Journal articles on the topic 'Chechen Islamic literature'

This article intends to revisit the role of foreign fi ghters in the Chechen war and its aftermath, looking particularly at their impact on Islamic developments in Chechnya and Dagestan during the 1990s–2010s. The article challenges the argument, which is predominant in the literature, that foreign jihadists were primarily responsible for transforming the Chechen insurgency from a secular movement into a religious one. Instead, it argues that Islamist tendencies and Salafi circles were present in the North Caucasus before the outbreak of the First Chechen war. Secondly, this article contends that local Salafi jamaats, in conjunction with foreign jihadist fi ghters, provided the mobilization structures and the ideological framing for the radicalization of the Chechen/ North Caucasus rebel movement. By examining the Salafi -jihadist discourse of both foreign and local Salafi s operating in Chechnya and Dagestan in the 1990s and 2000s, the article shows how foreign Salafi s infl uenced and helped shape the ideological framing of local Salafi politicians and rebel jihadist groups. Yet, this article also shows that many of these Salafi -jihadist projects failed to gain broader societal support. They did not resonate with the local populations in Chechnya and Dagestan in the 1990s–2000s. A fi nal section of this article looks at events in the past decade, particularly at developments since the emergence of ISIS in Syria and Iraq. In this context, the article explains why many young Muslims in Dagestan became themselves foreign fi ghters and travelled to Syria/Iraq to fi ght for and live in the Islamic State. It concludes that Salafi projects, although not indigenous to the region, prospered as a result of the interaction between local Salafi s and foreign jihadist fi ghters and recruiters.

Assessment is not only seen as giving value through a series of tests, but also must be an integral part of learning. This paper tries to explain the development of an assessment model that can be used by teachers as a measuring tool after the learning unit is completed. This is also supported by several studies which reveal that assessment can improve learning. In this case, the assessment model is summarized into assessment for learning, assessment of learning, assessment as learning, and authentic assessment. This research uses a literature study approach with qualitative methods. The data obtained were obtained from the search results of various works of literature, namely books and relevant journals. After collecting the data, then analyzing the data results and focusing on the problem points. In addition, in every writing, every reference is always checked. This study describes authentic assessment in learning. The results of the assessment of Islamic religious education learning have emphasized what part must be assessed, namely the demand for competence in Islamic teachings that can be applied in everyday life. We can see this in the dominant aspects such as attitudes, skills, and knowledge, based on these aspects the teacher can collect student data using authentic assessment where student learning outcomes are shown based on achievement and learning outcomes in the form of abilities in real life.

Ḥiyal (legal stratagems) means to find an unconventional way to meet an end in a complicated Shari’ah issue. These stratagems should comply with the Maqasid-e-Shari’ah to remain legal. It has a wide application in today’s versatile cutting-edge Shari’ah matters. The research objective of this study is to explore and analyze the manuscripts and compilations from jurists, for and against the application of Ḥiyal (legal stratagems) in Islamic law in the problem-solving procedure. The study finds that Muslim jurists have strived to develop the Ḥiyal theory as a solution to fulfill the needs of the era. Ḥanafi jurists are considered as originators of this concept in Islamic law literature. They have several published compilations containing cases where legal stratagems were applied to solve the problem or may be applied. They were criticized by other jurists for advising such relaxed Ḥiyal, especially by Ḥanbali scholars. The majority of the scholars are of the view that all Ḥiyal are not permissible nor impermissible instead it should be checked on a case-to-case basis. The study is limited to the twelve compilations available to the author. The study uses the content analysis method to achieve its objective. The contemporary Shari’ah scholars may explore these compilations which can support them in finding solutions in the fields of modern Islamic economics and Halal industry.

Islamic da’wah is an invitation disseminated in a peaceful way without violence. Thats why, to communicate the da’wah may needs gentleness, approach, and strictly prohibited in forcing. Along with the development of the times, it is necessary to develop methods and strategies in preaching. Sources of da'wah methods include the Al-Quran, the Sunnah of the Prophet, the life history of the Companions, and the jurists and experience. The problem of the da'wah methodology faced by today's society is the very rapid development of technology. In Bandung Regency, West Java, there is a new gallery called the Rasulullah SAW Gallery. This gallery is the first gallery in Indonesia that presents Islamic content with interactive technology nuances. This technology is used as a medium of communication in preaching in the hope of attracting interest and increasing public knowledge about the history of the journey of Islamic preaching by the Prophet Muhammad to the archipelago, especially West Java. One of the objectives of the Rasulullah SAW Gallery is to become a media of da'wah, of course there is an update of the da'wah method used. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with data collection through observation, interviews, questionnaires, and literature studies. The data obtained comes from factual conditions in the field when conducting research, so the data obtained will be analyzed and data checked with related literature. The results of this study are expected to be able to find the application of the new concept of da'wah that is most memorable to the community.

The achievement of sustainable development goals is a challenge for United Nations Development Programme member countries. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to explore and compare the role that the financial performance of global Islamic and conventional microfinance institutions playing achieving sustainable development goals by using non-traditional indexes. Further, the study also checked the moderating role of institution size in this relationship. Results indicate that the financial performance of both Islamic and conventional microfinance institutions is important to achieving sustainable development goals. Institution size as a moderator has a negative impact on the financial performance of conventional microfinance institutions in achieving sustainable development due to the possibility of commercialization. In terms of policy recommendations, the results of this study present several policy directions for both Islamic and conventional institution managers for both developed and developing countries. Both Islamic and conventional MFIs managers should focus on financial performance to achieve sustainable development goals. The managers should realize that in the case of increasing the institution's size, financial performance can be improved, but it also creates commercialization, making the main objective of serving the poorest customers difficult. This study also gives directions to the government, central bodies, and other regulatory authorities to develop policies for improving the financial performance of both Islamic and conventional microfinance institutions to achieve sustainable development goals. This study has taken two indicators of financial performance that are extensively discussed in the literature. For future studies, other financial performance indicators can be included in the study.

Purpose Although most previous studies interested in Islamic banks have focused on quantitative aspects such as performance, risk and stability, this paper aims to deal with the institutional dimension and focus precisely on the link between board characteristics and bank performance. Design/methodology/approach Based on a data related to 13 banks in Bahrain observed over the period of 2005-2011, this study investigates the impact of board directors on the level of performance. To this end, the authors have used two empirical approaches. The first one is the panel data analysis with regard to random effect (RE) regression. The second one is the generalized method of moments (GMM) in system, which checked the soundness of the first result. Findings The result of RE regression indicates that the board duality is positively and significantly correlated with the bank performance for both ROA (return on assets) and ROE (return on equity). However, the board size exerts a positive and significant impact only when profitability is measured by ROE. The authors find that regression with GMM in system confirms the RE result exclusively for ROE. Findings also indicate that a financial crisis exerts a negative but not significant effect on bank performance. Practical implications These findings are relevant to both policymakers and regulators. Islamic banks in Bahrain should grant more importance to the structure and the quality of the board to improve their performance. Originality/value This study aims to extend the existing literature by focusing about the role of the Shariah board in bank performance.

This social study discussed the understanding of Islamic thought as a religious ideology and scientific methodology for the young Muslim generation who live, study, and work in a millennial time. There are many accusations and claims that Islam is a religion that only takes care of matters of religious ideology and worship and puts aside scientific and intellectual methodologies so that Islam is problematic to describe in the current context of the digital era by millennial generations in Indonesia as a country that is a big home for the world's largest Muslim adherents. To answer the above problems, we try to collect related literature. Then we study the phenomenological approach under the description of qualitative research design the work "Phenomenology in qualitative educational research: Philosophy as science or philosophical science." Next, the data will be checked and discussed, the original code created, the code reviewed, and all relevant themes reviewed. Finally, we get data findings that we believe are valid and reliable because we have answered the study questions with the appropriate method for review studies. The finding that Islam as a religion certainly has an ideology as a friendly religion to all human beings who rely on the truth. This truth, which Islam owned, can be understood and practiced with a methodological approach based on the holy Kalam Quran and Hadith

This study aims to examine in depth the role of the government in stabilizing, allocating and distributing nation-wealth by minimizing monopoly from Islamic economics views as well as contemporary legal practices. The research method used is phenomenological-qualitative and empirical legal study. Data collected by observing the models formulated by fiqh experts and their implications for economic justice based on literature studies and empirical practices. The findings prove that in the discourse of fiqh and Islamic history, the government has strategic position in combating monopoly by its intervention in overcoming unfair economic practices. It has supreme political power and strong duty to create nation-welfare by paving the way towards social prosperity based on religious moral principles. The duty of government to stabilize, allocate and distribute nation-wealth must run on the notions of social justice and fair treatment for all. The existing rules of anti-monopoly may be compared and referred. The arguments that are in line to the conclusion: First, the historical facts at the beginning of Islam are in conformity of such a model. Second, there are some supportive legal arguments of fiqh scholars and existing present example. From these findings, it can be concluded that the study of Islamic economics has an important contribution in encouraging the role of the government to overcome the practice of monopolistic behavior or unfair business practices. In practical sense, such a policy must be realized in the type of checked and balanced social system that lead to social justice and good governance.

Radical Islam as a political phenomenon has undergone significant changes during the first decades of the 21st century. This process was accompanied, firstly, by the strengthening unification trends in the ideological field, and secondly, by the development of a specific “Jihadi Cool” subculture that combined the features of the consumer society (modern music, stylish clothes, Islamic merch, youth magazines, etc.) and jihadist agenda. These factors, in combination, form a new version of religious radicalism - post-industrial Islamism, which poses a significant threat to international security. Questions regarding the degree and the nature of post-industrial Islamism in the Russian Federation have not yet been scrutinized in academic literature. The article is the first attempt to understand this problem, which exists in a complex socio-economic and ethno-confessional environment of Russia. The theoretical framework of the study was the works of leading domestic Islamic scholars dealing with the problems of Islamic radicalism. In the indicated paradigm, the authors made an attempt to give their own definition of radical Islam, to identify the characteristic features of the phenomenon, to separate religious extremism from fundamentalism. Work with the empirical base was carried out through the methods of descriptive statistics, as well as the use of qualitative and quantitative content analysis. It was made on the basis of Google Trends data, cross-checked through the Wordstat.yandex system. In conclusion, the team of authors came to conclusions regarding the spread of post-industrial Islamism in Russia. There is an increase in the activity of radicals in the Internet space, their work to expand the base of support for the movement, based on knowledge of the algorithms of social networks. Also, elements of the ‘jihadi cool’ have been identified too. It is important to note that all the trends listed above originated outside the Russian Federation and were borrowed by the radicals. In general, this only confirms the idea of the peripheral nature of Russian Islamic radicalism, which throughout its history has been an alien element on the national ethno-cultural environment.

The tension between Islam and locality is an endless discussion. This cannot be separated from the classification of Islamologists. This classification creates a stereotype that Islam developing in Indonesia is considered an impure periphery of Islam. In addition, the threat to local Islamic traditions caused by the globalization development needs atten- tion because it threatens the existing diversity. This research is classified as qualitative.The data areobtained by the literature study method from written materials such as manuscripts, boohs, magazines, newspapers, and other documents. The data processing techniques arequoting, re- ducing data so that there is no overlapping data, classifying data, identi- fying data by re-cheching, and using the truly valid and relevant data. The results show that the existence of local Bugis culture, barzanji, still becomes a sacred ritual and a custom in the globalization development, so people who do not carry out the barzanji ritual in a traditional cer- emony are considered as violating customs. Barzanji persists in the glo- balization development because it is included in traditional rituals and has become a culture. Thus, the values of religious teachings will still exist if they are preached using cultural means. Besides, the existence of culture is also increasingly maintained because it is bound by religious values.

According to the Islamic educational paradigm known as Wahdatul Ulum, knowledge comes from the One Supreme Being (Allah swt.). Many academic institutions are now concerned with using this paradigm-based teaching to instill the significance of religious education in future teachers, especially those who will teach at the SD/MI level. The purpose of this study is to explain the ideas and principles behind the wahdatul ulum paradigm and the consequences they have for MI/SD teachers. This kind of research combines the qualitative research approach with the literature study method. gathering information and materials for study analysis employing scientific literature, such as articles, books, proceedings, and the final project (thesis, thesis or dissertation). Additionally, research materials were double-checked to ensure the data's veracity, and reliable websites like Google Scholar and Sinta were identified. The study's findings show that (1) the wahdatul ulum paradigm emphasizes the connections between the holistic system of the universe to knowledge, leading to the belief that acquired knowledge and perennial knowledge are integral (one unit or whole); (2) the Koran, hadith, and the universe serve as the paradigm's foundation; (3) using this paradigm for SD/MI teachers has the implications of strengthening their religious and integral personalities.

Background and purpose: This problem of how organizations can succeed in a dynamic and unpredictable environment is an issue that is known as the most important challenge in today's world. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to identify the dimensions and components of organizational agility based on human resources development to provide a model of organizational agility in the Islamic Azad University of Tehran province. Methodology: In this regard, the statistical population of the research included all employees of the Islamic Azad University of Tehran province, which was about 6735. Among these, using Morgan's table, Cochran's formula, and multi-stage and proportional cluster sampling methods, 386 university employees were considered the sample size. The data collection method was based on a researcher-made questionnaire, research literature, and semi-structured interviews. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the research tool was calculated as 0.919. After distributing and collecting the questionnaires, the information was checked, and the hypotheses were tested using the structural equation modeling method and with the help of SPSS and LISREL software. Results: Finally, the research findings confirmed the five dimensions, strategic, information technology, human, organizational and cultural, as the dimensions affecting organizational agility based on the development of human resources. Conclusion: The research results showed that the strategic dimension has the highest average, and dimensions of information technology, human, organizational and cultural are placed in the next ranks. Finally, confirmatory factor analysis showed that dimensions of organizational agility based on human resources development explain up to 71.282% of the variance of existing indicators of organizational agility based on human resources development.

Bullying's complexity is influenced not only by the individual's features and behavioural tendencies but also by the practice of family upbringing, as well as environmental elements such as the frequency and type of bullying. A qualitative paradigm is used in the research. The sampling method employing the purposive sampling technique seeks to identify teenagers who have been bullied. Interviews, observations, and documentation reviews of bullying episodes were used to collect data. Dayah leaders in the area of parenting serve as study informants. The veracity of the data is checked using sources of persons involved in bullying. Data triangulation techniques and peer discussion were used to examining the data. The findings revealed that verbal bullying occurred in Islamic boarding schools. Adaptive psychology is demonstrated through students' communication abilities, which are classified as passive communication, aggressive communication, and forceful communication. Meanwhile, adaptive techniques such as enhancing teacher counselling abilities (informative-communicative), monitoring assessments, and anti-bullying policies are used to provide mental health coaching. Students, on the other hand, are expected to cooperate with the facts of the occurrence under the structure of the solution-focused counselling strategy. Cultural reference, resources, research literature, formalization, and pesantren policy are all institutionally focused on in adaptive psychology. So far, the pesantren are concerned about their reputation; consequently, the societal consequences of this study need pesantren management to be upfront whenever bullying occurs.

جودول ڤينيليتييان إيني أدالاه "أناليسا موديل كومونيكاسي لاسويلل ڤادا هالامان @أسواجا_سوندا" دالام توروت ميمڤيرتاهانكان أجاران أهل السنّه والجامعة دي ميدييا إنستاڬرام". أجاران أسواجا ميروڤاكان أجاران ياڠ باۑاك ديڤيرتاهانكان باۑاك أومات إسلام ديڠان بيراڬام چارا دالام كيهيدوڤان بيرأڬاما إسلام سيهاري-هاري. توجووان ڤينيليتييان إيني أدالاه أونتوك ميڠيتاهووي باڬإيمانا سيباڬييان كيچيل داري أومات إسلام دي نوسانتارا ميمڤيرتاهانكان أجاران كيإسلامان ياڠ ميريكا ڤيرچايإي دالام كيهيدوڤان كيسيهارييان ميريكا دي دونييا إينتيرنيت, تيروتاما ڤادا ميدييا سوسييال إينستاڬرام ديليهات دالام ڤينديكاتان بودايا, دالام هال إيني بودايا سوندا, دالام ڤينديكاتان موديل كومونيكاسي لاسويلل. ڤينيليتييان إيني ميڠڬوناكان ستودي كاسوس ديسكريڤتيف كوواليتاتيف. ڤيڠومڤولان داتا ديلاكوكان ميلالوإي واوانچارا, أوبسيرفاسي دان ستودي ڤوستاكا. سيداڠكان ڤيڠوجييان فاليديتاس داتا دالام ڤينيليتييان إيني ميڠڬوناكان تريأڠولاسي داتا, داتا ياڠ ديڤيروليه ديسيسوأيكان أتأو ديلاكوكان چيك أولاڠ ديڠان جوملاه ڤيڠيكوت سيكيتار ليبيه داري ٥١.٠٠٠ أوراڠ, ماكا ڤينديكاتان ياڠ ديلاكوكان أدمين ديڠان باۑاك ميڠڬوناكان باهاسا دأيراه (سوندا), دينيلإي مينوأو هاسيل چوكوڤ ڤوسيتيف. Judul penelitian ini adalah “analisa model komunikasi laswell pada halaman @asaja_sunda” dalam turut mempertahankan ajaran Islam Ahlussunnah Wal Jamaah di media instagram”. Ajaran aswaja merupakan ajaran yang banyak dipertahankan banyak umat islam dengan beragam cara dalam kehidupan beragama islam sehari-hari. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana sebagian kecil dari umat islam di nusantara mempertahankan ajaran keislaman yang mereka percayai dalam kehidupan keseharian mereka di dunia internet, terutama pada media sosial instagram dilihat dalam pendekatan budaya, dalam hal ini budaya sunda, dalam pendekatan model komunikasi Lasswell. Penelitian ini menggunakan studi kasus deskriptif kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara, observasi dan studi pustaka. Sedangkan pengujian validitas data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan triangulasi data, data yang diperoleh disesuaikan atau dilakukan cek ulang dengan sumber data lainnya. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian penulis menyimpulkan bahwa dengan jumlah pengikut sekitar lebih dari 51.000 orang, maka pendekatan yang dilakukan admin dengan banyak menggunakan bahasa daerah (sunda), dinilai menuai hasil cukup positif. The title of this research is "analysis of the Laswell communication model on the @asaja_dunda page" in helping to defend the teachings of Islam Ahlussunnah Wal Jamaah on Instagram media ". The aswaja teaching is a teaching that is maintained by many santri in their daily Islamic life which is full of various understandings of the Islamic religion itself. The purpose of this study is to find out how a small number of Indonesian students maintain the Islamic teachings they believe in their daily lives in the internet world, especially on social media Instagram seen in a cultural approach, in this case, Sundanese culture, in the Lasswell communication model approach. This research uses a qualitative descriptive case study. Data collection was carried out through interviews, observation, and literature study. While testing the validity of the data in this study using data triangulation, the data obtained was adjusted or double-checked with other data sources. Based on the results of the research, the authors concluded that with the number of followers of more than 51,000 people, the approach taken by the admin by using a lot of regional languages ​​(Sundanese), is considered to reap quite positive results.

Aim: To evaluate frequency of commonest location of traumatic oral ulcers after complete denture insertion and find out their association with age, gender and arch type. Study design: Cross sectional observational study Place and duration: Prosthodontic department of Islamic International Dental College, Riphah International University Islamabad, from 11th Feb.,2022 till 11th April 2022. Methodology: A sample of 150 completely edentulous patients were clinically checked for traumatic ulcer development after insertion of complete denture. Frequently involved anatomical sites were noted in both arches. Denture surfaces were assessed to find out the frequently existing denture problems responsible for ulcers. Results: Out of total 150 patients 37.3% with oral ulcers were males and 62.7 % were female. 61-70 years old age group reported with frequent ulcers 48.7%. Frequently observed oral ulcer site in maxilla was sulci 10.0% and in mandible was ridge 24.7%. Frequently observed denture problem responsible for ulcer formation was denture surface roughness 46.7%. Association with age, gender and arch type was significant; p<0.05. Conclusion: Frequent ulcers develop in mandibular arch as compared to maxilla and commonest sites of ulcer developments are the ridges and sulci. Old age and female predisposition have been seen in ulcer development. Keywords: Complete dentures, Mandibular arch, Maxillary arch, oral ulcers, traumatic ulcers, post insertion complains

Purpose This paper aims to derive a compatible Shariah opinion on the permissibility of using cryptocurrencies by Muslims by reviewing the opinions expressed by Shariah scholars on the permissibility of cryptocurrencies. Design/methodology/approach This is a qualitative desk review research where the opinions expressed by the Shariah scholars on the permissibility of cryptocurrencies and the issues related to it have been analyzed using the literature. All the Shariah parameters checked pertaining to currencies have been studied and assessed to derive the Shariah opinion. Findings The research findings suggest that cryptocurrencies do not fully meet the characteristics of money according to Shariah principles. Scholars debate their classification as a medium of exchange due to concerns about volatility, intrinsic value and governance. The treatment of cryptocurrencies varies, and their decentralized nature prevents monopolization. Governance and resistance to manipulation are facilitated by blockchain technology. Classifying cryptocurrencies as hard money and their recognition as the primary unit of account face challenges. While they can be a store of value, price volatility and regulations must be considered. The network effect is crucial for their success, and their supply is controlled through complex protocols. These findings have implications for policymakers in Islamic finance. Originality/value The differences in Shariah opinions on using cryptocurrencies have been a major debate in the Islamic financial industry. A clear and comprehensive study is not found on the differences in the Shariah opinions on their reasonings, which is important for researchers and professionals in the field. Therefore, this research provides valuable insights for policymakers, scholars and practitioners in Islamic finance, contributing to the understanding of applying Islamic principles to cryptocurrencies.

Islamic education during the Caliphate of Umar bin Khattab displayed significant achievements, in the form of the deployment of scholars to areas of expansion that were won by Muslim troops. This study aims to describe Islamic education during the caliph Umar bin Khattab. The focus of the discussion is a descriptive analysis of Islamic education during the caliph Umar and its impact if implemented in contemporary Islamic educational institutions. For this reason, research data collection uses observation, interviews and documentation studies. Sources of data and study analysis materials use scientific literature in the form of articles, books, seminar proceedings, and final assignments (thesis, thesis, or dissertation). To check the validity of the data, the researcher cross-checked the findings with the research material. The results of this study concluded that Islamic education at the time of Caliph Umar had achieved an extraordinary civilization by producing scholars who were qualified in various fields of knowledge. This is inseparable from the efforts of the caliph Umar who implemented equality-based education for all people, free education for all people, and strengthened the role of the state in supervising, maintaining, supporting, and even financing anyone who studies. On the other hand, even prisoners of war in an effort to expand Islamic territory will not be killed or imprisoned if they are willing to become teaching staff for the Muslims.

The purpose of this paper was to explore the relationship between the characteristics of the chief executive officer (CEO) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) of banks operating in the Middle East and North African (MENA) countries. The study hypotheses was tested using a multiple linear regression model by examining data from a sample of 97 Islamic banks operating in the MENA region between 2015 and 2019. The results were robustly checked and the findings indicated that both CEO’s overconfidence, experience and education appear to have a significantly positive effect on the CSR disclosure. Furthermore, the results of multiple linear regressions showed that older CEO’s have a negative and significant impact on the level of CSR disclosure. This research bridges the gap between theory and practice in many aspects. Thus, although a substantial volume of research has examined sustainable advantage, one vital aspect of CSR has been largely unexplored. This study fills this void in the literature, namely the interaction between CEO’s characteristics and CSR disclosure. An explicit CSR disclosure may improve social well-being in emerging markets.

Environmental literacy is an ability in the process of environmental education to determine the ability of awareness which aims to understand the conditions of environmental issues based on knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. Environmental education is one of the important factors for success in instilling character values ​​with environmental culture. Therefore, this study aims to measure the environmental literacy skills of fourth grade students of SD Islam Terpadu El-Haq Sidoarjo in terms of knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. This study used a qualitative descriptive approach with a phenomenological method by collecting data through tests, questionnaires, and written documentation which were then checked for correctness using technical triangulation. The results showed that (1) the students 'knowledge of the environment was classified as very good, (2) the students' attitude towards the environment was classified as very good, (3) the caring behavior towards the environment was classified as very good.

Purpose This study aims to analyze notable distribution dispute cases from Islamic law history. The authors will assess these alongside resolutions proposed by historical authorities, some of which evolved into established Islamic case law. In addition, the authors intend to apply classic fair division rules to these cases, providing alternative solutions. Using a game-theoretical approach, the authors plan to compare Islamic solutions with traditional division rules through axiomatic analysis. The goal of this study is to systematically explore the unique principles underpinning Islamic distributions. Design/methodology/approach In this study, the authors collate Islamic inheritance law disputes involving conflicting claims, unresolvable by primary Islamic law sources, from historical and modern texts. The authors formally model these as claims problems, surplus-sharing problems and adapted claims problems. Concurrently, the authors gather the proposed solutions and historical backgrounds offered by the era’s authorities and jurists. These solutions are axiomatically generalized into rules, while the axioms characterizing distribution rules are checked if they are aligned with Islamic norms and values. This approach facilitates a comparison between Islamic distributions and classic division rules. Findings The 'Awl and Radd doctrines, used in Islamic inheritance law, are axiomatically equivalent to the Proportional Rule, a prevalent non-Jewish division rule. These doctrines present solutions impervious to manipulation by legal heirs through rights transfer, unlike other possible distributions. Ibn 'Abbas' solution for Awliyya cases uses sequential priorities and diverges uniquely from classic fair division rules in the literature. In addition, it is established that Abu Yusuf's (b. 729) distribution for a legal dispute is axiomatically identical to Abraham ibn Ezra's (b. 1089) division rule. Research limitations/implications There is a noticeable dearth of comprehensive studies investigating contentious disputes concerning resource claims within Islamic law. Many of these studies are lacking in-depth analyses of diverse cases, casting doubts on their reliability. As a result, a robust focus is needed on case collection prior to any analytical process. Future research should concentrate on collating instances of fair division problems throughout Islamic history, as well as separately collecting methods of Islamic sharing. This procedure may lead to the characterization of various Islamic regulations, thereby emphasizing distinct Islamic principles. In forthcoming studies, conducting an exhaustive axiomatic evaluation of the cases and proposed resolutions is imperative. Practical implications This research illuminates existing knowledge gaps, setting a course for novel research trajectories. It underlines the fair division literature’s oversight of disputes within Islamic law, despite the plentiful existence of contentious cases. The research underscores the relevance of cooperative game theory as a tool for dissecting Islamic legal disputes. By accounting for unique Islamic norms and principles, this study lays a foundation for a nuanced comprehension of the dynamics and outcomes of legal disputes. By integrating an interdisciplinary approach, this research strives to bridge the gap between game theory and Islamic law. Social implications Beyond addressing a significant research lacuna, this study carries extensive societal implications. By shedding light on enduring debates within Islamic law, it encourages a rejuvenated understanding of the evolution and interpretation of legal disputes. The axiomatic disparities between rulers’ and jurists’ methods provide invaluable insights within the Islamic context, bolstering the understanding of sociocultural dynamics that influence legal decision-making. This research has the potential to shape legal discourse, guide policymaking and spur scholarly, juristic and societal dialogue. Consequently, it may foster a more comprehensive and enlightened approach toward the resolution of legal disputes in Islamic law. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to examine Islamic law’s historical legal disputes from a game-theoretical standpoint. Existing studies rarely collect distribution disputes systematically, and none scrutinize the axiomatic rationales underlying authorities’ and jurists’ distributions, opting instead to focus on historical backgrounds. While the fair division literature extensively examines disputes, it often overlooks those originating from Islamic law, which presents a rich source of disputes that can be modeled as fair division problems. This research makes a distinct contribution by incorporating disputes from Islamic law into the existing body of cooperative game theory literature.

The topic variable is used in research on disinformation to analyze thematic differences in the content of false news, rumors, conspiracies, etc. Those topics are frequently based on national news agendas, i.e. producers of disinformation address current national or world events (e.g. elections, immigration, etc.) (Humprecht, 2019). Field of application/theoretical foundation: Topics are a central yet under-researched aspect of research on online disinformation (Freelon & Wells, 2020). The research interest is to find out which topics are taken up and spread by disinformation producers. The focus of this research is both on specific key topics for which sub-themes are identified (e.g. elections, climate change, Covid-19) and, more generally, on the question of which misleading content is disseminated (mostly on social media). Methodologically, the identification of topics is often a first step followed by further analysis of the content (Ferrara, 2017). Thus, the analysis of topics is linked to the detection of disinformation, which represents a methodological challenge. Topics can be identified inductively or deductively. Inductive analyses often use a data corpus, for example social media data, and try to identify topics using techniques such as topic modelling (e.g. Boberg et al., 2020). Deductive analyses frequently use topic lists to classify contents. Topics lists are initially created based on the literature on the respective topic or with the help of databases, e.g. by fact-checkers. References/combination with other methods of data collection: Studies on topics of disinformation use both manual and automated content analysis or combinations of both to investigate the occurrence of different topics in texts (Boberg et al., 2020; Bradshaw, Howard, Kollanyi, & Neudert, 2020). Inductive and deductive approaches have been combined with qualitative text analyses to identify topic categories which are subsequently coded (Humprecht, 2019; Marchal, Kollanyi, Neudert, & Howard, 2019). Example studies: Ferrara (2017); Humprecht (2019), Marchal et al. (2019) Table 1. Summary of selected studies Author(s) Sample Values Reliability Ferrara (2017) Content type: Tweets Sampling period: April 27, 2017 to May 7, 201 Sample size: 16.65 million tweets Sampling: List of 23 key words and top 20 hashtags Keywords: France2017, Marine2017, AuNomDuPeuple, FrenchElection, FrenchElections, Macron, LePen, MarineLePen, FrenchPresidentialElection, JeChoisisMarine, JeVoteMarine, JeVoteMacron JeVote, Presidentielle2017, ElectionFracaise, JamaisMacron, Macron2017, EnMarche, MacronPresident Hashtags: #Macron, #Presidentielle2017, #fn, #JeVote, #LePen, #France, #2017LeDebat, #MacronLeaks, #Marine2017, #debat2017, #2017LeDébat, #MacronGate, #MarineLePen, #Whirlpool, #EnMarche, #JeVoteMacron, #MacronPresident, #JamaisMacron, #FrenchElection - Humprecht (2019) Content type: fact checks Outlet/ country: 2 fact checkers per country (AT, DE, UK, US) Sampling period: June 1, 2016 to September 30, 2017 Sample size: N=651 Unit of analysis: story/ fact-check No. of topics coded: main topic per fact-check Level of analysis: fact checks and fact-checker conspiracy theory, education, election campaign, environment, government/public administration (at the time when the story was published), health, immigration/integration, justice/crime, labor/employment, macroeconomics/economic regulation, media/journalism, science/ technology, war/terror, others Krippen-dorff’s alpha = 0.71 Marchal et al. (2019) Content type: tweets related to the European elections 2019 Sampling: hashtags in English, Catalan, French, German, Italian, Polish, Spanish, Swedish Sampling criteria: (1) contained at least one of the relevant hashtags; (2) contained the hashtag in the URL shared, or the title of its webpage; (3) were a retweet of a message that contained a relevant hashtag or mention in the original message; (4) were a quoted tweet referring to a tweet with a relevant hashtag or mention Sampling period: 5 April and 20 April, 2019 Sample size: 584,062 tweets from 187,743 unique users Religion Islam (Muslim, Islam, Hijab, Halal, Muslima, Minaret) Religion Christianity (Christianity, Church, Priest) Immigration (Asylum Seeker, Refugee, Migrants, Child Migrant, Dual Citizenship, Social Integration) Terrorism (ISIS, Djihad, Terrorism, Terrorist Attack) Political Figures/Parties (Vladimir Putin, Enrico Mezzetti, Emmanuel Macron, ANPI, Arnold van Doorn, Islamic Party for Unity, Nordic Resistance Movement) Celebrities (Lara Trump, Alba Parietti) Crime (Vandalism, Rape, Sexual Assault, Fraud, Murder, Honour Killing) Notre-Dame Fire (Notre-Dame Fire, Reconstruction) Political Ideology (Anti-Fascism, Fascism, Nationalism) Social Issues (Abortion, Bullying, Birth Rate) - References Boberg, S., Quandt, T., Schatto-Eckrodt, T., & Frischlich, L. (2020). Pandemic Populism: Facebook Pages of Alternative News Media and the Corona Crisis -- A Computational Content Analysis, 2019. Retrieved from http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.02566 Bradshaw, S., Howard, P. N., Kollanyi, B., & Neudert, L. M. (2020). Sourcing and Automation of Political News and Information over Social Media in the United States, 2016-2018. Political Communication, 37(2), 173–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2019.1663322 Ferrara, E. (2017). Disinformation and social bot operations in the run up to the 2017 French presidential election. First Monday, 22(8). https://doi.org/10.5210/FM.V22I8.8005 Freelon, D., & Wells, C. (2020). Disinformation as Political Communication. Political Communication, 37(2), 145–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1723755 Humprecht, E. (2019). Where ‘fake news’ flourishes: a comparison across four Western democracies. Information Communication and Society, 22(13), 1973–1988. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1474241 Marchal, N., Kollanyi, B., Neudert, L., & Howard, P. N. (2019). Junk News During the EU Parliamentary Elections?: Lessons from a Seven-Language Study of Twitter and Facebook. Oxford, UK. Retrieved from https://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/93/2019/05/EU-Data-Memo.pdf