Academic literature on the topic 'Charging protocol'
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Journal articles on the topic "Charging protocol"
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Makeen, Peter, Hani A. Ghali, and Saim Memon. "A Review of Various Fast Charging Power and Thermal Protocols for Electric Vehicles Represented by Lithium-Ion Battery Systems." Future Transportation 2, no. 1 (March 4, 2022): 281–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp2010015.
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Despite fast technological advances, the worldwide adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is still hampered mainly by charging time, efficiency, and lifespan. Lithium-ion batteries have become the primary source for EVs because of their high energy density and long lifetime. Currently, several methods intend to determine the health of lithium-ion batteries fast-charging protocols. Filling a gap in the literature, a clear classification of charging protocols is presented and investigated here. This paper categorizes fast-charging protocols into the power management protocol, which depends on a controllable current, voltage, and cell temperature, and the material aspects charging protocol, which is based on material physical modification and chemical structures of the lithium-ion battery. In addition, each of the charging protocols is further subdivided into more detailed methodologies and aspects. A full evaluation and comparison of the latest studies is proposed according to the underlying parameterization effort, the battery cell used, efficiency, cycle life, charging time, and increase in surface temperature of the battery. The pros and cons of each protocol are scrutinized to reveal possible research tracks concerning EV fast-charging protocols.
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Priyasta, Dwidharma, Hadiyanto, and Reza Septiawan. "An Overview of EV Roaming Protocols." E3S Web of Conferences 359 (2022): 05006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235905006.
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Roaming in electric mobility (EV roaming) enables EV users to make use of any charging station belonging to other networks with only a single user registration based on roaming agreement between operators. This paper presents an overview of the functionalities of the four major existing EV roaming protocols, namely the Open Charge Point Interface (OCPI), the Open InterCharge Protocol (OICP), the Open Clearing House Protocol (OCHP), and the eMobility Inter-operation Protocol (eMIP). This paper focuses on how each EV roaming protocol works in terms of data exchange with the Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) which is the de-facto protocol embedded in many charging stations available in the market. Related actors and their roles that are defined in each protocol will be presented. Examples are given in the form of a sequence diagram in order to depict the interaction between actors in the case of user registration, start a charging session, stop a charging session, and billing. This paper concludes that employing the sequence diagram is one effective method to achieve a fast learning curve while studying the EV roaming protocols.
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Ramos Muñoz, Edgar, and Faryar Jabbari. "An Octopus Charger-Based Smart Protocol for Battery Electric Vehicle Charging at a Workplace Parking Structure." Energies 15, no. 17 (September 4, 2022): 6459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176459.
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The transportation sector produces a large portion of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States. Meeting ambitious reductions in greenhouse gasses requires large-scale adoption of battery electric vehicles and has led to several policies and laws aimed at incentivizing their sales. While electric vehicles comprise a small percentage of the overall fleets of vehicles, the expected production of electric vehicles is soon expected to be in the millions. This will create challenges in providing an adequate charging infrastructure, as well as the ensuing management of the overall electricity demand at the grid level. In this work, a novel smart-charging protocol for battery electric vehicle charging at workplace parking structures is proposed. The Octopus Charger-based Mixed Integer Linear Programming protocol allows octopus chargers (i.e., charging stations with multiple cables) to independently schedule charging periods for their assigned vehicles. The proposed protocols can manage a parking structure demand load while reducing the number of installed charging stations. Driving patterns from the National Household Travel Survey were used to perform simulations, to verify and quantify the effectiveness of the proposed protocol. The proposed protocol resulted in improved peak load reductions for all simulated smart-charging scenarios when compared with uncontrolled charging. Critically, the assignment algorithm resulted in a number of required chargers close to the theoretical minimum.
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Althurthi, Sai Bhargava, Kaushik Rajashekara, and Tutan Debnath. "Comparison of EV Fast Charging Protocols and Impact of Sinusoidal Half-Wave Fast Charging Methods on Lithium-Ion Cells." World Electric Vehicle Journal 15, no. 2 (February 6, 2024): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj15020054.
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In electric vehicle fast charging systems, it is important to minimize the effect of fast charging on the grid and it is also important to operate the charging system at high efficiencies. In order to achieve these objectives, in this paper, a sinusoidal half-wave DC current charging protocol and a sinusoidal half-wave pulsed current charging protocol are proposed for the fast charging of Li-ion batteries. A detailed procedure is presented for implementing the following proposed methods: (a) a pre-defined half-sine wave current function and (b) a pulsed half-sine wave current method. Unlike the conventional full-wave sinusoidal ripple current charging protocols, the proposed study does not utilize any sinusoidal full-wave ripple. The performance of these new charging methods on Ni-Co-Al-type Li-cells is studied and compared with the existing constant current and positive pulsed current charging protocols, which have been discussed in the existing literature. In addition, the changes in the electrochemical impedance spectrograph of each cell are examined to study the effects of the applied charging methods on the internal resistance of the Li cell. Finally, the test results are presented for 250 life cycles of charging at 2C (C: charging rate) and the degradation in cell capacities are compared among the four different methods for the Ni-Co-Al-type Li cell.
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Sholihul Hadi, Mokh, Dityo Kreshna Argeshwara, Siti Sendari, Muhammad Alfian Mizar, Eli Hendrik Sanjaya, and Mhd Irvan. "Off-Grid Electric Vehicle Charging Station with Integrated Local Server OCPP Protocol as a Management System." Transport and Telecommunication Journal 25, no. 3 (June 15, 2024): 321–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2024-0024.
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Abstract Electric vehicles are widely regarded as pivotal in driving the sustainability of transportation networks forward, thanks to their capacity to diminish carbon emissions, enhance air quality, and bolster the robustness of electricity grids. The accessibility of charging infrastructure and the subjective norms that endorse electric mobility actively shape the electric vehicles acceptance. In this study, Our main goal is to provide off-grid electric vehicle charging infrastructures and the data communication protocols that connect to servers. We analyze the specifications of the OCPP (Open Charge Point Protocol) with an emphasis on its applicabillity for electric charging stations for vehicles. Our research concludes that off-grid electric vehicle charging systems can be effectively applied to small electric vehicles such as electric motorcycles, scooters, and bicycles. The OCPP data communication protocol can also support interactions between small electric vehicle charging stations and central server management systems (CSMS). Furthermore, we tested the electric vehicle charging process for a duration of two hours, and the charging station consistently produced stable voltage, current, and power output, matching the inverter outputs and fulfilling the specifications required by electric vehicle charging adapters. Analysis of throughput data indicates a positive correlation between the number of operational ports at a charging station and the volume of data processed by the server. However, beyond a certain threshold a decline in data transactions was observed, attributable to data loss.
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Kirchner, Silke R. "OCPP Interoperability: A Unified Future of Charging." World Electric Vehicle Journal 15, no. 5 (April 29, 2024): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050191.
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Electric vehicle (EV) adoption grows steadily on a global scale, yet there is no consistent experience for EV drivers to charge their vehicles, which hinders the important EV mass market adoption. The Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) is the solution to this challenge, as it provides standardization and open communication between EV infrastructure components. The interplay of the OCPP with open cross-functional communication standards boosters driver experience on the one hand, while the charging station itself is integrated into a renewable energy ecosystem. This paper presents a deep dive into the combination of the OCPP with the OpenADR protocol, the Open Smart Charging Protocol (OSCP), the ISO 15118, and eRoaming protocols to explore possibilities and limitations. Furthermore, we suggest LoRa communication as an alternative to IP-based communication for deep-in building applications. Hence, this paper reveals the next important steps towards a successful EV mass market transition powered by user-friendliness and green energy.
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Baum, Lukas, Sahar Darvish, and Detlef Schulz. "Mobile AC/DC test device for electric vehicle charging infrastructure communication." e & i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik 139, no. 2 (March 8, 2022): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00502-022-01008-1.
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AbstractThe large-scale deployment of charging infrastructure poses challenges to the distribution grid stability. In Hamburg, the project Electrify Buildings for Electric Vehicles (ELBE) implements and tests a demand side management communication protocol that allows the distribution grid operator to reduce the charging power of electric vehicle charging stations if necessary. For this purpose, a test device capable of testing the signal chain as well as a real load reduction is presented for DC charging infrastructure. The standardized high-level communication protocols are described. With the charger’s power electronics located in the DC charging station, the need for a battery emulation arises, which is also discussed. Finally, a novel concept for a mobile and modular test setup for combined testing signal and real load reduction of AC and DC charging infrastructure is presented.
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Hamdare, Safa, David J. Brown, Yue Cao, Mohammad Aljaidi, Sushil Kumar, Rakan Alanazi, Manish Jugran, Pratik Vyas, and Omprakash Kaiwartya. "A Novel Charging Management and Security Framework for the Electric Vehicle (EV) Ecosystem." World Electric Vehicle Journal 15, no. 9 (August 28, 2024): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj15090392.
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The EV charging network has witnessed significant growth in the UK in the last few years due to the net zero emission target of the government by 2030. The related literature in EV charging management mainly focuses on road-traffic-parameter-based optimization and lacks detail in terms of charging statistics and cyber–security-enabled charging management frameworks. In this context, this paper proposes a novel EV Charging Management and Security (EVCMS) framework using real-time charging statistics and an Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP). Specifically, a system model for EVCMS is presented considering charging data management and security protocols. An EVCMS framework design is detailed, focusing on charging pricing, optimization, and charging security. The experimental implementation is described in terms of client–server and charge-box-based simulation. The performance of the proposed EVCMS framework is evaluated by considering different charging scenarios and a range of charging-related metrics. An analysis of results and comparative study attest to the benefits of the proposed EVCMS framework for enabling the EV charging ecosystem.
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Cho, Youngil, Kyoung Min Kim, and Tae-Jin Lee. "Air Charging Protocol With Spatial-Reuse." IEEE Wireless Communications Letters 9, no. 3 (March 2020): 298–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2019.2953067.
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Hung, Li-Ling. "Charging Protocol for Partially Rechargeable Mobile Sensor Networks." Sensors 23, no. 7 (March 24, 2023): 3438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23073438.
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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have wide applicability in services used in daily life. However, for such networks, limited energy is a critical issue. The efficiency of a deployed sensor network may be subject to energy supply. Wireless rechargeable sensor networks have recently been proposed and discussed. Most related studies have involved applying static rechargeable sensors to an entire rechargeable environment or having mobile chargers patrol the environment to charge sensors within it. For partially rechargeable environments, improving the recharge efficiency and extending the lifetime of WSNs are considerable challenges. Scientists have devoted attention to energy transmission technologies and mobile sensor network (MSN) applications. In this paper, we propose a flexible charging protocol in which energy can be transmitted from certain energy supply regions to other regions in an MSN. Mobile rechargeable sensors are deployed to monitor the environment. To share energy in a certain region, the sensors move to replenish their energy and transmit energy to sensors outside the energy supply region. The efficiency of the proposed protocol is also discussed in the context of various situations. The evaluation results suggest that the flexible protocol is more efficient than other charging protocols in several situations.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Charging protocol"
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Mathieu, Romain. "Modélisation de l'influence de la rapidité de recharge totale ou partielle sur les performances électro-thermiques et la durée de vie des batteries pour applications automobiles." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0026.
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La charge rapide des batteries est un enjeu majeur pour le développement de l’automobile électrique. Côté infrastructure, un déploiement de chargeurs de haute voire très haute puissance est en cours. Ces hautes puissances motivent une recherche sur les batteries, dans l’objectif de réduire significativement leurs durées de charge.Pour une cellule de batterie de caractéristiques données, la puissance de charge est limitée par des considérations électriques, thermiques et de durée de vie. Cette thèse souhaite alors apporter une contribution à la réduction du temps de charge, par une approche numérique de modélisation, simulation et optimisation. Elle compare également 4 références de cellules de différents matériaux et différentes densités d’énergie.Tout d’abord, des modèles du comportement électrique, thermique et de vieillissement d’une cellule sont développés séparément, puis couplés. De manière systématique, les modèles sont présentés, leurs procédures de calibration sont décrites, et ils sont comparés à des résultats expérimentaux. Une attention particulière est portée à l’effet des forts régimes de courant dans différentes conditions thermiques. Ceci a permis d’étendre leurs domaines de validité respectifs.Ensuite, une campagne de vieillissement accéléré est réalisée sur 3 références de cellules. Elle compare l’effet du courant de charge, de la tension de fin de charge et de différentes conditions thermiques sur la dégradation, dans le cadre d’un protocole de charge référence. Les résultats ont permis d’identifier plusieurs stratégies pour la réduction du temps de charge, au niveau du choix d’une référence de cellule, de la gestion thermique, et de l’optimisation du protocole de charge.Enfin, cette dernière stratégie est étudiée. Une méthode de définition par optimisation numérique d’un protocole de charge à plusieurs niveaux de courant constant est développée. Elle se base sur le modèle électro-thermique mis en place. La méthode est utilisée pour définir 5 protocoles de charge optimisés qui sont soumis à des essais de vieillissement accéléré. La dégradation est ensuite comparée à celle observée pour le protocole de charge référence. Dans des conditions comparables au protocole référence, les protocoles optimisés permettent de réduire le temps de charge et/ou la dégradationFast charging of batteries is a major challenge for the development of electric vehicles. A deployment of high power chargers is underway. These high power levels motivate research on batteries, with the aim of significantly reducing their charging times.For a battery cell of given characteristics, the charging power is limited by electrical, thermal and lifetime considerations. This thesis then wishes to make a contribution to the reduction of the charging time, by taking a numerical approach including modeling, simulation and optimization. It also compares 4 cell references of different materials and different energy densities.First, models of the electrical, thermal and aging behavior of a cell are developed separately, then coupled. In a systematic way, the models are presented, their calibration procedures are described, and they are compared with experimental data. Particular attention is paid to the effect of high current regimes under different thermal conditions. This made it possible to extend their respective domains of validity.Then, an accelerated aging campaign is carried out on 3 cell references. It compares the effect of the charging current, the end-of-charge voltage and different thermal conditions on the degradation, within the framework of a reference charging protocol. The results made it possible to identify several strategies for reducing the charging time, regarding the choice of a cell reference, thermal management, and the optimization of the charging protocol.This last strategy is finally studied. A method of definition of a charge protocol, containing several stages of constant current, is developed based on numerical optimization. The method makes uses the electro-thermal model implemented. It is then used to define 5 optimized charging protocols which are subjected to accelerated aging tests. The degradation is compared to that observed for the reference charging protocol. Under comparable conditions with the reference protocol, the optimized protocols make it possible to reduce the charging time and/or the degradation
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Forsuelo, Michael. "Lifetime prediction for lithium-ion batteries undergoing fast charging protocols." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/121777.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, 2019Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 83-87).
This thesis describes the application of Porous Electrode Theory and supervised machine learning to lifetime prediction for 18650 lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄ LFP)/graphite cells subject to mixed galvanostatic and potentiostatic fast charging policies. Porous Electrode Theory is used to predict battery lifetime by parameteric reductions of effective solid-phase Fickian diffusivities, electrolytic Stefan-Maxwell diffusivity, and Butler-Volmer exchange currents. Parameter estimation and uncertainty quantification are formulated as least squares optimization over galvanostatic discharge curves with Bayesian estimation of uncertainties. A battery lifetime approach from the literature is extended with identifiability analysis to enhance fidelity of the inverse problem, the attribution of degradation modes, and the accuracy of parametric power-law lifetime predictions. Multiphase Porous Electrode Theory (MPET) is also explored in this thesis. In MPET, each particle of the porous electrode ensemble is described by generalized Allen-Cahn-Hilliard dynamics. Single-particle dynamics are governed by firstprinciples free energy landscapes as opposed to inductive fits to open-circuit battery voltages. Multiscale parameter estimation and central limit theorem analysis are implemented, enhancing the suitability of MPET for capacity fade predictions. Supervised machine learning algorithms utilizing feature-based correlations for battery lifetime are described. Electrochemical features that go beyond the discharge-only model provide improved lifetime predictions, generalized voltage analysis indiscrimant of (dis)charge protocol or data, and a clear connection between battery physics and machine learning, and suggest an optimal charging protocol.
by Michael Forsuelo.
S.M.
S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering
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Hajjine, Bouchta. "Conception, réalisation et intégration technologique d'un patch électronique : application à la surveillance des personnes âgées." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ISAT0002/document.
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30% de la population Française dépassant l’âge des 60 ans en 2035, la notion d’accompagnement de la dépendance des personnes âgées est un enjeu sociétal avec l’impératif de prévention des risques à domicile. C’est dans ce contexte, avec l’arrivée des technologies d’intégration et de l’IoT que nous avons entrepris de concevoir et réaliser un patch électronique miniature capable de géolocalisation pour déclencher des alarmes en cas de fugue, de chute ou de déambulation. Un enjeu est la réalisation d‘antennes sur substrats souples comme éléments clés des fonctions de géolocalisation et de recharge par induction. Un travail de modélisation a permis l’optimisation d’antennes imprimées présentant un bon compromis intégration/performance. Un procédé technologique en salle blanche a été développé pour réaliser des antennes bicouches sur substrat polyimide souple. Plusieurs prototypes de patch complet ont été testés et validés en centre d’EHPAD30 % of the French population being over the age of 60 years in 2035, the notion of accompaniment of the elderly dependence is a societal challenge with the imperative of risks prevention at home. It is in this context, with the arrival of the technologies of integration and the IoT that we undertook to conceive and realize a miniature electronic patch capable of geolocalization to trigger alarms in the case of fugue, fall or wandering. A challenge is the design of antennas on flexible substrates as key elements of the functions of geolocalization and charging by induction. A modeling work allowed the optimization of printed antennas presenting a good compromise integration / performance. A technological process in the cleanroom was developed to carry out bilayers antennas on flexible substrate (polyimide). Several prototypes of complete patch were tested and validated in the EHPAD center
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Madaoui, Said. "Prise en compte des connexions électriques dans la gestion thermique d'un pack batterie lithium-ion." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0145.
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Le temps de charge est devenu l'une des principales préoccupations limitant le développement des véhicules électriques. Pour contrer ce problème, il est impératif de concevoir des systèmes de gestion thermique adaptés pour préserver la santé des batteries et également raccourcir leur temps de charge.Pour une cellule de batterie présentant des caractéristiques spécifiques, la puissance de charge se trouve contrainte par des aspects électriques et thermiques. Cette thèse se concentre sur l'évaluation et l'optimisation de la gestion thermique d'un module batterie en exploitant le refroidissement à travers la connectique. L'approche basée sur la modélisation est utilisée comme méthode pour examiner cette solution, étayée par des simulations numériques et des tests expérimentaux visant à confirmer la justesse du modèle proposé.Tout d’abord, des modèles du comportement électrique puis thermique d’une cellule sont développés séparément, puis couplés. De manière systématique, les modèles sont présentés, leurs procédures de calibration sont décrites et ils sont comparés à des résultats expérimentaux. Une attention particulière est portée à la modélisation électrothermique de l’enroulement électrodes-séparateur dans l’électrolyte (Jelly roll) présent au cœur de la cellule en proposant un maillage adapté. Ensuite, une campagne d’essais expérimentaux est réalisée pour calibrer le modèle électrothermique d’un module batterie de 12 cellules. Ce modèle est validé grâce à une seconde vague d’essais. Une nouvelle approche de gestion thermique est proposée, où le module de cellules est refroidi non seulement par la plaque de refroidissement inférieure, mais aussi par une deuxième plaque de refroidissement posée sur la connectique de puissance (busbars). À travers des simulations et des tests expérimentaux, cette nouvelle configuration présente des améliorations significatives. La constante de temps thermique est réduite permettant un refroidissement plus rapide du module. De plus, la température maximale atteinte par la batterie lors de la charge avec ce double système de refroidissement est abaissée de quelques degrés Celsius par rapport à l'approche conventionnelle. L'un des avantages clés de cette configuration est que la plaque de refroidissement supérieure agit comme un pont thermique, favorisant l'homogénéisation de la température à l'intérieur du module de cellules. En conséquence, elle devrait conduire à un vieillissement uniforme des batteries, garantissant leurs longévités et leurs performances optimales.Enfin, un profil de charge rapide a été optimisé en suivant le protocole multiniveau (mult-step). Les travaux sur le profil de charge ont pour but de pouvoir simuler une charge rapide et réaliser une comparaison en termes de temps de charge et du gradient thermique entre l'architecture conventionnelle avec refroidissement par plaque en partie inférieure et une nouvelle configuration intégrant une source de refroidissement additionnelle via la connectiqueCharging time has become one of the main concerns limiting the development of electric vehicles. To counter this problem, it is necessary to design suitable thermal management systems to both preserve the health of batteries longer and to be able to shorten their charging time. For a battery cell with specific characteristics, the charging power is constrained by electrical and thermal considerations. This thesis focuses on evaluating and optimizing the thermal management of a battery module by utilizing cooling through the connectors. The model-based design approach is employed as a method to investigate this solution, supported by numerical simulations and experimental tests to validate the accuracy of the proposed model.First, models of the electrical and thermal behaviors of a cell are developed separately and then coupled. The models are systematically presented, their calibration procedures are described, and they are compared with experimental results. Particular attention is paid to the electrothermal modeling of the Jelly roll present at the heart of the cell by proposing a suitable mesh. Then, an experimental test campaign is carried out to calibrate the electrothermal model of a 12-cell battery module. This model is validated through a second wave of tests. A new thermal management approach is proposed, where the battery module is cooled not only by the bottom cooling plate, but also by a second cooling plate located on the busbars. Through simulations and experimental tests, this new configuration presents significant improvements. The thermal time constant is reduced allowing for a faster cooling of the module. In addition, the maximum temperature reached by the battery when charging with this dual cooling system is lowered compared to the conventional approach. One of the key advantages of this configuration is that the upper cooling plate acts as a thermal bridge, promoting temperature homogenization inside the battery module. As a result, it supports a uniform aging process of batteries, ensuring their longevity and optimal performance.Finally, a fast-charging profile has been optimized for two different protocols. The first protocol is the multi-step, and the second involves transforming the discontinuous profile of the multi-step protocol into a smoother profile using splines. The work on the charging profile aims to simulate fast charging and make a comparison in terms of charging time between the conventional architecture based on bottom cooling and a new configuration integrating an additional cooling source via the connectors
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Bandara, Thusitha Asela. "Un protocole de charge adaptatif pour les batteries Lithium-Ion." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAM095.
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Les batteries secondaires au lithium-ion (Li-ion) sont devenues la technologie la plus répandue pour un large éventail d'appareils électroniques, des gadgets de consommation aux locomotives haut de gamme et aux stockages d'énergie dans les réseaux intelligents. La prolifération rapide des appareils mobiles et de mobilité, et les récents développements dans les véhicules électriques (VE) ont énormément augmenté la demande de batteries Li-ion (LIB) et indirectement créé une dépendance énorme de la vie de mobilité des personnes. Par conséquent, il est maintenant extrêmement important d'avoir des BUL pour alimenter continuellement les dispositifs de mobilité pendant une période de temps plus longue. Quoi qu'il en soit, en tant que source d'énergie rechargeable, les LIBs épuiseront naturellement sa capacité après un certain laps de temps permis par la demande en puissance de l'appareil et la capacité de stockage de la batterie. Par conséquent, tout mécanisme de charge qui peut recharger la batterie jusqu'à l'état complètement chargé dans le temps le plus court possible, également appelé charge rapide, est très demandé et extrêmement précieux dans ce contexte.Cependant, la charge rapide elle-même est une question très difficile en raison d'un certain nombre de raisons telles que les effets complexes (polarisation, limitation, li-dépôt, épuisement des matériaux actifs et etc.) des facteurs multidisciplinaires coexistent au sein de les réactions internes, les limites dans la mesure des facteurs électrochimiques et électrophysiques avancés, les problèmes de sécurité inhérents à l'utilisation de taux élevés et la tendance à détériorer la santé et la durée de vie d'une batterie comme conséquence la plus courante de la charge rapide. Par conséquent, un certain nombre d'approches différentes peuvent être trouvées dans la recherche de la batterie et la littérature, et principalement réalisé en trois sections différentes: l'une est l'introduction de nouvelles chimies qui peuvent stocker plus d'énergie électrique, la seconde est les changements structurels ou de conception Certains des effets négatifs de la charge rapide ou peuvent même améliorer leurs performances et le troisième et le plus intéressant est les protocoles de charge rapide basés sur l'algorithme qui peuvent également aider à tirer parti des performances dans les deux autres approches.Par conséquent, notre thèse s'est concentrée sur un nouveau protocole de charge rapide pour que les BUL puissent se recharger complètement en 20 minutes environ. Ce nouveau protocole est basé sur un concept de voltammétrie non linéaire (NLV) avec l'utilisation d'un ensemble de paramètres d'adaptation liés à l'état de charge (SOC) et à l'état de santé (SOH) de la batterie. Le fondamental de ce concept est la relation prévue que le "produit de", "le taux de la variation du courant tiré / charge (dI / dt)" et "le taux de la variation de tension correspondante (dv / dt)", est une "constante", et exprimée par (| dI / dt |) α * (dv / dt) = K. Ici, le K est une constante et le "α" pourrait être n'importe quelle valeur non nulle. L'analogie de principe ici est lorsque la tension de la batterie est augmentée, le courant résultant accepté par le circuit de charge dépendra naturellement des paramètres cinétiques intrinsèques qui ont un effet sur la charge à ce moment particulier du système de batterie. En conséquence, dans le cas d'une augmentation rapide du courant, la relation ci-dessus réglera le changement de tension pour qu'il soit une valeur plus petite, inversement proportionnelle à la rampe de courant. Inversement, une petite rampe de courant va inciter ce modèle à appliquer une forte variation de tension et laisser ainsi la cellule pénétrer rapidement dans certaines régions de tension ce qui favorise naturellement le chargement à haut débitLithium ion (Li ion) secondary batteries have become the most prevalent technology for a broad range of electronic devices from consumer gadgets to high-end locomotives and energy storages in smart grids. The rapid proliferation of both mobile and mobility devices, and recent developments in electric vehicles (EVs) have tremendously increased the demand for Li ion batteries (LIBs) and indirectly created a huge dependency of peoples’ mobility life. Therefore, now it is extremely critical to have LIBs to continuously power up the mobility devices for longer period of time. Anyway, as a rechargeable energy source, the LIBs will naturally drains its’ capacity after a certain period of time permitted by the power demand of the device and the storage capacity of the battery. Therefore, any charging mechanism which can charge-back the battery up to the fully charged status within the shortest possible time, also called fast charging, is highly demanded and extremely valuable in this context.However, the fast charging itself is a very challenging issue due to a number of reasons such as the complex effects (polarization, li-plating, li-deposition, depletion of active materials and etc.) of multi-disciplinary factors co-exists within the internal reactions, limitations in measuring advanced electrochemical and electro-physical factors, the inherent safety issues with the use of high rates and the tendency of deteriorating health and cycle life of a battery as a most common aftermath of fast charging. Therefore, a number of different approaches can be found in the battery research and literature, and mostly realized under three different sections: one is the introduction of new chemistries which can store more electric power, the second is the structural or design changes which can tolerate some of the adverse effects of fast charging or may be even improve their performances and the third and most interesting is the algorithmic based fast charging protocols which can also help to leverage the performance in both the other approaches.Therefore, our thesis has focused on a new fast charging protocol for LIBs to fully charge within about 20 minutes time duration. This new protocol is based on a concept of non-linear voltammetry (NLV) with the use of a set of adaptation parameters related to the state of charge (SOC) and the state of health (SOH) of the battery. The fundamental of this concept is the foreseen relationship that the “product of”, “the rate of the change of drawn/charge-current (dI/dt)” and “the rate of the corresponding voltage change (dv/dt)”, is a “constant”, and expressed as (|dI/dt|)α * (dv/dt) = K. Here, the K is a constant and the “α” could be any non-zero value. The principle analogy here is when the battery voltage is increased, the resulted current accepted by the charge circuitry will naturally depends on the intrinsic kinetic-parameters which effects on charging at that peculiar moment of the battery system. Accordingly, in case of a rapid increase of current, the above relationship will regulate the voltage-change to be a smaller value, inversely proportional to the current ramp. Conversely, a small ramp in current will encourage this model to apply a large voltage change and accordingly let the cell to quickly push in to certain voltage regions which naturally favors in charging with high rates
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蘇淑茵. "Connection Failure Detection Mechanism of UMTS Charging Protocol." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/56802689241775384096.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立交通大學
資訊工程系所
92
In Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), the extension of GPRS tunneling protocol called GTP’ is utilized to transfer the Charging Data Records (CDRs) from GPRS Support Nodes (GSNs) to Charging Gateways (CGs). To ensure that the mobile operator receives the charging information, availability for the charging system is essential. One of the most important issues on GTP’ availability is connection failure detection. This paper studies the GTP’ connection failure detection mechanism specified in 3GPP TS 29.060 and 3GPP TS 32.215. It is desirable to select appropriate parameter values to avoid false failure detections (e.g., temporary network congestions). It is also important to detect the true failures quickly, and after a true failure is detected, the GSNs can immediately re-direct to another CG. In this paper, we propose an analytic model to compute the false failure detection probability and the expected true failure detection time. The analytic model is validated against simulation experiments. Based on our study, the network operator can select the appropriate parameter values for various traffic conditions to reduce the probability of false failure detection and/or true failure detection time.
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Huang, Wen-Cheng, and 黃文正. "Application of the XMPP Protocol on Electric Vehicle /Scooter Charging Stations." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64172741943574215705.
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碩士國立中興大學
電機工程學系所
100
Due to the fact of the climate change, green resource gains its importance nowadays. Moreover, in order to conserve energy, reduce carbon emission, especially the transport emission, and concern with the high expense of gasoline, developed countries highly promote electric motors. Therefore, the convenience of charging stations is the key factor for consumers’ willingness to use electric motors. Charging stations for electric motors are highly different from gas stations for that charging stations require both quick and slow recharging zones. The slow charging posts are mainly set in parking lots, roadsides, office buildings or a community building area. The average time for slow recharging is over 3 hours while it only takes 30 minutes to obtain 80% of energy in quick recharging way. To date, most countries plan to build self-service recharging stations. In addition, with the concerns of safety for recharging and trade, convenience with APP, preservation and display on map, instant information provided such as recharging completion or problem notice, future expandable features such as the connection with intellectual network and the easiness of expand, the electric motors industry can be developed in a short time. Based on the features of electric-motors, this study mainly applies XMPP communication protocol with an embedded system in charging post and Server communication protocol to stimulate charging. In addition, the application of XMPP with card readers helps to inform users and server administrators as well as to set up a parameter in charging post.
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Ράπτης, Θεοφάνης. "Αποδοτικά πρωτόκολλα ασύρματης φόρτισης σε δίκτυα αισθητήρων." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10889/7525.
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Οι τελευταίες εξελίξεις στα πεδία της ασύρματης μετάδοσης ενέργειας και των υλικών μπαταρίας προσφέρουν καινούριες δυνατότητες για τη διαχείριση της διαθέσιμης ενέργειας στα Ασύρματα Δίκτυα Αισθητήρων. Στο πρώτο πεδίο, έχει αποδειχθεί ότι, μέσω ισχυρά συζευγμένων μαγνητικών συντονισμών, η αποδοτικότητα μεταφοράς 60 watts ισχύος σε απόσταση δύο μέτρων φτάνει το 40% και σε απόσταση ενός μέτρου φτάνει το 75%. Επίσης, εμπορικά προϊόντα που κάνουν χρήση αυτής της τεχνολογίας, ήδη κυκλοφορούν στην αγορά. Στο δεύτερο πεδίο, πραγματοποιήθηκε πρόσφατα άκρως ταχεία φόρτιση με μπαταρίες LiFePO4, επιτρέποντας πλήρη φόρτιση σε μερικά μόνο δευτερόλεπτα.
Αυτές οι τεχνολογικές εξελίξεις ανοίγουν το δρόμο προς ένα νέο παράδειγμα για τα Ασύρματα Δίκτυα Αισθητήρων, τα Ασύρματα Επαναφορτιζόμενα Δίκτυα Αισθητήρων, τα οποία αποτελούνται από κόμβους αίσθησης (στάσιμους ή κινητούς) και έναν ή περισσότερους κινητούς κόμβους με υψηλό απόθεμα ενέργειας. Οι τελευταίοι, χρησιμοποιώντας τις προαναφερθείσες τεχνολογίες, επιτυγχάνουν γρήγορη ασύρματη φόρτιση των κόμβων αίσθησης. Με αυτόν τον τρόπο, μας δίνεται η δυνατότητα διαχείρισης του πολύ περιορισμένου πόρου της ενέργειας στο δίκτυο, με περισσότερη λεπτομέρεια και αποδοτικότητα. Σημαντικό είναι το γεγονός ότι, από την προοπτική των κόμβων αίσθησης, η διαχείριση της ενέργειας μπορεί να πραγματοποιηθεί παθητικά και χωρίς την υπολογιστική και επικοινωνιακή επιβάρυνση που εισάγουν σύνθετοι αλγόριθμοι διαχείρισης ενέργειας. Επίσης, η διαδικασία φόρτισης μπορεί να πραγματοποιηθεί με πρωτόκολλα τα οποία μελετώνται και σχεδιάζονται ανεξάρτητα από το υποκείμενο πρωτόκολλο δρομολόγησης που χρησιμοποιείται για την μετάδοση των δεδομένων.
Το πρόβλημα. Έστω ένα Ασύρματα Επαναφορτιζόμενο Δίκτυο Αισθητήρων στο οποίο οι κόμβοι αίσθησης μεταδίδουν δεδομένα σε ένα κέντρο ελέγχου χρησιμοποιώντας ένα πρωτόκολλο δρομολόγησης και ο κινητός κόμβος φόρτισης, με απόθεμα ενέργειας σημαντικά μεγαλύτερο από έναν κόμβο αίσθησης, είναι ικανός να αναπληρώνει ασύρματα την ενέργεια των κόμβων αίσθησης. Το πρόβλημα που εξετάζουμε είναι η εύρεση της καλύτερης διαμόρφωσης του κινητού κόμβου φόρτισης, με σκοπό τη βελτίωση της ενεργειακής αποδοτικότητας του δικτύου και της παράτασης της διάρκειας ζωής των κόμβων.
Η συνεισφορά μας. Αν και έχουν γίνει ήδη σημαντικές ερευνητικές προσπάθειες για την ενεργειακά αποδοτική δρομολόγηση του κινητού κόμβου αίσθησης, οι περισσότερες προτεινόμενες λύσεις στη βιβλιογραφία μέχρι στιγμής υποθέτουν ολική γνώση επάνω στο δίκτυο. Αντιθέτως, οι λύσεις που παρέχουμε είναι πλήρως κατανεμημένες και προσαρμοστικές, και βασίζονται σε τοπική δικτυακή πληροφορία. Επίσης, τα πρωτόκολλά μας για τον κινητό κόμβο αίσθησης μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν σε συνδυασμό με κάθε πρωτόκολλο δρομολόγησης και προσαρμόζονται στην κατανομή των κόμβων αίσθησης στο επίπεδο. Τέλος αναγνωρίζουμε και σχεδιάζουμε σημαντικές παραμέτρους της διαδικασίας φόρτισης, όπως i) το ποσό της συνολικής αρχικής ενέργειας του δικτύου που δεσμεύει ο κινητός κόμβος φόρτισης, ii) το επίπεδο στο οποίο πρέπει να αναπληρώνεται η ενέργεια του κάθε κόμβου αίσθησης, iii) ποιες τροχιές πρέπει να ακολουθεί ο κινητός κόμβος φόρτισης ώστε να φορτίσει τους κόμβους αίσθησης.Recent advances in the fields of wireless energy transmission and batteries material offer new possibilities for managing the available energy in WSNs. In the first field, the technology of highly efficient wireless energy transmission was proposed for efficient, non-radiative energy transmission over mid-range. It has been shown that through strongly coupled magnetic resonances, the efficiency of transferring 60 watts of power over a distance in excess of 2 meters is as high as 40%. Industry research also demonstrated that it is possible to improve transferring 60 watts of power over a distance of up to one meter with efficiency of 75%. At present, commercial products utilizing wireless energy transmission have been available on the market. In the second field, ultra-fast charging was recently realized in LiFePO4 by creating a fast ion-conducting surface phase through controlled off-stoichiometry. These technologies lead the way towards a new paradigm for wireless sensor networks; the Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks (WRSNs), which consist of sensor nodes that may be either stationary or mobile, as well as few mobile nodes with high energy supplies. The latter, by using wireless energy transmission technologies are capable of fast charging sensor nodes. This way, the highly constrained resource of energy can be managed in great detail and more efficiently. Another important aspect is the fact that energy management in WRSNs can be performed passively from the perspective of sensor nodes and without the computational and communicational overhead introduced by complex energy management algorithms. Finally, WRSNs allow energy management to be studied and designed independently of the underlying routing protocol used for data propagation. The Problem. Let a Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Network consisting of a set of stationary sensor nodes and a special mobile node called Mobile Charger. The sensor nodes are deployed uniformly at random over a network area and propagate data to a Sink using a routing protocol. The Mobile Charger has finite energy supplies, that are significantly greater than those of a single sensor node, and is capable of charging the sensors. The problem we study is identifying best possible configuration of the Mobile Charger in order to improve energy efficiency and to prolong the lifetime of the network. Our Contribution. While considerable research efforts have been invested into energy efficient scheduling of the Mobile Charger, proposed solutions in the literature so far require a global knowledge of the state of the network. On the contrary, the solutions proposed in this work are fully distributed and adaptive, and rely solely on local information. Furthermore, our proposed algorithm for the Mobile Charger can be used in combination with any underlying routing protocol and adapts on the distribution of sensors in the network area. We identify and investigate the following trade-offs: i) how the total available energy of the network should be split between sensor nodes and the Mobile Charger ii) given that the energy the charger may deliver to the nodes is finite, whether each sensor will be fully or partially charged and iii) what is the trajectory the Mobile Charger should follow in order to charge the sensor nodes.
Book chapters on the topic "Charging protocol"
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Xu, Jiangpei, Xiao Yu, Li Tian, Jie Wang, and Xiaojun Liu. "Security Analysis and Protection for Charging Protocol of Smart Charging Pile." In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computer Engineering and Networks, 963–70. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3753-0_95.
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Lepler, Jörg H., and Karsten Neuhoff. "Resource Pricing under a Market-Based Reservation Protocol." In From QoS Provisioning to QoS Charging, 303–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45859-x_29.
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Aziz, Benjamin. "Third Case Study: An Electric Vehicle Charging Protocol." In Formal Analysis by Abstract Interpretation, 87–108. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91153-9_6.
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Li, Xuling, Xuefeng He, Chen Dong, Xuan Zhang, and Lin Sang. "Electric Vehicle DC Charger Charging Protocol Conformance Testing System." In Proceedings of PURPLE MOUNTAIN FORUM 2019-International Forum on Smart Grid Protection and Control, 881–90. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9783-7_72.
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Conti, Mauro, Denis Donadel, Radha Poovendran, and Federico Turrin. "EVExchange: A Relay Attack on Electric Vehicle Charging System." In Computer Security – ESORICS 2022, 488–508. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17140-6_24.
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AbstractTo support the increasing spread of Electric Vehicles (EVs), Charging Stations (CSs) are being installed worldwide. The new generation of CSs employs the Vehicle-To-Grid (V2G) paradigm by implementing novel standards such as the ISO 15118. This standard enables high-level communication between the vehicle and the charging column, helps manage the charge smartly, and simplifies the payment phase. This novel charging paradigm, which connects the Smart Grid to external networks (e.g., EVs and CSs), has not been thoroughly examined yet. Therefore, it may lead to dangerous vulnerability surfaces and new research challenges.In this paper, we present EVExchange, the first attack to steal energy during a charging session in a V2G communication: i.e., charging the attacker’s car while letting the victim pay for it. Furthermore, if reverse charging flow is enabled, the attacker can even sell the energy available on the victim’s car! Thus, getting the economic profit of this selling, and leaving the victim with a completely discharged battery. We developed a virtual and a physical testbed in which we validate the attack and prove its effectiveness in stealing the energy. To prevent the attack, we propose a lightweight modification of the ISO 15118 protocol to include a distance bounding algorithm. Finally, we validated the countermeasure on our testbeds. Our results show that the proposed countermeasure can identify all the relay attack attempts while being transparent to the user.
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Buzna, Ľuboš. "The Onset of Congestion in Charging of Electric Vehicles for Proportionally Fair Network Management Protocol." In Operations Research Proceedings, 95–100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42902-1_13.
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Beresford, Alastair R., Jonathan J. Davies, and Robert K. Harle. "Privacy-Sensitive Congestion Charging." In Security Protocols, 97–104. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04904-0_13.
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Beresford, Alastair R. "Privacy-Sensitive Congestion Charging." In Security Protocols, 105–11. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04904-0_14.
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Hecht, Christopher, Jan Figgener, and Dirk Uwe Sauer. "Protocols and Interfaces for EV Charging." In Next Generation Electrified Vehicles Optimised for the Infrastructure, 77–89. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47683-9_7.
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Carle, Georg, Felix Hartanto, Michael Smirnov, and Tanja Zseby. "Charging and Accounting for QOS-Enhanced IP Multicast." In Protocols for High-Speed Networks VI, 151–68. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35580-1_11.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Charging protocol"
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Xu, Jiangpei, Jie Huang, Chang Liu, Li Tian, Xiao Yu, Jie Wang, and Liang Zhou. "The Security of Charging Protocol between Charging Piles and Electric Vehicles." In 2019 IEEE Sustainable Power and Energy Conference (iSPEC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ispec48194.2019.8975079.
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Miao, Yang, Jianping He, and Shanying Zhu. "Reliable Cooperative Charging Protocol against Fault Data for Supercapacitors Charging Systems." In 2019 IEEE 15th International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/coase.2019.8843137.
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Lingwen Gan, Ufuk Topcu, and S. H. Low. "Stochastic distributed protocol for electric vehicle charging with discrete charging rate." In 2012 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting. New Energy Horizons - Opportunities and Challenges. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm.2012.6344847.
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Said, Dhaou, Soumaya Cherkaoui, and Lyes Khoukhi. "Scheduling protocol with load managementfor EV charging." In GLOBECOM 2014 - 2014 IEEE Global Communications Conference. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/glocom.2014.7036835.
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Gan, Lingwen, Ufuk Topcu, and Steven Low. "Optimal decentralized protocol for electric vehicle charging." In 2011 50th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control and European Control Conference (CDC-ECC 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2011.6161220.
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Liu, Yu, Meng Xu, Zhibang Xu, and Xia Wang. "A Study of Fast Charging of Li-Ion Battery With Pulsed Current." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10375.
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Abstract To fast charge lithium ion batteries while achieving higher capacity and limiting temperature rise, a constant current plus pulse current (CCPC) charging protocol is proposed. Parametric study for the CCPC design parameters including the current level, cut-off voltage, and pulse duration is performed experimentally. Taguchi method is adopted to search an optimal charging pattern. Experimental results show that the pulse charge current has the greatest effect on the charging time and temperature rise, while the pulse discharge current has the least effect on both. The optimal pattern from the Taguchi method is able to charge the cylindrical cell 15.6% faster than the traditional constant current constant voltage (CCCV) charging protocol. An electrochemical and thermal coupled model is developed to reveal the working principle of the CCPC. The modeling results show that the CCPC charging protocol reduces the concentration polarization with more uniform lithium ion distribution than the CCCV, thus accelerating the charging process.
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"Communication Reduced Interaction Protocol between Customer, Charging Station, and Charging Station Management System." In 3rd International Conference on Smart Grids and Green IT Systems. SCITEPRESS - Science and and Technology Publications, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0004971801180125.
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Xu, Jiangpei, Xiao Yu, Li Tian, Jin Wang, Liang Zhou, and Chang Liu. "A Lightweight Security Authentication Method for the Charging Protocol of Smart Charging Pile." In ICASIT 2020: 2020 International Conference on Aviation Safety and Information Technology. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3434581.3434728.
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Li, Li, Jun Pang, Yang Liu, Jun Sun, and Jin Song Dong. "Symbolic Analysis of an Electric Vehicle Charging Protocol." In 2014 19th International Conference on Engineering of Complex Computer Systems (ICECCS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceccs.2014.11.
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Han, Shuo, Ufuk Topcu, and George J. Pappas. "Differentially private distributed protocol for electric vehicle charging." In 2014 52nd Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing (Allerton). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/allerton.2014.7028462.
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