Journal articles: 'Charge and time measurement'

1

Chubb, John, John Harbour, and Ian Pavey. "'Stutter timing' for charge decay time measurement." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 301 (June 23, 2011): 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/301/1/012045.

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Wallace, Jason U., Ralph H. Young, Ching W. Tang, and Shaw H. Chen. "Charge-retraction time-of-flight measurement for organic charge transport materials." Applied Physics Letters 91, no. 15 (October 8, 2007): 152104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2798592.

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Lin, Ting, Si-Si Gu, Yong-Qiang Xu, Shun-Li Jiang, Ning Wang, Bao-Chuan Wang, Hai-Ou Li, Gang Cao, and Guo-Ping Guo. "Circuit-QED based time-averaged dispersive readout of a semiconductor charge qubit." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 18 (October 31, 2022): 184004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0108206.

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Maturing hybrid circuit quantum electrodynamics architectures composed of semiconductor quantum dots and on-chip microwave resonators promise an effective approach for quantum nondemolition readouts in semiconductor systems. Here, we study quantum coherence in a semiconductor charge qubit coupled with a high-impedance resonator. The qubit is controlled by a periodic pulse sequence, and a dispersive measurement is performed by measuring the time-averaged resonator response. From the Rabi oscillation and Ramsey fringe measurements, the coherence time of the charge qubit is determined as [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Compared with the time-resolved (pulsed) measurement, this time-averaged dispersive measurement process eliminates the limitation caused by the resonator response time, enabling a high repetition rate of the pulse sequence in the experiments.

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Yeroshenko, Bohdan, Wouter Wassing, Allard P. Mosk, and Sanli Faez. "Real-time Measurement of the Single Nanoparticle Electrophoretic Mobility." EPJ Web of Conferences 215 (2019): 14002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921514002.

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The electrophoretic mobility of a single nanoparticle depends on its surface charge and its environment. Thus the change of the mobility can reflect the change in its chemical and physical properties. We present a high-bandwidth method to measure the electrophoretic mobility, based on optical tweezers and electrophoresis. We envision studying of nanoscale chemical processes as a possible application of this method.

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Svestka, J., S. Auer, M. Baguhl, and E. Grün. "Measurement of Dust Electric Charges by the Ulysses and Galileo Dust Detectors." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 150 (1996): 481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100502085.

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The Galileo and Ulysses dust detectors can detect electric charges of dust particles. Dust particles entering the sensor (see, e.g., Grün et al. 1992) may be detected by the charge Qp that they induce to the charge grid. All suitably massive dust particles - charged or uncharged - are then detected by the cloud of ions and electrons they produce during the impact on the hemispherical target after the time of flight between the charge grid and the target. After separation in the electric field, ions and electrons are collected by separate electrodes and produce two pulses of opposite polarity. From the two pulse heights and the rise times, the mass and impact speed of the dust particle are derived.

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Mitsumoto, Shinichi, M. Fu, L. A. Dissado, and J. C. Fothergill. "Short Time Interval Decay Measurement of Space Charge in Epoxy Resin." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 126, no. 4 (2006): 260–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms.126.260.

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Okamoto, Dai, Hiroshi Yano, Tomoaki Hatayama, Yukiharu Uraoka, and Takashi Fuyuki. "Criteria for Accurate Measurement of Charge-Pumping Current in 4H-SiC MOSFETs." Materials Science Forum 600-603 (September 2008): 747–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.600-603.747.

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This paper describes the influence of the geometric component in the charge-pumping measurement of 4H-SiC MOSFETs. Charge-pumping measurements were conducted on 4H-SiC MOSFETs with and without NO annealing. Charge-pumping measurements with different pulse-fall times revealed that the geometric component exists in 4H-SiC MOSFETs and is especially large in the unannealed MOSFETs. A sufficiently long fall-time is needed to minimize its effect, which is expected to be 1–10 μs for 4H-SiC MOSFETs with a gate length of 10 μm.

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Sittishoktram, M., Udom Asawapirom, and Tanakorn Osotchan. "Time-of-Flight Measurement of Poly(3-Hexylthiophene) Thin Films." Advanced Materials Research 55-57 (August 2008): 673–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.55-57.673.

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Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is one of the most studied conjugated polymer for molecular electronics especially for organic field effect transistors (OFETs) and organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). This is mainly due to the fact that P3HT provides excellent electrical properties and showed high carrier mobility. In this research we studied the photo generated charge carrier transport of P3HT film by the time-of-flight (TOF) method. For device fabrication, P3HT was dissolved in chloroform with concentration of 8 mg/ml then the solution was spun directly onto an ITO pattern coated on glass substrate. Then the aluminum electrode was prepared on film by thermal evaporation. In TOF measurement, the constant voltage was applied to electrode of sample and the film were photo-excited by irradiation of a short pulsed laser light (λ=650 nm). This caused charge separation within the film. The generated charge carrier was used to calculate the mobility of the film. The TOF mobility was determined as a function of applied voltage and light condition.

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Hiti, B., V. Cindro, A. Gorišek, M. Franks, R. Marco-Hernández, G. Kramberger, I. Mandić, et al. "Characterisation of analogue front end and time walk in CMOS active pixel sensor." Journal of Instrumentation 16, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): P12020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/12/p12020.

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Abstract In this work we investigated a method to determine time walk in an active silicon pixel sensor prototype using Edge-TCT with infrared laser charge injection. Samples were investigated before and after neutron irradiation to 5· 10^14n_ eq/cm^2. Threshold, noise and calibration of the analogue front end were determined with external charge injection. A spatially sensitive measurement of collected charge and time walk was carried out with Edge-TCT, showing a uniform charge collection and output delay in pixel centre. On pixel edges charge sharing was observed due to finite beam width resulting in smaller signals and larger output delay. Time walk below 25 ns was observed for charge above 2000 e^- at a threshold above the noise level. Time walk measurement with external charge injection yielded identical results.

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Wang, De-Jiang, and Tao Zhang. "Noise analysis and measurement of time delay and integration charge coupled device." Chinese Physics B 20, no. 8 (August 2011): 087202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/20/8/087202.

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Akers, R., G. Alexander, J. Allison, K. J. Anderson, S. Arcelli, S. Asai, A. Astbury, et al. "Measurement of the time dependence of mixing using a jet charge technique." Physics Letters B 327, no. 3-4 (May 1994): 411–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(94)90747-1.

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Bohuslavskyi, Heorhii, Masayuki Hashisaka, Takase Shimizu, Takafumi Akiho, Koji Muraki, and Norio Kumada. "Fast time-domain current measurement for quantum dot charge sensing using a homemade cryogenic transimpedance amplifier." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 18 (October 31, 2022): 184003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0118391.

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We developed a high-speed and low-noise time-domain current measurement scheme using a homemade GaAs high-electron-mobility-transistor-based cryogenic transimpedance amplifier (TIA). The scheme is versatile for broad cryogenic current measurements, including semiconductor spin-qubit readout, owing to the TIA's having low input impedance comparable to that of commercial room-temperature TIAs. The TIA has a broad frequency bandwidth and a low noise floor, with a trade-off between them governed by the feedback resistance RFB. A lower RFB of 50 kΩ enables high-speed current measurement with a −3 dB cutoff frequency f−3dB = 28 MHz and noise-floor NF = 8.5 × 10−27 A2/Hz, while a larger RFB of 400 kΩ provides low-noise measurement with NF = 1.0 × 10−27 A2/Hz and f−3dB = 4.5 MHz. Time-domain measurement of a 2-nA peak-to-peak square wave, which mimics the output of the standard spin-qubit readout technique via charge sensing, demonstrates a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 12.7, with the time resolution of 48 ns, for RFB = 200 kΩ, which compares favorably with the best-reported values for the radio frequency reflectometry technique. The time resolution can be further improved at the cost of the SNR (or vice versa) by using an even smaller (larger) RFB, with a further reduction in the noise figure possible by limiting the frequency band with a low-pass filter. Our scheme is best suited for readout electronics for cryogenic sensors that require a high time resolution and current sensitivity and, thus, provides a solution for various fundamental research and industrial applications.

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Ma, Xuejiao, Deren Kong, and Yucheng Shi. "Measurement and Analysis of Shock Wave Pressure in Moving Charge and Stationary Charge Explosions." Sensors 22, no. 17 (August 31, 2022): 6582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22176582.

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Shock wave pressure is one of the most important parameters in an explosion. However, there have been few experimental and analytical investigations of moving charge explosions. In this article, we present an experimental method to measure the shock wave pressure from a moving charge explosion. Tests of stationary charges and moving charges with speeds of 580 m/s, 703 m/s and 717 m/s were carried out. The shock wave pressure curves and parameters at different measurement points were obtained and analyzed. The theoretical calculation of the shock wave overpressure was studied and compared with the experimental result. The differences between the stationary charge and moving charge explosions were investigated. The results showed that the shock wave pressure distribution of a moving charge had strong directionality. The shock wave pressure parameters (including overpressure, arrival time, duration and impulse) were influenced by the charge’s moving velocity, direction angle and distance from the blast point. The shock wave overpressure value was greater than that of a stationary charge explosion at angles between 0° and 90°. The correlation model based on the velocity vector superposition method could describe the relationship of overpressure between the stationary charge and moving charge explosions.

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14

Granger, Pierre. "Time Projection Chambers instrumented with resistive MicroMegas for the SAND near detector of DUNE." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2156, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2156/1/012244.

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Abstract The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a next-generation long-baseline neutrino accelerator experiment aiming for precise measurements of the neutrino oscillation parameters. DUNE will include a near detector complex regrouping three different detectors among which SAND (System for on-Axis Neutrino Detection) that will be the only one permanently on the neutrino beam axis in charge of monitoring in detail the emitted neutrino beam and its stability through time, a crucial characteristic to realize accurate oscillation measurements at the percent level. SAND will reuse the superconducting magnet and the electromagnetic calorimeter of the KLOE experiment. We will describe in the following the proposal of using, as inner tracker of SAND, a large 3D matrix of 1.5cm side scintillator cubes (3DST) surrounded by 3 gaseous Time Projection Chambers. This setup allows to realize accurate beam monitoring combining the 3DST unprecedented capability of neutron detection and energy measurement with the high precision momentum resolution for charged particles offered by the TPCs. The proposed TPC design allows to reach spatial resolutions of a few hundreds of micrometers using 1 cm pads by deploying the resistive MicroMegas technology for the charge readout.

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15

Matoušek, David, Jiří Hospodka, and Ondřej Šubrt. "New Discrete Fibonacci Charge Pump Design, Evaluation and Measurement." Measurement Science Review 17, no. 3 (June 1, 2017): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msr-2017-0013.

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AbstractThis paper focuses on the practical aspects of the realisation of Dickson and Fibonacci charge pumps. Standard Dickson charge pump circuit solution and new Fibonacci charge pump implementation are compared. Both charge pumps were designed and then evaluated by LTspice XVII simulations and realised in a discrete form on printed circuit board (PCB). Finally, the key parameters as the output voltage, efficiency, rise time, variable power supply and clock frequency effects were measured.

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16

Lebey, T., C. Laurent, and J. Sarlaboux. "Time‐resolved measurement of space charge in polymeric material under prebreakdown ac field." Applied Physics Letters 52, no. 13 (March 28, 1988): 1048–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.99206.

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17

Wang, Xuan Ze, Xu Qing Mo, Liang En Yang, Zhong Sheng Zhai, Wen Chao Liu, and Zhi Xiong. "A Kind of Resistance Capacitance Measurement Method Based on Time Constant." Advanced Materials Research 1037 (October 2014): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1037.156.

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This paper proposes a capacitance resistance measurement method based on time constant. Using the charging and discharging characteristics of the resistance and capacitance measures the value of the resistance and capacitance through a semi potential rise and fall time measurement. Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the value of the resistance and capacitance and the measuring time, designing the fast second charging and discharging method meeting the initial condition of charge and discharge, improving the measurement speed, expanding the measurement range of the resistance and capacitance. Realizing the effective measurement of the resistance and capacitance by the FPGA control logic and timing method.

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Paolozzi, L., M. Munker, R. Cardella, M. Milanesio, Y. Gurimskaya, F. Martinelli, A. Picardi, et al. "Picosecond Avalanche Detector — working principle and gain measurement with a proof-of-concept prototype." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): P10032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/10/p10032.

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Abstract The Picosecond Avalanche Detector is a multi-junction silicon pixel detector based on a (NP)drift(NP)gain structure, devised to enable charged-particle tracking with high spatial resolution and picosecond time-stamp capability. It uses a continuous junction deep inside the sensor volume to amplify the primary charge produced by ionizing radiation in a thin absorption layer. The signal is then induced by the secondary charges moving inside a thicker drift region. A proof-of-concept monolithic prototype, consisting of a matrix of hexagonal pixels with 100 μm pitch, has been produced using the 130 nm SiGe BiCMOS process by IHP microelectronics. Measurements on probe station and with a 55Fe X-ray source show that the prototype is functional and displays avalanche gain up to a maximum electron gain of 23. A study of the avalanche characteristics, corroborated by TCAD simulations, indicates that space-charge effects due to the large primary charge produced by the conversion of X-rays from the ^55Fe source limits the effective gain.

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Hidalgo-López, José A., José A. Sánchez-Durán, and Óscar Oballe-Peinado. "Reducing Measurement Time in Direct Interface Circuits for Resistive Sensor Readout." Sensors 20, no. 9 (May 2, 2020): 2596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092596.

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Direct Interface Circuits (DICs) carry out resistive sensor readings using a resistance-to-time-to-digital conversion without the need for analog-to-digital converters. The main advantage of this approach is the simplicity involved in designing a DIC, which only requires some additional resistors and a capacitor in order to perform the conversion. The main drawback is the time needed for this conversion, which is given by the sum of up to three capacitor charge times and their associated discharge times. This article presents a modification of the most widely used estimation method in a resistive DIC, which is known as the Two-Point Calibration Method (TPCM), in which a single additional programmable digital device pin in the DIC and one extra measurement in each discharge cycle, made without slowing down the cycle, allow charge times to be reduced more than 20-fold to values around 2 µs. The new method designed to achieve this reduction only penalizes relative errors with a small increase of between 0.2% and 0.3% for most values in the tested resistance range.

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Weng, Ming Hung, Simon Barker, Rajat Mahapatra, Benjamin J. D. Furnival, Nicolas G. Wright, and Alton B. Horsfall. "Study of the Interface Properties of TiO₂/SiO₂/SiC by Photocapacitance." Materials Science Forum 679-680 (March 2011): 350–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.679-680.350.

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We have investigated the annealing of fixed oxide charge and interfacial traps in MISiC strucures by means of the photo capacitance voltage technique at temperatures up to 500°C. Elevated temperature measurements show reduced hysteresis and reduced fixed oxide charge at the interface. The photo capacitance technique shows a real-time measurement at elevated temperatures, in which electrons are populated by photo energy, in a 4H-SiC MIS structure. We also confirm the reduction of fixed oxide charge at the interface by means of high temperature post deposition annealing, which occurs during the high temperature measurements.

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Kaneko, S., D. Murai, Sh Fujii, and M. Kiguchi. "Surface enhanced Raman scattering of single 1,4-Benzenedithiol molecular junction." International Journal of Modern Physics B 30, no. 13 (May 19, 2016): 1642010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979216420108.

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Here, we present simultaneous electronic and optical measurements of a single 1,4-benzenedithiol (BDT) molecular junctions to investigate the electronic and structural details in the molecular junction and to understand the charge transport property at the single molecular scale. The electronic property was investigated by DC conductance measurement while structural property was characterized using surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurement. The single BDT junctions sandwiched between Au nanogap-electrodes were prepared by the mechanically controllable break junction method at ambient conditions. The simultaneous conductance and SERS measurements demonstrate that ring deformation mode coupled to C–S stretching mode, ring breathing mode, and C=C stretching mode are detectable for the single BDT molecular junctions with electronic conductance of [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]. The single molecule origin is supported by the characteristic variability of SERS within samples. Time evolution of the conductance and SERS signals indicated that the molecular conductance and the vibrational energy of the ring breathing mode exhibits anti-correlated relationship. This relationship can be mediated by time evolution of structural change in the single molecular junction and corresponding change in strength of metal–molecular coupling. The larger metal–molecular coupling causes higher electronic conductance of the molecular junction while charge transfer effect leads to weakening of molecular bonds and thus a resulting decrease in the vibration energy of the ring breathing mode.

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22

Hou, Wenhao, Jiaying Gu, Yaojun Wang, Bingzhe Dai, Xun Cui, Hongsheng Wang, Xue Jiao, Jie Li, and Qilin Zhang. "Remote Measurement of the Lightning Impulse Charge Moment Change Using the Fast Electric Field Antenna." Remote Sensing 14, no. 3 (February 3, 2022): 724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14030724.

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The impulse charge moment change (iCMC) is an important electrical property of cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning. In this paper, a new method of measuring the iCMC at distances of several hundred kilometers is proposed. The method is based on the vertical electric field below 1 kHz measured by the widely used fast electric field antenna with low frequency/very low frequency (LF/VLF) band. The impulse response of Earth-ionosphere waveguide (EIWG) is modeled using a finite difference time domain (FDTD) method considering an anisotropic ionosphere. By comparing the observed waveform with the simulated impulse response, the lightning discharge is classified into the impulsive discharge and the non-impulsive discharge. For the impulsive discharge, its iCMC is obtained directly by comparing the measured ELF waveform to the modeled impulse response at the same distance. For the non-impulsive discharge, its current moment waveform is assumed to be a sum of two Heidler’s functions, and the genetic algorithm is used to search the unknown parameters in the functions. The good agreement between the measured ELF waveform and the simulated waveform implies that the extracted current moments are reasonable. This method can be used to continuously monitor the lightning iCMC in a given time and space.

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Hu, W., Y. Fu, P. Gong, K. Yao, D. Lu, W. Chen, Y. Liu, et al. "Progress and research at the Shanghai EBIT." Canadian Journal of Physics 86, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p07-161.

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In this report, a brief description of the current progress at the Shanghai EBIT project is presented. This is followed by a short discussion of the measurement of various parameters (electron beam diameter and ion density) under a number of operational conditions. A brief introduction to di-electronic recombination measurements for highly ionized xenon is given. Next, we present a preliminary measurement of the time dependence of xenon X-ray emission lines. Finally, a comparison of calculated and experimental charge-state distributions is given. This shows the influence of multi-electron capture and different distributions of the ion cloud on the charge state distribution.PACS Nos.: 41.85.–p; 34.80.Kw; 34.80Lx

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Chubb, John, Paul Holdstock, and Mick Dyer. "Predicting Maximum Surface Voltages on Inhabited Cleanroom Garments in Practical Use." Journal of the IEST 47, no. 2 (September 14, 2004): 59–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.47.2.77539427u6621117.

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The paper describes how the maximum surface voltages on cleanroom garments in practical use can be predicted from measurements on local areas of garment fabric. The surface voltage arising when materials are rubbed depends upon the speed and pressure of the rubbing action and on two features of fabric performance: the time for charge dissipation and the capacitance experienced by surface charge. These two features can be easily measured on sample areas of garment fabrics using corona charging with measurement of the quantity of the transferred charge. The paper describes how these measurements are made and the results of studies carried out to establish the relationship between the performance of inhabited garments and measurements on fabrics.

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Habersat, Daniel B., Neil Goldsman, and Aivars J. Lelis. "Simulating the Influence of Mobile Ionic Oxide Charge on SiC MOS Bias-Temperature Instability Measurements." Materials Science Forum 821-823 (June 2015): 697–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.821-823.697.

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We report here on results obtained using a time-dependent drift-diffusion model to simulate ion transport in the gate oxide of a SiC MOS device during bias-temperature instability measurements to assess the impact on threshold voltage under typical testing conditions. Measured threshold voltage is found to depend strongly on the temperature and mobile ion species, which in combination with the measurement parameters determine how the ions react to the stress and measurement sequence. Simulations show that, based on their mobilities, both potassium-like and copper-like ions may be responsible for experimental observations of a negative trend in threshold instability above 100 °C for SiC MOS devices.

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Lazzaroni, Massimo, and Fabio E. Zocchi. "Effect of Charge Recombination on Amplitude and Time Measurement of Induced Signals in Semiconductor Drift Detectors." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 56, no. 5 (October 2007): 1851–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2007.895600.

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Morkun, Natalia, Tetiana Oliinyk, Iryna Kasatkina, and Oleksandr Rytsko. "Adaptive control of ore mill charge." E3S Web of Conferences 123 (2019): 01038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912301038.

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The system of mining operations does not enable long-lasting mining of single-type ores that causes instability of mineral materials intended for concentration. To solve the problem of controlling these processes on the basis of operating data on characteristics of processed raw materials, the method of controlling mill charge is suggested considering measurements of its output product. This method is based on correlation of the output product quantity and the rate of the mill charge. The process of the object’s operation is modeled, while time characteristics of the output controlled value and the mill charge are approximated to assess accuracy of the method of determining the mill charge. The possibility to use the discrete Kalman filter is studied in order to indentify the object’s characteristics under noises by measurement results. It is shown that application of the Kalman filter to controlling the mill charge enables not only solving the problem of filtration aimed to obtain data on the object’s current state, but also predicting its state.

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Urlass, Sebastian, Roland Beyer, Sebastian Hammer, Andreas Hartmann, Arnd R. Junghans, Toni Kögler, Benjamin Lutz, et al. "Measurement of the 16O(n, α)13C cross-section using a Double Frisch Grid Ionization Chamber." EPJ Web of Conferences 239 (2020): 01030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023901030.

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The 16O(n, α)13C reaction was proposed to be measured at the neutron time-of-flight (n_TOF) facility of CERN. To this purpose, a Double Frisch Grid Ionization Chamber (DFGIC) containing the oxygen atoms as a component in the counting gas coupled with a switch device in order to prevent the charge collection from the so-called γ-flash has been developed at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), in Germany. The first 16O(n, α)13C measurement without seeing the charge of the γ-flash at n_TOF has been performed in November 2018. After the electronics did not suffer from the y-flash any more, another huge charge collection was discovered. Due to the high instantaneous flux at the n_TOF facility [1] the amount of that induced charge from neutron induced background reactions was piling up so much that the recognition of 16O(n, α)13C reactions from that background was very difficult. For that reason another 16O(n, α)13C measurement at the time-of-flight facility nELBE at HZDR which has a low instantaneous flux [2], has been performed in April 2019. Both measurements from n_TOF and nELBE will be presented here.

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Zaini, Zaini, Dwi Mutiara Harfina, and Agung P. Iswar. "Real-Time SoC Estimation for Li-Ion Batteries using Kalman Filter based on SBC Raspberry-Pi." Andalas Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology 1, no. 2 (December 10, 2021): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ajeeet.v1i2.12.

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Measurement of electric charge on the battery in real-time cannot be separated from external noise and disturbances such as temperature and interference. An optimal State of Charge (SoC) estimator model is needed to make the estimation more accurate. To obtain the model, the battery was tested under room temperature conditions and at a temperature of 40oC to obtain a second-order RC model for the Li-Ion battery used. Based on the test data obtained, the data will be tested first using the Kalman Filter method to get an estimate of the State of Charge (SoC). Tests were carried out using MATLAB software. After the method was tested, the online SoC Estimator design began using the Raspberry Pi Single Board Computer (SBC). After that, the estimator will be tested first using data from offline measurements and then used in real-time (online) SoC estimation measurements. The Voc before the battery discharge test was 13.16 V and after the test, the measured Voc was 11.58 V. During the discharge the Voc was reduced by 1.58 V. While the discharge data from the battery manufacturer showed the reduced Voc during the discharge was 1.2V.

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Zaini, Zaini, Dwi Mutiara Harfina, and Agung P. Iswar. "Real-Time SoC Estimation for Li-Ion Batteries using Kalman Filter based on SBC Raspberry-Pi." Andalas Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology 1, no. 02 (December 10, 2021): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ajeeet.v1i02.12.

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Measurement of electric charge on the battery in real-time cannot be separated from external noise and disturbances such as temperature and interference. An optimal State of Charge (SoC) estimator model is needed to make the estimation more accurate. To obtain the model, the battery was tested under room temperature conditions and at a temperature of 40oC to obtain a second-order RC model for the Li-Ion battery used. Based on the test data obtained, the data will be tested first using the Kalman Filter method to get an estimate of the State of Charge (SoC). Tests were carried out using MATLAB software. After the method was tested, the online SoC Estimator design began using the Raspberry Pi Single Board Computer (SBC). After that, the estimator will be tested first using data from offline measurements and then used in real-time (online) SoC estimation measurements. The Voc before the battery discharge test was 13.16 V and after the test, the measured Voc was 11.58 V. During the discharge the Voc was reduced by 1.58 V. While the discharge data from the battery manufacturer showed the reduced Voc during the discharge was 1.2V.

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Zhang, Jiajin, Lei Zhao, Ruoshi Dong, Peipei Deng, Cong Ma, Jiaming Lu, Shubin Liu, and Qi An. "A Time-to-Digital Converter-Based Correction Method for Charge Measurement Through Area Integration." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 65, no. 12 (December 2018): 2883–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2018.2878721.

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Bauer, G., F. Bieser, F. P. Brady, J. C. Chance, W. F. Christie, M. Gilkes, V. Lindenstruth, et al. "A multiple sampling time projection ionization chamber for nuclear fragment tracking and charge measurement." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 386, no. 2-3 (February 1997): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(96)00883-2.

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Ciciriello, F., F. Corsi, G. De Robertis, G. Felici, F. Loddo, C. Marzocca, G. Matarrese, and A. Ranieri. "A new front-end ASIC for GEM detectors with time and charge measurement capabilities." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 824 (July 2016): 265–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2015.12.048.

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Stibal, R., J. Windscheif, and W. Jantz. "Contactless evaluation of semi-insulating GaAs wafer resistivity using the time-dependent charge measurement." Semiconductor Science and Technology 6, no. 10 (October 1, 1991): 995–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0268-1242/6/10/008.

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Luo, L., Z. Jia, Z. Shen, Y. Zhang, and S. Liu. "Study on time measurement for CSA-based readout electronics in STCF ECAL." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 02 (February 1, 2022): P02034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/02/p02034.

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Abstract Super Tau-Charm Facility (STCF) will provide unique support for particle physics research in China owing to its high luminosity and large dynamic range. Its electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) is designed as a new type of calorimeter which can perform high-precision energy and time measurement at the same time. Considering the high event rate and pile up induced by high luminosity, and the large channel number scale of ECAL, the readout electronics needs to adopt a high-precision, unconventional, and real-time processing method to reduce the data amount in transmission. Based on the charge-sensitive front-end electronics in energy measurement, an online time measurement method based on waveform fitting algorithm has been studied and implemented in this work. The parameters which would affect the time resolution are analyzed according to simulation and experimental test. After the optimization of electronics, a time resolution of 165 ps at the equivalent deposition energy of 1 GeV is achieved, which indicates that the waveform fitting method based on charge-sensitive readout electronics can meet the future requirements.

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Yeh, Malcolm H., and Johna Leddy. "(Invited) An Electrochemical Perspective on Electrophysiological Measurements." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2019-02, no. 55 (September 1, 2019): 2420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2019-02/55/2420.

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Electrophysiological measurement such as EEG and peripheral nerve conduction studies are commonly used in neurology research and medical diagnoses. Bioelectrochemical structures and reactions at the molecular to micrometer scale propagate charge through space. Electrophysiological measurements made across distances on the scale of centimeters map collective effects of many charge propagation events. In peripheral nerves, charge propagates along nerves in the limbs at ~50 m/s. Voltages measured from the surface of the skin are in the range of 6 to 8 µV for peripheral nerves and as high as 40-60 µV in EEG studies. Charge propagation events that generate measured electrophysiological signals can be viewed with the same electrostatic fundamentals that describe how potentials are established in electrochemical systems. Polarization of a synaptic membrane generates a flux of positive charge and then a charge balancing flux of negative charge as the membrane depolarizes. The flux separates charge that generates a dipole. The dipole propagates down a peripheral nerve as the membrane separates charge sequentially. A sketch of the dipole is based in electrostatics. From an electrostatic perspective, the separation and magnitude of the charges establishes an electrical potential Φ(x,y,z). Consider a single dipole at an instant in time. Evaluation of charge separation yields a map of potential in space as shown in the Figure. The gradient in the electrical potential establishes the electric field. Migration is driven by potential gradients such that the electric field may play a role in dipole propagation. The Figure is an instantaneous snapshot of potential associated with a dipole in space. In electrophysiological measurements, multiple dipoles events yield the measured voltages as nerve impulses that propagate in time along a peripheral nerve tract. A sketch of the correlations between electrophysiological measurements and electrochemical fundamentals is presented. .... Figure 1

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Muñoz, G. Tejeda, M. del C. Grados Luyando, A. Fernández Téllez, M. Rodríguez Cahuantzi, M. I. Martínez Hernández, and B. De Celis Alonso. "Triggerless charge measurement system for fast characterization with APDs and PMTs." Revista Mexicana de Física 66, no. 4 Jul-Aug (July 1, 2020): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.31349/revmexfis.66.475.

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Particle detectors based on the response of sensitive material (plastic scintillator, saturated gas, etc.) usually need characterization and test procedures before final installation. Cosmic ray particles are normally used to perform those preliminary tests which includes a detailed inspection of the readout electronics and a data acquisition to obtain a charge distribution of cosmic ray detection.The Data Processing Interface is implemented in an FPGA (ALTERA family), designed to test the acquisition of digitized signals from light sensors, fotomultipliers (PMTs) and Avalanche photodiodes (APDs) are the most common ones. The architecture is based on a medium density FPGA that continuously reads the data coming from a 10-bit, 40MHz ADC. Input data is stored in a dual port memory designed to search for valid pulses and compress them by removing data below a programmable voltage threshold. The Interface can produce two types of data packets, non-Zero packets and empty packets. Data in non-zero packets are compressed with a lossless technique and they are marked with a start of data, time stamp, valid data and data size information for reconstruction purposes. Empty events are generated when the maximum waiting time for a valid pulse is exceeded and information is added to preserve the time continuity.

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Robson, Stephen, Abderrahmane Haddad, Simon Dennis, and Foroozan Ghassemi. "Non-Contact Measurement and Analysis of Trapped Charge Decay Rates for Cable Line Switching Transients." Energies 13, no. 5 (March 3, 2020): 1142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051142.

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During reclosure of 275 kV cable circuits used for voltage control, excessive overvoltages were observed on the network. Such events cause onerous and costly failures. Transient simulations have shown that the normal voltage on its own cannot generate such excessive switching overvoltages. Initial investigations by the network operator pointed towards trapped charge on the unearthed as the cause of the failures. Measurement of these trapped charge voltages and their slow decay without interfering with the charge has, to the author’s knowledge, not been done before in an operational substation. This work introduces a technique to measure trapped charge at a 275 kV substation using the Electrostatic Field Mill. Since the electric field is a proxy measurement of surface voltage, field mills can also be used to measure voltage. In this paper, an on-site substation measurement setup using an electrostatic field mill has been developed for the non-contact measurement of trapped charge voltage on a 275 kV underground cable circuit following switching operations at a National Grid substation. Results of field measurements within the substation and laboratory experimentation are discussed. It is demonstrated that with adequate calibration, achieved by using the known pre-switching power frequency steady state voltage, the slowly decaying DC voltage caused by the cable trapped charge can be measured using this non-contact technique. The correlation between the instantaneous time constant and the relative humidity is also analysed.

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Feil, Maximilian W., Andreas Huerner, Katja Puschkarsky, Christian Schleich, Thomas Aichinger, Wolfgang Gustin, Hans Reisinger, and Tibor Grasser. "The Impact of Interfacial Charge Trapping on the Reproducibility of Measurements of Silicon Carbide MOSFET Device Parameters." Crystals 10, no. 12 (December 16, 2020): 1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10121143.

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Silicon carbide is an emerging material in the field of wide band gap semiconductor devices. Due to its high critical breakdown field and high thermal conductance, silicon carbide MOSFET devices are predestined for high-power applications. The concentration of defects with short capture and emission time constants is higher than in silicon technologies by orders of magnitude which introduces threshold voltage dynamics in the volt regime even on very short time scales. Measurements are heavily affected by timing of readouts and the applied gate voltage before and during the measurement. As a consequence, device parameter determination is not as reproducible as in the case of silicon technologies. Consequent challenges for engineers and researchers to measure device parameters have to be evaluated. In this study, we show how the threshold voltage of planar and trench silicon carbide MOSFET devices of several manufacturers react on short gate pulses of different lengths and voltages and how they influence the outcome of application-relevant pulsed current-voltage characteristics. Measurements are performed via a feedback loop allowing in-situ tracking of the threshold voltage with a measurement delay time of only 1 μs. Device preconditioning, recently suggested to enable reproducible BTI measurements, is investigated in the context of device parameter determination by varying the voltage and the length of the preconditioning pulse.

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Yang, Tingjun. "Calibration of Calorimetric Measurement in a Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber." Instruments 5, no. 1 (December 26, 2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments5010002.

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The liquid argon time projection chamber provides high-resolution event images and excellent calorimetric resolution for studying neutrino physics and searching for beyond-standard-model physics. In this article, we review the main physics processes that affect detector response, including the electronics and field responses, space charge effects, electron attachment to impurities, diffusion, and recombination. We describe methods to measure those effects, which are used to calibrate the detector response and convert the measured raw analog-to-digital converter (ADC) counts into the original energy deposition.

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Ren, W., J. Baudot, L. Federici, C. Finck, C. Hu-Guo, M. Kachel, C. A. Reidel, et al. "CMOS pixel sensors optimized for large ionizing dynamic." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 09 (September 1, 2022): C09015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/09/c09015.

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Abstract Monolithic active pixel sensors (MAPS) are now well established as a technology for tracking charged particles, especially when low material budget is desirable. For such applications, sensors focus on spatial resolution and pixels with digital output or modest charge measurement ability are well suited. Within the European Union STRONG-2020 project, which focuses on experiments using hadrons, the TIIMM (Tracking and Ions Identifications with Minimal Material budget) joint research activity intends to expand granular MAPS capacity to energy-loss (ΔE) measurement for ion species identification. The TIIMM prototypes are developed in the Tower Jazz 180 nm CMOS image sensor (CIS) process. The Time-Over-Threshold (ToT) method is applied to the sensor for the energy-loss measurement. The main design details and the preliminary test results from laboratory measurements of the initial TIIMM prototype are presented in this work.

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Płonka, Stanisław, and Piotr Zyzak. "Effect of method of measuring on size of electrostatic charge and grinding efficiency of a pinewood." Mechanik 91, no. 10 (October 8, 2018): 918–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2018.10.162.

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In the paper is presented a station to measurement of electrostatic charge generated during grinding operation of pinewood. Size of the charge was determined in course of measurement of voltage in function of time. It has been investigated an effect of two types of abrasive papers: general-purpose paper of PS 18E brand and antistatic one of PS 15F brand on value of the voltage during grinding operation, and weight efficiency of a specimens made from the pinewood, at constant pressure equal to p = 4,54 kPa and variable grinding speed vc in range from 12,1 to 24,2 m/s. It was found that the method of measuring electrostatic charges by recording voltage in the time function U = f(t) has a significant effect primarily on the sign of arising charges and the repeatability of the obtained voltage waveforms during grinding.

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Hlaváč, P., M. Božiková, Z. Hlaváčová, and K. Kardjilova. "Changes in selected wine physical properties during the short-time storage." Research in Agricultural Engineering 62, No. 3 (August 30, 2016): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7/2015-rae.

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This article is focused on the effect of temperature and short-term storage on the physical properties of wine made in Slovakia. All measurements were performed during temperature manipulation in the temperature interval approximately from 0°C to 30°C. Two series of rheologic and thermal parameters measurements and one of electric parameter were done. First measurement was done at the beginning of storage and then the same sample was measured after a short storage. Temperature relations of rheologic parameters and electric conductivity were characterized by exponential functions, which is in good agreement with the Arrhenius equation. In case of thermal parameters linear relations were obtained. The graphical dependency of wine density on temperature was described by decreasing polynomial function. The temperature dependencies of dynamic and kinematic viscosity have a decreasing character. The fluidity, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and electrical conductivity increased with the temperature. It was found out that short-term storage had a small effect on measured properties but longer storage could have a more significant influence on selected properties.

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Liu, Lijie, Zhaoguang Zhang, and Chunfeng Qi. "Research on Induction Measurement of Operators Approaching Charged Bodies in Complex Operation Scenarios." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2450, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 012054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2450/1/012054.

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Abstract Aiming at the uneven distribution of the electric field and the difficulty in achieving low false alarms for operators approaching charged bodies in the complex operating environment in the power system, a mask region convolutional neural network (MR-CNN) based complex operation scene recognizer is first constructed in this paper to perform image feature extraction, target box regression, and classification training. Secondly, a simulated annealing-based mirror-image charge method is proposed to calculate the electric field distribution characteristics. The simulated annealing algorithm is used to optimize the number of charges of the mirror-image charges method to minimize the weighted sum of the calculation error and the electric field strength calculation time. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm are verified through simulation experiments.

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Duranti, Matteo, Valerio Vagelli, Giovanni Ambrosi, Mattia Barbanera, Bruna Bertucci, Enrico Catanzani, Federico Donnini, et al. "Advantages and Requirements in Time Resolving Tracking for Astroparticle Experiments in Space." Instruments 5, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments5020020.

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A large-area, solid-state detector with single-hit precision timing measurement will enable several breakthrough experimental advances for the direct measurement of particles in space. Silicon microstrip detectors are the most promising candidate technology to instrument the large areas of the next-generation astroparticle space borne detectors that could meet the limitations on power consumption required by operations in space. We overview the novel experimental opportunities that could be enabled by the introduction of the timing measurement, concurrent with the accurate spatial and charge measurement, in Silicon microstrip tracking detectors, and we discuss the technological solutions and their readiness to enable the operations of large-area Silicon microstrip timing detectors in space.

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Yokoyama, Akihito, Wataru Kada, Takahiro Satoh, Masashi Koka, Yuya Yokota, Makoto Sakai, Kenta Miura, and Osamu Hanaizumi. "Real-Time Measurement of Ion Energies for Heavy Ions." Key Engineering Materials 698 (July 2016): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.698.157.

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A real-time position detection system is developed for measuring heavy ions with low fluence and energy of several hundred MeV, which are generated from an azimuthally varying field (AVF) cyclotron accelerator. We investigate the photoluminescence of α-Al2O3 single crystals implanted with Eu (Al2O3:Eu), which is used in the detection system. The Al2O3:Eu scintillators with a fluence of 3.0 × 1016 cm−2 are annealed at 500–900°C. The annealing conditions required for the Al2O3:Eu scintillators to obtain the maximum luminescence are 0.5 h at 600°C. The scintillator is placed on the AVF cyclotron target stage under atmospheric pressure and is irradiated by 260-MeV Ne. An inverted confocal microscope with a ×10 objective lens is positioned behind the Al2O3:Eu scintillator, and the luminescent images during ion irradiation are obtained by a position-sensitive camera unit with a 512 × 512 pixel electron multiplying charge-coupled device. The images indicate that our online measurement system has a sufficient spatial resolution, since the luminous diameter induced by irradiation with 190 ions /s is almost the same as that of the microbeam.

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Asyraf Shee Kandar, Mohd Haris, Nor Akmal Mohd Jamail, Nordiana Azlin Othman, Qamarul Ezani Kamarudin, Nor Shahida Mohd Jamail, and Susama Bagchi. "Review of space charge measurement by pulsed electro-acoustic technique." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 20, no. 2 (November 1, 2020): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v20.i2.pp646-653.

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<p>Pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) is well known as a non-destructive technique for testing and describing space charge profiles in the insulation. Degradation due to moisture, ageing, external flashover, partial discharge and space charge are considered as insulation defects that is an issue in high voltage insulator. Space charge may distort the internal electric field that may lead to an electrical breakdown. For instance, a method based on an acoustic phenomenon can be used to describe the space charge profiles. This paper compares several earlier researches on different specimen of PEA method and reviews their results to find the space charge distribution profiles. The scope of the review includes types of methods used. The acoustic technique is considered for this study. It has been observed that the PEA technique successfully gives the same result as theoretical that is based on the obtained profile. Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) composite demonstrates about 89 % lower charge density value compared to cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) and polypropylene (PP) composite. While the electric field value of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) sample is 75 % lower than low-density polyethylene (LDPE) sample. This study found that the time interval, specimen thickness and the electric field sway the space charge profiles. </p>

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Li, Yiduo, Xiaowen Sun, Hanbo Wang, Haiyan Lu, and Changying Liu. "A Rapid Depolarization Charge and Discharge Technique for Lithium Ion Batteries." Academic Journal of Science and Technology 4, no. 2 (January 4, 2023): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ajst.v4i2.3972.

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There is a serious diffusion-polarization effect in the working process of lithium-ion batteries, resulting in a large rebound of battery voltage after charge/discharge. The measurement of the open circuit voltage (OCV) of the battery was interfered by the existence of this polarization, while accuracy of battery state of charge estimating based on open circuit voltage and state of charge (SoC) curve is reduced. At the same time, measurement of AC impedance spectrum was interfered by the fluctuating voltage. In this work battery was rapidly depolarized through pulse charge-discharge in discharging procedure. Compared with the standard depolarization method by reducing the discharge rate (0.05C), the discharge test time was reduced by 72.5% and polarization effect was weakened at low SoC. There was no significant difference in results for this charging technology compared with EIS curve tested after conventional charging and reduced test time by 42%.

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Pałka, M., P. Strzempek, G. Korcyl, T. Bednarski, Sz Niedźwiecki, P. Białas, E. Czerwiński, et al. "Multichannel FPGA based MVT system for high precision time (20 ps RMS) and charge measurement." Journal of Instrumentation 12, no. 08 (August 1, 2017): P08001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/12/08/p08001.

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Herrmann, W. "Real-time measurement of ion temperature and relative hydrogenic plasma composition by active charge exchange." Nuclear Fusion 32, no. 9 (September 1992): 1662–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/32/9/i16.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Charge and time measurement'

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