Academic literature on the topic 'Charcoal hearths'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Charcoal hearths.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Charcoal hearths"
1
Mikan, Carl J., and Marc D. Abrams. "Altered forest composition and soil properties of historic charcoal hearths in southeastern Pennsylvania." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25, no. 5 (May 1, 1995): 687–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x95-076.
Full textAbstract:
This study related age structure and composition of forests in southeastern Pennsylvania to edaphic properties caused by the activities of a local charcoal iron furnace from the late 18th to the late 19th century. Forests surrounding charcoal hearths were harvested on 20- to 30-year rotations to supply wood for charcoal production in earthmound kilns. Charcoal hearths were created by a recurring cycle of disturbance, including the removal of established vegetation, intense heat, and the deposition of charcoal. Thirty-eight hearths of Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site were examined to describe differences in vegetation relative to surrounding forests that have developed since the cessation of charcoal production in 1883. Hearth forests were significantly younger than surrounding forests, with lower tree density and basal area, decreased sapling and shrub abundance, and higher herbaceous cover. Compositional differences on charcoal hearths included decreased importance of several Quercus species and ericaceous shrubs and increased importance of Liriodendrontulipifera L. Results of this study indicated that the initial effect of charcoal production was the prevention of stump sprouting and a delay in recolonization following disturbance due to extreme soil physical and chemical properties. Failure of hearth seedlings to recruit into larger size classes, age–diameter relationships of Liriodendrontulipifera L. trees, and the failure of calcifuge species to reestablish similar cover on charcoal hearths suggested that unfavorable properties of charcoal soils continue to negatively affect long-term productivity. Relative to nonhearth soils, large, significant differences in soil pH, cation exchange capacity, base saturation, and exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K indicated that continuing inhibition of woody plants on charcoal hearths may be related to alterations in soil chemistry that have persisted for 110 years.
2
Mikan, Carl J., and Marc D. Abrams. "Mechanisms inhibiting the forest development of historic charcoal hearths in southeastern Pennsylvania." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, no. 11 (November 1, 1996): 1893–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-213.
Full textAbstract:
Charcoal production associated with the iron industry had a pervasive influence on forests during the 17th and 18th centuries in the mid-Atlantic region of the eastern United States. In a recent study we reported the altered forest composition and soil properties on historic charcoal hearths in southeastern Pennsylvania. In this study, additional experimental results describe potential past and present mechanisms that may inhibit forest development. Nyssasylvatica Marsh, wood samples taken from the first 15 years of growth on hearth sites contained roughly half the amount of P and Mn and nearly double the amount of K and Na relative to wood produced on nonhearth sites in the same period, consistent with initial pH elevation following hearth abandonment in 1883. In the greenhouse, Quercusalba L. and Quercusrubra L. showed a significant growth depression in hearth soil. When the proportion of charcoal soil varied from 0 to 100%, several growth parameters of Q. rubra declined significantly with increasing charcoal soil content. In situ foliar nutrient concentrations of Vacciniumcorymbosum L. and Quercusvelutina Lam. were significantly different in P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Na, and Cu on hearth versus nonhearth plots. The present inhibition of hearth regeneration appears to be the result of persistent differences in soil nutrient availability after more than a century.
3
Van Strydonck, Mark J. Y., Philippe Crombé, and Ann Maes. "The Site of Verrebroek ‘Dok’ and its Contribution to the Absolute Dating of the Mesolithic in the Low Countries." Radiocarbon 43, no. 2B (2001): 997–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200041667.
Full textAbstract:
The wetland site of Verrebroek “Dok” situated in northern Belgium is one of the largest and best dated locations of Mesolithic material in northwestern Europe. Salvage excavations organized since 1992 at this large, unstratified open-air settlement have revealed more than 50 spatially independent artifact concentrations with traces of numerous fireplaces. Single entity dating of charred hazelnut shells from surface-hearths and charcoal from hearth-pits was used to obtain information not only on the sites duration, but also on the relation between the surface hearths and the hearth-pits. The dates were also used to look at discrepancies between the radiocarbon chronology and the typo-chronology of the lithic artifacts.
4
Ważny, Tomasz, Krzysztof Szewczyk, Dominika Łuców, Dominik Róg, Michał Słowiński, Michał Konopski, Bogusława Kruczkowska, et al. "A novel multiproxy approach to detect the impact of charcoal production on the natural environment in NW Poland – project concept and preliminary results." Geographia Polonica 95, no. 3 (2022): 205–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/gpol.0233.
Full textAbstract:
Agriculture has been the major driver of deforestation in Europe in the last 1000 years. In the past, forests were also exploited for charcoal production; however, the spatial scale/extent of this activity and its impact are unknown. LIDAR data can be used as a noninvasive tool to investigate the small-scale diversity of the land relief, including forested areas. These data can reveal the extent anthropogenic modifications of topography present-day as well as in the past. One of the activities that can be analyzed based on LIDAR data is spatial distribution of charcoal production. A preliminary LIDAR data analysis indicated the intensity of this practice and its potential impact on the natural environment. This prompted us to analyze the environmental impact of charcoal hearths in northern Poland. As it turned out, this topic exceeded the scope of earth sciences and became a transdisciplinary one. In this work, we will use the research methods typical of biogeography, dendroecology, paleoecology, soil science, biology, botany, history, onomastics, as well as art history, in order to thoroughly understand not only the natural consequences but also the social and economic consequences of charcoal production. This paper presents the assumptions of our project, the research methodology, and the preliminary results. We have identified using LIDAR data more than 73 thousand relief forms which can be remnants of charcoal hearths. Our preliminary results confirmed large scale impact of past human activity related to charcoal production and suitability of the methods used for detecting and reconstructing charcoal hearths as well as determining the distribution and magnitude of past forest use for charcoal production in NW Poland.
5
Potter, Ben A., Joshua D. Reuther, Bradley A. Newbold, and David T. Yoder. "High Resolution Radiocarbon Dating at the Gerstle River Site, Central Alaska." American Antiquity 77, no. 1 (January 2012): 71–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.77.1.71.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractEarly Holocene cultural material at Gerstle River, central Alaska, provides excellent contextual controls for examining variability in radiocarbon dating. Over 4,000 bone and teeth fragments are directly associated with over 7,000 lithic artifacts and 10 discrete charcoal-rich hearths in a thin occupation layer (∼10 cm vertical thickness) within well-stratified loess deposits. Radiocarbon dating of the hearth features indicates overlapping ages at 2σ, suggesting contemporaneity. This study uses the high level of resolution at Gerstle River to evaluate systematic radiocarbon variation due to different materials (collagen and charcoal), different pretreatments of collagen (regular and ultrafiltered), and interlaboratory variation through paired bone and hearth charcoal dates, split samples, and cross-checks. Accurately dating bone collagen is important given the closer association of dated samples with human activities (e.g., butchering) compared with charcoal fragments in certain contexts (e.g., driftwood, paleosols, or alluvial deposits). This study demonstrates the efficacy of bone collagen dating with ultrafiltration to counter potential site-specific contamination. These results also indicate that even in high-resolution situations with little evidence for old-wood effect and contamination, considerable variability can exist among cross-check and even split samples from single pieces of charcoal from short-lived species.
6
Liedgren, Lars, Ingela Bergman, Per H. Ramqvist, and Greger Hörnberg. "Hearths in the coastal areas of northernmost Sweden, from the period AD 800 to 1950." Rangifer 36, no. 1 (August 1, 2016): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.36.1.3767.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents a study of the chronological setting of hearths registered in FMIS (digital register containing records of all known ancient monuments in Sweden) in the provinces of Västerbotten and Norrbotten, Northern Sweden. A total of c. 1500 hearths are known in the area, mainly situated north of the river Skellefteälven. Within a study area of 107 x 94 km, 32 hearths were randomly selected for excavation, each site embracing 1-14 hearths. The sites were scanned using a metal detector and nearly all artifacts found were from the period AD 1600-1900. 14C-datings of charcoal and burned bones corroborated that most hearths were used during this period, with a large number dating to the 19th and 20th centuries. Many hearths contained bones from mature reindeer, indicating that the hearths were related to reindeer herding. We suggest that most hearths are related to nomadic Sami reindeer herders using coastal areas for winter pasture, possibly resulting from the breakdown of the “lappskatteland” (taxation lands) system and an increase in reindeer numbers.
7
Hirsch, Florian, Thomas Raab, William Ouimet, David Dethier, Anna Schneider, and Alexandra Raab. "Soils on Historic Charcoal Hearths: Terminology and Chemical Properties." Soil Science Society of America Journal 81, no. 6 (October 19, 2017): 1427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2017.02.0067.
Full text
8
Raab, Thomas, Florian Hirsch, William Ouimet, Katharine M. Johnson, David Dethier, and Alexandra Raab. "Architecture of relict charcoal hearths in northwestern Connecticut, USA." Geoarchaeology 32, no. 4 (March 9, 2017): 502–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gea.21614.
Full text
9
Waters, Michael R., Thomas Amorosi, and Thomas W. Stafford. "Redating Fell's Cave, Chile and the Chronological Placement of the Fishtail Projectile Point." American Antiquity 80, no. 2 (April 2015): 376–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.80.2.376.
Full textAbstract:
Fell's Cave lies near the Magellan Straits of South America's Southern Cone. This was the first site to provide evidence of a late Pleistocene occupation of South America, and it is the site where the Fishtail projectile point type was defined. Previous radiocarbon ages from Fell's Cave on charcoal samples from three hearths in the late Pleistocene artifact-bearing levels yielded dates ranging from ca. 11,000 to 10,100 radiocarbon years before present. New radiocarbon dates on curated charcoal samples from these same hearths yield revised ages of ca. 10,800 to 10,400 radiocarbon years before present. These new dates from Fell's Cave agree well with ages from other South American sites in the Southern Cone with Fishtail points and show that the Fishtail projectile point was made from ca. 10,850 to 10,300 radiocarbon years before present or ca. 12,800 to 12,100 calibrated years before present.
10
Lennox, Sandra J. "Woody taxa from charcoal in Sibudu’s Middle Stone Age hearths." Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 51, no. 4 (October 1, 2016): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0067270x.2016.1245018.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Charcoal hearths"
1
Lennox, Sandra Janet. "Woody taxa from charcoal in Sibudu’s Middle Stone Age hearths." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/21655.
Full textAbstract:
A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Johannesburg, 2016.ABSTRACT Sibudu rock shelter was occupied by hunter gatherer groups of modern humans during the Middle Stone Age between 77 and 38 000 (38 ka) years ago. Sibudu is in the summer rainfall region and is situated about 15 km inland of the eastern coast of South Africa. The site includes technological industries such as Still Bay and Howiesons Poort that are distinguished by specific stone tool types. Woody taxa identified from archaeological charcoal in this site, indicate changes in vegetation and wood use. Archaeological charcoal specimens, specifically from hearths on three putative occupation floors, were analysed for behavioural information about wood selection and use. Two of the stratigraphic layers, BYA2 (i) and SPCA, are approximately 58 ka old and the MOD layer is approximately 49 ka old. All three layers contain tools from the post-Howiesons Poort industry. Identifications of woody taxa were made by means of a comparative charcoal reference collection and the InsideWood database. Charcoal was studied under stereo and reflective light microscopes. Woody taxa identified confirmed that the coldest, driest phase of occupation was at approximately 58 ka. Bushveld woods, including five Acacia types, have been identified in charcoal from MOD layer, ~49 ka. The vegetation mosaic was different from today’s coastal forest and savanna near Sibudu. The availability of natural wood around Sibudu, visible in the type of wood burnt in hearths, has changed since 58 ka and 49 ka for either climatic or anthropogenic reasons or for a combination of these. In all three layers, the wood bundles include tinder, fuel, and a selection of woody plants that today are known to have medicinal bark, leaves and wood. People may have selected wood for burning properties (for example, temperature, light and coal production) and for medicine. Woods suitable for making firesticks for starting fires by means of friction are present. Wood from Spirostachys africana (tambotie) occurs in one hearth in each of the three layers. Since Spirostachys africana is normally avoided in cooking fires as it is poisonous, this suggests that the wood was selected deliberately and burnt for insecticidal smoke or other medicinal purposes. Tarchonanthus parvicapitulatus (syn. T. camphoratus) charcoal occurred in layer SPCA. This adds to the previous evidence of the use of aromatic plants at Sibudu, where sedge bedding was topped with aromatic, insecticidal Cryptocarya woodii (river-quince) leaves (Wadley et al. 2011. Science 334 (6061): 1388-1391). Wood use is different between hearths and surrounding sediments and between occupations dating 58 ka and 49 ka. Keywords: phytomedicine, Sibudu, Spirostachys africana, Acacia, charcoal analysis, wood anatomy
LG2017
2
CARRARI, ELISA. "Legacy effects of former charcoal kiln sites on the forest vegetation of a Mediterranean area." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1040500.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of the reasearch was analysing the long-term effects of the centennial activity of charcoal production on forest ecosystems of the Mediterranean area. The study is structured in order to achieve three main aims: i) evaluating the impact of kiln sites on the forest vegetation (tree, shrubs and herbaceous species) in relation to abiotic factors; ii) examine the effects of the charcoal-enriched kiln site soil on the early life stages of major forest trees; iii) quantifying and characterizing the legacy of such activity at the landscape level, through the analysis of the distribution and morphology of production sites in different environments of central Italy .
The research was carried out in three forest types traditionally exploited for wood charcoal production, sclerophyllous maquis, mixed oak forest and beech forest. In a first exploratory study, we examined tree regeneration and understorey vegetation on a sample of 61 kiln sites, abandoned at least 60 years ago, together with the main soil characteristics and light conditions. At the same time, an experimental work was performed by setting up a common garden to compare germination, growth and mortality in three major forest trees (Quercus ilex, Q. cerris, Fagus sylvatica) grown on soil of kiln sites and control sites. Finally, an inventory work was carried out in sample quadrats using field surveys and LIDAR data, to determine the density, size, surface and other morphological parameters of kiln sites in the three forest types. In the first two studies we found a negative effect of kiln sites on tree regeneration and forest recolonization, whereas the understorey vegetation was positively influenced in terms of species diversity, compositional variations and biomass production. These effects are related to variations in the characteristics of soil and light, also influenced by the kiln sites. The common garden experiment showed that the responses of forest trees to kiln site soil are different, in some cases contrasting, or weak. The inventory study showed that, compared to other European countries, kiln sites are denser but smaller and with different morphology, also in terms of soil profile, with some differences between forest types. Such differences are probably due to the different methods of preparation and the different purposes for which they were made.
Charcoal kiln sites are one of the most striking legacies left by the millennial human activity in the Mediterranean woodlands. This study shows that such sites have persistent effects on the vegetation via changes in soil and light conditions. Hence, they represent ecological “micro-islands” of anthropic origin that increase the diversity and fine-scale heterogeneity of the forest ecosystem. The relatively high number of these sites and their total area per unit surface suggest that the magnitude of their effects at the forest level may not be negligible.
3
Jílková, Daniela. "Vyšetření vegetativního systému u dědičné neuropatie." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-296724.
Full textAbstract:
Aim: The aim of this thesis "Examination of vegetative system in hereditary neuropathy" is to consider the level of physical fitness, physical actvity level and quality of autonomic function in patients with hereditary neuropathy Charcot Marie Tooth and an assessment of interactions of these parameters, especially with regard to possible influence by the presence of autonomic neuropathy and with regard to neurological symptoms. Background: Although vegetative neuropathy was mentioned in the first publication about CMT, it is not widely discussed topic as part of it. Methods: Seventeen probands underwent spiroergometry, heart rate variability test, six minute walk test, rating by the CMT Neuropathy Score and Overall neuropathy disability scale and completing the IPAQ questionnaire. Results: We found symptoms of autonomic neuropathy in group of patients with CMT, especially high-frequency part of heart rate variability spectrum has a particularly significant decrease. Patients with autonomic neuropathy have shown a low fitness and functional capacity, tendency to obesity and hypertension. The observed correlation of autonomic neuropathy and neurological impairment was very weak. Conclusions: We find a neuropathy of the autonomic nervous system in patiens with hereditary motor and sensitive neuropathy...
Book chapters on the topic "Charcoal hearths"
1
Sady-Bugajska, Agata. "Analiza taksonomiczna pozostałości drewna z cmentarzyska w Świbiu / Taxonomic analysis of wood remains from the cemetery at Świbie." In Cmentarzysko w wczesnej epoki żelaza w Świbiu na Górnym Śląsku. Tom 2, 192–215. Wydawnictwo Profil-Archeo, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33547/swibie2022.2.11.
Full textAbstract:
In addition to typical artefacts, the archaeological research at Świbie also produced a significant amount of plant materials. Due to the nature of the site as a biritual cemetery, these were mainly fragments of wood preserved either in dried and mineralised form or in charred form, i.e. as charcoal. The analysis covered plant remains originating from 102 graves, with 65 samples coming from inhumation graves and 20 from cremation graves (of which 17 were from cremations in pits, including animal burials, and three from urned cremations). In addition, 17 samples came from biritual burials (of which 16 were combinations of an inhumation grave and a cremation in pit, whereas one – an inhumation with urned cremation). Moreover, 21 samples from non-sepulchral contexts were analysed, originating mostly from hearths located close to graves. Charcoal fragments were preserved in 100 graves. They were remains of cremation pyres and hearths. Fragments of unburnt wood, recovered from 15 graves (mostly inhumations), were remains of pads found under bronze objects. The species prevailing in the material was Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), with oak (Quercus sp.) also frequent. Both were used for building cremation pyres. Birch (Betula sp.) came third in terms of frequency of remains. Apart from these, charred remains of fir (Abies alba), alder (Alnus sp.), and ash (Fraxinus excelsior) were identified in the graves. Spruce/larch (Picea abies/Larix sp.), beech (Fagus sylvatica) and elm (Ulmus sp.) occurred occasionally. In addition to Scots pine, spruce/larch, ash, birch, and oak, traces of burnt wood of probably maple (cf. Acer sp.) and poplar (cf. Populus sp.) were identified in the material coming from outside the graves (from the hearths). The taxonomic composition obtained on the basis of wood remains from the Świbie cemetery is similar to the results of anthracological and xylological studies of other necropolises. Fragments described as the remains of “wooden pads” are very interesting finds. These are small fragments of wood preserved in a highly mineralised or dried (?) form, often with a greenish-blue coating. Their analysis was very difficult, but positive results in the form of a taxonomic identification could nevertheless be obtained for 11 samples. Virtually all of the pads were made of oak wood. In the sample from grave 79, several fragments of birch (Betula sp.) bark were preserved alongside fragments of pads. In a few cases, wooden pads preserved traces of other organic materials. These were mostly fragments of fabric, but remains possibly interpretable as straw remains were also recorded. The “pads” themselves were most likely modest remnants of wooden biers, preserved thanks to the preservation properties of metal corrosion compounds. Wood remains, mostly charcoal, are among the most common plant materials found at archaeological sites. Their analysis reveals which species of trees and shrubs were used by people, and it also provides information on surrounding forest communities.
Conference papers on the topic "Charcoal hearths"
1
Kučera, Aleš, and Jiří Volánek. "Soil Chemistry Underpins the Legacy of Charcoal Hearths: Exploring Potential Basis for Educational Materials." In Public recreation and landscape protection - with environment hand in hand… Mendel University in Brno, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/978-80-7509-831-3-0316.
Full text
2
Stansfield, Billy, and William B. Ouimet. "HISTORY, MAPPING, AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF 18TH – 19TH CENTURY RELICT CHARCOAL HEARTHS IN EASTERN CONNECTICUT." In 54th Annual GSA Northeastern Section Meeting - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019ne-328410.
Full text