electrophoresis, a bimodal distribution typical for S-forms of LPS was observed. The studied LPS were toxic and pyrogenic. Double immunodiffusion in agar by Ouchterlony revealed that the tested LPS exhibited an antigenic activity in the homologous system. In heterologous system E. coli 2892 LPS had cross reactivity with LPS of E. coli 2890 and М-17. Since the structure of the O-specific polysaccharide (OPS) of E. coli M-17 was established by us earlier, the results of serological reactions make it possible to suggest an analogy of the E. coli 2892 and 2890 OPS structures with that of E. coli М-17 and their belonging to the same serogroup. Conclusions. The study of the composition and biological activity of LPS of new strains of Escherichia coli 2884, 2890 and 2892, isolated from the body of almost healthy patients, expands our knowledge about the biological characteristics of the species.
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2

Jumanov, Akhmadzhon Mirzaevich. "The Role And Importance Of Chemical Knowledge In Biological Education." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 02, no. 08 (August 19, 2020): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue08-29.

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3

Rosenberg, Barbara Hatch. "Biological and Chemical Warfare." Science 227, no. 4683 (January 11, 1985): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.227.4683.120.a.

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4

ROSENBERG, B. H. "Biological and Chemical Warfare." Science 227, no. 4683 (January 11, 1985): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.227.4683.120.

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5

Gay, Hannah. "Chemical and Biological Warfare." International History Review 9, no. 3 (August 1987): 465–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.1987.9640453.

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6

McEwen, Charles N., Frances S. Ligler, and Timothy M. Swager. "Chemical and biological detection." Chemical Society Reviews 42, no. 22 (2013): 8581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cs90078a.

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7

SCHUMMER, JOACHIM. "Chemical versus Biological Explanations." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 988, no. 1 (May 2003): 269–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb06108.x.

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8

Nylander, C. "Chemical and biological sensors." Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments 18, no. 9 (September 1985): 736–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/18/9/003.

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9

Paltin, David M. "Chemical and Biological Violence." Journal of Threat Assessment 2, no. 3 (June 2003): 41–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j177v02n03_03.

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10

Henretig, Fred M., Theodore J. Cieslak, and Edward M. Eitzen. "Biological and chemical terrorism." Journal of Pediatrics 141, no. 3 (September 2002): 311–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2002.127408.

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11

Morse, Stephen S. "Biological and chemical terrorism." Technology in Society 25, no. 4 (November 2003): 557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2003.09.020.

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12

Stephanopoulos, Gregory. "Chemical and Biological Engineering." Chemical Engineering Science 58, no. 14 (July 2003): 3291–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2509(03)00183-0.

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13

Fernando, DMG, and LBL De Alwis. "Chemical and Biological Warfare." Sri Lanka Journal of Forensic Medicine, Science & Law 1, no. 2 (January 20, 2011): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljfmsl.v1i2.2720.

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14

Lockwood, Alan H. "Chemical and Biological Weapons." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 266, no. 5 (August 7, 1991): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1991.03470050052009.

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15

Lockwood, A. H. "Chemical and biological weapons." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 266, no. 5 (August 7, 1991): 652b—652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.266.5.652b.

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16

Orient, Jane M. "Chemical and Biological Warfare." JAMA 262, no. 5 (August 4, 1989): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1989.03430050060027.

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17

Kushida, Tatsuya, Kouji Kozaki, Takahiro Kawamura, Yuka Tateisi, Yasunori Yamamoto, and Toshihisa Takagi. "Interconnection of Biological Knowledge Using NikkajiRDF and Interlinking Ontology for Biological Concepts." New Generation Computing 37, no. 4 (September 27, 2019): 525–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00354-019-00074-y.

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Abstract We investigated the interconnection on knowledge of biological molecules, biological phenomena, and diseases to efficiently collect information regarding the functions of chemical compounds and gene products, roles, applications, and involvements in diseases using knowledge graphs (KGs) developed from Resource Description Framework (RDF) data and ontologies. NikkajiRDF linked open data provide information on approximately 3.5 million chemical compounds and 694 application examples. We integrated NikkajiRDF with Interlinking Ontology for Biological Concepts (IOBC), including approximately 80,000 concepts, information on gene products, drugs, and diseases. Using IOBC’s ontological structure, we confirmed that this integration enabled us to infer new information regarding biological and chemical functions, applications, and involvements in diseases for 5038 chemical compounds. Furthermore, we developed KGs from IOBC and added protein, biological phenomena, and disease identifiers used in major biological databases: UniProt, Gene Ontology, and MeSH to the KGs. Using the extended KGs and federated search to the DisGeNET, we discovered more than 60 chemicals and 700 gene products, involved in 32 diseases.
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18

El-Gohary, F. A., S. I. Abo-Elela, S. A. Shehata, and H. M. El-Kamah. "Physico-Chemical-Biological Treatment of Municipal Wastewater." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 7 (October 1, 1991): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0212.

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Physico-chemical sewage treatment via coagulation-sedimentation is put in action for suspended solids removal. The effectiveness of this technology concerning the soluble organic content is extremely low. In direct comparison, the use of a biological sand-bed and a high-rate oxidation pond as a tertiary treatment for the chemically treated effluent brought about a substantial increase in efficiency. Experimental investigations performed led to the conclusions that, for the reuse of wastewater for irrigation, chemical treatment is appropriate. For discharge of treated effluents into surface water, combination of the physico-chemical-biological scheme is recommended.
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19

Kurmantayeva, Gulnissa, Alexandr Borisovich Marchenko, Svetlana Aleksandrovna Ivasenko, Rosa Battalovna Seidakhmetova, Marlen Kemelbekovich Smagulov, and Gayane Abdulkhakimovna Atazhanova. "Chemical composition and biological activity of essential oil of Nepeta pannonica." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. “Biology, medicine, geography Series” 104, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2021bmg4/46-52.

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Search for new sources of biologically active substances from plants of local flora is a promising area of modern phytochemical science. The article examines the composition of essential oil samples obtained from Nepeta pannonica, growing in the Karaganda region with the use of gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry method. The differences in the chemical composition of the oil depending by the plant organs have been identified. The main component of essential oil is nepetalactone. For the analysis, a unified method for determining the component composition of essential oils, as well as an Agilent Technologies 7890A chromatograph system with a 5975C inert MSD mass spectrometric detector were used. According to the data, the following substances were identified in the essential oils of the plant — 1,8-cineole, nepetalactone, germacrene D, screening of essential oil of Nepeta pannonica for antimicrobial and analgesic activity.
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20

Friedlová, M. "The influence of heavy metals on soil biological and chemical properties." Soil and Water Research 5, No. 1 (February 26, 2010): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/11/2009-swr.

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Soil samples were collected at alluvial sites of the Litavka River, which flows through the Beroun and Příbram cities in Central Bohemia Region of the Czech Republic in 2005 and 2006. Higher heavy metal content in soils (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu) is due to composition of the parent rock, emissions from lead processing industry and the leak of toxic material from the steel works sludge ponds in the 1970s and 1980s. The samples were collected from six sites located at different distances from the contamination source (the former sludge ponds) and chemical and biological properties were determined. The ratio of the microbial biomass carbon to oxidisable carbon content dropped down significantly on more heavily contaminated sites. Basal respiration activity did not correlate with the content of heavy metals in soil, but there was certain declining tendency with increasing intensity of soil contamination. Respiration activities significantly correlated with the total carbon, oxidisable carbon and the total nitrogen content. The metabolic quotient showed higher values with increasing contamination. Dehydrogenases and arylsulphatase activities decreased with increasing contamination. Urease activity has also a declining tendency but its relation to different intensity of contamination was not unambiguous. Urease activity has shown a relationship with the content of total nitrogen in soil. No relationship was found between the total sulphur content and arylsulphatase activity. Dehydrogenases, arylsulfatase and urease activities significantly correlated with the microbial biomass carbon.
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21

Schreuder-Gibson, Heidi L., Quoc Truong, John E. Walker, Jeffery R. Owens, Joseph D. Wander, and Wayne E. Jones. "Chemical and Biological Protection and Detection in Fabrics for Protective Clothing." MRS Bulletin 28, no. 8 (August 2003): 574–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2003.168.

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AbstractMilitary, firefighter, law enforcement, and medical personnel require high-level protection when dealing with chemical and biological threats in many environments ranging from combat to urban, agricultural, and industrial. Current protective clothing is based on full barrier protection, such as hazardous materials (HAZMAT) suits, or permeable adsorptive protective overgarments, such as those used by the U.S. military. New protective garment systems are envisioned that contain novel features, such as the capability to selectively block toxic chemicals, to chemically destroy toxic materials that contact the fabric, and to detect hazardous agents on the surface of the fabric. New technologies being built into advanced fabrics for enhanced chemical and biological protection include selectively permeable membranes, reactive nanoparticles, reactive nanofibers, biocidal fabric treatments, and conductive-polymer indicators on optical fibers.
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22

Guomin, Cao, Yang Guoping, Sheng Mei, and Wang Yongjian. "Chemical industrial wastewater treated by combined biological and chemical oxidation process." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 5 (March 1, 2009): 1019–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.051.

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Wastewaters from phenol and rubber synthesis were treated by the activated sludge process in a large-scale chemical factory in Shanghai, but the final effluent quality cannot conform with the local discharge limit without using river water for dilution. Therefore, this chemical factory had to upgrade its wastewater treatment plant. To fully use the present buildings and equipment during upgrading of the chemical factory's wastewater treatment plant and to save operation costs, a sequential biological pre-treatement, chemical oxidation, and biological post-treatment (or BCB for short) process had been proposed and investigated in a pilot trial. The pilot trial results showed that about 80% COD in the chemical wastewater could be removed through anoxic and aerobic degradation in the biological pre-treatement section, and the residual COD in the effluent of the biological pre-treatment section belongs to refractory chemicals which cannot be removed by the normal biological process. The refractory chemicals were partial oxidized using Fenton's reagent in the chemical oxidation section to improve their biodegradability; subsequently the wastewater was treated by the SBR process in the biological post-treatment section. The final effluent COD reached the first grade discharge limit (<100 mg l−1) of Chinese Notational Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996) even if without using any dilution water. Compared with the original dilution and biological process, the operation cost of the BCB process increased by about 0.5 yuan (RMB) per cubic metre wastewater, but about 1,240,000 m3 a−1 dilution water could be saved and the COD emission could be cut down by 112 tonne each year.
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23

Noy, Aleksandr. "Chemical force microscopy of chemical and biological interactions." Surface and Interface Analysis 38, no. 11 (2006): 1429–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.2374.

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24

Servos, M. R., J. L. Parrott, J. P. Sherry, and S. B. Brown. "Developing Biological Endpoints for Defining Virtual Elimination: a Case Study for PCDDs and PCDFs." Water Quality Research Journal 34, no. 3 (August 1, 1999): 391–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1999.019.

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Abstract Defining virtual elimination has created considerable debate. A traditional approach has been to use chemically defined detection limits or levels of quantification that are determined using the best currently available methodologies. Ever increasing improvements in analytical techniques could lead to corresponding pressure to reduce the targets for virtual elimination. The current Toxic Substances Management Policy in Canada recognizes this and clearly states that it is not the intent of virtual elimination to have a moving target or to chase down the last molecule of the chemical of concern. Although it may be possible to reduce a chemical to less than some extremely sensitive detection limit, the chemical may or may not exert biological effects at that level. The chemically defined detection limits may be much lower than background levels in the environment, making it an unrealistic target. Conversely biological responses may result from trace levels of a compound that are not detectable in effluents or selected compartments of the environment (i.e., water) using current chemical techniques. Alternatively, an effect-based approach can establish biologically meaningful endpoints to defining virtual elimination. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are used in this study as an example to evaluate the advantages and limitations of several possible approaches of using biological endpoints to determine the presence of these compounds in the environment and ultimately define virtual elimination. A review of the biological responses to PCDD/PCDFs is included to demonstrate the importance of selecting appropriate biological endpoints. Mixed function oxygenase (MFO) induction, although not recommended at this point, is used as an example of a possible sensitive endpoint that could potentially be used to detect exposure of biota to these chemicals. Three different approaches are explored: (1) measuring MFO induction in a sentinel species in the environment; (2) testing environmental extracts for MFO induction in cell lines; and (3) using biological endpoints (MFO induction) to define chemical targets for virtual elimination. While the use of biological end-points is the most desirable approach to defining virtual elimination, there are significant knowledge gaps which limit our selection and application of this approach.
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25

Jambunathan, Pooja, and Kechun Zhang. "Combining biological and chemical approaches for green synthesis of chemicals." Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering 10 (November 2015): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2015.07.007.

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26

Heinis, Christian. "Combining biological and chemical diversity." Nature Chemistry 13, no. 6 (June 2021): 512–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41557-021-00722-1.

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27

Augusto, Manoel, Whitaker Pacheco, Dennis Owen McIntyre, and Tyler Keith Linton. "INTEGRATING CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CRITERIA." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24, no. 11 (2005): 2983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/04-624r.1.

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28

Riland, Carson A. "Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Terrorism." Health Physics 86, no. 3 (March 2004): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004032-200403000-00013.

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29

Bajpai, Pratima. "Biological Bleaching of Chemical Pulps." Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 24, no. 1 (January 2004): 1–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07388550490465817.

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30

Amos, Martyn, Peter Dittrich, John McCaskill, and Steen Rasmussen. "Biological and Chemical Information Technologies." Procedia Computer Science 7 (2011): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2011.12.019.

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31

Vašák, M. "Metallothioneins: chemical and biological challenges." JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry 16, no. 7 (September 9, 2011): 975–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00775-011-0832-5.

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32

Evans Schultes, Richard. "Alkaloids: Chemical and biological perspectives." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 22, no. 2 (February 1988): 227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(88)90132-8.

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33

Hagiya, Masami. "Designing Chemical and Biological Systems." New Generation Computing 26, no. 3 (May 2008): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00354-008-0046-8.

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34

Riobó, Pilar, and José M. Franco. "Palytoxins: Biological and chemical determination." Toxicon 57, no. 3 (March 2011): 368–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.09.012.

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35

Grammel, Markus, and Howard C. Hang. "Chemical reporters for biological discovery." Nature Chemical Biology 9, no. 8 (July 18, 2013): 475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.1296.

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36

Porche, Demetrius J. "Biological and Chemical Bioterrorism Agents." Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS care 13, no. 5 (September 2002): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105532902236783.

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37

Hanson, William Paynter. "Integrated biological and chemical sensors." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119, no. 4 (2006): 1906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2195799.

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38

Wright, J. D., Richard E. Moss, Ian O. Sutherland, P. Vadgama, Jane E. Frew, Monika J. Green, A. J. Dobbs, and M. G. Briers. "Practical chemical and biological sensors." Analytical Proceedings 25, no. 8 (1988): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/ap9882500271.

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39

Verma, Rajeshwar P., Alka Kurup, Suresh B. Mekapati, and Corwin Hansch. "Chemical–biological interactions in human." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 13, no. 4 (February 2005): 933–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2004.10.064.

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40

Schuffenhauer, Ansgar, and Nathan Brown. "Chemical diversity and biological activity." Drug Discovery Today: Technologies 3, no. 4 (December 2006): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ddtec.2006.12.007.

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41

Garcia-Serna, Ricard, and Jordi Mestres. "Chemical probes for biological systems." Drug Discovery Today 16, no. 3-4 (February 2011): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2010.11.004.

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42

Dey, Mishtu, and Eranthie Weerapana. "Chemical Tools in Biological Discovery." Cell Chemical Biology 27, no. 8 (August 2020): 889–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.08.004.

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43

Christensen, Hanne. "Alkaloids: Chemical and biological perspectives." Forensic Science International 30, no. 1 (January 1986): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-0738(86)90181-7.

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44

Fersht, Alan. "Chemical Basis of Biological Specificity." Bulletin des Sociétés Chimiques Belges 91, no. 5 (September 1, 2010): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bscb.19820910507.

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45

Knudson, Gregory B., Éric T. Multon, and David E. McClain. "Introduction to Session 3: Nuclear/Biological/Chemical Interactions—Chemical and Biological Stressors and Countermeasures." Military Medicine 167, suppl_1 (February 1, 2002): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/167.suppl_1.94.

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46

Ru??i??ková, Iveta, ??anetá Reme??ova, and Karolína Van??urová. "Biological Foam Control by Chemical Additives Dosing - Part II: Biological and Physico-chemical Aspects." Acta hydrochimica et hydrobiologica 33, no. 3 (July 2005): 262–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aheh.200400573.

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47

Witt, P. Ch, F. Grabowski, and H. H. Hahn. "Interactions between biological and physico-chemical mechanisms in biological phosphate elimination." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 6 (September 1, 1994): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0278.

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By combining a sequential P-extraction with batch experiments the presented investigations clarify the mechanisms of (enhanced) biological phosphate elimination and especially to answer the following questions: are any physicochemical mechanisms involved in the biological phosphate elimination? are there any interactions between biological and physicochemical unit operations? If so, are these of synergistic or antagonistic nature? The following main results were found: Results of batch experiments: – calcium decreases under anaerobic conditions; this indicates Ca-P-precipitation. – magnesium increases under anaerobic conditions and decreases under aerobic conditions just as phosphate does; there is a high correlation between dissolved magnesium and dissolved phosphorus. Therefore magnesium seems to participate in biological mechanisms (counter-ion of polyphosphates). – concerning the total P elimination efficiency both unit processes seem to have a synergistic effect (biologically mediated P-precipitation). Results of P-fractionations: – there is a certain amount of particulate physicochemically bound phosphorus, which should not be neglected. – although the biologically bound phosphorus dominates (as a rule), this amount depends on the concentration of the readily biodegradable COD significantly. – during the cyclic P-release/P-uptake not only transitions from soluble phase to particulate phase but alsotransfers within the particulate phase take place. – the total P-content of the activated sludge and the sum of the Non Reactive Phosphorus-fractions (without Phase Separation-Non Reactive Phosphorus) seem to be suitable to characterize the capacity of the biological phosphate elimination. Conclusions: Physicochemical mechanisms take part in the enhanced biological phosphate removal and they should be taken into consideration. Therefore they should be included into the deterministic model development.
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48

Setyowati, Eni, and Haslinda Yasti Agustin. "Pindang Fish Quality is Based on Physical, Chemical, and Biological Parameters." Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA 8, no. 6 (December 28, 2022): 2764–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v8i6.2416.

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Processing of fish products is mostly done by refining. However, spinning also has drawbacks, namely low durability and ease to rot. The purpose of the research was to test the quality of pindang fish physically, chemically, and biologically in the city of Tulungagung. The research method used is descriptive qualitative by testing the quality of pindang fish physically, chemically, and biologically. The results showed that physically pindang fish samples A and B were suitable for consumption with a value of more than 7. Chemical tests showed that samples A and B were safe for consumption when viewed from the content of salt, formalin, lead (Pb), tin (Sn), chromium (Cr), and mercury (Hg) which are all below the SNI standard. However, it should be noted that the content of water, cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) exceeds SNI. Biological tests showed the content of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio cholerae are all under the SNI, but there is one indicator, namely the Total Plate Number (ALT) which exceeds the SNI standard. Pindang fish found in the city of Tulungagung is suitable for consumption based on the results of physical, chemical, and biological tests.
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Tyrolová, Y., L. Bartoň, and R. Loučka. "Effects of biological and chemical additives on fermentation progress in maize silage." Czech Journal of Animal Science 62, No. 7 (June 17, 2017): 306–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/67/2016-cjas.

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Abstract:
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of bacterial and chemical additives on the number of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and on fermentation indicators in whole maize silage at 1, 3, 5, 10, and 90 days of fermentation. Maize forage was harvested at approximately 34% dry matter (DM) and treated with (1) no additive (control; C); (2) bacterial inoculant (2 g/t of forage; B) containing the homofermentative LAB Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus paracasei, and Pediococcus pentosaceus (1.5 × 10<sup>11</sup> cfu/g of inoculant); and (3) chemical additive (4 l/t of forage; CH) containing formic acid, propionic acid, ammonium formate, and benzoic acid. Both treatments decreased pH of silage at day 1 of ensiling (P &lt; 0.05), and the lowest value of 4.34 was observed in the CH-treated silage. All silages were well fermented and had pH &lt; 4.0 by day 10 of fermentation. The concentration of lactic acid and the lactic acid : acetic acid ratio increased over time in all treatment groups, and the highest values were 87.5 and 3.62 g/kg of DM, respectively, observed for group B at day 90 (P &lt; 0.05). The concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrates were higher (P &lt; 0.05) for CH compared to C and B at days 3, 5, 10, and 90 of fermentation. The CH silage had fewer LAB (P &lt; 0.05) than did either C or B silages regardless of the days of fermentation. Both additives used in the present study improved fermentation dynamics of the whole crop maize silage.
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50

Stachulski, Andrew V., John R. Harding, John C. Lindon, James L. Maggs, B. Kevin Park, and Ian D. Wilson. "Acyl Glucuronides: Biological Activity, Chemical Reactivity, and Chemical Synthesis." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 49, no. 24 (November 2006): 6931–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm060599z.

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