Relevant bibliographies by topics / Charge and time measurement

Academic literature on the topic 'Charge and time measurement'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Charge and time measurement"

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Chubb, John, John Harbour, and Ian Pavey. "'Stutter timing' for charge decay time measurement." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 301 (June 23, 2011): 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/301/1/012045.

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Wallace, Jason U., Ralph H. Young, Ching W. Tang, and Shaw H. Chen. "Charge-retraction time-of-flight measurement for organic charge transport materials." Applied Physics Letters 91, no. 15 (October 8, 2007): 152104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2798592.

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Lin, Ting, Si-Si Gu, Yong-Qiang Xu, Shun-Li Jiang, Ning Wang, Bao-Chuan Wang, Hai-Ou Li, Gang Cao, and Guo-Ping Guo. "Circuit-QED based time-averaged dispersive readout of a semiconductor charge qubit." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 18 (October 31, 2022): 184004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0108206.

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Maturing hybrid circuit quantum electrodynamics architectures composed of semiconductor quantum dots and on-chip microwave resonators promise an effective approach for quantum nondemolition readouts in semiconductor systems. Here, we study quantum coherence in a semiconductor charge qubit coupled with a high-impedance resonator. The qubit is controlled by a periodic pulse sequence, and a dispersive measurement is performed by measuring the time-averaged resonator response. From the Rabi oscillation and Ramsey fringe measurements, the coherence time of the charge qubit is determined as [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Compared with the time-resolved (pulsed) measurement, this time-averaged dispersive measurement process eliminates the limitation caused by the resonator response time, enabling a high repetition rate of the pulse sequence in the experiments.
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Yeroshenko, Bohdan, Wouter Wassing, Allard P. Mosk, and Sanli Faez. "Real-time Measurement of the Single Nanoparticle Electrophoretic Mobility." EPJ Web of Conferences 215 (2019): 14002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921514002.

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The electrophoretic mobility of a single nanoparticle depends on its surface charge and its environment. Thus the change of the mobility can reflect the change in its chemical and physical properties. We present a high-bandwidth method to measure the electrophoretic mobility, based on optical tweezers and electrophoresis. We envision studying of nanoscale chemical processes as a possible application of this method.
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Svestka, J., S. Auer, M. Baguhl, and E. Grün. "Measurement of Dust Electric Charges by the Ulysses and Galileo Dust Detectors." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 150 (1996): 481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100502085.

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The Galileo and Ulysses dust detectors can detect electric charges of dust particles. Dust particles entering the sensor (see, e.g., Grün et al. 1992) may be detected by the charge Qp that they induce to the charge grid. All suitably massive dust particles - charged or uncharged - are then detected by the cloud of ions and electrons they produce during the impact on the hemispherical target after the time of flight between the charge grid and the target. After separation in the electric field, ions and electrons are collected by separate electrodes and produce two pulses of opposite polarity. From the two pulse heights and the rise times, the mass and impact speed of the dust particle are derived.
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Mitsumoto, Shinichi, M. Fu, L. A. Dissado, and J. C. Fothergill. "Short Time Interval Decay Measurement of Space Charge in Epoxy Resin." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 126, no. 4 (2006): 260–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms.126.260.

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Okamoto, Dai, Hiroshi Yano, Tomoaki Hatayama, Yukiharu Uraoka, and Takashi Fuyuki. "Criteria for Accurate Measurement of Charge-Pumping Current in 4H-SiC MOSFETs." Materials Science Forum 600-603 (September 2008): 747–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.600-603.747.

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This paper describes the influence of the geometric component in the charge-pumping measurement of 4H-SiC MOSFETs. Charge-pumping measurements were conducted on 4H-SiC MOSFETs with and without NO annealing. Charge-pumping measurements with different pulse-fall times revealed that the geometric component exists in 4H-SiC MOSFETs and is especially large in the unannealed MOSFETs. A sufficiently long fall-time is needed to minimize its effect, which is expected to be 1–10 μs for 4H-SiC MOSFETs with a gate length of 10 μm.
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Sittishoktram, M., Udom Asawapirom, and Tanakorn Osotchan. "Time-of-Flight Measurement of Poly(3-Hexylthiophene) Thin Films." Advanced Materials Research 55-57 (August 2008): 673–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.55-57.673.

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Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is one of the most studied conjugated polymer for molecular electronics especially for organic field effect transistors (OFETs) and organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). This is mainly due to the fact that P3HT provides excellent electrical properties and showed high carrier mobility. In this research we studied the photo generated charge carrier transport of P3HT film by the time-of-flight (TOF) method. For device fabrication, P3HT was dissolved in chloroform with concentration of 8 mg/ml then the solution was spun directly onto an ITO pattern coated on glass substrate. Then the aluminum electrode was prepared on film by thermal evaporation. In TOF measurement, the constant voltage was applied to electrode of sample and the film were photo-excited by irradiation of a short pulsed laser light (λ=650 nm). This caused charge separation within the film. The generated charge carrier was used to calculate the mobility of the film. The TOF mobility was determined as a function of applied voltage and light condition.
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Hiti, B., V. Cindro, A. Gorišek, M. Franks, R. Marco-Hernández, G. Kramberger, I. Mandić, et al. "Characterisation of analogue front end and time walk in CMOS active pixel sensor." Journal of Instrumentation 16, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): P12020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/12/p12020.

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Abstract In this work we investigated a method to determine time walk in an active silicon pixel sensor prototype using Edge-TCT with infrared laser charge injection. Samples were investigated before and after neutron irradiation to 5· 10^14n_ eq/cm^2. Threshold, noise and calibration of the analogue front end were determined with external charge injection. A spatially sensitive measurement of collected charge and time walk was carried out with Edge-TCT, showing a uniform charge collection and output delay in pixel centre. On pixel edges charge sharing was observed due to finite beam width resulting in smaller signals and larger output delay. Time walk below 25 ns was observed for charge above 2000 e^- at a threshold above the noise level. Time walk measurement with external charge injection yielded identical results.
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Wang, De-Jiang, and Tao Zhang. "Noise analysis and measurement of time delay and integration charge coupled device." Chinese Physics B 20, no. 8 (August 2011): 087202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/20/8/087202.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Charge and time measurement"

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Swaminathan, Prasanna V. "Measurement of Charge Storage Decay Time and Resistivity of Spacecraft Insulators." DigitalCommons@USU, 2004. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2094.

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Insulators used in the construction of spacecraft are irradiated with high-energy electrons in the space environment and this sometimes causes the insulators to charge to very high voltages. Such charged insulators can generate spontaneous electric partial-discharge pulses of the order of mA to tens of A. These pulses sometimes last enough time to destroy the expensive micro-circuitry present in the spacecraft. In evaluating the threat to the spacecraft due to these discharges, calculation of the resistivity becomes a critical parameter since it determines how accumulated charge will distribute across the spacecraft and how rapidly charge imbalance will dissipate. So far, resistivity values for the insulators for spacecraft applications have been simply imported from tabulated results measured using standard American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) methods. This thesis work provides the details of the charge storage method which has been found to be more appropriate in calculating the resistivity of spacecraft insulators by emulating the space environment better. This method is based on the concept that the resistivity is better measured as the decay of the charge deposited on the surface of an insulator, rather than by the flow of current across two electrodes around the sample which is the case with the classical method of measurements. From the results obtained from the charge storage method, it has been found that the ASTM resistivity values for thin film insulating spacecraft materials have been found to under-predict charge transport values applicable to many spacecraft charging problems, by 10 to 104 times. The charge storage method has only one side of the insulator in vacuum exposed to charged particles, light and plasma, with a metal electrode attached to the other side of the insulator. The chamber for measuring the charge storage decay has been designed with the capability to measure 32 samples simultaneously. The details of the apparatus, instrumentation, test methods, data acquisition methods, and data analysis for measuring resistivity of the spacecraft insulators are given here. Details about the vacuum environment, sample mounting, isolation of the samples, charging of the samples, measurement of the surface charge, rotary motion of the sample carousel, etc., are also given. The report also includes differences between the classical methods and the charge storage method both in terms instrumentation and methodology. The results obtained from both methods are tabulated showing the superiority of the charge storage method. Recommendations for future work are also included.
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Kulon, Janusz. "Real-time measurement of bipolar charge distribution on pharmaceutical aerosols and powders using phase doppler anemometry and a bipolar charge measurement system." Thesis, Brunel University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488733.

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Maksimović, Petar 1968. "Observation of [pi]-B meson charge-flavor correlations and measurement of time dependent B⁰⁰ mixing in pp collisions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/47407.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 1998.
On t.p. "[pi]" appears as the lower case Greek letter, and the second "B" and "p" are each surmounted by a stroke.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 238-243).
by Petar Maksimović.
Ph.D.
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Collie, Rebecca J. "Understanding teacher well-being and motivation : measurement, theory, and change over time." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/46025.

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Teacher well-being and motivation play important roles in teacher and student experiences at school. When teachers are faring well and feeling motivated to teach, they are more effective in their teaching, leave the profession less often, and promote motivation and achievement among their students. In this dissertation, three studies that investigated teacher well-being and motivation were conducted with the aim of advancing our understanding of the two constructs, as well as how they can be promoted among teachers. Study 1 involved conceptualising, developing, and testing the Teacher Well-Being Scale, which measures three factors of teacher well-being: workload well-being, organisational well-being, and student interaction well-being. Among a sample of 603 practicing teachers, results revealed that the new measure functioned similarly across the different demographic groups in the sample and that the three factors of well-being related as expected with other constructs (stress, job satisfaction, and flourishing). Study 2 involved elaborating and testing an explanatory model of teacher well-being, motivation, job satisfaction, and affective organisational commitment that was based in self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985, 2002). Using the same sample as Study 1, structural equation modelling provided support for the model’s main relationships. In addition, there were some unexpected findings that provide directions for future research (e.g., a double-sided view of autonomy revealing that it can be associated with positive and negative types of motivation). Study 3 involved examining growth curve models of change in teacher well-being and self-efficacy for teaching over two to three months. Among a sample of 71 practicing teachers, the findings showed that teacher well-being was stable over time, whereas self-efficacy for classroom management increased (the other two types of self-efficacy that were examined, self-efficacy for student engagement and instructional strategies, did not change over time). Findings also revealed the significance of the basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) in predicting teacher well-being and self-efficacy. Taken together, the three studies help to improve our understanding of the highly important variables of teacher well-being and motivation. Implications of the findings for both research and practice are discussed.
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Ponthiere, Gregory Edouard Francois Michel. "Essays on the measurement of changes in lifetime welfare over time." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.614339.

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Aytac, Yigit. "Time-resolved measurements of charge carrier dynamics in Mwir to Lwir InAs/InAsSb superlattices." Diss., University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2039.

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All-optical time-resolved measurement techniques provide a powerful tool for investigating critical parameters that determine the performance of infrared photodetector and emitter semiconductor materials. Narrow-bandgap InAs/GaSb type-II superlattices (T2SLs) have shown great promise as next generation materials, due to superior intrinsic properties and versatility. Unfortunately, InAs/GaSb T2SLs are plagued by parasitic Shockley-Read-Hall recombination centers that shorten the carrier lifetime and limit device performance. Ultrafast pump-probe techniques and time-resolved differential-transmission measurements are used here to demonstrate that "Ga-free" InAs/InAs₁₋xSbx T2SLs and InAsSb alloys do not have this same limitation and thus have significantly longer carrier lifetimes. Measurements of unintentionally doped MWIR and LWIR InAs/InAs₁₋xSbx T2SLs demonstrate minority carrier (MC) lifetimes of 18.4 µs and 4.5 µs at 77 K, respectively. This represents a more than two order of magnitude increase compared to the 90 ns MC lifetime measured in a comparable MWIR and LWIR InAs/GaSb T2SL. Through temperature-dependent differential-transmission measurements, the various carrier recombination processes are differentiated and the dominant recombination mechanisms identified for InAs/InAs₁₋xSbx T2SLs. These results demonstrate that these Ga-free materials are viable options over InAs/GaSb T2SLs and potentially bulk Hg₁₋xCdxTe photodetectors. In addition to carrier lifetimes, the drift and diusion of excited charge carriers through the superlattice layers (i.e. in-plane transport) directly aects the performance of photo-detectors and emitters. All-optical ultrafast techniques were successfully used for a direct measure of in-plane diffusion coeffcients in MWIR InAs/InAsSb T2SLs using a photo-generated transient grating technique at various temperatures. Ambipolar diffusion coefficients of approximately 60 cm²/s were reported for MWIR InAs/InAs₁₋xSbxT2SLs at 293 K.
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Olson, Benjamin Varberg. "Time-resolved measurements of charge carrier dynamics and optical nonlinearities in narrow-bandgap semiconductors." Diss., University of Iowa, 2013. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2596.

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All-optical time-resolved measurement techniques provide a powerful tool for investigating critical parameters that determine the performance of infrared photodetector and emitter semiconductor materials. Narrow-bandgap InAs/GaSb type-II superlattices (T2SLs) have shown great promise as a next generation source of these materials, due to superior intrinsic properties and versatility. Unfortunately, InAs/GaSb T2SLs are plagued by parasitic Shockley-Read-Hall recombination centers that shorten the carrier lifetime and limit device performance. Ultrafast pump-probe techniques and time-resolved differential transmission measurements are used here to demonstrate that Ga-free InAs/InAsSb T2SLs and InAsSb alloys do not have this same limitation and thus have significantly longer carrier lifetimes. Measurements at 77 K provided minority carrier lifetimes of 9 μs and 3 μs for an unintentionally doped mid-wave infrared (MWIR) InAs/InAsSb T2SL and InAsSb alloy, respectively; a two order of magnitude increase compared to the 90 ns minority carrier lifetime measured in a comparable MWIR InAs/GaSb T2SL. Through temperature-dependent lifetime measurements, the various carrier recombination processes are differentiated and the dominant mechanisms identified for each material. These results demonstrate that these Ga-free materials are viable options over InAs/GaSb T2SLs for potentially improved infrared photodetectors. In addition to carrier lifetimes, the drift and diffusion of excited charge carriers through the superlattice growth layers (i.e. vertical transport) directly affects the performance of photodetectors and emitters. Unfortunately, there is a lack of information pertaining to vertical transport, primarily due to difficulties in making measurements on thin growth layers and the need for non-standard measurement techniques. However, all-optical ultrafast techniques are successfully used here to directly measure vertical diffusion in MWIR InAs/GaSb T2SLs. By optically generating excess carriers near one end of a MWIR T2SL and measuring the transit time to a thin, 2 lower-bandgap superlattice placed at the other end, the time-of-flight of vertically diffusing carriers is determined. Through investigation of both unintentionally doped and p-type superlattices at 77 K, the vertical hole and electron diffusion coefficients are determined to be 0.04±0.03 cm2/s and 4.7±0.5 cm2/s, corresponding to vertical mobilities of 6±5 cm2/Vs and 700±80 cm2/Vs, respectively. These measurements are, to my knowledge, the first direct measurements of vertical transport properties in narrow-bandgap superlattices. Lastly, the widely tunable two-color ultrafast laser system used in this research allowed for the investigation of nonlinear optical properties in narrow-bandgap semiconductors. Time-resolved measurements taken at 77 K of the nondegenerate two-photon absorption spectrum of bulk n-type GaSb have provided new information about the nonresonant change in absorption and two-photon absorption coefficients in this material. Furthermore, as the nondegenerate spectrum was measured over a wide range of optical frequencies, a Kramers-Kronig transformation allowed the dispersion of the nondegenerate nonlinear refractive index to be calculated.
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Pereira, Manuel Bernardo Videira Coutinho Rodrigues. "Effects of fiscal policy: measurement issues and structural change." Doctoral thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3431.

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Doutoramento em Economia
Considerable uncertainty surrounds the macroeconomic effects of fiscal policy. The re-search presented in this dissertation firstly aims at improving on the methods used to measure such effects - which feature vector autoregressions (VARs) as the basic tool. The investigation is partly carried out using structural VARs. The methodological innova¬tions in that part concern the joint identification of fiscal shocks vis-a-vis monetary policy shocks and the estimation of a model with time-varying parameters using a non-recursive identification scheme. I also use reduced-form VARs to assess the effects of a novel shock measure, derived from budget forecasts, that is arguably free of anticipatory movements. The second aim of the dissertation is to present empirical results for the US, focusing on the way the impacts of the government budget on the economy have changed over time. The thesis is divided into three essays. In the first one, I present evidence that taxes and transfers were the most important force attenuating the severity of recessions up to the eighties, surpassing the role of monetary policy. Fiscal policy has, however, become less effective in stimulating output in the course of the last decades. The findings in the second and the third essays corroborate this conclusion. Such a change in effectiveness is particularly marked for the shock measure that is relatively unaffected by anticipation, which features multipliers with non-conventional signs in the recent period. In general, these findings call for more research on the factors that intervene in the transmission mechanism of fiscal policy and can bring about important variation in its impacts.
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GALIMBERTI, GIANLUCA. "TIME RESOLVED OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS ON DIFFERENT CARBON NANOTUBES ARCHITECTURES." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/168735.

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Multi Wall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) and Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT) can be grown in several architectures. A crucial aim is the theoretical and experimental study of the fundamental dynamics of photo-excited charge carriers into these ensembles. In fact the understanding of the charge transfer dynamics and of the exciton interaction is of great importance to improve the efficiency of the Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) based applications, as sensor, bio-medical, energy storage and photovoltaic technologies. In this thesis, performing time resolved optical measurements with several experimental techniques, we analyze the fundamental dynamics in different CNT architectures. Charge transfer mechanisms from semiconductor to metallic are evidenced in unaligned SWCNT, whereas this process is not present in the vertically aligned. The excitonic behavior, revealed in all ensembles, are an interesting novelty in aligned MWCNT. The study of this behavior allows to addressed a long debated question about the graphite-like or SWCNT-like behavior of MWCNT, unveiling that the MWCNT electronic structure under 3 eV presents structured peaks like the Van Hove Singularities in SWCNT. Non-linear excitonic effects are analyzed and, controlling the light polarization direction with respect to the CNT long-axis, we are able to select and unveil, in MWCNT architectures, different optical responses, evidencing linear and non-linear effects. In particular exciton-exciton annihilation and Multiple Exciton Generation (MEG) non-linear processes are discussed. The initial studies on a possible presence of MEG in MWCNT can pave the way to disentangle the complex processes occurring in the photo-excited MWCNT in the violet light region. The possibility to control the effects as a multiple generation of excitons represent crucial challenges in order to improve the photovoltaic performances of MWCNT based devices. This thesis represents the initial step of a wide project whose ultimate goal is to improve the efficiency of photovoltaic devices based on SWCNT or MWCNT. In order to address this aim, heterogeneous systems are considered, in which different CNT architectures are combined with nanoparticles or organic groups. Starting from the basic systems and adding in subsequent stages the different components up to the complete devices, for each step the optical response will be studied.
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Hart, Raymond C. Jr. "A FRAMEWORK FOR PSYCHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF STUDENT PERFORMANCE ACROSS TIME: AN ILLUSTRATION WITH NATIONAL EDUCATIONAL LONGITUDINAL STUDY DATA." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1177960052.

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Books on the topic "Charge and time measurement"

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Paillard, C. R. A parallel time-to-digital converter for the accurate measurement of time in a charged particle detector. Manchester: UMIST, 1994.

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Takada, Tatsuo, Hanwen Ren, Jin Li, Weiwang Wang, Xiangrong Chen, and Qingmin Li. Electric Charge Accumulation in Dielectrics: Measurement and Analysis. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6156-4.

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Vincent, Charles L. Long time series measurements in the coastal ocean: A workshop. Woods Hole, Mass: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1993.

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Harling, Paul. Time 2. London: Ward Lock Educational, 1985.

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Harling, Paul. Time 1. London: Ward Lock Educational, 1985.

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Rabey, Gordon P. In charge: Supervising for the first time. London: Institute of Management/Pitman Pub., 1994.

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Jain, Anil K., ed. Real-Time Object Measurement and Classification. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83325-0.

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NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Real-time Object and Environment Measurement and Classification (1987 Maratea, Italy). Real-time object measurement and classification. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988.

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Aruoba, S. Boragan. Real-time measurement of business conditions. Washington, D.C: Federal Reserve Board, 2007.

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Jain, Anil K. Real-Time Object Measurement and Classification. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Charge and time measurement"

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Minty, Michiko G., and Frank Zimmermann. "Longitudinal Optics Measurement and Correction." In Particle Acceleration and Detection, 149–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08581-3_7.

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AbstractLongitudinal focusing for a bunched beam is provided by both the change in path length with particle energy and by the time-dependent accelerating voltage. Usually one employs a smooth approximation, i.e., one ignores the discrete locations of the rf cavities, in describing the particle motion. The longitudinal motion can then be modelled by second order differential equations. For small oscillation amplitudes these equations simplify to those of harmonic oscillators.
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López-López, J. M., A. Schmitt, J. Callejas-Fernández, and R. Hidalgo-Álvarez. "Time-resolved measurements of the cluster-size distributions arising in charge-heteroaggregation processes." In Trends in Colloid and Interface Science XVII, 151–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b94020.

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Kang, I., S. Johnson, A. Lindenberg, R. Falcone, Th Missalla, P. Heimann, K. H. Kim, T. Katsufuji, and S.-W. Cheong. "Time-resolved x-ray measurements of polaron dynamics of charge-ordered Nd1/2Sr1/2MnO3." In Ultrafast Phenomena XII, 287–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56546-5_83.

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Sallin, Marc, Martin Kropp, Craig Anslow, James W. Quilty, and Andreas Meier. "Measuring Software Delivery Performance Using the Four Key Metrics of DevOps." In Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, 103–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78098-2_7.

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Abstract The Four Key Metrics of DevOps have become very popular for measuring IT-performance and DevOps adoption. However, the measurement of the four metrics deployment frequency, lead time for change, time to restore service and change failure rate is often done manually and through surveys - with only few data points. In this work we evaluated how the Four Key Metrics can be measured automatically and developed a prototype for the automatic measurement of the Four Key Metrics. We then evaluated if the measurement is valuable for practitioners in a company. The analysis shows that the chosen measurement approach is both suitable and the results valuable for the team with respect to measuring and improving the software delivery performance.
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Liu, Yan, Jacob Alarie, Jialiang Yan, and Xiong Yu. "Time Domain Reflectometry for Indirect Measurement Change During Freeze-Thaw Process of Soil Volume." In Proceedings of GeoShanghai 2018 International Conference: Fundamentals of Soil Behaviours, 993–1003. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0125-4_110.

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Gaufrès, Pierre, B. Andres, and F. Dufois. "Oceanographic Real-Time Measurement on Buoyancy Beacon Feedback in the Rhône Delta and Gulf of Fos (France)." In Global Change: Mankind-Marine Environment Interactions, 251–53. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8630-3_43.

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Roberts, Caroline, and Marieke Voorpostel. "Combining Data Collection Modes in Longitudinal Studies." In Withstanding Vulnerability throughout Adult Life, 359–73. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4567-0_22.

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AbstractTechnological advances over the past two decades have substantially changed the range of data collection methods available to survey researchers. Web-based surveys have gained in popularity as increasing Internet penetration rates improve their coverage potential for general population research. Nevertheless, they still systematically exclude certain subgroups—e.g., those without Internet access or those less able (or motivated) to complete a survey questionnaire on their own. A popular solution to this problem is to use other modes of data collection for those who cannot participate online. However, while mixed mode surveys can be effective at reducing selection errors, measurements obtained from different modes may not be comparable, particularly when it comes to sensitive topics. The fact that measurement and selection errors are confounded poses challenges for researchers analysing mixed mode data, and in a longitudinal setting, has implications for studying changes over time. In this chapter, we discuss these challenges in the context of longitudinal studies designed to measure indicators of vulnerability, and illustrate them with a synthesis of findings from our own research relating to (1) the effects of combining modes on response rates and the representativeness of survey samples and (2) effects for measurement comparability.
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Sauerwein, Markus, and Désirée Theis. "New Ways of Dealing with Lacking Measurement Invariance." In Accountability and Educational Improvement, 63–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69345-9_5.

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AbstractIn educational research, comparisons are often made of groups or of the development of various (latent) constructs over time (e.g. teaching quality in different countries or different groups’ (girls vs. boys) perceptions of teaching quality). However, before the results of such comparisons can be accurately interpreted, measurement invariance (MI) of the constructs under investigation needs to be established to ensure their meaning remains consistent across groups, subjects, or assessment points. Thus, if mean level changes are to be compared between groups, scalar factorial invariance needs to be established. In this chapter, we investigate and discuss how results of MI analyses should be interpreted and whether they should be reported on with regard to contents. Using data from the well-known Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) study on teaching quality, we introduce an approach to examining the conditions under which comparison among cultural groups is possible even if MI is lacking.
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Luce, R. Duncan, and Louis Narens. "Measurement." In Time Series and Statistics, 159–70. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20865-4_21.

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Takada, Tatsuo, Hanwen Ren, Jin Li, Weiwang Wang, Xiangrong Chen, and Qingmin Li. "Classification of Charge Accumulation Measurement." In Electric Charge Accumulation in Dielectrics: Measurement and Analysis, 3–19. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6156-4_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Charge and time measurement"

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Napolitano, P., F. Alimenti, and P. Carbone. "A novel charge-pump based Time-to-Digital Converter." In 2009 IEEE Intrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imtc.2009.5168688.

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Wu, Bo, Yonggang Wang, Qiang Cao, Jie Kuang, Mingchen Wang, and Xiaoyu Zhou. "An FPGA-based Time Sampling Charge Measurement Method for TOF-PET Detectors." In 2019 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc.2019.8827035.

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Thorgrimson, J., S. A. Studenikin, G. C. Aers, A. Kam, P. Zawadzki, Z. R. Wasilewski, A. Bogan, and A. S. Sachrajda. "Enhanced charge detection: Amplification factor, phase reversal and measurement time dependence." In THE PHYSICS OF SEMICONDUCTORS: Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors (ICPS) 2012. AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4848529.

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Hori, Masahiro, Tokinobu Watanabe, Toshiaki Tsuchiya, and Yukinori Ono. "Time domain measurements of charge pumping current." In 2014 Silicon Nanoelectronics Workshop (SNW). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/snw.2014.7348540.

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Riffaud, J., V. Griseri, and L. Berquez. "Time-resolved space charge measurements during electronic irradiation." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Dielectrics (ICD). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icd.2016.7547569.

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Wang, Changting, and Robert X. Gao. "Signal Distortion Compensation of Linear Time-Invariant Measurement System." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-2290.

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Abstract Non-distortion is an important aspect in precision measurement, calibration and signal processing. In this paper, the distortion error of a linear time-invariant measurement system is derived for periodical and non-periodical signal inputs, using Fourier Series and Fourier Transformation. The signal distortion is measured by the error-to-signal energy ratio. A charge amplifier circuit has been analyzed as an example, which shows that the distortion of an LTI system can not be simply neglected if precision measurement is required. Direct compensation and adaptive control methods have been discussed to reduce the LTI system distortion. The applications of these two methods to the charge amplifier design are discussed, which demonstrated good results.
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Gan, Kaipeng, Linghua Li, and Qiu Wang. "Public Service Motivation Measurement : A Test for Perry's Proposed Scale in China." In Public Administration in The Time of Regional Change. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icpm.2013.2.

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Eiche, Clemens, Ralf Schwarz, Wolfgang Joerger, Michael Fiederle, Dirk G. Ebling, and Klaus-Werner Benz. "Nondestructive characterization of Ti-doped and V-doped CdTe by time-dependent charge measurement." In SPIE's 1995 International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation, edited by Randolph E. Longshore, Jan W. Baars, Avishai Kepten, and John M. Trombetta. SPIE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.218197.

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Ciobanu, M., N. Herrmann, K. D. Hildenbrand, T. I. Kang, M. Kis, and A. Schuttauf. "A Charge Sensitive Amplifier for time and energy measurements." In 2008 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging conference (2008 NSS/MIC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nssmic.2008.4774809.

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Zhang, Lu, and Janusz Kulon. "Real-time, non-invasive measurement of medical aerosol charge and size distribution: Signal processing strategy, system modelling and optimization." In 2009 IEEE Intrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imtc.2009.5168492.

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Reports on the topic "Charge and time measurement"

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Long, Owen R. A proper time dependent measurement of delta MD using jet charge and soft lepton flavor tagging. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/3127.

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Long, Owen R. A proper time dependent measurement of Delta MD using jet charge and soft lepton flavor tagging. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/665755.

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Maksimovic, Peter. Observation of π- B meson charge-flavor correlations and measurement of time dependent B0$\bar{B}$0 mixing in p$\bar{p}$ collisions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/3128.

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Meddage, Varuna Crishan. Liquid argon time projection chamber calibration using cosmogenic muons, and measurement of neutrino induced charged kaon production in argon in the charged current mode (MicroBooNE experiment). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1556962.

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Dorsey, Achsah, Elissa M. Scherer, Randy Eckhoff, and Robert Furberg. Measurement of Human Stress: A Multidimensional Approach. RTI Press, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2022.op.0073.2206.

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Stress is a multidimensional construct that comprises exposure to events, perceptions of stress, and physiological responses to stress. Research consistently demonstrates a strong association between stress and a myriad of physical and mental health concerns, resulting in a pervasive and interdisciplinary agreement on the importance of investigating the relationship between stress and health. Developing a holistic understanding of stress requires assessment of the three domains vital to the study of stress: (1) the presence of environmental stressors, (2) psychological and biological reactions to stressors, and (3) the length of time over which the stressor or stress response occurs. Research into all three domains requires multiple methods. Self-reports allow for subjective evaluations of stress that illuminate the duration and severity of the psychological response to stressors. Biomarkers, in turn, capture a more-objective measure of stress and create a deeper understanding of the biological response to chronic and acute stress. Finally, the use of digital biomarkers allows for further exploration of the physiological fluctuations caused by stress by measuring the changes occurring at the same time as the stressor. Future research on stress and health should favor a multidimensional approach that creates a triangulated picture of stress, drawing from each of the three aforementioned method groups.
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Kyllönen, Katriina, Karri Saarnio, Ulla Makkonen, and Heidi Hellén. Verification of the validity of air quality measurements related to the Directive 2004/107/EC in 2019-2020 (DIRME2019). Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361256.

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This project summarizes the results from 2000–2020and evaluates the trueness andthequality control (QC) procedures of the ongoing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)and trace element measurements in Finlandrelating to Air Quality (AQ) Directive 2004/107/EC. The evaluation was focused on benzo(a)pyrene and other PAH compounds as well as arsenic, cadmium and nickel in PM10and deposition. Additionally, it included lead and other metals in PM10and deposition, gaseous mercury and mercury deposition, andbriefly other specificAQ measurements such as volatile organic compounds (VOC)and PM2.5chemical composition. This project was conducted by the National Reference Laboratory on air quality and thiswas the first time these measurements were assessed. A major part of the project was field and laboratory audits of the ongoing PAH and metal measurements. Other measurements were briefly evaluated through interviews and available literature. In addition, the national AQ database, the expertise of local measurement networks and related publications were utilised. In total, all theseven measurement networks performing PAH and metal measurements in 2019–2020took part in the audits. Eleven stations were audited while these measurements are performed at 22 AQ stations in Finland. For the large networks, one station was chosen to represent the performance of the network. The audits included also six laboratories performing the analysis of the collected samples. The audits revealed the compliance of the measurements with the AQ Decree 113/2017, Directive 2004/107/EC and Standards of the European Committee for Standardization(CEN). In addition, general information of the measurements, instruments and quality control procedures were gained. The results of the laboratory audits were confidential,but this report includes general findings, and the measurement networks were informed on the audit results with the permission of the participating laboratories. As a conclusion, the measurementmethodsusedwere mainly reference methods. Currently, all sampling methods were reference methods; however, before 2018 three networks used other methods that may have underestimated concentrations. Regarding these measurements, it should be noted the results are notcomparable with the reference method. Laboratory methods were reference methods excluding two cases, where the first was considered an acceptable equivalent method. For the other, a change to a reference method was strongly recommended and this realized in 2020. For some new measurements, the ongoing QC procedures were not yet fully established, and advice were given. Some networks used consultant for calibration and maintenance, and thus theywere not fully aware of the QC procedures. EN Standards were mostly followed. Main concerns were related to the checks of flow and calculation of measurement uncertainty, and suggestions for improvement were given. When the measurement networks implement the recommendations given inthe audits, it can be concluded that the EN Standards are adequately followed in the networks. In the ongoing sampling, clear factors risking the trueness of the result were not found. This applies also for the laboratory analyses in 2020. One network had concentrations above the target value, and theindicative measurementsshould be updated to fixed measurements.
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Delwiche, Michael, Boaz Zion, Robert BonDurant, Judith Rishpon, Ephraim Maltz, and Miriam Rosenberg. Biosensors for On-Line Measurement of Reproductive Hormones and Milk Proteins to Improve Dairy Herd Management. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7573998.bard.

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The original objectives of this research project were to: (1) develop immunoassays, photometric sensors, and electrochemical sensors for real-time measurement of progesterone and estradiol in milk, (2) develop biosensors for measurement of caseins in milk, and (3) integrate and adapt these sensor technologies to create an automated electronic sensing system for operation in dairy parlors during milking. The overall direction of research was not changed, although the work was expanded to include other milk components such as urea and lactose. A second generation biosensor for on-line measurement of bovine progesterone was designed and tested. Anti-progesterone antibody was coated on small disks of nitrocellulose membrane, which were inserted in the reaction chamber prior to testing, and a real-time assay was developed. The biosensor was designed using micropumps and valves under computer control, and assayed fluid volumes on the order of 1 ml. An automated sampler was designed to draw a test volume of milk from the long milk tube using a 4-way pinch valve. The system could execute a measurement cycle in about 10 min. Progesterone could be measured at concentrations low enough to distinguish luteal-phase from follicular-phase cows. The potential of the sensor to detect actual ovulatory events was compared with standard methods of estrus detection, including human observation and an activity monitor. The biosensor correctly identified all ovulatory events during its testperiod, but the variability at low progesterone concentrations triggered some false positives. Direct on-line measurement and intelligent interpretation of reproductive hormone profiles offers the potential for substantial improvement in reproductive management. A simple potentiometric method for measurement of milk protein was developed and tested. The method was based on the fact that proteins bind iodine. When proteins are added to a solution of the redox couple iodine/iodide (I-I2), the concentration of free iodine is changed and, as a consequence, the potential between two electrodes immersed in the solution is changed. The method worked well with analytical casein solutions and accurately measured concentrations of analytical caseins added to fresh milk. When tested with actual milk samples, the correlation between the sensor readings and the reference lab results (of both total proteins and casein content) was inferior to that of analytical casein. A number of different technologies were explored for the analysis of milk urea, and a manometric technique was selected for the final design. In the new sensor, urea in the sample was hydrolyzed to ammonium and carbonate by the enzyme urease, and subsequent shaking of the sample with citric acid in a sealed cell allowed urea to be estimated as a change in partial pressure of carbon dioxide. The pressure change in the cell was measured with a miniature piezoresistive pressure sensor, and effects of background dissolved gases and vapor pressures were corrected for by repeating the measurement of pressure developed in the sample without the addition of urease. Results were accurate in the physiological range of milk, the assay was faster than the typical milking period, and no toxic reagents were required. A sampling device was designed and built to passively draw milk from the long milk tube in the parlor. An electrochemical sensor for lactose was developed starting with a three-cascaded-enzyme sensor, evolving into two enzymes and CO2[Fe (CN)6] as a mediator, and then into a microflow injection system using poly-osmium modified screen-printed electrodes. The sensor was designed to serve multiple milking positions, using a manifold valve, a sampling valve, and two pumps. Disposable screen-printed electrodes with enzymatic membranes were used. The sensor was optimized for electrode coating components, flow rate, pH, and sample size, and the results correlated well (r2= 0.967) with known lactose concentrations.
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SEXTON, FREDERICK W., DAVID S. WALSH, BARNEY L. DOYLE, and PAUL E. DODD. Time resolved ion beam induced charge collection. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/754393.

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Unalan, Zeynep Gunay. A measurement of the top quark's charge. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/923065.

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Brosh, Arieh, David Robertshaw, Yoav Aharoni, Zvi Holzer, Mario Gutman, and Amichai Arieli. Estimation of Energy Expenditure of Free Living and Growing Domesticated Ruminants by Heart Rate Measurement. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580685.bard.

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Research objectives were: 1) To study the effect of diet energy density, level of exercise, thermal conditions and reproductive state on cardiovascular function as it relates to oxygen (O2) mobilization. 2) To validate the use of heart rate (HR) to predict energy expenditure (EE) of ruminants, by measuring and calculating the energy balance components at different productive and reproductive states. 3) To validate the use of HR to identify changes in the metabolizable energy (ME) and ME intake (MEI) of grazing ruminants. Background: The development of an effective method for the measurement of EE is essential for understanding the management of both grazing and confined feedlot animals. The use of HR as a method of estimating EE in free-ranging large ruminants has been limited by the availability of suitable field monitoring equipment and by the absence of empirical understanding of the relationship between cardiac function and metabolic rate. Recent developments in microelectronics provide a good opportunity to use small HR devices to monitor free-range animals. The estimation of O2 uptake (VO2) of animals from their HR has to be based upon a consistent relationship between HR and VO2. The question as to whether, or to what extent, feeding level, environmental conditions and reproductive state affect such a relationship is still unanswered. Studies on the basic physiology of O2 mobilization (in USA) and field and feedlot-based investigations (in Israel) covered a , variety of conditions in order to investigate the possibilities of using HR to estimate EE. In USA the physiological studies conducted using animals with implanted flow probes, show that: I) although stroke volume decreases during intense exercise, VO2 per one heart beat per kgBW0.75 (O2 Pulse, O2P) actually increases and measurement of EE by HR and constant O2P may underestimate VO2unless the slope of the regression relating to heart rate and VO2 is also determined, 2) alterations in VO2 associated with the level of feeding and the effects of feeding itself have no effect on O2P, 3) both pregnancy and lactation may increase blood volume, especially lactation; but they have no effect on O2P, 4) ambient temperature in the range of 15 to 25°C in the resting animal has no effect on O2P, and 5) severe heat stress, induced by exercise, elevates body temperature to a sufficient extent that 14% of cardiac output may be required to dissipate the heat generated by exercise rather than for O2 transport. However, this is an unusual situation and its affect on EE estimation in a freely grazing animal, especially when heart rate is monitored over several days, is minor. In Israel three experiments were carried out in the hot summer to define changes in O2P attributable to changes in the time of day or In the heat load. The animals used were lambs and young calves in the growing phase and highly yielding dairy cows. In the growing animals the time of day, or the heat load, affected HR and VO2, but had no effect on O2P. On the other hand, the O2P measured in lactating cows was affected by the heat load; this is similar to the finding in the USA study of sheep. Energy balance trials were conducted to compare MEI recovery by the retained energy (RE) and by EE as measured by HR and O2P. The trial hypothesis was that if HR reliably estimated EE, the MEI proportion to (EE+RE) would not be significantly different from 1.0. Beef cows along a year of their reproductive cycle and growing lambs were used. The MEI recoveries of both trials were not significantly different from 1.0, 1.062+0.026 and 0.957+0.024 respectively. The cows' reproductive state did not affect the O2P, which is similar to the finding in the USA study. Pasture ME content and animal variables such as HR, VO2, O2P and EE of cows on grazing and in confinement were measured throughout three years under twenty-nine combinations of herbage quality and cows' reproductive state. In twelve grazing states, individual faecal output (FO) was measured and MEI was calculated. Regression analyses of the EE and RE dependent on MEI were highly significant (P<0.001). The predicted values of EE at zero intake (78 kcal/kgBW0.75), were similar to those estimated by NRC (1984). The EE at maintenance condition of the grazing cows (EE=MEI, 125 kcal/kgBW0.75) which are in the range of 96.1 to 125.5 as presented by NRC (1996 pp 6-7) for beef cows. Average daily HR and EE were significantly increased by lactation, P<0.001 and P<0.02 respectively. Grazing ME significantly increased HR and EE, P<0.001 and P<0.00l respectively. In contradiction to the finding in confined ewes and cows, the O2P of the grazing cows was significantly affected by the combined treatments (P<0.00l ); this effect was significantly related to the diet ME (P<0.00l ) and consequently to the MEI (P<0.03). Grazing significantly increased O2P compared to confinement. So, when EE of grazing animals during a certain season of the year is estimated using the HR method, the O2P must be re measured whenever grazing ME changes. A high correlation (R2>0.96) of group average EE and of HR dependency on MEI was also found in confined cows, which were fed six different diets and in growing lambs on three diets. In conclusion, the studies conducted in USA and in Israel investigated in depth the physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular and O2 mobilization, and went on to investigate a wide variety of ruminant species, ages, reproductive states, diets ME, time of intake and time of day, and compared these variables under grazing and confinement conditions. From these combined studies we can conclude that EE can be determined from HR measurements during several days, multiplied by O2P measured over a short period of time (10-15 min). The study showed that RE could be determined during the growing phase without slaughtering. In the near future the development microelectronic devices will enable wide use of the HR method to determine EE and energy balance. It will open new scopes of physiological and agricultural research with minimizes strain on animals. The method also has a high potential as a tool for herd management.
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