Journal articles: 'Charlotte Waters'

1

Crawford, W. R., W. S. Huggett, M. J. Woodward, and P. E. Daniel. "Summer circulation of the waters in Queen Charlotte sound." Atmosphere-Ocean 23, no. 4 (December 1985): 393–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07055900.1985.9649235.

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2

Albright, L. J., S. Johnson, and A. Yousif. "Temporal and Spatial Distribution of the Harmful Diatoms Chaetoceros concavicornis and Chaetoceros convolutus along the British Columbia Coast." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, no. 9 (September 1, 1992): 1924–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f92-213.

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The harmful phytoplankters Chaetoceros concavicornis and Chaetoceros convolutus are normal components of the phytoplankton assemblage along the British Columbia coast. During 1988, these diatoms occurred at their highest concentrations in the spring and fall from the Strait of Georgia to Queen Charlotte Strait. North of Queen Charlotte Strait, the maximal concentrations appeared to be delayed until summer. The greatest concentrations occurred in the waters of the Strait of Georgia and its contiguous bays and inlets, especially Jervis Inlet, where concentrations of C. concavicornis and C. convolutus which could be harmful to salmon occurred during the spring and fall of 1988. Lesser concentrations occurred in coastal seawaters north of the Strait of Georgia. These phytoplankters were absent, or were present in only minor concentrations, in inlets with low-salinity waters such as Holberg Inlet and Indian Arm. Harmful Chaetoceros cells were restricted to seawaters greater than approximately 17‰ salinity. Vertically and horizontally well-mixed waters, such as those of Johnstone Strait, also appeared to restrict the presence of these cells. The greatest concentrations of these diatoms occurred during the spring and fall in relatively stratified coastal seawater with salinities between 26 and 34‰.

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3

Beamish, R. J., and C. A. McFarlane. "Resident and Dispersal Behavior of Adult Sablefish (Anaplopoma fimbria) in the Slope Waters off Canada's West Coast." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 152–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f88-017.

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A total of 72 735 adult sablefish (Anaplopoma fimbria) were tagged and released off the west coast of Canada from 1977 to 1982. As of December 31, 1985, 11 212 (15%) have been recaptured or 16 539 (23%) when recaptures were standardized for differences in recovery effort and unreported recaptures. Off Vancouver Island, relatively few sablefish moved more than 200 km. More movement occurred in Queen Charlotte Sound and off the Queen Charlotte Islands. Thirteen percent of recaptures were made in the United States zone and 96% of these were made in waters off Alaska. Movement was not related to length, age, or sex of adult fish. There was also no relationship between time at liberty and distance travelled; however, there was a trend to move out of the release area with time at liberty. In general, most adults remained within the release area. This resident behavior could result in overfishing because recruitment is dependent on occasional strong year-classes rather than movement from other areas.

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4

King, Jackie R., Gordon A. McFarlane, and Tyler B. Zubkowski. "First record of Commander Skate (Bathyraja lindbergi) in Canadian Pacific waters." Canadian Field-Naturalist 132, no. 3 (April 11, 2019): 261–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v132i3.2025.

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We report the first verified record of a Commander Skate (Bathyraja lindbergi Ishiyama and Ishihara, 1977) from British Columbia, Canada. A female measuring 829 mm in total length was captured by bottom trawl on 2 August 2009 in Queen Charlotte Sound, Canada (51°37'N, 130°6'W). The depth of capture was 449 m. We used physical characteristics as well as meristic and morphometric characters to identify the specimen as a Commander Skate.

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5

Raum-Suryan, Kimberly, Kenneth Pitcher, and Richard Lamy. "Sea Otter, Enhydra lutris, Sightings off Haida Gwaii / Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, 1972-2002." Canadian Field-Naturalist 118, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v118i2.928.

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On 27 June 2001 we observed and photographed a Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris) adjacent to a Steller Sea Lion (Eumetopias jubatus) haulout near Sgang Gwaay (Anthony Island), Haida Gwaii / Queen Charlotte Islands. This is one of only eight documented sightings of Sea Otters in these waters during the past 30 years. These sightings may represent the beginning of the expansion of Sea Otters to their former range off Haida Gwaii.

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Mojica, Jhon, David Holland, and Julio Monroy. "Submeso-scale Mixing Features in the Gerlache Strait Bays (Antarctica)." Boletín de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras 50, SuplEsp (May 26, 2021): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25268/bimc.invemar.2021.50.suplesp.934.

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Measurements of turbulence in the ocean are sparse, especially in environments such as Antarctica. Here we map the spatial distribution of diapycnal diffusivities and the water column characteristics across the three main bays in the Gerlache Strait on the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula. The measurements were recorded during the Fifth Colombian Antarctic Expedition, 2018-2019, using a Vertical Microstructure Profiler in free fall for the first 400 m depth, to record fluctuations of vertical shear at dissipation scales (10-3 – 103m). Diapycnal diffusivities are higher by 1-2 orders of magnitude in the Gerlache mainstream compared with the interior bays, with values from O (log10kρ = -3 m2 s -1) to O (log10kρ = -5 m2s -1) respectively over the upper 400 m. The highest mixing values were recorded in the southern section of Gerlache Strait (Flandes Bay) compared to the northern one (Charlotte Bay), indicating better wellmixed water in the south. Observed Hot Spots of higher turbulence levels may be associated with the interaction of the entrance of the Upper Circumpolar Depth Water, the Antarctic Surface Water, and the Weddell Sea Deep Waters with resident waters and topography.

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7

Sloan, N. A., and P. M. Bartier. "Introduced Marine Species in the Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands) Region, British Columbia." Canadian Field-Naturalist 118, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v118i1.886.

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This historical review of a marine area’s introduced species was facilitated by geo-referenced marine species inventories of the Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands) region. One plant, 14 invertebrate, and two fish introduced species have been recorded since the early 20th century from the marine waters around Haida Gwaii. Records of species occurrences are listed and mapped, and modes of introduction are discussed. It will be important to continue documenting areas’ introduced species locations to track the progress of invasions that could affect local marine ecosystem well-being. Erratum for figure included.

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8

Han, Guoqi, Jon Chamberlain, Colin Webber, and Charles Hannah. "A New Method of Determining Glass Sponge Reef Adaptive Management Zones for the Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound Marine Protected Area." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 7 (July 15, 2022): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10070971.

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The world’s largest living glass sponge reefs, located in the Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound off British Columbia, are impacted by bottom contact fishing gear. The existing Adaptive Management Zones (AMZs) for the protection of these reefs were determined by considering the potential exposure of glass sponges to suspended sediment due to mobile bottom-contact fishing, but without considering their pumping arrest threshold concentrations. Here, we develop a new method that uses a sediment transport model under horizontally variable near-bottom currents and newly available sponge reef pumping arrest thresholds to determine the size and shape of AMZ for the northern reefs in the Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound Marine Protected Area. The resulting AMZ is larger than the existing AMZ due to the observation that the largest currents are not always in the direction of the dominant tidal flows, the introduction of the new pumping arrest threshold, and the inclusion of a background sediment concentration. The new AMZ boundary could provide more adequate protection for the glass sponge reefs from the effects of sedimentation induced by mobile, bottom-contact fishing activity. The new method is applicable to other glass sponge reefs in British Columbia waters.

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9

Reimchen, T. E., E. M. Stinson, and J. S. Nelson. "Multivariate differentiation of parapatric and allopatric populations of threespine stickleback in the Sangan River watershed, Queen Charlotte Islands." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 12 (December 1, 1985): 2944–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-441.

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A discriminant analysis was made of 17 morphometric and 10 meristic characters in the freshwater form (leiurus) of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from 16 localities in the Sangan River System on the Queen Charlotte archipelago and in the presumed ancestral form (trachurus) from a nearby locality in marine waters. While multivariate means were significantly different between trachurus and leiurus, there was even greater differentiation between the leiurus populations found in lakes, ponds, and streams, divergence which was independent of geographical distance between localities. Statistical removal of meristics, removal of body length, log transformation and size standardization of all morphometries did not substantially alter the discrimination of the populations. Two of the leiurus populations that overlap in a narrow zone appear to have achieved reproductive isolation.

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10

Hamilton, LJ. "Turbidity in the northern Great Barrier Reef lagoon in the wet season, March 1989." Marine and Freshwater Research 45, no. 4 (1994): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9940585.

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In 1989, a typical wet season was experienced in northern Queensland, with low winds and long calm periods. Turbidity in upper waters of the Great Barrier Reef lagoon broadly had a simple distribution that could be modelled from bottom depth contour values alone, without introducing wind speed or bottom type. In the absence of major storm and cyclone events, this result appears to be general, based on the similarity between March 1989 survey data and Secchi disc climatology. The simple distribution arises because the main turbidity sources are riverine discharges, with little entrainment of bottom sediment into the upper column, except in shallower waters. Fresh, highly turbid riverine influxes are generally confined close inshore, with salinity and Secchi contours parallel to shore, forming cross-shelf gradients. A semi-quantitative relation was found between sea surface colour and Secchi disc depth. Examination of nephelometric turbidity stratification showed that satellite and Secchi data should be more useful for subsurface turbidity inference between Cooktown and Innisfail than in Princess Charlotte Bay, with horizontal and vertical stratifications, respectively, observed in those areas. Highest nephelometric turbidity was seen from Cooktown to Innisfail. Beam attenuation coefficient in oceanic waters outside the reef appeared to be dominated by absorption, with lagoon waters influenced by scattering. A method is suggested to enable approximate transfer of beam attenuation coefficient measured by a transmissometer operating at a single wavelength to beam attenuation coefficient at other wavelengths, using coincident measurements of Secchi disc depths made with filters.

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11

Karki, Sita, Mohamed Sultan, Racha Elkadiri, and Tamer Elbayoumi. "Mapping and Forecasting Onsets of Harmful Algal Blooms Using MODIS Data over Coastal Waters Surrounding Charlotte County, Florida." Remote Sensing 10, no. 10 (October 18, 2018): 1656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10101656.

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Over the past two decades, persistent occurrences of harmful algal blooms (HAB; Karenia brevis) have been reported in Charlotte County, southwestern Florida. We developed data-driven models that rely on spatiotemporal remote sensing and field data to identify factors controlling HAB propagation, provide a same-day distribution (nowcasting), and forecast their occurrences up to three days in advance. We constructed multivariate regression models using historical HAB occurrences (213 events reported from January 2010 to October 2017) compiled by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission and validated the models against a subset (20%) of the historical events. The models were designed to capture the onset of the HABs instead of those that developed days earlier and continued thereafter. A prototype of an early warning system was developed through a threefold exercise. The first step involved the automatic downloading and processing of daily Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua products using SeaDAS ocean color processing software to extract temporal and spatial variations of remote sensing-based variables over the study area. The second step involved the development of a multivariate regression model for same-day mapping of HABs and similar subsequent models for forecasting HAB occurrences one, two, and three days in advance. Eleven remote sensing variables and two non-remote sensing variables were used as inputs for the generated models. In the third and final step, model outputs (same-day and forecasted distribution of HABs) were posted automatically on a web map. Our findings include: (1) the variables most indicative of the timing of bloom propagation are bathymetry, euphotic depth, wind direction, sea surface temperature (SST), ocean chlorophyll three-band algorithm for MODIS [chlorophyll-a OC3M] and distance from the river mouth, and (2) the model predictions were 90% successful for same-day mapping and 65%, 72% and 71% for the one-, two- and three-day advance predictions, respectively. The adopted methodologies are reliable at a local scale, dependent on readily available remote sensing data, and cost-effective and thus could potentially be used to map and forecast algal bloom occurrences in data-scarce regions.

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12

Garzke, Jessica, Ian Forster, Sean C. Godwin, Brett T. Johnson, Martin Krkošek, Natalie Mahara, Evgeny A. Pakhomov, Luke A. Rogers, and Brian P. V. Hunt. "Dynamic coastal pelagic habitat drives rapid changes in growth and condition of juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) during early marine migration." FACETS 7 (January 1, 2022): 1328–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2022-0068.

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Migrating marine taxa encounter diverse habitats that differ environmentally and in foraging conditions over a range of spatial scales. We examined body (RNA/DNA, length-weight residuals) and nutritional (fatty acid composition) condition of juvenile sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka) in British Columbia, while migrating through oceanographically variable waters. Fish were sampled in the stratified northern Strait of Georgia (NSoG); the highly mixed Johnstone Strait (JS); and the transitional zone of Queen Charlotte Strait (QCS). In 2015, body and nutritional condition were high in the NSoG but rapidly declined to reach lowest levels in JS where prey availability was low, before showing signs of compensatory growth in QCS. In 2016, juvenile salmon had significantly lower condition in the NSoG than in 2015, although zooplankton biomass was similar, condition remained low in JS, and no compensatory growth was observed in QCS. We provide evidence that differences in juvenile salmon condition between the two years were due to changes in the food quality available to juvenile fish. We propose that existing hypotheses about fish survival need to be extended to incorporate food quality in addition to quantity to understand changes in fish condition and survival between years.

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13

Lambirth, Kevin, Matthew Tsilimigras, Anju Lulla, James Johnson, Abrar Al-Shaer, Orion Wynblatt, Shannon Sypolt, et al. "Microbial Community Composition and Antibiotic Resistance Genes within a North Carolina Urban Water System." Water 10, no. 11 (October 29, 2018): 1539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10111539.

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Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are thought to be potential incubators of antibiotic resistance. Persistence of commonly used antibiotics in wastewater may increase the potential for selection of resistance genes transferred between bacterial populations, some of which might pose a threat to human health. In this study, we measured the concentrations of ten antibiotics in wastewater plant influents and effluents, and in surface waters up- and downstream from two Charlotte area treatment facilities. We performed Illumina shotgun sequencing to assay the microbial community and resistome compositions at each site across four time points from late winter to mid-summer of 2016. Antibiotics are present throughout wastewater treatment, and elevated concentrations of multiple antibiotics are maintained in moving stream water downstream of effluent release. While some human gut and activated sludge associated taxa are detectable downstream, these seem to attenuate with distance while the core microbial community of the stream remains fairly consistent. We observe the slight suppression of functional pathways in the downstream microbial communities, including amino acid, carbohydrate, and nucleic acid metabolism, as well as nucleotide and amino acid scavenging. Nearly all antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and potentially pathogenic taxa are removed in the treatment process, though a few ARG markers are elevated downstream of effluent release. Taken together, these results represent baseline measurements that future studies can utilize to help to determine which factors control the movement of antibiotics and resistance genes through aquatic urban ecosystems before, during, and after wastewater treatment.

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14

Heath, Dwight B. ": Black Water . Charlotte Cerf, Allen Moore." American Anthropologist 94, no. 1 (March 1992): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1992.94.1.02a00980.

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15

Greene, H. Gary, J. Vaughn Barrie, Daniel S. Brothers, James E. Conrad, Kim Conway, Amy E. East, Randy Enkin, et al. "Slope failure and mass transport processes along the Queen Charlotte Fault Zone, western British Columbia." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 477, no. 1 (May 24, 2018): 85–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp477.31.

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AbstractMultibeam echosounder (MBES) images, 3.5 kHz seismic-reflection profiles and piston cores obtained along the southern Queen Charlotte Fault Zone are used to map and date mass-wasting events at this transform margin – a seismically active boundary that separates the Pacific Plate from the North American Plate. Whereas the upper continental slope adjacent to and east (upslope) of the fault zone offshore of the Haida Gwaii is heavily gullied, few large-sized submarine landslides in this area are observed in the MBES images. However, smaller submarine seafloor slides exist locally in areas where fluid flow appears to be occurring and large seafloor slides have recently been detected at the base of the steep continental slope just above its contact with the abyssal plain on the Queen Charlotte Terrace. In addition, along the subtle slope re-entrant area offshore of the Dixon Entrance shelf bathymetric data suggest that extensive mass wasting has occurred in the vicinity of an active mud volcano venting gas. We surmise that the relative lack of submarine slides along the upper slope in close proximity to the Queen Charlotte Fault Zone may be the result of seismic strengthening (compaction and cohesion) of a sediment-starved shelf and slope through multiple seismic events.

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Patterson, R. Timothy, Jean-Pierre Guilbault, Richard E. Thomson, and John L. Luternauer. "Foraminiferal Evidence of Younger Dryas Age Cooling on the British Columbia Shelf." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 49, no. 3 (November 30, 2007): 409–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/033063ar.

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ABSTRACT Cluster analysis of foraminifera from a ~12,000-9000 radiocarbon year old piston core from Goose Island Trough, Queen Charlotte Sound, indicates that a cold interval correlative with the Younger Dryas stadial occurred during a shallow water phase. The reduction in depth was caused by the passage across the area, between 11,500 and 10,000 years BP, of a glacial forebulge associated with the retreat of the Late Wisconsinian ice sheets. Published sedimentological evidence indicate that water depths decreased to ~75-90 m, placing the site above the permanent North Pacific pycnocline (100 m). Low salinity-near glacial conditions, at these depths, between -11,100 and 10,000 years BP were recognized by abundant populations of Cassidulina reniforme and lslandiella helenae. This cold interval has also been recognized in cores from elsewhere in Queen Charlotte Sound. The depressed salinity and temperature may have resulted from a modification of regional weather patterns. Decreased mean continental summer temperatures could have reduced the seasonal influence of the North Pacific High and lengthened that of the Aleutian Low. This would have resulted in a near continuous onshore surface Ekman transport and enhanced coastal runoff, effectively blocking the movement onto the shelf of deep, saline, warm water of the California Undercurrent. The resultant isolated inshore basin comprised of present-day Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound is tentatively named the "Hecate Sea". By ~10,000 years BP, weather and ocean circulation had returned to near modern patterns as indicated by the disappearance of lslandiella helenae and by the development of an Epistominella vitrea - dominated biofacies.

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17

Johns, Marjorie J., Julie A. Trotter, Clio J. M. Bonnett, and Christopher R. Barnes. "Neogene strontium isotope stratigraphy, foraminifer biostratigraphy, and lithostratigraphy from offshore wells, Queen Charlotte Basin, British Columbia, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 52, no. 9 (September 2015): 795–822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2014-0159.

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Strontium isotope ages of foraminifers from Early Miocene to Late Pliocene (Neogene) sequences (21.2–3.4 Ma) are reported for the first time from the Queen Charlotte Basin (QCB) in Queen Charlotte Sound, offshore British Columbia. These ages, together with a revised foraminifer biostratigraphy and log data from two offshore wells, provide a high-resolution chronostratigraphy for the southern part of the QCB. The data show thick 1717–2636 m Miocene sequences overlain by much thinner Pliocene and younger units (<240 m). Assessments of foraminifer biofacies indicate common transported neritic and shelf faunas into slope or bathyal environments where changes in basin water depths indicate significant deformation and erosion. Additional stratigraphic information for six offshore wells in Hecate Strait show the common occurrence of amorphous carbonates in the upper sections of the penetrated basin successions. Amorphous carbonates and coals are less common in the Harlequin D-86 and Osprey D-36 wells of Queen Charlotte Sound. Coals are especially common to abundant in the sedimentary sections penetrated by the Hecate Strait wells and are potential sources of seep fluids and gases. The occurrences of glassy-textured coals, zeolite-like minerals, recrystallized foraminifers, and inverted stratigraphic units in the basal parts of Miocene sub-basins indicate heating, deformation or slumping, and upward mobilization of fluids or gases after the Early Miocene. Results support syn-rift and post-rift depositional and deformational phases. Comparisons between the different geological processes and events in the Queen Charlotte and Tofino basins reveal details of the complex evolution of these Cenozoic basins, plate margins, and ridge junctions.

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18

Scholl, James E., and Jeff Pearson. "Capturing Stormwater for Water Supply Needs in Charlotte County, Florida." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2008, no. 6 (January 1, 2008): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864708790894827.

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19

Choiseul, J. W., and S. F. Carnegie. "First Report of Botryotinia fuckeliana Causing Soft Rots in Potato in Scotland." Plant Disease 84, no. 7 (July 2000): 806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.7.806b.

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Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel (syn. Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr.) causes gray mold on the foliage of a large range of horticultural and agricultural crops, including potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). This weak pathogen may also produce pit rots on potato tubers (1). In April 1999, two lots of seed potatoes produced in Scotland were found to contain a significant number of tubers with soft rots. The cultivars were Maritiema and Charlotte, with 2.2 and 0.5% of rotted tubers, respectively. The rots on tubers of cv. Maritiema were all soft, wet, and extensive, with a distinct edge, but the proportion of this type of rot was much lower (approximately 30%) on the cv. Charlotte tubers. Gray sporangiophores developed around tuber eyes. When the tubers were cut, the affected tissue was peach to pink-gray in color but darkened on exposure to air, and was soft and water-soaked in appearance with a pale brown or, occasionally, yellow margin. A faint vinegary odor could be detected occasionally. B. fuckeliana was isolated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) from all 15 tubers of cv. Maritiema and from the three (out of 13) tubers of cv. Charlotte that had large, soft rots. Tubers produced at Scottish Agricultural Science Agency's Gogarbank farm near Edinburgh in 1998 were used for confirmatory pathogenicity tests conducted in late April and May 1999. Using a cork borer, a wound 5 mm in diameter and 5 mm deep was made in each tuber and 5-mm-diameter agar plug from either the edge of a colony of B. fuckeliana or of PDA was inserted into the wound. Nine tubers of cvs. Maritiema and Charlotte were inoculated for each treatment and tubers incubated at 5°C in boxes lined with moist filter paper. Rots, similar to those on the commercial seed tubers, developed after 28 days at wound sites inoculated with B. fuckeliana. The fungus was isolated by placing a small piece of rotted tissue from each rot on PDA. B. fuckeliana was recovered from all rots. The mean width of rots was 51 mm for cv. Maritiema compared with 40 mm for cv. Charlotte. Depth of rots was similar for both varieties. Lesions did not develop at wound sites inoculated with PDA agar only. In a second experiment, tubers of cv. Maritiema were inoculated with B. fuckeliana as described above and incubated at 5°C or room temperature (15 to 18°C). There were nine tubers for each temperature. After 21 days, no lesions had developed on tubers incubated at room temperature, but large, soft rots were present on those incubated at 5°C. The lesions produced by B. fuckeliana in these experiments were relatively large compared with the 5-m-deep rots reported previously (1) after 60 days of incubation. The appearance of these rots is similar to that for other diseases, e.g., pink rot and watery wound rot, and infections by this fungus may have been incorrectly diagnosed in the past. Moreover, the development of such rots may be favored by the recent increase in the use of low temperature storage for seed potatoes. Reference: (1) H. W. Platt. Can. J. Plant. Pathol. 16:341, 1994.

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Pellatt, Marlow G., and Rolf W. Mathewes. "Holocene Tree Line and Climate Change on the Queen Charlotte Islands, Canada." Quaternary Research 48, no. 1 (July 1997): 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1997.1903.

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Palynological study of two subalpine ponds on the Queen Charlotte Islands reveals changes in tree line and climate during the Holocene. The findings agree with previous reconstructions, from nearby Louise Pond on the Queen Charlotte Islands, that suggest a warmer-than-present climate and higher-than-present tree lines in the early Holocene (ca. 9600–6600 14C yr B.P.). Basal ages at SC1 Pond and Shangri-La Bog indicate that the basins did not hold permanent water before 7200 14C yr B.P., consistent with a warmer and drier early Holocene previously inferred from Louise Pond. Pollen and plant macrofossils indicate the initial establishment of subalpine conditions by 6090 ± 90 14C yr B.P., similar to the 5790 ± 130 14C yr B.P. age for cooling inferred from Louise Pond. Conditions similar to present were established at SC1 Pond by 3460 ± 100 14C yr B.P., confirming the previous estimate of 3400 14C yr B.P. at Louise Pond. This 3400 14C yr B.P. vegetation shift on the Queen Charlotte Islands corresponds with the beginning of the Tiedemann glacial advance in the south-coastal mountains of British Columbia (ca. 3300 14C yr B.P.), the Peyto and Robson glacial advances between 3300 and 2800 14C yr B.P. in the Rocky Mountains, and climatic cooling inferred from palynological studies throughout southern British Columbia, northern Washington, and southeast Alaska. These findings confirm that changes in regional climate influenced changes in vegetation in coastal British Columbia.

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Howley, C., M. Devlin, and M. Burford. "Assessment of water quality from the Normanby River catchment to coastal flood plumes on the northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 69, no. 6 (2018): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf17009.

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Understanding the flux and fate of nutrients and sediments from rivers is of global importance because of the effects of these materials on coastal ecosystems. The present study followed three flood events from upper tributaries of the Normanby River to Princess Charlotte Bay in the northern Great Barrier Reef (GBR) lagoon, Australia. During each event, nutrients and suspended sediment concentrations were measured along a freshwater to marine transect. The upper catchment provided the majority of suspended sediments and nutrients supplied to the river system, although concentrations of most materials decreased by 52–85% between the upper catchment and estuary. As an exception, ammonium concentrations doubled within the estuary, indicating that undisturbed coastal ecosystems can provide a significant source of dissolved inorganic nitrogen to tropical river flood plumes. The dissolved nutrients in floodwaters stimulated phytoplankton blooms that inundated seagrass meadows and coral reefs. Northern GBR marine ecosystems are increasingly threatened by climate change and catchment development. The results of this study show that increased anthropogenic loads of nutrients and sediments from the upper Normanby catchment have the potential to affect the condition of marine ecosystems at Princess Charlotte Bay.

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Moody, Erin P., John M. Dole, and Jared Barnes. "Refining Postharvest Handling Procedures Increased Cut Rose Vase Life." HortTechnology 24, no. 6 (December 2014): 676–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.24.6.676.

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Various postharvest procedures were conducted on several rose (Rosa hybrida) cultivars to determine the effects on vase life, water uptake, change in fresh weight, stage of opening, and vase life termination criteria. Vase life was influenced by cultivar and vase solution. Commercial preservative solutions resulted in a longer vase life, smaller decrease in fresh weight than the controls, and smaller increase in water uptake. Vase life of nine cultivars in distilled water ranged from a low of 7.1 days for Queen 2000 to a high of 15.3 days for Forever Young. Flower termination criteria were also cultivar specific with Black Baccara, Classy, and Charlotte most prone to bent neck and blackening of petal tips. Exogenous ethylene at 0.4 or 4.0 μL·L−1 did not affect vase life but lowered water uptake. Application of the antiethylene agent silver thiosulfate (STS) at 0.2 mm concentration significantly improved vase life in five out of the nine cultivars (Anna, Charlotte, First Red, Freedom, and Konfetti) tested, but 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) at 740 nL·L−1 did not improve vase life over the control. Both vase life and water uptake were reduced when more than one stem was placed in a vase; placing 10 stems in a vase shortened vase life by 1.4 days and impeded water uptake by up to 10.6 mL/stem per day. Increasing the amount of time stems remained dry before placing in a vase reduced vase life, but recutting immediately before placing in a vase minimized the decline. Increasing the amount of stem cut off the base up to 10 cm increased vase life.

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Turner, R. E., N. N. Rabalais, B. Fry, N. Atilla, C. S. Milan, J. M. Lee, C. Normandeau, T. A. Oswald, E. M. Swenson, and D. A. Tomasko. "Paleo‐indicators and water quality change in the Charlotte Harbor Estuary (Florida)." Limnology and Oceanography 51, no. 1part2 (January 2006): 518–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.1_part_2.0518.

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Malavolta, Laura, Antonio Terella, Francesca De Giorgio, and Catia Arbizzani. "Improved Adhesion of Nafion™-Coated Separator to Water-Processable LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Electrodes." Batteries 6, no. 2 (May 11, 2020): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries6020028.

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The adhesion between electrode and separator is a key feature in cell assembly. Nafion™-coated separators for water-processed LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) electrodes are here proposed as an alternative to the polyolefin separators. Specifically, polyolefin separators are modified with Nafion™ solutions and their adhesion to high-potential LNMO electrodes is investigated. The physicochemical properties of the Nafion™-coated separator and its electrochemical performance in Li/LNMO cells are discussed and compared to those obtained with polyolefin Celgard® (Charlotte, NC, USA) PP2075 separator. Improved adhesion and cycling stability, which could be further enhanced by a mild lamination process, were demonstrated with a thin layer of Nafion™ (0.1 mg cm−2).

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Lackey, Kent A., Barry Gullet, Pete Goins, David Parker, and Brent Reuss. "ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND WATER RECLAMATION USING MEMBRANE FILTRATION IN CHARLOTTE, NORTH CAROLINA." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2002, no. 16 (January 1, 2002): 18–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864702784246847.

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Lapsley, Jonathan S., and Darrell DeWitt. "Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Pcbs) in Collection Systems and Wwtps - the Charlotte Water Mitigation Experience." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2015, no. 17 (January 1, 2015): 3170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864715819539632.

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27

Hathaway, J. M., W. F. Hunt, and S. Jadlocki. "Indicator Bacteria Removal in Storm-Water Best Management Practices in Charlotte, North Carolina." Journal of Environmental Engineering 135, no. 12 (December 2009): 1275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000107.

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Isbell, Marcia, and Angela Lee. "Charlotte-Mecklenburg successfully integrates field operations by managing individual and organizational strengths." Journal - American Water Works Association 98, no. 9 (September 2006): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2006.tb07755.x.

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McPherson, Benjamin F., and Ronald L. Miller. "NUTRIENT DISTRIBUTION AND VARIABILITY IN THE CHARLOTTE HARBOR ESTUARINE SYSTEM, FLORIDA." Journal of the American Water Resources Association 26, no. 1 (February 1990): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1990.tb01352.x.

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McPherson, Benjamin F., Ralph T. Montgomery, and Edward E. Emmons. "PHYTOPLANKTON PRODUCTIVITY AND BIOMASS IN THE CHARLOTTE HARBOR ESTUARINE SYSTEM, FLORIDA." Journal of the American Water Resources Association 26, no. 5 (October 1990): 787–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1990.tb01413.x.

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31

Kim, Taeyun, Y. Peter Sheng, and Kijin Park. "Modeling water quality and hypoxia dynamics in Upper Charlotte Harbor, Florida, U.S.A. during 2000." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 90, no. 4 (December 2010): 250–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2010.09.006.

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32

McPherson, Benjamin F., and Ronald L. Miller. "CAUSES OF UGHT AVI'ENUATION IN TAMPA BAY AND CHARLOTTE HARBOR, SOUTHWESTERN FLORIDA." Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30, no. 1 (February 1994): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03272.x.

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Brothers, Daniel S., Brian D. Andrews, Maureen A. L. Walton, H. Gary Greene, J. Vaughn Barrie, Nathan C. Miller, Uri ten Brink, et al. "Slope failure and mass transport processes along the Queen Charlotte Fault, southeastern Alaska." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 477, no. 1 (May 21, 2018): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp477.30.

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AbstractThe Queen Charlotte Fault defines the Pacific–North America transform plate boundary in western Canada and southeastern Alaska for c. 900 km. The entire length of the fault is submerged along a continental margin dominated by Quaternary glacial processes, yet the geomorphology along the margin has never been systematically examined due to the absence of high-resolution seafloor mapping data. Hence the geological processes that influence the distribution, character and timing of mass transport events and their associated hazards remain poorly understood. Here we develop a classification of the first-order shape of the continental shelf, slope and rise to examine potential relationships between form and process dominance. We found that the margin can be split into six geomorphic groups that vary smoothly from north to south between two basic end-members. The northernmost group (west of Chichagof Island, Alaska) is characterized by concave-upwards slope profiles, gentle slope gradients (<6°) and relatively low along-strike variance, all features characteristic of sediment-dominated siliciclastic margins. Dendritic submarine canyon/channel networks and retrogressive failure complexes along relatively gentle slope gradients are observed throughout the region, suggesting that high rates of Quaternary sediment delivery and accumulation played a fundamental part in mass transport processes. Individual failures range in area from 0.02 to 70 km2 and display scarp heights between 10 and 250 m. Transpression along the Queen Charlotte Fault increases southwards and the slope physiography is thus progressively more influenced by regional-scale tectonic deformation. The southernmost group (west of Haida Gwaii, British Columbia) defines the tectonically dominated end-member: the continental slope is characterized by steep gradients (>20°) along the flanks of broad, margin-parallel ridges and valleys. Mass transport features in the tectonically dominated areas are mostly observed along steep escarpments and the larger slides (up to 10 km2) appear to be failures of consolidated material along the flanks of tectonic features. Overall, these observations highlight the role of first-order margin physiography on the distribution and type of submarine landslides expected to occur in particular morphological settings. The sediment-dominated end-member allows for the accumulation of under-consolidated Quaternary sediments and shows larger, more frequent slides; the rugged physiography of the tectonically dominated end-member leads to sediment bypass and the collapse of uplifted tectonic features. The maximum and average dimensions of slides are an order of magnitude smaller than those of slides observed along other (passive) glaciated margins. We propose that the general patterns observed in slide distribution are caused by the interplay between tectonic activity (long- and short-term) and sediment delivery. The recurrence (<100 years) of M > 7 earthquakes along the Queen Charlotte Fault may generate small, but frequent, failures of under-consolidated Quaternary sediments within the sediment-dominated regions. By contrast, the tectonically dominated regions are characterized by the bypass of Quaternary sediments to the continental rise and the less frequent collapse of steep, uplifted and consolidated sediments.

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Hayward, Bruce W., Hugh Grenfell, and Catherine Reid. "Foraminiferal associations in Wanganui Bight and Queen Charlotte Sound, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 31, no. 3 (September 1997): 337–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288330.1997.9516771.

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Chen, Xin Jian. "Simulating Hydrodynamics in the Upper Charlotte Harbor and its Major Tributaries in Florida." Journal of Coastal Research 10052 (November 2008): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/1551-5036-52.sp1.149.

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Dye, Bass, Felix Jose, and Mohammad Nabi Allahdadi. "Circulation Dynamics and Seasonal Variability for the Charlotte Harbor Estuary, Southwest Florida Coast." Journal of Coastal Research 36, no. 2 (December 2, 2019): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/jcoastres-d-19-00071.1.

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Arkæologisk Selskab, Jysk. "Anmeldelser 2016." Kuml 65, no. 65 (November 25, 2016): 259–358. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kuml.v65i65.24836.

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Charlotte Boje Andersen og Jytte Nielsen (red.): Metaldetektiverne. Detektorfund fra Thy og Mors.(Jens Jeppesen)Rainer Atzbach, Lars Meldgaard Sass Jensen & Leif Plith Lauritsen (red.): Castles at War.(Lars Krants)Thomas Bertelsen & Martin Wangsgaard Jürgensen (red.): hikuin 39. Sorø-Studier. Om kirkens og klosterets historie og brug.(Morten Larsen)Margareta Biörnstad: Kulturminnesvård i efterkrigstid – med Riksantikvarieämbetet i centrum.(Ulf Bertilsson)Anders Bøgh, Helle Henningsen og Kristian Dalsgaard (red.): Nørre Vosborg i tid og rum.(Rikke Agnete Olsen)Tom Christensen: Lejre bag myten. De arkæologiske udgravninger.(Lotte Hedeager)Daniel Dübner: Untersuchungen zur Entwiklung und Struktur der frühgeschichtlichen Siedlung Flögeln im Elbe-Weser Dreieck.(Torben Egeberg)Anton Englert: Large Cargo Ships in Danish Waters 1000-1250. Evidence of specialised merchant seafaring prior to the Hanseatic Period.(Otto Uldum)Pernille Foss og Niels Algreen Møller (red.): De dødes landskab. Grav og gravskik i ældre jernalder i Danmark.(Martin Winther Olesen)Catherine Frieman & Berit Valentin Eriksen (eds.): Flint daggers in prehistoric Europe.(Jan Apel)Julia Gräf: Lederfunde der Vorrömischen Eisenzeit und Römischen Kaiserzeit aus Nordwestdeutschland.(Ulla Mannering)Svend Illum Hansen: Jættestuebyggerne. Arkitektur i Danmarks stenalder.(Anne Birgitte Gebauer)Kristina Hegner: Aus Mecklenburgs Kirchen und Klöstern. Der Mittelalterbestand des Staatlichen Museums Schwerin.(Morten Larsen)Christofer Herrmann & Dethard von Winterfeld (Hrsg.): Mittelalterliche Architektur in Polen. Romanische und gotische Baukunst zwischen Oder und Weichsel, Bd. 1-2.(Hans Krongaard Kristensen)Jesper Hjermind & Hugo Støttrup Jensen: Vitskøl Kloster. Den middelalderlige bygningshistorie.(Morten Larsen)Anne Nørgård Jørgensen & Hans Chr.H. Andersen: Ejsbøl Mose. Die Kriegsbeuteopfer im Moor von Ejsbøl aus dem späten 1. Jh.v.Chr. bis zum frühen 5. Jh.n.Chr.(Rasmus Birch Iversen)Hans Krongaard Kristensen: Franciskanerklostret i Horsens.(Martin Wangsgaard Jürgensen)Tenna R. Kristensen (red.): Haderslev – en købstad bliver til. Udgravninger ved Starup og Møllestrømmen.(Hans Krongaard Kristensen)Mette Svart Kristiansen, Else Roesdahl and James Graham-Cambell (eds.): Medieval Archaeology in Scandinavia and Beyond. History, trends and tomorrow.(Axel Christophersen)Ulrik Langen: Tyven. Den utrolige historie om manden, der stjal guldhornene.(Jeanette Varberg)Nina Lau: Das Thorsberger Moor, Band 1: Die Pferdegeschirre. Germanische Zaumzeuge und Sattelgeschirre als Zeugnisse kriegerischer Reiterei im mittel- und nordeuropäischen Barbaricum.Ruth Blankenfeldt: Das Thorsberger Moor, Band 2: Die persönlichen Ausrüstungen. Susana Matešić: Das Thorsberger Moor, Band 3: Die militärische Ausrüstungen. Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur römishcen und germanischen Bewaffnung.Ruth Blankenfeldt, Claus von Carnap-Bornheim, Walter Dörfler, Julia Gräf, Klemens Kelm, Nina Lau & Susana Matešić: Das Thorsberger Moor, Band 4: Fund- und Forschungsgeschichte, naturwissenschaftliche und materialkundliche Untersuchungen. (Xenia Pauli Jensen)Jim Leary: The Remembered Land. Surviving Sea-level Rise after the Last Ice Age.(Peter Moe Astrup)Allan A. Lund: Tacitus – Germania.(Thomas Grane)Jens Christian Moesgaard: King Harold’s Cross Coinage. Christian Coins for the Merchants of Haithabu and the King’s Soldiers.(Jon Anders Risvaag)Viggo Nielsen og Niels-Chr. Clemmensen: Oldtidsagre i Danmark. Fyn og Langeland.(Mette Løvschal)Lis Helles Olesen og Esben Schlosser Mauritsen: Luftfotoarkæologi i Danmark.(Jens Andresen)Teresa Østergaard Pedersen: Sammenlignende vandalisme. Asger Jorn, den nordiske folkekunst og arkæologien.(Inger-Lise Kolstrup)Dalia Anna Pokutta: Population Dynamics, Diet and Migrations of the Unetice Culture in Poland.(Rune Iversen)Felix Riede (ed.): Past Vulnerability. Volcanic eruptions and human vulnerability in traditional societies past and present.(Mads Ravn)Christiane Ruhmann & Vera Brieske (red.): Dying Gods – Religious beliefs in northern and eastern Europe in the time of Christianisation.(Kent O. Laursen)Martin Rundkvist: In the Landscape and Between Worlds. Bronze Age Deposition Sites Around Lakes Mäleren and Hjälmaren in Sweden.(Lise Frost)Olaf Wagener (Hrsg): Arborte im Mittelalter und der Frühen Neuzeit. Bauforschung. Archäologie. Kulturgeschichte.(Lars Meldgaard Sass Jensen)Rainer-Maria Weiss & Anne Klammt (Hrsg.): Mythos Hammaburg. Archäologische Entdeckungen zu den Anfängen Hamburgs.(Silke Eisenschmidt)

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Barrie, J. V., and K. W. Conway. "Evolution of a nearshore and coastal macrotidal sand transport system, Queen Charlotte Islands, Canada." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 117, no. 1 (1996): 233–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1996.117.01.14.

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Amburgey, James E., Kimberly J. Walsh, Roy R. Fielding, and Michael J. Arrowood. "Removal of Cryptosporidium and polystyrene microspheres from swimming pool water with sand, cartridge, and precoat filters." Journal of Water and Health 10, no. 1 (October 14, 2011): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2011.062.

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Cryptosporidium has caused the majority of waterborne disease outbreaks in treated recreational water venues in the USA for many years running. This research project evaluated some common US swimming pool filters for removing Cryptosporidium oocysts, 5-µm diameter polystyrene microspheres, and 1-µm diameter polystyrene microspheres. A 946 L hot tub with interchangeable sand, cartridge, and precoat filters was used at room temperature for this research. Simulated pool water for each experiment was created from Charlotte, NC (USA) tap water supplemented with alkalinity, hardness, chlorine, and a mixture of artificial sweat and urine. Precoat (i.e., diatomaceous earth and perlite) filters demonstrated pathogen removal efficiencies of 2.3 to 4.4 log (or 99.4–99.996%). However, sand and cartridge filters had average Cryptosporidium removals of 0.19 log (36%) or less. The combined low filter removal efficiencies of sand and cartridge filters along with the chlorine-resistant properties of Cryptosporidium oocysts could indicate a regulatory gap warranting further attention and having significant implications on the protection of public health in recreational water facilities. The 5-µm microspheres were a good surrogate for Cryptosporidium oocysts in this study and hold promise for use in future research projects, field trials, and/or product testing on swimming pool filters.

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Kruth, David J., Edward Overton, and John Murphy. "PROTECTING AN ISLAND'S DRINKING WATER AND DESALINATION PLANT." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1987, no. 1 (April 1, 1987): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1987-1-49.

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ABSTRACT On February 6, 1986, the barge St. Thomas struck a submerged piling in Crown Bay, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. It is estimated that up to 70,000 gallons of an intermediate fuel oil were spilled from both this initial incident and a secondary spill which occurred the following day in Charlotte Amalie Harbor. The spilled oil threatened the island's primary source of drinking water: the desalination plant. St. Thomas' only alternative source of fresh water is rain water collected in cisterns. Due to its limited supply, potable drinking water is a precious commodity in the Caribbean Islands, and protection of the desalination plant became a crucial part of the spill response. When officials in charge of the desalination plant believed that oil had entered the plant's intakes, they shut down the desalination plant. Residents were warned by local officials not to drink the water to avoid serious health effects. The island's hospital feared their water supply had become contaminated and began using emergency bottled water. The Commissioner of Public Works reported that the island had less than four days of water remaining in storage. This paper discusses how the contaminated drinking water problem was resolved. Details are provided about the sampling methods and chemical analysis used in determining the water quality. Possible effects of oil on the two most common types of desalination plants are addressed. Monitoring and protection techniques are suggested for these desalination plants. Finally, a checklist is provided for oil spills which threaten desalination plants.

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Tanos, Alexander E., and Tony E. Hart. "RESPONSE TO MAJOR OIL SPILL—TANK BARGE ST. THOMAS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1987, no. 1 (April 1, 1987): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1987-1-55.

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ABSTRACT In early February 1986 the U.S. tank barge St. Thomas struck a submerged object in Charlotte Amalie harbor, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. Damage to the barge's number 1 starboard cargo tank resulted in the loss of an estimated 500 barrels of No. 6 fuel oil. Later, an additional 100 barrels were lost when temporary patching of the tank let go. These two spills are believed to be the largest that have affected the U.S. Virgin Islands. When the operators of the barge failed to initiate an appropriate response to remove the oil, the Coast Guard on-scene coordinator initiated a federal response under the authority of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. Over the next month the OSC coordinated the cleanup of this oil which had pocketed around the harbor. Total costs for the cleanup exceeded $1.9 million. No long-term environmental damage is believed to have occurred.

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Cristiano, Elena, Roberto Deidda, and Francesco Viola. "EHSMu: a New Ecohydrological Streamflow Model to Estimate Runoff in Urban Areas." Water Resources Management 34, no. 15 (October 22, 2020): 4865–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-020-02696-0.

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AbstractA conceptual lumped ecohydrological streamflow model (EHSMu) is presented as a promising tool to simulate runoff in urban catchments. The model, based on the interaction between a soil bucket and two linear reservoirs, enables also evapotranspiration and aquifer recharge to be estimated. Notwithstanding its minimalism, EHSMu describes interactions among soil moisture dynamics, hydrological fluxes and ecological processes. The model was calibrated and validated within two densely urbanized sub-basins in Charlotte (US). A Monte Carlo procedure is used to investigate the efficiency of random sets of 8 model parameters. Results show the high model performance (NSE = 0.72). The influence of land use change is evaluated, by varying the imperviousness and crop coefficients. Synthetic experiments show that increasing urbanization triggers a linear decrease in evapotranspiration and aquifer recharge, while it increases the fast runoff. An opposite response is achieved by installing vegetation with higher potential evapotranspiration, which would contribute to the actual evapotranspiration making up 50–55% of the total water balance.

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Lombard, J. "Waterslangverhale in Afrikaans: die relevansie van mitisiteit." Literator 25, no. 1 (July 31, 2004): 113–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v25i1.248.

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Watersnake stories in Afrikaans: The relevance of mythicity This article focuses on the reworking of the mythological motif of the water snake in Afrikaans literature. Water snake stories form part of the very first examples of Afrikaans texts in written form, whereas since the end of the twentieth century water snake symbolism has received renewed attention. The analyses of a selection of Afrikaans narratives are performed by utilising the concept of mythicity – a concept which can be defined as the conscious intention to probe the numinous dimensions of human existence by means of literature. The delicate balance between numinosity and narrativity is used as basis for the analysis and evaluation of the texts. The mythic potential of a narrative is not always fully realised, owing either to either restricting ideological and moralistic intentions or excessive association regarding the mythological symbol. The following texts are discussed: Jakob Platjie by G.R. von Wielligh (1917), Die eerste lewe van Adamastor by André P. Brink (1988), Meraai van Rolbos by Charlotte de Beer (1989) and Die donker melk van daeraad by George Weideman (1994). The texts are not, however, discussed in chronological order. The relevance of mythicity is specifically illustrated in the Weideman anthology with its positioning of water snake symbolism in a specific historical context whilst simultaneously exploring universal dimensions.

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Rohr, Kristin M. M., Maren Scheidhauer, and Anne M. Trehu. "Transpression between two warm mafic plates: The Queen Charlotte Fault revisited." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 105, B4 (April 10, 2000): 8147–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999jb900403.

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Kawabe, Fumihisa, and James W. Haggart. "The ammonoid Desmoceras in the Upper Albian (Lower Cretaceous) of Japan." Journal of Paleontology 77, no. 2 (March 2003): 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000043663.

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The Upper Albian Desmoceras species of Japan are described, based on material from the Yezo Supergroup in Hokkaido, north Japan, and from the Fujikawa Formation in Shikoku, southwest Japan. Based on comparative analysis of morphologic variation and shell growth of relevant specimens, we assign the present material to two species: Desmoceras (Desmoceras) latidorsatum (Michelin, 1838) and Desmoceras (Pseudouhligella) poronaicum Yabe, 1904. Japanese examples of the latter species have been previously referred to “Desmoceras (Pseudouhligella) dawsoni,” a Canadian species present on Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, but not represented in the Japanese Islands. Desmoceras (Pseudouhligella) poronaicum is also known from British Columbia.The subgenus Pseudouhligella presumably originated in the eastern Pacific during the Late Albian and subsequently migrated to the western Pacific during latest Albian to earliest Cenomanian time. Desmoceras (D.) latidorsatum is a Tethyan form; its presence in the Upper Albian of the North Pacific probably reflects a northward excursion of warm-water currents from the tropical region during Late Albian time.

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Vitt, Dale H., Diana G. Horton, Nancy G. Slack, and Nils Malmer. "Sphagnum-dominated peatlands of the hyperoceanic British Columbia coast: patterns in surface water chemistry and vegetation." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): 696–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x90-093.

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Vegetation from 133 relevés representing a broad spectrum of peatland types from the Prince Rupert area, British Columbia was divided into six relevé groups. The 210 taxa found in these relevés were classified into six species groups. In general, the species groups are related to one another along shade and height (above water level) gradients. Chemical and physiographic gradients that correlate with the relevé distribution pattern on a detrended correspondence analysis ordination are surface water chemistry, shade, and height. In particular, the major gradient influencing the first axis of the ordination is shade. The second axis of the ordination is related to a complex chemical gradient in which hydrogen ion, calcium, and sulphate are the most important components. These chemical changes are influenced by ombrotrophy. Surface water chemistry patterns show enriched ionic conditions on Graham Island (Queen Charlotte Islands), with a decrease inland. Especially important is the decrease of sodium and chloride ion. The peatlands studied include ombrotrophic bogs and soligenous fens. Raised bogs were found in basins, whereas blanket bogs occurred on gentle slopes at the most oceanic site. Pinuscontorta Loud. var. contorta is most abundant on ombrotrophic sites, whereas Chamaecyparisnootkatensis (Lamb.) Spach is dominant in soligenous fens. Soligenous poor fen, characterized by high Sphagnum abundance in lawns and forest islands and pH of 4.4–6.6, is the peatland type most frequently encountered in the study area.

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Callendar, W., J. M. Klymak, and M. G. G. Foreman. "Tidal generation of large sub-mesoscale eddy dipoles." Ocean Science 7, no. 4 (August 3, 2011): 487–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-7-487-2011.

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Abstract. Numerical simulations of tidal flow past Cape St. James on the south tip of Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands) are presented that indicate mesoscale dipoles are formed from coalescing tidal eddies. Observations in this region demonstrate robust eddy generation at the Cape, with the primary process being flow separation of buoyant or wind driven outflows forming large anti-cyclonic, negative potential vorticity, Haida Eddies. However, there are other times where dipoles are observed in satellites, indicating a source of positive potential vorticity must also be present. The simulations here build on previous work that implicates oscillating tidal flow past the cape in creating the positive vorticity. Small headland eddies of alternating vorticity are created each tide. During certain tidal cycles, the headland eddies coalesce and self organize in such a way as to create large >20-km diameter eddies that then self-advect into deep water. The self advection speed is faster than the beta drift of anti-cyclones, and the propagation direction appears to be more southerly than typical Haida Eddies, though the model contains no mean wind-driven flows. These eddies are smaller than Haida Eddies, but given their tidal origin, may represent a more consistent source of coastal water that is injected into the interior of the subpolar gyre.

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Callendar, W., J. M. Klymak, and M. G. G. Foreman. "Tidal generation of large sub-mesoscale eddy dipoles." Ocean Science Discussions 8, no. 2 (April 7, 2011): 723–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-8-723-2011.

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Abstract. Numerical simulations of tidal flow past Cape St. James on the south tip of Haida Gwai (Queen Charlotte Islands) are presented that indicate mesoscale dipoles are formed from coalescing tidal eddies. Observations in this region demonstrate robust eddy generation at the Cape, with the primary process being flow separation of buoyant or wind driven outflows forming large anti-cyclonic, negative potential vorticity, Haida Eddies. However, there are other times where dipoles are observed in satellites, indicating a source of positive potential vorticity must also be present. The simulations here build on previous work that implicates oscillating tidal flow past the cape in creating the positive vorticity. Small headland eddies of alternating vorticity are created each tide. During certain tidal cycles, the headland eddies coalesce and self organize in such a way as to create large >20-km diameter eddies that then self-advect into deep water. The self advection speed is faster than the beta drift of anti-cyclones, and the propagation direction appears to be more southerly than typical Haida Eddies, though the model contains no mean wind-driven flows. These eddies are smaller than Haida Eddies, but given their tidal origin, may represent a more consistent source of coastal water that is injected into to the interior of the subpolar gyre.

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Clinton, Sandra, James Johnson, Kevin Lambirth, Shan Sun, Cory Brouwer, Olya Keen, Molly Redmond, Anthony Fodor, and Cynthia Gibas. "Sediment Microbial Diversity in Urban Piedmont North Carolina Watersheds Receiving Wastewater Input." Water 12, no. 6 (May 29, 2020): 1557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061557.

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Urban streams are heavily influenced by human activity. One way that this occurs is through the reintroduction of treated effluent from wastewater treatment plants. We measured the microbial community composition of water, sediment, and soil at sites upstream and downstream from two Charlotte treatment facilities. We performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing to assay the microbial community composition at each site at four time points between the late winter and mid-summer of 2016. Despite the location of these streams in an urban area with many influences and disruptions, the streams maintain distinct water, sediment, and soil microbial profiles. While there is an overlap of microbial species in upstream and downstream sites, there are several taxa that differentiate these sites. Some taxa characteristics of human-associated microbial communities appear elevated in the downstream sediment communities. In the wastewater treatment plant and to a lesser extent in the downstream community, there are high abundance amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) which are less than 97% similar to any sequence in reference databases, suggesting that these environments contain an unexplored biological novelty. Taken together, these results suggest a need to more fully characterize the microbial communities associated with urban streams, and to integrate information about microbial community composition with mechanistic models.

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Kölbl-Ebert, M. "The geological travels of Charles Lyell, Charlotte Murchison and Roderick Impey Murchison in France and northern Italy (1828)." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 287, no. 1 (2007): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp287.9.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Charlotte Waters'

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