Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Chauffe laser'
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Dolo, Guillaume. "Étude expérimentale et modélisation du procédé de placement de fibres avec chauffe laser." Thesis, Lorient, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORIS435.
Full textAeronautic industry demonstrates a growing interest in composite materials and development of quick and automated manufacturing processes. Automated Fiber Placement (AFP) process is a certified technology to achieve laminate structure with thermoset composites. Coriolis Composites Company develops robotic cells for fiber placement enabling the laying of continuous fibers in all directions and on complex geometrical surfaces. Thermoplastic (TP) matrix composites are currently a promising alternative for making structures for transport applications. They do not actually require long and expensive curing step in autoclave and would meet the sustainable requirements and expect thermo-mechanical behavior. AFP process bases on high power diode lasers required to melt the TP polymers. The presented work is located at the crossroads of three technologies with a bright future: AFP process, TP matrix composite and diode lasers. It have been carried out within the framework of the IMPALA project with the aim of modeling process by experiments and numerical simulations. APC-2/AS4 from Cytec Engineering Materials is the composite material of the study. It consists of a pre-impregnated composite with carbon fibers and TP PEEK matrix. Three models developed in this study are: (1) an optical model based on a raytracing algorithm to quantify the laser distribution on materials, (2) a thermal model to calculate the thermal field in laminate structure during layup, and (3) a rheological model in order to study the squeezing and bonding of plies. These models base on a characterization of the process, including the laser beam (that heats both fed tows and previous layed plies) and the compaction system (formed by a deformable roller that molds the lay-up surface). Material data like refractive index, emissivity or viscosity are determined by experiments or homogenization method. Experimental measurements are simultaneously realized with thermocouples and infrared cameras to understand thermal phenomena in heating zone and laminate. These measures correlate well with numeric predictions. The optical-thermal model is used to study the influence of process parameters and suggest loops between laser power and lay-up velocity. A FTIR spectroscopic study have finally improved in transient condition for thermal degradation
Asensio, Victor. "Influence de la vitesse de montée en température sur les mécanismes de dégradation et de transferts de composites fibres de carbone et matrice biosourcée." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0282.
Full textAtmospheric re-entry is a decisive stage in the return to earth of a space module, since it involves severeflthermal and thermomechanical stresses. The modules are fitted with insulating shields that dissipate theflhigh heat flows. This thesis work focuses on understanding the physical phenomena that occur within theflmaterials that make up the thermal protection. Composite materials are composed of carbon fibres and aflthermodegradable polymer matrix. During application, the rise in temperature causes pyrolysis of the matrix.flThe aim of this thesis is to identify and quantify the evolution of degradation and transfer mechanisms duringflthe pyrolysis process of a composite with a bio-based matrix as a function of the heating rate. The first part offlthis work is devoted to analysing the physico-chemical characteristics of the composite and its constituentsflat temperature. Thermal tests (TGA-FTIR; TGA-SM; TMA; TDA) are carried out under conditions offlhomogeneous heating of the sample surfaces, for heating rates ranging from 5 to 1000 Kmin−1 . A kineticflanalysis and a five-stage description of pyrolysis are presented. Changes in thermal and morphologicalflproperties as a function of heating conditions are monitored at each stage. The second part of this workflproposes an original methodology for characterising the behaviour of materials subjected to high heat flows.flA new laser heating method was developed. The heating is carried out under heterogeneous conditions,flexposing only one side to the flux, to get closer to the real conditions of the application. A numericalflmethod for identifying the thermal properties of a stabilised material by inverse calculation is presented.flFinally, an overall understanding of physicochemical transformations and thermal and thermomechanicalflphenomena as a function of heating rate is proposed
Chassende-Baroz, Philippe. "Application du chauffage laser à la dosimétrie par thermoluminescence." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37596629w.
Full textDupont, Pierre. "Etude expérimentale des champs turbulents dans une couche limite supersonique fortement chauffée." Aix-Marseille 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX22006.
Full textRivière, David. "Ecoulements thermogravitaires et thermocapillaires induits par chauffage laser dans des couches liquides." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0341/document.
Full textThis thesis work is dedicated to thermocapillary and thermogravitary flows induced bylaser-heating in liquid layers. The laser-heating of a two fluids system induces two thermaleffects. The first effect come from the variation of the density with temperature andthe second one is due to the variation of the interfacial tension with the temperature.In a first part, we study separately these two mechanism. With a comparison betweenexperiments, theory and numerical simulations we demonstrated that the morphology ofthe flows depends on the thickness of the layer and the width of the temperature field.Then, we studied numerically and theoretically the thermocapillary effect. That revealedit is possible to understand the flows from the interface deformations. We highligth theseare two deformation regimes depending the thickness ratio and the sign of the interfacialtension gradient. Finally, we studied the competition between the two mechanism and theexperiments revealed a transition between two flow regimes. The comparison of these resultsand a theoritical model showed there is a transition from a thermocapillary regime to athermogravitary regime. In addition, we showed the possibility to induce an instibility bythermogravitary effect which can lead to the formation of a liquid bridge
PAILLOUX, AGNES. "Fluorescence induite par laser sur des plasmas fortement magnetises, chauffes par resonance cyclotron ionique." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997STR13002.
Full textPatin, David. "Le chauffage stochastique dans l'interaction laser-plasma à très haut flux." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112020.
Full textThis thesis takes place in the field of high intensity laser-plasma interaction. The aim was to highlight the stochastic heating effect. This phenomenon comes from the chaotic behavior of the plasma electrons. In order to have a simple theoretical model, two assumptions were made : underdense plasma and high intensity laser. The second one is equivalent to a>1 (where a is the normalized vector potential, a=eE0/mcw0 with (-e) the electron charge, E0 the electric field of the laser, m the electron mass, c the speed of light in vacuum and w0 the pulsation of the laser), so we need a relativistic approach of the system. The hamiltonian formalism is used in order to get information from our system. Using the Chirikov criterion, a set of parameters was deduced in order to get global stochasticity. Then, particle in cell simulations were performed in order to validate theoretical predictions. The influence of several parameters on the energy gain has been studied. Finally, a first numerical test was performed for protons acceleration
Salat, Jacques. "Contribution à l'étude de la convection naturelle tridimensionnelle en cavité différentiellement chauffée." Poitiers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004POIT2294.
Full textThis experimental and numerical study is interested in the three-dimensional low level turbulence flows of natural convection in an air filled differentially heated cavity at a Rayleigh number of 1. 48. 109. Dimensions of the cavity are 1m x 1m x 0. 32m. It consists of two vertical active walls at uniform and imposed temperature, two insulating horizontal walls and two assumed adiabatic side walls. The resolution of an inverse problem allows the precise determination of the thermal boundary conditions relative to the horizontal walls, and measurements by infra-red camera provide a temperature cartography of the side walls. A characterization of the thermal fields by microthermocouples, and dynamic fields (measurement of the 3 velocity components) by LDV, in several plans of the cavity is proposed as well as the coupled fields velocity-temperature in the median vertical plan. A comparison of these measurements to the numerical results obtained by DNS-3D Chebyshev spectral method is presented. Both depth of the cavity and lateral walls emissivity influences is examined. Finally, a simulation performed with the experimental thermal boundary conditions on the 6 faces of the cavity makes it possible to explain complex mechanisms of boundary layers supply
Benzirar, Mohammed. "Modélisation numérique et validation expérimentale de la propagation d'un rayon laser dans un milieu turbulent chauffé." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO10014.
Full textMoreau, Florian. "Évaporation et dispersion d'un spray bi-composant dans un écoulement de canal chauffé fortement turbulent : une approche expérimentale." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPT0087/document.
Full textThis work aims to understand the phenomena that occur in a combustion chamber. Due to the complexity of the phenomena encountered, simplifications are made. This study only focuses on multicomponent droplet evaporation in turbulent flows. Many evaporation models exist, but the influence of turbulence on a spray is yet not well understood. On one hand, turbulence increases the droplet evaporation rate. On the other hand, it may generate clusters, in which saturation stops the process. This study aims to give a database that can be used to improve the physical understanding of the process and to improve model performances. This is an experimental approach. The objective is to measure evaporation and dispersion of droplets and vapour mixing in a well-known turbulent flow. In the simplified test case studied here, the temperature is lower than in a real case and the pressure is atmospheric. The droplets are bi-component(octane/3-pentanone). The experimental set-up is divided into two parts. The first part, at the top, consists in a turbulence flow generator and a droplet injection device. The second part is a channel in which the two- hase flow is analysed. The carrier flow is measured using Laser Doppler Anemometry. The main flow properties are : high turbulence levels, flat profiles for the mean velocity and velocity fluctuations. The turbulence decreases and isotropic properties are close to those of grid turbulence. The dispersed phase is measured using Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) and Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF). The velocity and diameter of each droplet passing through the measurement volume is measured by the PDA technique. There is a large variety of droplet behaviours due to the large polydispersion and turbulence. Droplet clusters are measured. Their amounts decrease with the distance from the injector. The concentration of 3-pentanone can be measured with the LIF technique. The evolution of the liquid concentration, mass flux and droplet clusters is described. The mean vapour concentration and its fluctuations are measured along the axial and radial axis. The mixing of the vapour is characterised
Vignolo, Corinne. "Application des techniques de lecture par chauffage laser de plaques thermoluminescentes pour l'autoradiographie." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30083.
Full textLe, Masson Stéphane. "Contrôle de l'instabilité de Benard-Von Karman en aval d'un obstacle chauffé à faible nombre de Reynolds." Rouen, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ROUES048.
Full textSkurtys, Olivier. "Contribution au contrôle de la convection naturelle par excitation thermique des couches limites en cavité différentiellement chauffée." Poitiers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004POIT2280.
Full textMainly experimental, this work contributes to the study of natural convection flows in differentially heated cavity of vertical aspect ratio 4. An original method to act on the heat transfer is presented: a thermal perturbation introduced at the bottom of the hot wall by a small tube periodically heated and cooled. First part of this thesis is devoted to detailed investigation of two rates of flows without perturbation. Some results of velocity (LDV-2D) and temperature (thermocouples) measurements allow to understand the importance of walls conduction and radiation exchanges on the whole fluid flow and on the thermal stratification in the cavity. Second part presents the result of the manipulation of this unsteady and laminar or chaotic flow with a thermal perturbation. The analyses of the results performed with 2D direct numerical simulation show that the heat transfer could be modify. With PIV and fluxmeter measurements the dynamical and heat coefficient have been compared for different amplitudes and frequencies of temperature. In this way the efficiency of thermal excitation is characterised
Maquet, Jean. "Contribution à l'étude des mécanismes de surstabilité d'une surface libre chauffée par un laser ou un fil chaud." Rouen, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ROUES047.
Full textTaher, Rani. "Contribution à la caractérisation des structures et à l'analyse thermique d'un écoulement dans un canal horizontal uniformément chauffé par le bas." Aix-Marseille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX11020.
Full textThe stability of Rayleigh–Benard–Poiseuille flow has been studied in a large transverse aspect ratio channel fitted with lateral soft walls. Several numerical results have been experimentally confirmed. Although the comparisons of these results are mostly qualitative because of measurement limitations, all the expected phenomena have been effectively observed in the system. Longitudinal rolls were observed as predicted by the theory for moderate Reynolds numbers. The onset of longitudinal rolls is observed ; two mechanisms of roll initiation are highlighted in a horizontal channel flow, uniformly heated from below, at constant heat flux (C = 10, Pr = 7, 50 < Re < 100, 0 < Ra < 106). The first mechanism is the classical one, it occurs for low Rayleigh numbers and is initiated by the lateral wall effect. The second occurs for higher Rayleigh numbers and combines the previous effect with a supercritical vertical temperature gradient in the lower boundary layer, which simultaneously triggers pairs of rolls in the whole zone in between the two lateral rolls. We have found that in the present configuration, the transition between the two roll initiation mechanisms occurs for Ra/Re2≈ 18. Consequently, the heat transfer is significantly enhanced compared to the pure forced convection case owing to the flow pattern responsible of the continuous flooding of the heated wall with cold fluid. The present results show that there are two ways in which longitudinal rolls are initiated. For low and moderate Rayleigh numbers, rolls are initiated by the thermal perturbation induced at the lateral walls (local horizontal temperature gradient) which is obviously due to the finite spanwise-size-effect (C = 10). In this case, rolls progressively develop inwards from sidewalls to the central zone. On the other hand, for high Rayleigh numbers (actually for a higher Ra/Re2 ratio), rolls are induced by two mechanisms; those close to the lateral walls, are initiated in the same way as for low and moderate Rayleigh numbers, and those in the centeral part are initiated by the vertical thermal gradient. The present work deals with a mixed convection flow in a channel uniformly heated from below (for high Rayleigh numbers) and with a spanwise aspect ratio C = 10. Indeed, for Ra/Re2 ratios less than roughly 18, the well-known classical initiation mechanism is due to free convection triggered by a lateral wall effect (finite spanwise effect). It first induces two longitudinal rolls close to the lateral walls, which progressively provoke a cascade of rollpairs until they invade the whole cross section for X = Le. For Ra/Re2 ratios greater than 18, a Rayleigh–Benard like instability takes place in the central zone (far from the side wall). Again, as in the first case, the lateral wall effect generates the first two longitudinal rolls, but instead of the consecutive cascade, the vertical temperature gradient in the lower boundary layer simultaneously triggers pairs of rolls in the whole central zone. In this case, natural convection sets up over the whole cross section, at the same time and at the same location Le. Furthermore, the resulting flow structure impacts favorably on the heat transfer; the obtained Nusselt number is significantly increased compared to the pure forced convection case. This enhancement is induced by the longitudinal rolls, which contribute to a continuous flooding of the heated wall with cold fluid. The heat flux imposed at the lower wall leads to the situation where the thermal establishment is never reached, In this case we assist that the longitudinal evolution of the flow regime can spread all along the canal. During my research I managed to observe and investigate four zones of flow; zone I: onset and formation of rolls; zone II: where the longitudinal rolls are established and have invaded the whole transversal cross section, these rolls are stationary; zone III: which correspond to the destabilization of the regime where the rolls adopt a chaotic behavior and finally; zone IV: which corresponds to turbulent zone, where rolls are no longer identified. I determined the characteristic lengths for the different zones as function of control parameters, and I proposed correlations to determine these lengths according to Reynolds numbers and Rayleigh. For the thermal analysis of this type of flow, I have developed and operated a non-intrusive laser technique, using the planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF), to determine the thermal field in different cross sections of the channel for different ranges of parameters. This characterization was also performed by numerical simulations. The temperature fields obtained in different sections allowed the determination of heat transfer, and then the Nusselt number at the heated wall, averaged in the transverse direction Y and represented its variation along the longitudinal direction X for various values of Rayleigh and Reynolds numbers. We also found the signature of both mechanisms of initiation through the longitudinal profile of the Nusselt number. This led us to observe that the convective heat transfer is greatly increased in mixed convection compared to the pure forced convection, with a ratio about of 5 to 10 depending on the values of Reynolds and Rayleigh numbers. My experimental findings, based on Reynolds numbers and Rayleigh, led to the establishment of correlations of Nusselt number, which are valid for mixed convection in this type of flow. These correlations have been established for the onset and the steady states. During flow characterization, we observed a destabilized regime with chaotic behavior similar to the "knot instability" observed in the theoretical study of Busse but has not been observed experimentally before. This will be subject of future investigation. The PLIF seems to be a powerful technique for measuring the bulk temperature of the fluid. We hope to study further this technique to explore thermal fields of fluids for some complex flow phenomena met in convection. The above findings were written in two manuscripts and has been submitted for publication
Carrié, Michaël. "Accélération de protons par laser à ultra-haute intensité : étude et application au chauffage isochore." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00608050.
Full textEd-Dahabi, Mohamed Kamal. "Chauffage par laser de dosimètres thermoluminescents : application à la mesure des bêtas de faible énergie." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20226.
Full textSetzkorn, Rudiger. "Adaptation de la technique de thermoluminescence par chauffage laser à la dosimétrie des rayonnements bêta." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20162.
Full textMarah, Mohamed. "Etude expérimentale et théorique de la thermoluminescence stimulée par chauffage laser application à la dosimétrie." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375994308.
Full textBiodedet, Lambert. "Intéraction d'une onde produite par un laser à électrons libres avec le plasma du tokamak alcator C : Étude numérique par la méthode des éléments finis." Nancy 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10021.
Full textTOUPIN, CATHERINE. "Interaction d'une impulsion laser ultra-intense avec un plasma dense : chauffage et transport electronique et ionique." Paris 11, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA112356.
Full textBoudaa, Amar. "Optimisation de sources XUV générées par l'intéraction d'un laser sub-picoseconde avec un gaz rare." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112341.
Full textThis work deals with a theoretical study of an optical-field-ionized soft-x-ray laser generated in gas targets (krypton at 32. 8 nm, xenon at 41. 8 nm). These sources are experimentally studied intensively at the LOA (ENSTA, Palaiseau). The amplifying medium is created in a highly nonequilibrium state due to the interaction with a short and intense infrared beam. The steps of creation of the plasma and evolution of the atomic kinetics in the medium were investigated in order to characterize the plasma and to study the amplification and transport of XUV radiation. This latter point was considered depending on different parameters (gas pressure, pump intensity,. . . ). Particular emphasis was placed on the influence of the ion dynamics on the emission line. The ionic component of the OFI plasma is initially strongly coupled. The OCP model applied to this case predicted ion temperatures of the order of a few e V. The properties of the output XUV laser showed that the ionic heating can increase the laser energy up to 20% in the range of pressures of practical interest. On the other hand, simulations based on Maxwell-Bloch equations allowed US to compare the case of very low spatial coherence (AS E) with that of high spatial coherence (injection of harmonics in an OFI amplifier). In this latter case, the semi-adiabatic approximation can describe the amplification over long distances of propagation. Also, the semi-adiabatic approach, allows, even in the case of injected regime, to describe the characteristics of the average values of the XUV signal, but not those of the temporal or spectral profile at saturation
Bruycker, Franck De. "High temperature phase transitions in nuclear fuels of the fourth generation." Thesis, Orléans, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ORLE2060/document.
Full textUnderstanding the behaviour of nuclear materials in extreme conditions is of prime importance for the analysis of the operation limits of nuclear fuels, and prediction of possible nuclear reactor accidents, relevant to the general objectives of nuclear safety research. The main purpose of this thesis is the study of high temperature phase transitions in nuclear materials, with special attention to the candidate fuel materials for the reactors of the 4th Generation. In this framework, material properties need to be investigated at temperatures higher than 2500K, where equilibrium conditions are difficult to obtain. Laser heating combined with fast pyrometer is the method used at the European Institute for Transuranium Elements (JRC – ITU). It is associated to a novel process used to determine phase transitions, based on the detection, via a suited low-power (mW) probe laser, of changes in surface reflectivity that may accompany solid/liquid phase transitions. Fast thermal cycles, from a few ms up to the second, under almost container-free conditions and control atmosphere narrow the problem of vaporisation and sample interactions usually meet with traditional method. This new experimental approach has led to very interesting results. It confirmed earlier research for material systems known to be stable at high temperature (such as U-C) and allowed a refinement of the corresponding phase diagrams. But it was also feasible to apply this method to materials highly reactive, thus original results are presented on PuO2, NpO2, UO2-PuO2 and Pu-C systems
Le, louët Violaine. "Etude du comportement thermique de bandes préimprégnées au cours du procédé de fabrication AFP avec chauffage laser." Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT4011/document.
Full textWhen manufacturing a composite part by Automated A special care is given to the surface reflective FLber Placement, a fine understanding of the laminate behavior, and its evolution with fibers orientation and thermal history throughout the process is required in beam incident angle. On the other hand, an order to predict its final performances. Yet, direct experimental device is developed for measuring heat temperature measurements on the placement head is transfers occurring in the ply when heated by an uneasy, and the evolution of thermal fields is often infrared laser diode. A specific metrology had to be obtained via numerical simulations. Due to the implemented for measuring surface temperature and thinness of the ply, its anisotropy, and the lay-up transmitted flux on short time ranges (25 ms). lt was motion, the various boundary conditions have to be shown that the ply microstructure must be taken into carefully set-up when modelling heat transfer in AFP. account to model the flux absorption on its top This works aims at analyzing heat transfer occurring surface, and the flux transmission at its interface with at a single ply scale during AFP process. On one the stainless steel mold. Both zones thickness hand, the radiative properties of the composite characterize the fiber dispersion inside the polymer material are characterized with infrared spectroscopy, matrix. in the process spectral and temperature range
Laude, Thomas. "Nanotubes de nitrure de Bore : produits par chauffage laser non-ablatif : synthèse, caractérisation et mécanismes de croissance." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ECAP0708.
Full textThe beam of a CO2 laser, both continuous and low power (40-80 W), focused on a hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) target (hot pressed powders), induces no ablation, but a stable temperature gradient, radial along target surface. Such a heating, in low nitrogen pressure, produces a macroscopic growth of BN nano-tubes. Tubes grow on a ring around impact, forming a crown of entangled tubes, perpendicular to target surface. This method is efficient to synthesise BN nano-tubes and other nano-spherical BN particles, often rich in boron. Tubes are extremely long (measured up to 120 microns), mostly thin (typically 2 to 4 layers) and self-assembled in ropes. In a tube, BN is stoichiometric and well crystallised. Spherical particles are faceted BN onions, often containing a boron nano-crystal inside their cavity. The synthesis method is simple and low cost. Quantity produced may be extended for commercial purposes, by scanning the laser beam (or the target), by using a higher laser power, or by collecting the material dropped from the target,. . . Growth occurs at bigh temperature but not directly from h-BN platelets. After dissociation and evaporation, boron condenses in nitrogen atmosphere, forming spherical particles, rich in boron, which spread around impact. Then, boron recombines with gaseous nitrogen if and only if boron is liquid, and hence, growth occurs on a ring of specific temperatures. While forming BN shells, some spherical particles evolve toward tubular extrusions. The evolution of a spherical particle toward a tube can be driven by its temperature decrease. A temperature gradient forms along the tube, essentially because of thermal radiation. The gradient is exponentially decreasing with tube length, by an order of 200 K over a few tens of microns. Growth speed also decreases quickly with tube length. It is of an order of 10 µm/s in the beginning of the growth
Maquet, Jean. "Contribution à l'étude de la surstabilité d'une surface libre chauffée par un laser ou un fil chaud." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37607681j.
Full textDaoud, Marcel. "Etude du fluorure de calcium pour la réalisation de plaques thermoluminescentes : mise au point d'un lecteur à chauffage par laser." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20319.
Full textAudiffren-Arnaud, Nicole. "Turbulence d'une couche limite soumise à une variation de densité due à une onde de choc ou à un chauffage pariétal." Aix-Marseille 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX22041.
Full textDunand, Pierre. "Étude de l'impact de goutte sur une paroi chaude en régime de Leidenfrost." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0166/document.
Full textThe droplet impact onto a heated wall interaction can be found in mutiples fields, such as internal combustion engines or the steel industry, specially in the thermal treatment of the steel where high energy dissipation rate is required. The study of this interaction should grant a better understanding of this phenomena, and thus, allow the enhancement of these processes and reduce the energy and water consumption. Several studies have already been carried out on this subjet but a great majority of them, whose results present great divergence, only consider the heated wall, neglecting the outgoing of the droplet. This thesis put the emphasis on the liquid phase where currently no data exist to our knowledge, with the help of multiples experimental technics that have been developped. A general experimental setup has been made in order to make all the wanted measurements. The measurement techniques used in this study are first presented, to begin with the planar laser induced fluorescence, which allow us to know the droplet temperature during the impact. Used with an infrared thermography technique coupled with an inverse conduction model, it is possible to extract some important parameter regarding the thermal aspect, such as the droplet heating, the relative evaporation ratio or the cooling efficiency. This latter can be written as the sum of the two major contributions of the cooling: the sensible heat and the evaporation of the droplet. Finally, a high speed shadow imagery technique is presented. It has been developped in order to study the dynamic aspect of the droplet impact. This technique can determine several dynamic parameters such as the droplet speed and diameter, or other parameter regarding the type of impact encountered
Rouger, Nicolas. "Sensibilité de la convection naturelle en cavité différentiellement chaufféé à des variations de paramètres géométriques, thermiques et massiques." Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aéronautique, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ESMA0004.
Full textNatural convection in cavity is a chaotic phenomenon, so the influence of different parameters on the flow and the heat transfer is essential to know. This thesis presents three experimental complementary studies of natural convection in differentially heated cavity. The first part studied the influence of the changes in the CO2 rate in the enclosure air on the natural convection flow, characterized by a Rayleigh number of 1. 5×10^9 (for pure air). The CO2 rate has almost no influence on the natural convection flow, whether on the thermal stratification in the heart of the cavity or on the mass flow rate circulating in the boundary layers. Likewise, when a lintel is stuck at the ceiling of this same cavity, the mass flow rate does not change despite the pressure loss doubling. The main flow follows the walls without distinguishable separation. The lintel introduces, only locally, 3-D secondary flows more important, especially in the angles. An experimental study for a Rayleigh number close to 10^11, realized in a large differentially heated cavity (4m high), has enabled to quantify the essential natural convection parameters characterizing dynamics and thermics in an unusual geometric configuration. This experiment has enabled to expand nearly 4 decades of Rayleigh number variation in differentially heated cavities, the only evolution law of the Reynolds number, based on the circulating flow rate, according to Rayleigh number exponent 1/3
Ravasio, Alessandra. "Nouveaux diagnostiques pour l'étude de la matière dense et chaude : application aux cibles comprimées par choc laser." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003265.
Full textBoccato, Silvia. "Etude de la structure locale des métaux 3d liquides en conditions extrêmes de pression et température." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAY093/document.
Full textUnderstanding the physical phenomena of our planet requires the capability to investigate the structural and thermodynamic properties of liquid-state materials present in the Earth's outer core. Thus, the melting curves of nickel and cobalt allow to constrain the temperature at the inner core boundary (ICB).This Thesis presents the study of the melting curves and the local structure of nickel and cobalt under extreme conditions. The experimental analysis was performed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), technique ideal for the study of the local structure. Ab-initio calculations were performed as well in order to validate the melting criterion adopted and to provide starting radial distribution function for the analysis of the local structure.The melting curves of nickel and cobalt were determined with the XAS melting criterion recently proposed for iron. The criterion consists in the flattening of the shoulder and the disappearance of the first two oscillations in the X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES). It has been validated with Focused Ion Beam (FIB) coupled with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis on the recovered samples, by means of a detection of textural changes in the sample. The melting temperature was detected for nickel and cobalt at different pressures, thus providing a measurement of the melting curve up to 1 Mbar for the two materials.A comparison of the melting curves of nickel and cobalt with iron shows that the presence of these two materials in the outer core of Earth gives a negligible contribution for the determination of the geotherm at the inner core boundary.Ab-initio calculations performed on cobalt provided an additional confirmation of the XAS melting criterion adopted. Moreover they permitted to understand that the flattening of the oscillations in the XANES is due to the smearing of the structures in the density of the p states linked to the different environments surrounding each absorbing atom in the liquid.These calculations allowed as well to evaluate the compression of liquid cobalt at 5000 K and provided a starting radial distribution function for the analysis of the experimental Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) extracted from the measured XAS.The EXAFS of the liquids along the melting curve was analysed providing a measurement of the first neighbour distance in the liquid as a function of pressure for both nickel and cobalt. In the two cases our experimental results show slightly less compression than theoretically predicted. This can be interpreted as a first neighbour bond that at higher pressures is slightly more rigid than predicted or as due to an increase of 10-20% of the coordination number.Combined to theory, our experimental observation suggests that the local structure of liquid Co and Ni increasingly deviates from a hard sphere model with P and T along the melting curve.In conclusion, we have developed a protocol that allows validating the melting criterion for a given solid structure. In this work it has been applied to 3d metals with fcc structures and it can be applied to other structures.The presence of nickel and cobalt in the outer core of Earth was found to be irrelevant for the determination of the temperature at the ICB.XAS was shown to be an adequate technique to measure the first neighbour bond under extreme conditions, although both experiment and theory have large margin for improvement. The application of this method to more complex liquid alloys opens the way to investigation of relevant geophysical systems
Dumouchel, Fabien. "Etude expérimentale des champs dynamiques et thermiques de l'écoulement de Benard-Von Karman en aval d'un obstacle chauffé dans l'air et dans l'eau." Rouen, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ROUES067.
Full textDubessy, Romain. "Réalisation, étude et exploitation d'ensembles d'ions refroidis par laser stockés dans des pièges micro-fabriqués pour l'information quantique." Phd thesis, Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077249.
Full textThis PHD work aims at developing a micro-fabricated ion trap for quantum information and computation purposes. Laser cooled trapped ions are indeed among the most promising Systems to study and develop quantum information protocols: they have long coherence time and their quantum state may be entirely controlled. However ion trapping experiments are not easily scalable and trap miniaturization is an experimental challenge. This work contains a introduction to quantum information experiments with trapped ions and study the original case of quantum repeaters based on single trapped ions. In a second part, trap miniaturization is discussed emphasizing the optimization of the trap geometry. An analytical model is introduced to take into account surface charge induced fluctuating electric field in the planar ion trap geometry. The scaling of these fluctuations with the ion to electrode surface distance is discussed, as we as a possible optimization protocol based on atomic force microscopy measurements. Finally the experimental developments and results are presented, including clean room trap micro-fabrication optimization, single ion trapping and cooling in a linear Paul trap and preliminary heating rates measurements
Chaze, William. "Transferts de chaleur et de masse lors de l’impact d’une goutte sur une paroi chaude en régime d’ébullition en film : application de diagnostics optiques et modélisation." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0290/document.
Full textThe understanding of phenomena occurring at the impact of a droplet onto a hot wall is crucial for the optimization of spray cooling systems. When the temperature of the wall is high, a vapor layer appears quasi-instantaneously between the droplet and le wall. This film of vapor modifies the hydrodynamic behavior of the droplet and highly reduce the heat and mass transfers in comparison with a wetting impact. Modelling these phenomena is complex because of the numerous coupling between the heat and mass transfers and the fluids dynamic. To get some insights into this phenomenon, optical diagnostic techniques have been developed. Two color planar laser induced fluorescence imaging allows characterizing the distribution of the temperature inside the droplet. Images of the temperature fields, resolved both spatially and temporally, are recorded thanks to the use of a couple of fluorescent dyes keeping a high temperature sensitivity even when they are excited by a nanosecond pulsed laser with and an energy of hundreds m J. In parallel, the infrared thermography is used to determine the temperature of the impinged surface made of sapphire. For that, this surface is coated with a thin film (about 300 nanometers) of TiAlN, highly emissive in the IR domain as opposed to the sapphire which is transparent in it. High frame rate image sequences are analyzed thanks to an analytical inversion model, taking into account the thermal conduction in the sapphire, in order to estimate the heat flux density at the impact surface. The thickness of the vapor layer was also deduced from this measurements thanks to the hypothesis of a dominant thermal conduction in the vapor layer. A study of water drop impact was performed with different impact speeds, wall temperatures and different drop injection temperatures. In most of the cases, the heat flux extracted from the wall in close to the flux transferred to the liquid phase of the droplet. When the wall temperature approaches or exceeds the Leidenfrost temperature, the transfers become more sensitive to the Weber number and less sensitive to the wall temperature. The vapor layer thickness is affected by instabilities whose caracteristics (wavelengths, amplitude) were investigated from the IR images. Eventually, a 1-Dsemi-empirical model is given for describing the heating of the liquid part of the droplet and the growth of vapor layer. The effect of the pressure exerted by the droplet onto the vapor film rapidly decreases during the impact process, so that the growth of the vapor film is only driven by the heat transferred by conduction to the droplet and not by dynamical parameters such as the impact velocity
Dubessy, Romain. "Réalisation, étude et exploitation d'ensembles d'ions refroidis par laser stockés dans des pièges micro-fabriqués pour l'information quantique." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00609884.
Full textBayle, Fabien. "Etude d'un banc de fusion-étirage de fibres optiques par chauffage laser CO2 et four en vue de la réalisation de composants fibrés à base de réseaux." Grenoble INPG, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INPG0053.
Full textLn this dissertation, a set-up is presented to taper and fuse optical fibers by CO2 laser and fumace. We explain in particular how to achieve fusion and tapering of 2 identical fibers in an adiabatic way, through physical understanding of the specificities of laser stretching compared to stretching inside thermally-controlled fumace (thermal models) and introducing various instrumental tools for diagnosis and optimization. The performances of several devices based on Bragg gratings photo-imprinted in tapered fibers and fused-fiber couplers (Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer) are then evaluated, both on theoreticallevel (optical modelings using adapted original tools) and experimental level, together with the inscription of Long Period Gratings by CO2 laser, while emphasizing the benefits of the laser process for their realization
Rassou, Sébastien. "Accélération d'électrons par onde de sillage laser : Développement d’un modèle analytique étendu au cas d’un plasma magnétisé dans le régime du Blowout." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS066/document.
Full textAn intense laser pulse propagating in an under dense plasma (ne< 10¹⁸ W.cm⁻²) and short(τ₀< 100 fs), the bubble regime is reached. Within the bubble the electric field can exceed 100 GV/m and a trapped electron beam is accelerated to GeV energy with few centimetres of plasma.In this regime, the electrons expelled by the laser ponderomotive force are brought back and form a dense sheath layer. First, an analytic model was derived using W. Lu and S. Yi formalisms in order to investigate the properties of the wakefield in the blowout regime. In a second part, the trapping and injection mechanisms into the wakefield were studied. When the optical injection scheme is used, electrons may undergo stochastic heating or cold injection depending on the lasers’ polarisations. A similarity parameter was introduced to find out the most appropriate method to maximise the trapped charge. In a third part, our analytic model is extended to investigate the influence of an initially applied longitudinal magnetic field on the laser wakefield in the bubble regime. When the plasma is magnetized two remarkable phenomena occur. Firstly the bubble is opened at its rear, and secondly the longitudinal magnetic field is amplified - at the rear of the bubble - due to the azimuthal current induced by the variation of the magnetic flux. The predictions of our analytic model were shown to be in agreement with 3D PIC simulation results obtained with Calder-Circ. In most situations the wake shape is altered and self-injection can be reduced or even cancelled by the applied magnetic field. However, the application of a longitudinal magnetic field, combined with a careful choice of laser-plasma parameters, reduces the energy spread of the electron beam produced after optical injection
Faure, Jérôme. "Accélération de particules par interaction laser-plasma dans le régime relativiste." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00404354.
Full textQuaini, Andrea. "Étude thermodynamique du corium en cuve - Application à l'interaction corium/béton." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAI061/document.
Full textDuring a severe accident in a pressurised water reactor, the nuclear fuel can interact with the Zircaloy cladding, the neutronic absorber and the surrounding metallic structure forming a partially or completely molten mixture. The molten core can then interact with the reactor steel vessel forming a mixture called in-vessel corium. In the worst case, this mixture can pierce the vessel and pour onto the concrete underneath the reactor, leading the formation of the ex-vessel corium. Furthermore, depending on the considered scenario, the corium can be formed by a liquid phase or by two liquids, one metallic the other oxide. The objective of this thesis is the investigation of the thermodynamics of the prototypic in-vessel corium U-Pu-Zr-Fe-O. The approach used during the thesis is based on the CALPHAD method, which allows to obtain a thermodynamic model for this complex system starting from phase diagram and thermodynamic data. Heat treatments performed on the O-U-Zr system allowed to measure two tie-lines in the miscibility gap in the liquid phase at 2567 K. Furthermore, the liquidus temperatures of three Zr-enriched samples have been obtained by laser heating in collaboration with ITU. With the same laser heating technique, solidus temperatures have been obtained on the UO2-PuO2-ZrO2 system. The influence of the reducing or oxidising on the melting behaviour of this system has been studied for the first time. The results show that the oxygen stoichiometry of these oxides strongly depends on the oxygen potential and on the metal composition of the samples. The miscibility gap in the liquid phase of the U-Zr-Fe-O system has been also observed. The whole set of experimental results with the literature data allowed to develop the thermodynamic model of the U-Pu-Zr-Fe-O system. Solidification path calculations have been performed for all the investigated samples to interpret the microstructures of the solidified samples. A good accordance has been obtained between calculation and experimental results. Heat treatments on two ex-vessel corium samples showed the influence of the concrete composition on the nature of the liquid phases formed at high temperature. The observed microstructures have been interpreted by means of calculation performed with the TAF-ID database. In parallel, a novel experimental setup named ATTILHA based on aerodynamic levitation and laser heating has been conceived and developed to obtain high temperature phase diagram data. This setup has been validated on well-known oxide systems. Furthermore, this technique allowed to observe in-situ, by using an infrared camera, the formation of a miscibility gap in the liquid phase of the O-Fe-Zr system by oxidation of a Fe-Zr sample. The next step of the development will be the nuclearization of the apparatus to investigate U-containing samples. The implementation of a very fast visible camera (5000 Hz) to investigate the thermo-physical properties of in-vessel and ex-vessel corium mixtures is also underway. The synergy between the development of experimental and calculation tools will allow to improve the thermodynamic description of the corium and the severe accident code using thermodynamic input data
De, Anda Villa Manuel. "Dynamique structurelle induite par laser ultrabref sondée par spectroscopie des photoélectrons résolue en temps." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS193.
Full textThis work aims to study the lattice structural dynamics of metals under laser femtosecond excitation using time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (Tr-PES). When irradiated by short infrared laser pulses, the thermal out-of-equilibrium state established between hot electrons and a cold lattice rises specific dynamics where the thermodynamic properties of matter are still subject to debate. The theoretical description of highly excited materials is difficult and appeals new experimental results to improve the understanding of these physical processes and material properties. Nonetheless, important challenges arise from the use of Tr-PES. When metals are irradiated with strong femtosecond infrared laser pulses, non-linear effects, like multiphoton ionization, can take place and produce photoelectrons with tenths of eV of kinetic energy. This pump photoelectron background can conceal the probe-induced photoelectron spectrum, and perturb the probe spectrum via Coulomb interactions (called space-charge effect). To overcome these challenges three actions were carried out. We designed and built a 100 eV beamline to avoid the superposition between the pump background and the probe photoelectron spectrum. The pump/probe space-charge effect was extensively studied theoretically and experimentally. Finally, the pump photoemission was greatly reduced in our experiments by carefully tuning the experimental parameters. This led us to perform Tr-PES measurements on copper samples of the lattice structural dynamics following the evolution of the photoelectron spectrum. The experiment constituted a proof-of-principle of the Tr-PES technique to study materials under strong excitation
Anzellini, Simone. "Phase diagram of iron under extreme conditions measured with time resolved methods." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066155/document.
Full textThis thesis concerns the study of the phase diagram of iron at extreme conditions of pressure and temperature. Iron is the main constituent of the terrestrial planetary cores. In particular, the Earth has a solid inner core and a liquid outer core which are mainly composed of iron. The accurate determination of the melting temperature of iron at the inner core boundary pressure, 330 GPa, would provide an important constraint on the temperature of the core, which is essential to understand how the dynamic Earth works. The phase diagram of iron has been investigated in laser-heated diamond anvil cell experiments up to 200 GPa using synchrotron-based fast X-ray Diffraction as a primary melting diagnostic. The obtained melting temperatures agree within the experimental uncertainties with the ones obtained from shock wave experiments and are higher than those reported by previous static experiments, where a different melting criterion was used. The apparatus, methods and metrology used in the static laser heated diamond anvil cell are discussed together with the issues encountered in static experiments at such extreme conditions. The possibility of using the X-ray diffraction signal of Re gasket for pressure calibration purpose for experiment in the multi-Mbar range is also discussed. For this purpose, Re equation of state has been measured up to 144 GPa. Finally, a preliminary test has been performed to check the possibility of using energy dispersive X-ray absorption spectroscopy as a technique complementary to fast X-ray diffraction in the investigation of the melting curve of iron
Drouin, Mathieu. "Vers la simulation particulaire réaliste de l'interaction laser-plasma surcritique : conception d'un schéma implicite avec amortissement ajustable et fonctions de forme d'ordre élevé." Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00442715.
Full textYaseen, Muhammad. "Use of thermal heating /cooling process for rock fracturing : numerical and experimental analyze." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10159/document.
Full textThe issue of rock fracturing concerns several industrial applications, such as tunneling or excavation in rock material, extraction of rock blocks and the mining industry. The conventional techniques to fracture the rock material are associated with disadvantages restrict their use in certain circumstances. Consequently, the fracture by thermal spallation was suggested as an alternative solution. This solution basically depends on exceeding the compressive strength of the rock material by compressive stresses induced by heating effects. This necessitates high temperature at the rock surface, which requires high power supply and it degrades the work conditions. Profiting from low tensile strength of the rock material, the present work proposes a method based on a rapid heating of the rock material by microwaves radiation followed by a rapid cooling by water to fracture the rock material. During this process, a thermal dilatation is produced within the treated zone, which is then followed by a thermal shrinkage. This shrinkage produces tensile stresses, which could lead to fracturing the rock material. The heating/cooling process will be analyzed through numerical model describes the physical events and the influence of different parameters. Experimentally, the process will be examined from thermal point of view.
Drouin, Mathieu. "Vers la simulation particulaire réaliste de l'interaction laser-plasma surcritique : conception d'un schéma implicite avec amortissement ajustable et fonctions de forme d'ordre élevé." Phd thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2009. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00442715/fr/.
Full textLaser-plasma interaction and electronic transport are pure kinetic processes thus requiring to solve the complete Vlasov-Maxwell system of equations. This thesis focuses on PIC (‘‘Particle-In-Cell'') methods, and is intended to widen the operating regime of such methods. First, we present the linear stability analysis of an explicit PIC algorithm including spatial and temporal step size effects. This study highlights the aliasing instability, which we link to the more intricate issue of numerical heating in PIC codes in the overcritical regime. We show the beneficial influence of using an increasingly high order weight function to drop this heating, thereby allowing to reach overcritical regimes relevant for comparison with experiments. Implicit PIC codes are not submitted to the constraints affecting their explicit counterparts. Particularly we can relax the need to solve high frequency electronic modes. Such a property is extremely valuable when we model the interaction between a high intensity laser and a highly overcritical plasma. Here, we give the relativistic extension of the direct implicit method, provided with an adjustable damping parameter and high order weight functions. This formalism was implemented in the code ELIXIRS, 2D in space and 3D in velocity. This code was validated for various plasma physics configurations, among them one or two electronic temperatures plasma expansions, high intensity laser-plasma interaction, and also beam-plasma instabilities in the relativistic regime. Especially, we prove the capability of the code to catch the main characteristics of the aforementioned phenomena, despite a crude spatio-temporal discretisation, thus providing significant gains of computation time
Zhu, Xiangyu. "Characterization of wood pellets combustion for clean energy generation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILR016.
Full textThe themes of my research are to quantify and compare the combustion characteristics and the associated polluting emissions of natural wood pellets and roasted black pellets.By controlling all the combustion parameters (primary and secondary incoming air, pellet flow, boiler power), the main objectives are to:- Quantify and compare the combustion characteristics of natural wood pellets and roasted pellets on a well-controlled combustion test bench.- To measure pollutant emissions using physicochemical analyzers and by in-situ laser diagnostics in the combustion chamber and in the chimney.- Assess the technical-economic advantages of the two types of pellets across the entire value chain and offer professional advice to heating engineers and combinators on the most economical and environmentally friendly use of biomass pellets
Larass, Nikos. "Caractérisation expérimentale des champs thermiques et dynamiques de la combustion dans une chaudière domestique modèle." Rouen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ROUES004.
Full textSassy, Odin. "Etude expérimentale du comportement sous chargement de fretting simple à haute température de superalliages à base nickel MC2 et CMSX-4. : Application aux aubes de turbine pour moteur d'hélicoptère." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEC017.
Full textThe aim of this work is to study the behavior of MC2 and CMSX-4 nickel based superalloys when subjected to fretting load at high temperature. Since it drives the compressor shaft, the high pressure turbine is a key part of the helicopter engine. 1n order to increase the global reliability and efficiency of the engine, single crystal nickel based superalloys are employed for turbine blades while disk parts are made of polycrystalline materials. Each turbine blade is attached to the central disk via a special link called fir tree root. Due to high temperature and dynamic oscillations, the contact zone between blades and disk is subjected to high thermomechanical stresses. 1t causes fretting phenomena that can lead to wear and cracking damage. This work focuses on both the partial slip and gross slip regime in order to study the damage process of single crystal MC2 and CMSX-4 materials. To perform the mechanical tests, an innovative fretting device is designed to fit the specifications. The use of an induction heat system allows an accurate control of high temperatures. To be consistent with the real flying parts,,the specific orientation of the microstructure of the material with respect to the contact loading direction is taken into account. The microstructure misalignement of raw material bars is measured and compensated as the specimens are machined for extraction. Consequently the obtained set of samples is considered to be of homogeneous microstructure orientation even if their source material contains deviations in orientation. Four material states are investigated: precision grinding conventional shot-peening ultrasonic shot-peening and nitriding process. The results show that for the partial slip régime, shot peening processes are very useful for turbine blade applications. As a matter of fact, the risk for crack nucleation and extension are reduced by the introduction of residual stresses beneath the surface in spite of the high temperature. 1nvestigating the gross slip regime results show that wear of material leads to the formation of a third body and then to the formation of a thin layer called "glaze layer)) with low friction coefficient. To describe the formation process of the "glaze layer)) halted trials are performed. The results allow the drafting of a scenario in which wear debris are stuck and sintered beneath the contact
Le, Coz Thomas. "Fonctionnalisation d'un fil métallique par croissance de films minces dans un magnétron cylindrique inversé." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI016.
Full textThe work presented in this manuscript deals with the optimization of the process of deposition of thin films on a moving stainless steel wire. Two inverted cylindrical magnetrons (ICMs) are used to study different aspects of sputtering. At first, an analytical model allowing the evaluation of the thermal contributions to the heating of the substrate is confronted with series of measurements. The results obtained are conclusive but suffer from the inhomogeneity of the magnetic field, which is responsible for the localized loss of high energy secondary electrons. In order to limit the thermal contribution of the charges on the substrate, auxiliary anodes designed to recover the energy flow, are added to each end of the magnetrons. Their influence on the plasma distribution, the microstructure and the chemical composition of the coatings is then discussed. In a second part, the study of reactive sputter deposition with ICMs highlights the need to homogenize the magnetic field in the cathodes. A discussion is then conducted on the influence of the magnetic field on the distribution of deposition rates within the magnetrons and an analytical model, aimed at reproducing the deposition profiles, is developed on the basis of the results obtained. A parametric study (pressure, target – substrate distance, magnetic field strength) is also performed to determine optimal deposition conditions in an ICM. Finally, finite element modeling using commercial software closes the manuscript
Chaban, Levgeniia. "Investigation of thermal and mechanical behavior of ultra-thin liquids at GHz frequencies." Thesis, Le Mans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LEMA1039/document.
Full textThe phenomenon of liquid structuring near interfaces is related to the liquid/interface interaction forces at distances of some molecular dimensions. Despite the fact that this universal structuring effect plays a key role in various fields such as heat transport, particle transport through biological membranes, nanofluidics, microbiology and nanorheology, the experimental investigation of liquid structuring remainschallenging.The aim of this PhD thesis is the experimental study of the structuring/ordering of liquids at nanoscale distances from their interfaces with solids. In this context, we have adapted the experimental technique of picosecond laser ultrasonics to investigate high-frequency longitudinal acoustic properties of ultrathin liquids confined between solid surfaces of different types. At first, we will present results of time-domain Brillouin scattering (TDBS) used to determine the temperature distribution profile in the investigated liquid volume which can be extrapolated to nanometer dimensions. Results for the evolution of the extracted Brillouin scattering frequencies and attenuation rates recorded at different laser powers give insight to the intrinsic relationship between thermal and mechanical properties of liquids. Second, we will describe our results for the measurements of mechanical properties of ultrathin liquids with a nanometric resolution. Fourier analysis of the recorded TDBS signals for different liquid thicknesses yield the value of the longitudinal speed of sound and attenuation at GHz frequencies. This novel TDBS experimental scheme is a first step towards the understanding of confined liquids measured by GHz ultrasonic probing