Relevant bibliographies by topics / Char

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Char'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 June 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Char"

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Jeyakumar, Jeya Vikranth, Ankur Sarker, Luis Antonio Garcia, and Mani Srivastava. "X-CHAR." Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 7, no. 1 (March 27, 2022): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3580804.

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End-to-end deep learning models are increasingly applied to safety-critical human activity recognition (HAR) applications, e.g., healthcare monitoring and smart home control, to reduce developer burden and increase the performance and robustness of prediction models. However, integrating HAR models in safety-critical applications requires trust, and recent approaches have aimed to balance the performance of deep learning models with explainable decision-making for complex activity recognition. Prior works have exploited the compositionality of complex HAR (i.e., higher-level activities composed of lower-level activities) to form models with symbolic interfaces, such as concept-bottleneck architectures, that facilitate inherently interpretable models. However, feature engineering for symbolic concepts-as well as the relationship between the concepts-requires precise annotation of lower-level activities by domain experts, usually with fixed time windows, all of which induce a heavy and error-prone workload on the domain expert. In this paper, we introduce X-CHAR, an eXplainable Complex Human Activity Recognition model that doesn't require precise annotation of low-level activities, offers explanations in the form of human-understandable, high-level concepts, while maintaining the robust performance of end-to-end deep learning models for time series data. X-CHAR learns to model complex activity recognition in the form of a sequence of concepts. For each classification, X-CHAR outputs a sequence of concepts and a counterfactual example as the explanation. We show that the sequence information of the concepts can be modeled using Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC) loss without having accurate start and end times of low-level annotations in the training dataset-significantly reducing developer burden. We evaluate our model on several complex activity datasets and demonstrate that our model offers explanations without compromising the prediction accuracy in comparison to baseline models. Finally, we conducted a mechanical Turk study to show that the explanations provided by our model are more understandable than the explanations from existing methods for complex activity recognition.
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Zuo, Hai-bin, Wei-wei Geng, Jian-liang Zhang, and Guang-wei Wang. "Comparison of kinetic models for isothermal CO2 gasification of coal char-biomass char blended char." International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials 22, no. 4 (April 2015): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12613-015-1081-3.

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Liu, Junfeng, Xiuqing Gao, Xiaosu Wu, Ziyang Zhang, and Xiaoran Zhang. "Sorption of cadmium by rice husk char, bamboo char, and coconut shell char in aqueous solutions." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 208 (December 20, 2018): 012109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/208/1/012109.

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Al azizi, Aulia, Erdawati Erdawati, and Suhartono Suhartono. "Pengaruh Massa Bio-char Kayu Akasia (Acacia mangium) Dan Waktu Perendaman Bio-char Terhadap Adsorpsi Sebum Buatan." JRSKT - Jurnal Riset Sains dan Kimia Terapan 8, no. 1 (October 9, 2019): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jrskt.081.05.

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Abstrak Pada penelitian ini dibuat adsorben berupa Bio-char dari kayu akasia (Acacia mangium). Bio-char kayu akasia dibuat dengan cara dipirolisis. Sebum buatan dibuat dengan cara mencampurkan bahan-bahan penyusunnya sesuai komposisi berdasarkan literatur, yaitu squalene, asam lemak, trigliserida, ester wax dan kolesterol yang kemudian dilarutkan dengan toluena. Bio-char kemudian direndam ke dalam larutan sebum dengan variasi massa dan waktu. Kandungan gugus fungsi dari Bio-char kayu akasia ditunjukan melalui hasil analisis FTIR bahwa terdapat gugus amina, karboksil dan hidroksil. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa semakin besar massa Bio-char maka akan semakin optimum daya adsorpsinya dengan waktu optimum 20 menit. Adsorpsi sebum buatan oleh Bio-char kayu akasia mengikuti isoterm adsorpsi yang menunjukan bahwa Bio-char kayu akasia bertipe mesopori. Kata kunci: adsorpsi, bio-char, mesopori, sebum Abstract In this research, an adsorbent was made in the form of Bio-char from acacia wood (Acacia mangium). Acacia wood Bio-char is made by pyrolysis. Artificial sebum is made by mixing the ingredients according to the composition based on literature, namely squalene, fatty acids, triglycerides, ester waxes, and cholesterol which are then dissolved with toluene. Bio-char immersed in a sebum solution with variations in mass and time. The functional group content of acacia wood Bio-char is shown through the results of the FTIR analysis that there are amine, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups. The results showed that the greater mass of Bio-char, it’s more optimum the adsorption power, with the optimum time of 20 minutes. Adsorption of sebum made by acacia wood Bio-char follows the adsorption isotherm which shows that the Bio-char of acacia wood is mesoporous Keywords: adsorption, Bio-char, mesoporous, sebum
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Smorto, L. "Rene Char: Threshold." Literary Imagination 7, no. 3 (January 1, 2005): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/litimag/7.3.390.

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Vorobiev, Nikita, Manfred Geier, Martin Schiemann, and Viktor Scherer. "Experimentation for char combustion kinetics measurements: Bias from char preparation." Fuel Processing Technology 151 (October 2016): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.05.005.

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NAKAGAWA, Hiroyuki, Takahiro SUZUKI, Kouichi MIURA, Tomohisa OHTA, Daisuke AYUKWA, and Hiroshi NISHINO. "Production of Activated Char from Pyrolysis Char for Dioxin Removal." Proceedings of the Symposium on Environmental Engineering 2002.12 (2002): 227–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeenv.2002.12.227.

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Campbell, Paul A., Reginald E. Mitchell, and Liqiang Ma. "Characterization of coal char and biomass char reactivities to oxygen." Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 29, no. 1 (January 2002): 519–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1540-7489(02)80067-0.

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Komarova, Evgeniia, Stefan Guhl, and Bernd Meyer. "Brown coal char CO2-gasification kinetics with respect to the char structure. Part I: Char structure development." Fuel 152 (July 2015): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.01.107.

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Van de steene, L., J. P. Tagutchou, F. J. Escudero Sanz, and S. Salvador. "Gasification of woodchip particles: Experimental and numerical study of char–H2O, char–CO2, and char–O2 reactions." Chemical Engineering Science 66, no. 20 (October 2011): 4499–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2011.05.045.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Char"

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Ayers, Scott David. "A review of the species status of the Angayukaksurak charr (Salvelinus anaktuvukensis) of northern Alaska perspectives from molecular and morphological data /." PURL, 2010. http://www.arlis.org/docs/vol1/B/608729840.pdf.

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Wu, Tao. "Automated char image analysis and the inclusion of char morphology in char burnout modelling." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.420360.

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Spracklin, Christopher John. "Model char studies on nitrogen release during coal char combustion." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297655.

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Haley, Evelyn. "Coal char reactivity." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316261.

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Aiken, Gregg W. "The use of a char pile reactor to study char bed processes." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5734.

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Komarova, Evgeniia. "Brown coal char CO2-gasification kinetics with respect to the char structure." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-227770.

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This research has been performed in the framework of the Virtuhcon project, which intends to virtualize high temperature conversion processes. Coal gasification is one of these processes, which is nowadays considered as a promising technology for the chemical industry. This study is devoted to the coal char physical structure, which is one of the most important parameters influencing coal gasification reaction. First, this study presents the extensive literature review of the char physical structure role during its conversion. Collection of the char structural properties as well as their changes during char conversion are shown and discussed. Literature review is followed by the experimental investigations. Chars prepared from two brown coals (Lusatian and Rhenish) were gasified in a laboratory scale fluidized bed reactor in CO2 at temperatures of 800, 850, 900, and 950 °C and atmospheric pressure. Char samples were gasified completely as well as partially in order to evaluate the reaction kinetics and char structural changes during the reaction, respectively. Complete gasification curves were evaluated by different methods, including application of three gasification models (the Random Pore Model, the Volume Reaction Model, and the Shrinking Reaction Model), instantaneous reaction rate approach as well as the self-developed surface-related reaction rate approach. The results of different approaches were compared. This study also presents a comprehensive methodology to analyze coal char physical structure. The variety of measurement techniques (gas physical adsorption, mercury porosimetry, helium pycnometry, SEM, etc.) were applied to assess structural properties of the char, such as specific surface area, particle density, porosity, pore size and shape, structure morphology, etc. Problems associated with the choice of a proper measurement technique and the comparability of the data delivered by different techniques were discussed. The main objective of the study was to link char structural changes to the char gasification kinetics. The specific task of this thesis was to investigate pore size in relation to their availability for the reaction. As such, specific surface areas of pores of different sizes (from sub-micro to mesopores) were correlated to the instantaneous reaction rates. Both chars exhibit similar trends in their structural changes during gasification, although the absolute values differ, especially with respect to the pores of microscale. Furthermore, structural changes were caused not only by the reaction but also by the influence of the heat treatment, especially at the earlier stages of the reaction. The most reasonable correlation has been achieved between the instantaneous reaction rate and the specific surface area of mesopores. Sub-micro- and micropores did not govern the gasification reaction under given conditions. Finally, kinetic parameters derived from different evaluation methods were reapplied in order to test their ability to predict the experimental data. Each of the method has its advantages and disadvantages as used for the kinetic evaluation. The results of this study represent a substantive base of the experimentally derived data concerning physical structure and morphology of coal char. The findings can be used in numerical and simulation studies for development, validation, and improvement of the models which consider coal particle as a reactive porous solid.
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Le, Cornec Joëlle. "René Char : l'écriture fragmentaire." Rennes 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990REN20015.

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L'écriture fragmentaire peut être considérée comme un aspect de l'hermétisme charien, or son élucidation conduit à parler de la lisibilité de Char. Une étude de l'écriture et de ses genres montre que l'écriture charienne, plutôt que leur adoption est invention d'une forme, écriture fondée sur ses ruptures et sur ses blancs. La deuxième partie verra les modes de construction du sens. Le fragmental y est entendu comme principe de morcellement. Il donne à découvrir cette activité créatrice de formes éclatées par la discontinuité, le blanc, sémantique et graphique, l'ellipse. La troisième partie, l'imaginaire de l'écriture charienne: un régime diairétique de l'image que décèlent trois figures-mère: la rêverie de la fragmentation est orientée selon trois axes : le pulvérisé, le disloqué (tonalités majeure, mineure du fragment) de fragile. L'architecture de l'oeuvre laisse apparaître cependant deux forces antinomiques : le pulvérisé et le haut montrant que le fragment trouve à s'articuler mais dans l'intratextualité. La métatextualité revêt aussi une fonction de cohésion
Fragmentary writing may be considered as an aspect of Charier abstruseness, whereas its elucidation has led to speak of the readibility of Char. A study of the fragment and its established shows that Charier writing, rather than adopting these, in the invention of a form - a writing based on its ruptures and blanks. The second part deals with the way of constructing the meaning. The fragmental here is understood to be the principle of the breaking up. He discovers the creative energy of form, slipt up by the discontinuity, the blank-semantic and graphic - the ellipsis. The third, the imaginary of charier writing: a diairetic object of the image revealed by three mother-figures. A musing of the fragmentation delivers the three axes from imagination: the pulverized, the dislocated (the major and minor tones of the fragment) and the fragile. The architecture of the work however reveals two antinoma forms: the pulverized and the linking showing that the fragment finds a means of becoming connected, though in intratextuality. The metatextualite takes on also the function of cohesion
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Hyder, A. H. M. Golam. "Sorption Characteristics of Hexavalent Chromium [Cr(VI)] onto Bone Char and Bio-char." Thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik (flyttat 20130630), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-171833.

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The sorption characteristics of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] onto bone char and bio-char were evaluated as a function of pH, initial Cr(VI) concentration, and dosages of bone char and bio-char. Batch tests were conducted by using synthetic wastewater in this study. The effects of various initial Cr(VI) concentrations between 5 mg/L and 1000 mg/L were evaluated using bone char as a sorbent. A Cr(VI) removal efficiency of 100 % was achieved at pH 1 with 2 g of bone char in 50 mL of solution at 3 hours of reaction time using initial Cr(VI) concentration of 10 mg/L. About 100 % of Cr(VI) was removed at pH 2 with initial Cr(VI) concentrations of 10 mg/L using 4 g of bio-char in 200 mL of solution at 5 hours of reaction time. The initial Cr(VI) concentrations were varied between 10 mg/L and 500 mg/L when bio-char was used as the sorbent. The maximum sorption capacities of bone char and bio-char were determined to 6.46 mg Cr(VI)/g, and 1.717 mg Cr(VI)/g, respectively. Equilibrium, kinetics, and isotherms of the sorption process were also investigated. The sorption kinetics of Cr(VI) onto bone char and bio-char followed the second order kinetic model suggesting that the sorption reaction rate depends on two parameters, which might be the sorbate concentration and sorbent dosage. The Langmuir isotherm model was the best one for the description of sorption of Cr(VI) onto bone char and bio-char.
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Pietri, Renaud. "Le char dans la pensée égyptienne." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MON30068.

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De nombreuses études se sont déjà intéressées aux questions techniques et tactiques liées au char dans l’Orient ancien, y compris en égyptologie. Le véhicule fut à l’origine de profonds changements sociaux et culturels, et ce dans toutes les civilisations qui l’adoptèrent. L’Egypte en particulier en fit un emblème incontournable du pouvoir royal au Nouvel Empire et participa pleinement à une « culture du char » commune à tout l’Orient de l’Âge du Bronze Récent. L’objectif de cette thèse, au-delà de l’importance du char dans l’histoire militaire ou l’histoire des techniques, est d’étudier la place qu’occupe le véhicule dans la pensée égyptienne. Le volume principal de cette thèse se découpe en cinq parties. La première partie, comprenant trois chapitres, revient d’une part sur les travaux antérieurs menés sur le char et les chevaux dans l’Egypte ancienne, puis présente succinctement les sources à disposition sur le sujet. Suivent deux chapitres revenant respectivement sur la question du char en Orient et sur celle du char en Egypte. La deuxième partie est consacrée à la réception linguistique du véhicule. La troisième partie s’intéresse à la place du char dans l’idéologie royale et des élites. Les deux premiers chapitres sont dédiés au roi en char et au char du roi. Une attention particulière est accordée ensuite à la problématique du char à l’époque amarnienne. Le quatrième chapitre se concentre quant à lui sur le char en tant que véhicule de l’élite. Il est suivi d’une étude portant sur les représentations humoristiques impliquant le char. La quatrième partie concerne la réception religieuse du véhicule. Un premier chapitre s’intéresse à la place du char dans le monde funéraire, puis est évoqué le lien entre certaines divinités, le char et les chevaux. Le troisième chapitre s’intéresse particulièrement l’iconographie d’Horus-Ched en char, puis un dernier chapitre interroge la notion de « char solaire » en Egypte. La cinquième et dernière partie est une étude sur la réception littéraire du char, s’intéressant particulièrement à l’Hymne au roi en char, un poème qui place le véhicule au centre de sa composition, traduit et commenté en compagnie d’autres textes littéraires
There are already many studies about technical and tactical questions linked to the chariot in Ancient Near East, even in Egyptology. This vehicle had been behind deep cultural and social changes in every civilisation which used it. In Egypt particularly it was an emblem of royal power in New Empire, and in a common « chariot’s culture » during the Late Bronze Age in Ancient Near East. Beyond the importance of the chariot in military or technical history, this thesis’ purpose is to study the place of this vehicle in Egyptian’s mind. The thesis is divided in five parts. The first part, divided in three chapters, explains both previous researches about the chariot and horses in Ancient Egypt, then presents briefly the available sources about this subject. The two following chapters respectively focus on the chariot in Near East and in Egypt. The second part focuses on the vehicle’s linguistic reception. The third part is interested in the chariot’s place in royal and elites’ ideology. The two first chapters are both dedicated to the king in his chariot and the king’s vehicle. A special attention is given to question of the chariot during Armanian Period. The forth chapter focuses about the chariot as the elite’s vehicle. It is followed by a study about satirical representations including the chariot. The forth part is related to the vehicle’s religious reception. A first chapter is about the place of the chariot in funerary practices, then the link between some gods, chariots and horses is studied. The third chapter details the particular case of Horus-Shed’s iconography on his chariot. The last chapter questions the notion of « solar chariot » in Ancient Egypt. The last and fifth part is a study about the chariot’s literary reception, studying especially a poem which places the vehicle in the center of its composition called Hymn to the King on his Chariot, translated and commentated on, as well as other literary texts
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Delliaux, Anne-Marie. "René Char ou l'effet miroir." Toulouse 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU2A096.

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Présentée dans le cadre de l'université Toulouse le Mirail, mirail signifiant en ancien français miroir, et dans le contexte de séduction inhérent à la poésie, cette étude porte sur les rapports privilégies unissant miroir et séduction ainsi que les offrent en abondance trois recueils : la parole en archipel, la nuit talismanique qui brillait dans son cercle et aromates chasseurs
Presented in the framework of the university Toulouse le Mirail, mirail meaning in old french mirror, and in the context of seduction inherent in the poetry, this study rests on the privileged connections uniting mirror and seduction. Three compilations afford plentifully examples of it : la parole en archipel, la nuit talismanique qui brillait dans son cercle and aromates chasseurs
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Books on the topic "Char"

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Char-pysanka. Lʹviv: BaK, 2012.

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René Char. [Paris]: Seuil, 1990.

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Kennedy, Jake. Light & char. Vernon, B.C: Greenboathouse Press, 2010.

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Greilsamer, Laurent. René Char. Paris: CulturesFrance, 2007.

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Mukhapadhaya, Soila Jananda. Char nayika. Calcutta: Kamini Prokashaloy, 1992.

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qi, Shaukat Siddi. Char divari. Karachi: Kitabhar, 1990.

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1930-, Veyne Paul, ed. René Char. Paris: Culturesfrance, 2007.

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André, Velter, ed. René Char. Mont-de-Marsan: L'Atelier des Brisants, 2002.

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Opasen char. Sofii︠a︡: bgknig@, 2018.

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Rachh, Prabhakar. Char yamdut. Ahmedabad: Amee Publications, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Char"

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Gooch, Jan W. "Char." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 134–36. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_2220.

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Wild, Gerhard. "Char, René." In Kindlers Literatur Lexikon (KLL), 1. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-05728-0_3113-1.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Char Length." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 136. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_2224.

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Henschen, Hans-Horst. "René Char." In Kindler Kompakt Französische Literatur 20. Jahrhundert, 107–8. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-05533-0_22.

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Montagnaro, Fabio. "Char Combustion." In Sustainable Energy Production Using Solid Materials, 39–47. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-52660-2_3.

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Smoot, L. Douglas, and Philip J. Smith. "Heterogeneous Char Reaction Processes." In Coal Combustion and Gasification, 77–110. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9721-3_4.

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Klasson, K. Thomas. "Char from Sugarcane Bagasse." In Biorefinery Co-Products, 327–50. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470976692.ch15.

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Woltmann-Zeitler, Johanna. "Char, René: Seuls demeurent." In Kindlers Literatur Lexikon (KLL), 1–2. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-05728-0_3114-1.

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Henschen, Hans-Horst. "Char, René: Feuillets d'Hypnos." In Kindlers Literatur Lexikon (KLL), 1–2. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-05728-0_3115-1.

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Briggs, Will. "Loops, Input, and char." In C++ for Lazy Programmers, 101–25. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-5187-4_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Char"

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Zhang, Shouyu, Junfu Lu, Jianmin Zhang, Qing Liu, and Guangxi Yue. "Effect of Heat Treatment on the Reactivity and Crystallinity of Coal-Char." In 18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2005-78049.

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The effect of heat treatment on the reactivity and crystallinity of char prepared from the vitrinite of two coals (YX, JJ) was investigated by using XRD and TGA in this paper. The results from TGA show that the reactivity of the chars from YXV and JJV decreases with the increase of heat treatment temperature. The reactivity of YXV char decreases quickly and significantly as heat treatment time increases. However, after heat treatment time of 60 min, it decreases slowly. The effect of heat treatment time on the reactivity of JJV char is small. The results from XRD show that the crystallinity of coal-char is determined by the intensity of heat treatment. When heat treatment time is more than 60 minutes, the turbostratic crystallite of YXV char prepared under 900°C changes remarkably and becomes more orderly. The aromatic layer stacking heights (Lc) of YXV Char when heat treated above 900°C increased with the increase of heat treatment time. The effect of heat treat time on Lc of JJV char is small, but under heat treatment temperature of 1200°C, the crystalline of JJV char grows distinctly. There is a good parallel relationship between the crystalline growth and deactivation of the chars. It can be concluded that the growth of the crystalline is the main reason for the deactivation of coal-char.
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Duan, Yufeng, Yi Zhou, Xiaoping Chen, Changsui Zhao, and Xin Wu. "Pore Structure of Coal-Chars Derived From Atmospheric and Pressurized Spouted Fluidized Bed Gasifiers." In 18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2005-78036.

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Pore structure is one of the most important factors that dominate the reactivity of post-combustion of coal-chars derived from partial gasification process of atmospheric and pressurized spouted fluidized bed gasifiers. The influential factors on pore structure of coal-chars were analyzed in terms of the coal size feed, operational conditions, coal-char size and its components. It concluded that pyrolysis and devolatilization play a leading role in forming the pore structure of coal-chars in the partial gasification process. It is the reaction of coal-char with CO2 and H2O (steam) that plays a dominant positive impact on promoting enlargement and development of the coal-char pores at the elevated pressure gasification. There may exist an optimal coal-char size range that possesses abundant porosity and bigger pore specific surface area, which contributes to enhancing the gasification reactions in the atmospheric gasifier.
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Chernyak, Ekaterina, Maria Ponomareva, and Kirill Milintsevich. "Char-." In Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-1404.

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4

Burra, K. G., and A. K. Gupta. "Characteristics of Char From Co-Pyrolysis of Biomass and Plastic Waste." In ASME 2018 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2018 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2018-7255.

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Development of alternative, clean and renewable energy production from different hydrocarbon materials helps to partially replace the limited resources of fossil fuels and also help reduce carbon emissions from fossil fuels that drives global warming. Biomass and bio-wastes are renewable and sustainable hydrocarbon resources, which can be used for energy and fuels production along with permanent disposal of plastic wastes. Landfills of wastes is unsustainable with additional problems of non-degradability and growing burden to the environment and society. Co-pyrolysis and co-gasification of biomass with different types of plastic wastes has shown to provide enhanced product yields and quality for syngas and liquid fuel production. To date, limited information is available on the understanding of chars produced from co-pyrolysis. The effect of co-pyrolysis on the type, quality and yield of chars produced is essential for efficient utilization of a wide variety of biomass, bio-waste and plastic waste resources. This paper provides information on the effect of plastic addition to the pyrolysis of biomass as well as the quality and quantity of char produced with different amounts of plastic waste added at different pyrolysis temperatures. TGA reactor was used for all these investigations and the quality of char produced was examined from the perspective of char combustion for energy production. Char is commonly produced as a by-product from pyrolysis and gasification reactors. Carbonization temperatures investigated were in the range of 573–773 K for 30 min using pinewood biomass, while recycled polyethylene terephthalate was used as plastic waste. The investigations revealed that chars produced from co-pyrolysis especially for carbonization temperature (Tc) of 673 K and above behaved completely differently than the chars produced from separate pyrolysis of biomass and plastic waste under the same pyrolysis conditions. These chars produced from co-pyrolysis were more uniform in their behavior in oxidation environment, with higher heat flow for almost similar quantities of chars during oxidation. This was conjectured to be from enhanced quality of chars produced having increased C content (from increased heavy aromatics and efficient loss of volatiles) during co-pyrolysis without any loss of char yield. The char yield was found to be equal or higher during co-pyrolysis compared to the weighted aggregate of individual pyrolysis. These investigations provided novel results on the behavior and capabilities of chars produced from co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes to provide a new avenue for the quality enhancement of bio-chars and efficient utilization of carbonaceous solid waste resources.
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Kobyłecki, Rafał, Wojciech Nowak, Takeshi Matsuo, Yukio Imaizumi, Mutsumi Maruyama, Koji Omata, and Masayuki Horio. "Effect of Fuel Type on Formation of Agglomerates in a Large Scale Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustor." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-050.

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The paper investigates agglomerate formation in the world biggest pressurized fluidized bed combustor at Karita Power Station, Japan. It was found that significant amount of agglomerates was formed at an increased boiler load bringing about a significant decrease of bed density. The agglomerates had a glassy-like molten surface and consisted of a mixture of ash from char fines and limestone particles. The main components found in the agglomerate cross-section were Ca, Al and Si oxides, all quite uniformly distributed. Agglomerate formation occurred particularly when the unit was fired with a porous Blair Athol coal that was found to produce a porous char. Firing the boiler with other coal (Nanton) that produced less porous char prevented the formation of agglomerates and enabled to maintain stable operation of the combustor. A model was developed to calculate the horizontal distribution of char surface temperature in the PFBC based on a quasi-steady heat balance for a burning char by taking into consideration the distribution of volatiles above fuel feeding nozzles, as well as char porosity. In order to take into consideration the effect of porosity on combustion of a porous char a completely new expression to estimate the reaction rate was proposed. The calculation results indicated that the agglomerates were mainly formed due to the combustion of highly porous Blair Athol chars in the poorly fluidized areas in the bed, where air-to-fuel ratio became larger. The combustion rate of less porous Nanton char was much slower then that of the Blair Athol. Accordingly, combustion temperature of its char was lower bringing about no formation of agglomerates.
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Fennell, P. S., A. N. Hayhurst, J. S. Dennis, S. Kadchha, and H. Y. Lee. "The Kinetics of Oxidation of Chars From Three Different Coals, as Measured in Fluidized Beds." In 18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2005-78073.

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There is substantial disagreement over the order of the reaction between a coal char and O2. This is chiefly because of the difficulties of making good measurements when burning is kinetically controlled; thus heat and mass transfer can often obscure the true kinetics of the reaction. Consequently, a fluidized bed is an attractive reactor in which to measure the rate of this reaction. Chars from three different coals (of high, medium and low ranks) were prepared. The rate of oxidation of a char was measured by adding a small mass (∼ 3 mg) of tiny particles (sieved to 106–150 μm) of the char to a fluidized bed of silica sand (90–126 μm), which was electrically heated to a fixed temperature between 700 and 950°C. The fluidizing gas was a mixture of O2 and N2 at 1 bar; its composition varied between 0 and 100% O2. The concentrations of CO and CO2 were continuously measured in the off-gases from the bed, using i.r. analysers, thus enabling the rate of oxidation of the added batch of char to be measured. Interestingly, it was found necessary to modify the quartz cylinder housing the fluidized bed to prevent backmixing of ambient air into the freeboard. The char particles were sufficiently small that mass transfer to their exteriors did not control the rate of reaction. Furthermore, the rapid rates of heat transfer from the bed to the particles of char ensured that the char burned at the temperature of the bed. Likewise, the mass of added char was small enough for the rate of burning not to be controlled by inter-phase mass transfer. The maximum rate of oxidation was taken to be the initial rate, which could, at least in principle, be correlated with the initial properties of a char, such as its BET area, pore diameters, etc. The char of the low-rank coal burned with kinetics which were zeroth order in O2 and with a negligible activation energy. The other two coals had orders of reaction which were 0.7–0.8 at 700°C, but 0.2–0.25 at 950°C. These orders are discussed in detail.
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Klinghoffer, Naomi, and Marco J. Castaldi. "Deactivation and Energy Analysis of Char Catalysts in Biomass Gasification Systems." In 20th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec20-7036.

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One of the major barriers to gasification is the need for elimination of tars that are generated in thermochemical conversion processes. While metal catalysts can be used for tar decomposition, and cheaper alternative is char. Deactivation of char catalysts has been studied and these deactivation rates have been applied to a model for a gasification system. The calculations and experimental data presented here show that if the char from a gasifier is recycled to a tar reformer then some char deactivation will take place, but the activity will not fall below 40% of its initial activity. The energy penalty for diverting char, a potential heat source, to a catalytic reactor has been accounted for. This was done by comparing the heating value of char to the heating value of syngas generated from reforming tar using the char as a catalyst. At high gasification temperatures, when tar production in the gasifier was low, the char had a higher heating value than the syngas that was produced from tar reforming. At low temperatures, the heating value of the syngas exceeded that of the char combustion, which implies an overall energy benefit.
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Collot, Anne-Gaëlle, Athanasios Megaritis, Alan A. Herod, Denis R. Dugwell, and Raphael Kandiyoti. "Co-Pyrolysis and Co-Gasification of Coal and Biomass in a Pressurized Fixed-Bed Reactor." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-162.

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The co-processing of coal-biomass mixtures under inert and reducing atmospheres has been studied in a bench scale fixed-bed (‘hot-rod’) reactor. The aim was to look for evidence of synergistic effects during the co-gasification of coal and biomass. Total volatile release, tar and char yields from mixtures of Daw Mill coal and Silver Birch wood (alone and in mixtures of 25, 50 and 75 % by weight), have been determined as a function of temperature (850 and 1000 °C) and pressures (up to 25 bar) under He-pyrolysis and CO2-gasification conditions. The total volatile yields of mixtures have been found to match those calculated theoretically from pure coal and biomass values under all conditions attempted, thus suggesting a lack of synergy in the amount of char produced. However, char reactivity measurements in an atmospheric thermogravimetric analyser (isothermal combustion in air at 500 °C) indicate that chars of coal-biomass mixtures have higher combustion reactivities than would be expected from the reactivities of the raw fuels alone. Similarly, the tar yields from mixtures are also somewhat higher than those predicted from the individual contributions of coal and biomass.
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Klinghoffer, Naomi, Marco J. Castaldi, and Ange Nzihou. "Beneficial Use of Ash and Char From Biomass Gasification." In 19th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec19-5421.

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Biomass is likely to be a significant energy resource in the future. A common way to recover energy from biomass is through gasification where synthesis gas is produced; by-products of this process are tar and ash/char. This research investigates the potential to use the ash/char as a catalyst by understanding the properties of char generated under different gasification conditions. Specifically, it is desired to produce a porous char which could be used as a catalyst or as a support for more catalytically active metals. In this work, poplar wood was gasified under CO2, steam, and air at different reaction temperatures. Experiments were done in a fluidized bed reactor at temperatures of 500°C, 750°C and 920°C and char was recovered. BET-surface area measurements showed that gasification under CO2 has the potential to produce char with a higher surface area than char produced from steam gasification. Higher temperature or longer gasification times resulted in the production of a more porous char. TGA experiments showed that gasification under CO2 resulted in a higher mass loss compared to gasification with steam. Gasification with steam/CO2 mixtures yielded a mass loss similar to that of steam only which could be indicative of competitive reactions between steam and CO2. Experiments done in an ESEM allowed for visual observation of the changes in physical properties of the biomass during gasification. With CO2, physical changes were observed at temperatures as low as 400°C whereas physical changes were not observed under steam at this temperature.
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Zhou, Hongcang, Baosheng Jin, Zhaoping Zhong, Rui Xiao, and Yaji Huang. "Profiles and TEQ Concentrations of PAHs Emission From Fluidized Bed Coal Gasification." In 18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2005-78007.

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More growing particular attentions are being paid to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) generated from coal gasification due to their high mutagenic and carcinogenic. Fluidized bed air and steam gasification of three different rank coals were studied in a bench-scale atmospheric fluidized bed test facility. An extraction and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique was used to analyze the concentrations of the 16 PAHs specified by US EPA in raw coal, slag, bag house char, cyclone char and fuel gas. The profiles and TEQ concentrations of PAHs emission from fluidized bed coal gasification were discussed. The results indicated that there were mainly three- and four-ringed PAHs in raw coal and fuel gas, but the total PAHs in bag house char and cyclone char were dominated by three-, four- and five-ringed PAHs. The concentrations of three-ringed PAHs in fuel gas were higher than those of four-ringed PAHs, but a reverse phenomenon occurred in bag house char and cyclone char. No PAHs were measured in slag during coal gasification. The total TEQ concentration of five-ringed PAHs mainly dominated in raw coal, fuel gas, bag house char, and cyclone char, and their percentages were about 75–96% by weight. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) was the main contributor of TEQ concentration in raw coal and gasified products. In addition, the concentration of PAHs in raw coal increased with the rise of coal rank, and there was not an obvious variation about the concentration of PAHs in gasified products.
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Reports on the topic "Char"

1

McCollor, D., P. Sweeny, and S. Benson. Coal/char reactivity. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7129428.

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2

Phillips, J., L. R. Radovic, B. Xia, and J. A. Menendez. OPTIMIZATION OF CHAR FOR NOx REMOVAL. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/796859.

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E.M. Suuberg, I. Kulaots, I Aarna, M. Callejo, and A. Hsu. STUDY OF ACTIVATION OF COAL CHAR. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/875822.

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E.M. Suuberg. STUDY OF ACTIVATION OF COAL CHAR. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/821182.

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E.M. Suuberg. STUDY OF ACTIVATION OF COAL CHAR. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/821183.

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E.M. Suuberg. STUDY OF ACTIVATION OF COAL CHAR. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/821184.

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E.M. Suuberg. STUDY OF ACTIVATION OF COAL CHAR. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/821185.

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Suuberg, E. M. KINETICS AND MECHANISMS OF NOx - CHAR REDUCTION. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/8986.

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Baxter, L. L. Coal char fragmentation during pulverized coal combustion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/86903.

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10

Sarofim, A. F. The role of pore structure on char reactivity. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6735950.

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