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Cariappa, Ajay. "The effects of contract changes on performance of construction projects." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0025/MQ62116.pdf.
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Dahl, Celina. "Odlingarna blir större men alla odlar samma sak för samma företag : En studie kring jordbrukares upplevelse av kontraktsodling och hur det kan påverka strukturen inom jordbruket på Söderslätt i Skåne." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-119314.
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Contract farming is an agreement between a farmer and a firm regarding the agricultural production. Studies have shown that contract farming can influence farmers in different ways. Positive aspects of contract farming is said to be that farmers get access to a bigger market, a secure source of income and valuable assistance from the companies that they have entered into a contract with. Negative aspects are foremost said to be that farmers may loose control over the production and feel that they do not have their independence left. Researchers also argue that contract farming can affect the structure within agriculture, which in many countries is dominated by family farm systems. Some therefore believe that contract farming could play a part in family farm systems changing or disappearing. This study applied a Marxist perspective and aimed to examine farmers and their experience of contract farming and how it might affect the structure within agriculture. An agricultural area in the southern parts of Sweden called Söderslätt was studied. The result showed that contract farming affected the farmers in various ways and that it in some terms can be a cause for changes within the structure of agriculture. Keywords: Söderslätt, contract farming, structural changes, family farm systems.
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Badareen, Nayel A. "Identity and Authority: Changes in the Process of Debates over the Islamic Marriage Contract among Contemporary Muslim Arab Intellectuals." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/332830.
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Throughout Islamic history, Islamic schools of law (madhāhib) enjoyed tremendous authority. In addition, traditional religious institutions that have taught the doctrines of the various Islamic schools of law have also wielded similar authority within the Arab-Muslim states. However, Arab-Muslim intellectuals challenged the authority of these madhāhib both from within the madhāhib and from outside of them. As a result, consensus (ijmā`) reached by past jurists of the madhāhib, has also been challenged in favor of a new type of ijtihād known as collective ijtihād. This new method of ijtihād allows professional women to participate in the process of lawmaking alongside men as reforms are made to Islamic family law. As a consequence of this legal process, the authoritarian method of traditional consensus (ijmā`) has been weakened in favor of more inclusive methods which allow for the creation of laws that are more favorable to women. Over the course of the twentieth century there has been a dynamic and ongoing debate within both traditionalist and reformist circles of Arab-Muslim society regarding the topic of marriage. Muslim conversations regarding the marriage contract demonstrate that the debates over family law in general, and the marriage contract in particular, are complex and challenging. The fact that not all Arab-Muslim intellectuals and muftīs share the same opinion regarding the legal age of marriage for women, the role of the marriage guardian (walī) in marriage, or the right of women to conduct their own marriages, for example, illustrates this point. Even individuals from within the same Islamist party have vastly differing opinions. While some argue for the preservation of the Islamic tradition by the continued restriction of a wife's role in her marriage, others want to grant women broader agency in some aspects of the marriage contract. All intellectuals, traditionalists, Salafis, and reformists, however, draw on past Islamic authority--the Qur'anic text, the Sunna of the Prophet, and past jurists' opinions--in order to legitimize their argument in an effort to preserve the identity of Muslim society and its core foundation, the Muslim family. Chapter one of this dissertation introduces the origins of Muslim jurists' opinions and rulings in Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh). While the chapter outlines the opinions of the majority of jurists regarding the age of puberty (bulūgh) for men and women, the age of financial competency (rushd), and the legal age of marriage, it also illustrates the opinions of minority jurists who reject the marriage of minors outright. Chapter two demonstrates the opinions of numerous Arab-Muslim intellectuals, as well as the codification of some of the Arab-Muslim states' Personal Status Laws (PSLs), and the debates among intellectuals along with the evidence they cite to justify their opinions. Chapters three and four are concerned specifically with debates among Moroccan intellectuals. They also include a discussion of the history of debate over the Moroccan Mudawwana from its initial publication in 1957 through the present day. The chapters discuss the opinions of Moroccan intellectuals regarding some of the Articles of the Mudawwana and show the evidence presented by each side both for and against reforming the Mudawwana. Chapters three and four also present the opinions of intellectuals voiced during personal interviews I conducted in 2013. These interviews show how complex the task of compartmentalizing the various Arab-Muslim intellectuals' opinions may be when seeking to label them either traditionalist or reformist with respect to their views on the rights of women in marriage.
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Obaid, Asfia. "Changes in the pay structures and systems in the banking sector of Pakistan : implications for a differentiated workforce and the employee psychological contract." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/changes-in-the-pay-structures-and-systems-in-the-banking-sector-of-pakistan-implications-for-a-differentiated-workforce-and-the-employee-psychological-contract(e164aa2e-bb36-4d89-849b-b65d59f29fd3).html.
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This thesis analyses the changes in pay structures and systems in the banking sector of Pakistan within a wider organisational setting of changes in multiple HR practices. It examines the outcome of these changes as perceived by different employee workgroups in the milieu of their new set of expectations. The existing literature on pay and its influence on the employee psychological contract is mostly limited to studies in the Anglo-Saxon countries. It fails to adequately highlight the ensuing conflicts of institutionalizing HRM practices which may be considered socially legitimate in western societies, in a South Asian country. While the importance of employee involvement in the design and implementation of pay practices is established in the literature there have been few studies which link the implications of its absence with employee perceptions. Moreover, the limited emphasis on the implications and consequences of applying a differentiated HR architecture within organisations fails to recognize the complex and at times conflicting relationship between different HR practices and the associated impact on multiple employee workgroups. To address these gaps in literature a qualitative case study approach was employed and interviews were conducted with 94 employees and HR managers in six domestic banks in Pakistan. The analysis reveals the policies of deregulation and privatization as the key driver for changes in the pay practice which include a partial shift from seniority to performance based pay systems, adoption of broadband pay structures and discontinuation of defined pension benefits. The other HR practices varied only slightly in design features and were applied inconsistently across the differentiated employee workgroups indicating more investment in some than others and resulting in pronounced conflicts between them. The results suggest that interrogation of outcomes of changes in bundles of HR practices, framed by an organisation’s HR architecture requires a multi-level study which incorporates the perspectives of both the employers and the employees.
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Saleh, Nehad. "En studie av hur entreprenadsumman i ett betongbroprojekt påverkas av ÄTA – arbeten och avvikelse : En fallstudie av 4 broprojekt utförda av Veidekke Entreprenad AB Anläggning Sydväst." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-23404.
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Anläggningsprojekt är idag allt fler på grund av att den infrastruktur som byggdes på mitten på 1900-talet inte längre uppfyller dagens ställda krav. I takt med att större entreprenader utförs idag, krävs även större resurser och bättre samspel mellan beställare och entreprenörer. Entreprenadsumman för ett betongbroprojekt är väldigt stark förknippat med mängden ÄTA–arbeten och avvikelser. ÄTA–arbeten kan gå i olika riktningar, till exempel från underentreprenör mot beställare och tvärtom. I denna studie ligger fokus på entreprenörens ÄTA–arbeten gentemot beställaren och avvikelser som uppstår i produktionen. Syftet med studien är att identifiera de vanligaste ÄTA–arbeten och avvikelser som förekommer i olika betongbroprojekt för att undersöka hur dessa påverkar entreprenadsumman samt hur de i framtiden skall hanteras av entreprenören så att de inte upprepas i kommande projekt. Till en början har en litteraturstudie gjorts för att öka kunskapen kring ämnet. Därefterhar en fallstudie utförts av fyra tidigare betongbroprojekt. Den centrala delen av fallstudien har varit en kvalitativ undersökning, med intervjuer samt en enkätundersökning. Det har hållits 10 intervjuer med olika platschefer, en jurist och en arbetschef, samtidigt har 55 tjänstemän från fallföretaget deltagit i enkätundersökningen. I den kvantitativa delen har en sammanställning gjorts av samtliga ÄTA–arbeten och avvikelser som uppstått i de betongbroprojekt som studerats. Därefter har de ÄTA–arbeten och avvikelser som upprepats i dessa betongbroprojekt identifierats. Studien visar att ÄTA–arbeten oftast uppstår på grund av brister i beställarens förfrågningsunderlag. Geotekniska undersökningar och tekniska lösningar föreskrivna av beställaren är det som vanligen föranleder ÄTA–arbeten. Även entreprenadformen är avgörande för mängd och typ av ÄTA–arbeten. I en utförandentreprenad är det mycket mer likställda ÄTA–arbeten och när det gäller en totalentreprenad är de vanligaste ÄTA–arbetena föreskrivna tilläggs- och ändringsarbeten. Det är sällan lönsamt med många ÄTA–arbeten i betongbroprojekten, däremot ökar det projektensomsättning vilket får ses som positiv. Avvikelser förekommer oftast på grund av dålig planering och kommunikation. Bristfälliga arbetsberedningar och missade kontroller är andra orsaker till att avvikelser förekommer. Det är oftast entreprenörens eget fel attdet uppstår avvikelser. Avvikelserna har då alltid en negativ inverkan på projektetsslutkostnad i och med att kostnaden inte läggs på entreprenadsumman, det vill säga att entreprenören avhjälper avvikelser på egen bekostnad. De vanligaste ÄTA–arbetena förekommer kring brokonstruktionens grundläggning,oftast på grund av att de geotekniska undersökningar som gjorts, har gjorts fel eller inte i tillräcklig omfattning. När det kommer till avvikelser är de vanligast i samband med armeringsarbeten och betonggjutningar. Dyrare avvikelser förekommer men inte i någon större utsträckning. Genom att lägga mer fokus på planering, kommunikation, involvering och upprätta bättre arbetsberedningar kan negativa effekter på entreprenadsumman på grund av ÄTA–arbeten och avvikelser undvikas.Various plant projects are today more common because the infrastructure built in themid-1900s no longer meet today's set requirements. As major contracts are carried out today, greater resources and better interaction between client and contractor are also required. The contract sum for various concrete bridge projects is very strongly associated with the amount of contract changes and deviations. Contract changes can go between different entrepreneurs for example from a subcontractor against the clientand vice versa. In this study the focus is on contract changes from the main entrepreneur towards the client and deviations that occurs in the production. The purpose of the study is to identify the most common contract changes and deviations that occur in different concrete bridge projects to investigate how these affect the contract sum and how they should be handled by the entrepreneur in the future so that they are not repeated in upcoming projects. Initially a literature study has been done to increase knowledge about the subject. Then a case study has been carried out on four previous concrete bridge projects. The central part of the case study has been a qualitative investigation, where interviews have been held and a survey has been conducted. There have been 10 interviews with various site managers, a lawyer, and a supervisor, while 55 officials from the case company have participated in the survey. In the quantitative part, a compilation of contract changes and deviations that has occurred in the concrete bridge projects that was studied has been done. Then the contract changes and deviations that was repeated in all the studied concrete bridge projects has been identified. The study shows that contract changes occur most often because of deficiencies in the clients request documents. Geotechnical investigations and technical solutions prescribed by the client are what usually prompt contract changes. The contract form is also crucial for the amount and type of contract changes. In a contract that is based on AB 04 it is much more preserved contract changes and when it comes to a general contract based on ABT 06, the most common contract changes are prescribed alterations and additional works. It is rarely profitable with many contract changes in concrete bridge projects, yet it increases the revenue of the projects, which may be positive. Deviations occur most often due to poor planning and communication. Inadequate work preparations and missed controls are other reasons for the presence of deviations. It is usually the entrepreneur’s fault that there are a lot of deviations. Deviations always has a negative effect on the project’s final cost since the cost for it is not added to the contract sum, which means that the entrepreneur remedies deviations at their own expense. The most common contract changes occur around the groundwork of the bridge construction, usually because the geotechnical investigations carried out by the client, have been done wrong or not enough. When it comes to deviations the most common are in connection with reinforcement work and concrete castings. More expensive deviations occur but not to a greater extent. By focusing more on planning, communication, involvement and establishing better work preparations, negative effects on the contract sum due to contract changes and deviations can be avoided.
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Eronat, Munib Ali. "Structural Changes In Fresh Fruit And Vegetable Distribution Channels Between 1982-2012 In Turkey With Specific Emphasis On The Ankara Wholesale Market." Thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614153/index.pdf.
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This study intends to examine the changes in the structural relations between the actors of fresh fruit and vegetable distribution process within a time scope of thirty years perspective. In summary the following questions were tried to be answered:
- Who are the actors active in the fresh fruit and vegetable distribution process?
- How these actors transformed within a time scope of thirty years and how they were effected from the changes in overall economic developments and government policies?
- What potentials do these actors have for the future and what are the key areas of development to sustain a winning environment for all parties involved: for producers, distributors and consumers?
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RIPAMONTI, DAVIDE MATTEO. "La disciplina delle variazioni nel contratto di appalto e l'applicabilità analogica dell'istituto della revisione del prezzo." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/259332.
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Il presente elaborato ha ad oggetto la disciplina delle variazioni nel contratto di appalto e l’applicabilità analogica dell’istituto della revisione del prezzo, disciplinato dall’art. 1664 del codice civile. La tesi è strutturata in tre differenti capitoli.
Il primo capitolo è stato interamente dedicato all’analisi degli elementi essenziali del contratto di appalto che apparivano maggiormente connessi all’oggetto della trattazione. Nello specifico, si è dato risalto a tematiche quali la natura commutativa del contratto di appalto e il suo inquadramento nella categoria dei contratti a esecuzione prolungata. È stata inoltre data una primaria rilevanza alla definizione dell’oggetto del contratto di appalto e ai requisiti che questo deve avere affinché sia ottemperato il disposto dell’art. 1346 c.c.
Nel secondo capitolo ci si è concentrati sull’analisi della disciplina delle variazioni nel contratto di appalto prevista agli artt. 1659, 1660 e 1661 del codice civile. Si sono quindi affrontate tutte le principali questioni interpretative relative all’applicazione di tali disposizioni, cercando sempre di qualificare, in termini giuridici, la natura della singola variazione considerata. Tale disamina è stata inoltre compiuta evidenziando come le disposizioni in materia di variazioni, oltre a garantire un’indiscutibile elasticità al contratto di appalto, individuino come obiettivo primario il soddisfacimento dell’interesse del committente, al quale è sempre garantito il controllo sull’esecuzione del contratto.
Nel secondo capitolo è stato altresì analizzato l’art. 1664 del codice civile che, disciplinando l’ipotesi in cui nel corso dell’esecuzione sopraggiungano eventi imprevedibili in grado di incidere sull’onerosità o sulla difficoltà delle prestazioni oggetto di appalto, individua come unico rimedio azionabile l’adeguamento del contratto concluso. Nello specifico, è stato rilevato come tale disposizione costituisca una norma speciale rispetto all’art. 1467 c.c., il quale disciplina l’eccessiva onerosità sopravvenuta della prestazione nei contratti di durata.
Infine, nel terzo capitolo si è rilevato come una delle criticità che la dottrina rileva in relazione alla tematica delle sopravvenienze riguarda l’impossibilità di individuare strumenti manutentivi di portata generale in grado di garantire la conservazione del rapporto contrattuale a fronte di un’eccessiva onerosità sopravvenuta della prestazione; una questione che si pone principalmente in relazione a quei contratti definiti di lunga durata che richiedono per la loro esecuzione, al pari dell’appalto, il compimento di una serie di atti prodromici all’adempimento.
Dopo aver illustrato le critiche mosse nei confronti della modifica secondo equità disciplinata dal terzo comma dall’art. 1467 c.c., sono stati analizzati i limiti delle diverse tipologie di clausole diffuse nella prassi commerciale e impiegate al fine di garantire la conservazione del vincolo contrattuale. Inoltre, sono stati evidenziate le ragioni per cui non risulta neppure sostenibile la possibilità di configurare un obbligo legale di rinegoziazione.
Si sono quindi affrontate, senza alcuna pretesa di completezza, le disposizioni elaborate in materia di eccessiva onerosità sopravvenuta nei principali orientamenti europei e nei sistemi di soft law.
In conclusione, si è accolta la tesi che vede come una possibile soluzione alla necessità di individuare un rimedio manutentivo applicabile ai contratti di lunga durata il ricorso all’applicazione analogica dell’art. 1664 c.c., il quale costituirebbe norma speciale, ma non eccezionale, e quindi non rientrante nel divieto di cui all’art. 14 delle disposizioni sulla legge in generale.This resarch is aimed, on the one hand, to address the many complexties arising from the "changes to the contracts" legal discipline envisioned under articles 1659, 1660 and 1661 of the Italian Civil Code and, on the other hand, to explore whether it is possible to apply by analogy article 1664 of the same Italian Civil Code. More specifically, chapter I provides for a definition of the research field and, precisely, highlights and describes the specific elements of the "procurmement contract" envisioned under article 1655 of the Civil Code. Chapter II focuses on the possibility to amend "procurement contracts" pursuant to articles 1659, 1660 and 1661, as well as on the notion of "unexpected occurences" envisioned under article 1664 of the Italian Civil Code. Finally, chapter III is aimed to demonstrate that article 1664 of the Italian Civil Code may be employed (by analogy) in order to avoid the termination of long-term contract whenever "unexpected occurences" arise during the duration of the contract.
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Lamonica, Maria Gabriella. "Social contract and change : a discussion of Spinoza's contract theory." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424478.
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Introduction Chapter 1 contains an outline of the main positions held by scholars in the debate about Spinoza's social contract theory. I spell out those which are commonly regarded as the main "anomalies" of Spinoza's contractarianism, and those which are regarded as the contractarian aspects of his theory. Ch 2: I present, and argue against Matheron's evolutionary theory, a noncontractarian reading of Spinoza's political works. Matheron claims that the fragile and problematic contract theory that Spinoza holds in the Tractatus Theologico-Politicus is deeply revised and substantially abandoned in Spinoza's last work, the Tractatus Politicus. He also shows that we can deduce the details of Spinoza's political position from his metaphysical determinism. I try to show the limitations of Matheron's reading of Spinoza's TP, especially in regard of the notions of individual advantage and social/political conflict. Ch 3: I give an exposition of the "conceptual model of natural law theory", which Bobbio offers in highlighting the similarities of different contract theorists. I discuss Bobbio's contractarian reading of Spinoza's work, with special regard to the issue of the natural law theory. Ch 4: I offer my own reading of Spinoza's text, by exploring how the fundamental notions of Spinoza's theory interplay in the construction of an accomplished social contract theory. Ch 5: I show how Spinoza accommodates the notions of social contract and political change, in this way solving some traditional problems of the contract theory, Ch 6: I briefly discuss the relation between the Tractatus Politicus and Spinoza's earlier works. Ch 7: I contrast Spinoza's social contract theory to that of Hobbes. Spinoza's criticism seems directed against some precise aspects of Hobbes's theory rather than against the contract theory in general. I also discuss certain implications of Spinoza's contractarian approach. Conclusion 2
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Hutchison, Andrew. "Fundamental change of circumstances in contract law." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11569.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references (p. 246-263).
Parties to a contract base their consensus on the facts known to them at the time of contracting - should there be an unforeseen change in these circumstances, it may no longer be just for one party to enforce the agreement against the other. Because the losses and gains consequent upon a change in circumstances occur by chance, it is not fair to place the resultant burden on one party alone.
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Bankins, Sarah Maria. "Investigating the dynamics of the psychological contract : how and why individuals' contract beliefs change." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/53135/1/__qut.edu.au_Documents_StaffHome_StaffGroupH%24_halla_Desktop_Sarah_Bankins_Thesis.pdf.
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The overall objective of this thesis is to explore how and why the content of individuals' psychological contracts changes over time. The contract is generally understood as "individual beliefs, shaped by the organisation, regarding the terms of an exchange agreement between individuals and their organisation" (Rousseau, 1995, p. 9). With an overall study sampling frame of 320 graduate organisational newcomers, a mixed method longitudinal research design comprised of three sequential, inter-related studies is employed in order to capture the change process.
From the 15 semi-structured interviews conducted in Study 1, the key findings included identifying a relatively high degree of mutuality between employees' and their managers' reciprocal contract beliefs around the time of organisational entry. Also, at this time, individuals had developed specific components of their contract content through a mix of social network information (regarding broader employment expectations) and perceptions of various elements of their particular organisation's reputation (for more firm-specific expectations).
Study 2 utilised a four-wave survey approach (available to the full sampling frame) over the 14 months following organisational entry to explore the 'shape' of individuals' contract change trajectories and the role of four theorised change predictors in driving these trajectories. The predictors represented an organisational-level informational cue (perceptions of corporate reputation), a dyadic-level informational cue (perceptions of manager-employee relationship quality) and two individual difference variables (affect and hardiness). Through the use of individual growth modelling, the findings showed differences in the general change patterns across contract content components of perceived employer (exhibiting generally quadratic change patterns) and employee (exhibiting generally no-change patterns) obligations. Further, individuals differentially used the predictor variables to construct beliefs about specific contract content. While both organisational- and dyadic-level cues were focused upon to construct employer obligation beliefs, organisational-level cues and individual difference variables were focused upon to construct employee obligation beliefs.
Through undertaking 26 semi-structured interviews, Study 3 focused upon gaining a richer understanding of why participants' contracts changed, or otherwise, over the study period, with a particular focus upon the roles of breach and violation. Breach refers to an employee's perception that an employer obligation has not been met and violation refers to the negative and affective employee reactions which may ensue following a breach. The main contribution of these findings was identifying that subsequent to a breach or violation event a range of 'remediation effects' could be activated by employees which, depending upon their effectiveness, served to instigate either breach or contract repair or both. These effects mostly instigated broader contract repair and were generally cognitive strategies enacted by an individual to re-evaluate the breach situation and re-focus upon other positive aspects of the employment relationship. As such, the findings offered new evidence for a clear distinction between remedial effects which serve to only repair the breach (and thus the contract) and effects which only repair the contract more broadly; however, when effective, both resulted in individuals again viewing their employment relationships positively.
Overall, in response to the overarching research question of this thesis, how and why individuals' psychological contract beliefs change, individuals do indeed draw upon various information sources, particularly at the organisational-level, as cues or guides in shaping their contract content. Further, the 'shapes' of the changes in beliefs about employer and employee obligations generally follow different, and not necessarily linear, trajectories over time. Finally, both breach and violation and also remedial actions, which address these occurrences either by remedying the breach itself (and thus the contract) or the contract only, play central roles in guiding individuals' contract changes to greater or lesser degrees. The findings from the thesis provide both academics and practitioners with greater insights into how employees construct their contract beliefs over time, the salient informational cues used to do this and how the effects of breach and violation can be mitigated through creating an environment which facilitates the use of effective remediation strategies.
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Thompson, Roxene Marie. "An Investigation of Change to Key Provisions in the AIA A201 and its Impact on Perceptions of the Value-added Benefit of the Design Professional during Construction." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26148.
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The general conditions of contract play a very important role in the dynamics of the construction phase. The general conditions of contract outline the roles, rights, and obligations of the contracting parties during the construction phase of a project. The American Institute of Architects General Conditions of Contract for Construction (AIA A201) is considered the most widely used standard form of contracts in the U.S. construction industry. Standard contracts, like AIA A201, are being periodically revised and are becoming more cumbersome over time. The purpose and expectations of the revisions of the contract are not always clearly defined in literature or in practice. Changes to the general conditions have been made, which do not advance the performance goals for a successful project, but rather react to negative experiences. Oftentimes, there are conflicts between the partiesâ interpretation of the general conditions and between the required administrative practices obligatory by the general conditions during the construction phase, thus impacting the contractual relationships between owners, architect/design professionals, and general contractors. The increasing complexity and size of projects, the multiple-contract interfaces, and the changing times have transformed construction practices and contractual relationships. No longer simply following the lead of the AIA, owners seem to be questioning the value of the design professional, and the tone and path of the AIA A201. The three-phase methodology of this dissertation research set out to advance the understanding of change in the AIA A201 and the impact change has had on the value-added benefit of the design professional during the construction phase and contract administration on a project. The results of this research revealed the following primary conclusions: changes to various provisions pertaining to the key provisions have resulted in the Architect assuming less responsibility during the construction phase of a project; changes to the AIA A201 provision concerning the key provisions have not increased the value of the Architectâ s performance of contract administration services during the construction phase of a project; with regard to the key provisions, Owners or Ownersâ representatives perceive the value of the Architectâ s contract administration services during construction have decreased in recent years. In Phase I, this research identified the key contract provisions, which influence the function of the design professional performed in contract administration during construction. This investigation identified that change exists in key provisions over time and that change may have an influence on the function performed by the design professional during construction and contract administration. Subsequently, in Phase II, this research investigated the effect that change has had on the function performed by the design professional. The respective substantive changes to each provision that may have had a material effect on the function of the design professional were identified and these key provisions were thus studied further. Then, whether or not changes made to key provisions of AIA A201 have had a material effect on the function performed by the architect/design professional during the construction phase and contract administration was examined in Phase III. Ultimately, the research led to an enhanced knowledge of the owner-perceived value-added benefit by the design professional during the construction phase of a project. The practical use of the AIA A201 and its future editions has an influence on improved performance and better working relationships, which ultimately leads to improved constructed projects. The conclusions to this research study have demonstrated that changes made to key provisions of AIA A201 from 1951 to 1997 have diminished the role of the architect. Changes to key provisions have had a material effect on the construction phase, contract administration, and the function performed by the architect/design professional during the construction phase of a project. Before one can make effective changes to improve contractual and working relationships, the change must be identified for the purpose of supporting the industryâ s efforts to reduce adversarial relations, balance risk, and control schedule and cost, impact the contractual relationships and the value-added benefit of the contractual parties. This dissertation research successfully provided an understanding of the process used and the impact of change in the general conditions of contracts. As such, the knowledge gained from this research illuminated the necessary considerations of change and its impacts on the future development of contracts and their revisions in efforts to create better documents, not to just create bigger documents.Ph. D.
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Aghamohammadi, Parisa. "THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF CONTRACT CHANGE IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/192172.
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Namdar, Zangeneh Mohammad. "An analysis of petroleum contract renegotiation under changed circumstances." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2016. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/46262581-39f5-4856-8d36-51c527d54dcd.
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Renegotiation is an integral feature of upstream petroleum contracts, given their vulnerability to unforeseen supervening events. The underlying assumptions or expectations upon which the parties enter into contracts change over time due to the special character of these agreements. In petroleum contracts, the conflicting interests of the parties are a major source of instability. While the investor is understandably concerned about the stability of its investment in order to recover its costs and attain a minimum rate of return, the State, as a sovereign entity with the public interest on top of its agenda, prefers contractual flexibility and seeks economic development through the investment. The need for renegotiation of petroleum contracts derives from the necessity of introducing flexibility into petroleum agreements, while maintaining contractual stability. The principles of pacta sunt servanda and rebus sic stantibus are at the heart of any discussion of contractual adjustment. While the importance of the sanctity of the contract always has to be underlined, yet the rigid insistence on the contractual stability in the field of upstream petroleum agreements may lead to explosive reactions by the host State. Therefore, renegotiation of such contracts subsequent to change of circumstances resulting in a breach of the parties’ legitimate expectations is essential if the contract is to survive the turbulent times of the future. Many, if not the majority of petroleum contracts, do not seem to contain contractual adjustment provisions, mostly because the investor is fearful that those clauses will be used as a lever by the State party to impose unilateral changes in the investment’s underlying circumstances. However, even in the absence of adjustment mechanisms in the agreement, the petroleum industry practice has shown that renegotiation is still happening outside the parties’ express will. Renegotiation outside the contract, however, may impose the contract to high risk of instability, and therefore, must be qualified. While the necessity of renegotiation of petroleum contracts has been highlighted in this dissertation, it is argued that renegotiation practices outside the contract will be effectively qualified through establishing or finding a duty to renegotiate by recourse to the general principles of law. Finding an implicit or inherent obligation to renegotiate petroleum contracts based on the general principles of law will keep the rights and obligations of the contracting parties, as set out in the contract, consistent with the economic interests of the parties throughout the duration of the contract. Although the principle of protection of legitimate expectations may well be perceived as a source for an inherent or implied renegotiation duty in the field of petroleum contracts, but major municipal laws in the world seem to still adhere to the principle of the sanctity of contracts and narrowly interpret and apply the principle of rebus sic stantibus. That is because the approaches of the prominent national legal systems in the world have been influenced by the rules originally designed to govern contractual relationships between parties with equal bargaining powers in purely private and commercial contracts. This will lead to the conclusion that inserting contractual adjustment clauses in petroleum contracts may be the best way for the parties to ensure contractual adjustment(s) during the performance of the contract in the event that change of circumstances will lead to disturbance of economic equilibrium of the contract.
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Grey, C. P. "Changes in contrast sensitivity during soft contact lens wear." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376712.
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Moser, James T. Jr. "Pricing futures contracts : restrictions on trading-day price changes." The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1262630654.
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Moser, James T. "Pricing futures contracts : restrictions on trading-day price changes /." The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487323583619875.
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Lim, Heonkyo. "A proposal to change Korean DoD regulations for contract types." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1994. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA293072.
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Thesis (M.S. in Management) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1994.Thesis advisor(s): Mark W. Stone, Rebecca J. Adams. "December 1994." Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.
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Kantur, Habil, and Charles Bamuleseyo. "How smart contracts can change the insurance industry : Benefits and challenges of using Blockchain technology." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Informatik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-39899.
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The world is becoming more and more digitized. Recently many industries have started to research the blockchain technology and particularly smart contracts. One industry that so far has not adopted new technology in the same pace as other industries, is the insurance industry so this interview study aims at finding opportunities and challenges for insurance companies that want to learn about smart contracts and its use cases.By doing a literature review and performing interviews with blockchain experts and insurance company employees, this study found that both IT companies working with smart contracts and the insurance companies have limited knowledge of the legal aspect of smart contracts. The lack of standards and regulations allows IT companies to freely create smart contracts without much quality control. The insurance companies must innovate themselves in order to not be disrupted. The blockchain technology will offer many new insurance types and if the insurance industry fails to adopt the blockchain technology they may face market disruption.There is much room for future research following this study. It would be beneficial to research how contract theory could be used in practice during the creation of legally binding smart contracts. Furthermore, research around fraud prevention in smart contracts would be interesting as would an in-depth exploration of the ecosystem of third party software and services around smart contracts.
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Hadinger, Kyle. "Phase-Change Contrast Agents for Targeting and Delivery." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/613381.
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Phase-change contrast agents (PCCAs) are an innovative form of imaging agent with practical applications in both the research and clinical settings. PCCAs are derived from gaseous microbubbles, which are able to act as targeted-contrast agents through conjugation of a ligand that is selective for an overexpressed receptor or biomarker in a given disease. Gaseous microbubbles can be condensed to liquid phase nanodroplets, which should be sufficiently small to extravasate into cells and/or tissues given their size and stability. Once liquid nanodroplets have internalized within a given tissue, they can be "activated" back into gaseous microbubbles with ultrasound at clinically used frequencies and energy outputs. This is purposeful as microbubbles provide much greater ultrasound reflectivity than nanodroplets. In this study, PCCAs and/or microbubbles act as a targeting agent in multiple scenarios. The projects in this study include- examination of binding and internalization of targeted PCCAs with different gaseous cores within MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, vaporization of liquid phase nanodroplets through application of acoustic energy via focused ultrasound (FUS), and targeting vulnerable plaque in the heart with different types of targeted microbubbles under varying shear-stresses.
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Seppänen, Veikko. "Competence change in contract R & D : analysis of project nets /." Espoo [Finland] : Technical Research Centre of Finland, 2000. http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/publications/2000/P418.pdf.
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Almeida, Diego Benincasa Fernandes Cavalcanti de. "Characterization of changes in web services contracts based on repository mining." Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), 2017. http://urlib.net/sid.inpe.br/mtc-m21b/2017/03.20.19.58.
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During a software system life cycle, project modifications occur for different reasons, either for natural evolution or requirements readjustment. Regarding web services, communication contracts modifications are equally common, which induce the need for adaptation in every system node, from the service consumers to the providers. More significant those changes are, greater the efforts required for this adjustment. To help reducing the contracts changing impact over software source code, easyto-adapt systems can be designed in order to minimize the application remodeling effort. However, to make this approach possible, it is necessary to understand how those contract changes occur, analyzing the most common modification types and how often they happen. In this sense, this dissertation undertakes an evaluation of the change history of different open-source projects whose web service contracts are defined using documents in Web Service Description Language (WSDL) format. Using software repository mining with MetricMiner tool, the behavior of four modification types (addition, removal, relocation and refactoring) that occur to four XML element types (xs:element, xs:attribute, xs:complexType and xs:import) of contracts schemas was analyzed, in a universe of 139 projects whose source-codes are hosted at GitHub. As a result of this study, conclusions were that modifications of types addition and removal were more frequent than the others and take place in about 20\% of verified revisions, and that a great amount of commits the act of recording file changings to the repository and creating a new file revision are related to a small number of changings in contracts. Such results indicate that modifications tend to be spread in many revisions and that a significant amount of changes are related to inclusion or exclusion of exchanged information in contracts. Conclusions obtained serve as input to the planning of new web services and to the maintenance of existing ones, giving important knowledge about services evolution which helps reducing or even avoiding excessive adaptation effort of both clients and provides with the natural evolution of contracts.Durante o ciclo de vida de um sistema computacional, modificações no projeto ocorrem por diferentes motivos, quer sejam por necessidade de evolução ou para readequação aos requisitos. No que diz respeito a serviços web, modificações nos contratos de comunicação são igualmente comuns, o que causa a necessidade de adaptação de todos os agentes do sistema, desde os consumidores até os provedores dos serviços. Quanto mais significativas forem tais mudanças, maior será o esforço necessário para o ajuste. Para reduzir o impacto das alterações dos contratos sobre o código-fonte das aplicações, sistemas mais adaptáveis podem ser desenvolvidos de modo a minimizar o esforço de remodelagem da aplicação à nova versão do contrato. Contudo, para que tal abordagem seja possível, é necessário entender como tais mudanças em contratos ocorrem, analisando os tipos mais comuns de alterações e a frequência com que acontecem. Neste sentido, esta dissertação realiza uma avaliação do histórico de mudanças de diferentes projetos cujos contratos de serviços web são definidos por meio de documentos em formato Web Service Description Language (WSDL). Utilizando mineração de repositório com a ferramenta MetricMiner, foi analisado o comportamento de quatro tipos de modificações (adição, remoção, realocação e refatoração) que ocorrem em quatro tipos de elementos XML (xs:element, xs:attribute, xs:complexType e xs:import) dos esquemas dos contratos, num universo de 139 projetos cujos códigosfonte estão hospedados no GitHub. Como resultado deste estudo, concluiu-se que modificações dos tipos adição e remoção são bem mais frequentes que as outras e que ocorrem em cerca de 20% das revisões verificadas, além de que grande parte dos commits ato de gravar no repositório alterações em arquivos, criando novas revisões dos mesmos estão relacionados a poucas alterações dos contratos. Os resultados indicam que as modificações tendem a se espalhar por várias revisões e que parcela significante de mudanças está relacionada com inclusão ou exclusão de informações trafegadas em contratos. As conclusões obtidas servem de insumo ao planejamento de novos serviços web e de manutenção dos já existentes, fornecendo conhecimento importante sobre a evolução dos serviços que auxilia a reduzir ou mesmo evitar esforço demasiado de adaptação tanto de clientes quando de provedores quando da natural evolução dos contratos.
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Wanat, Robert. "Changes in colour and contrast perception between day and night vision." Thesis, Bangor University, 2015. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/changes-in-colour-and-contrast-perception-between-day-and-night-vision(b8ad83a0-f0fb-4442-97c7-16fe06e8dadb).html.
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Liu, Xingchu. "Supply chain contract design in supplier- versus buyer-driven channels." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3964.
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In the context of supply contract design, the more powerful party has the lib-
erty of withholding private information which also improves its bargaining power.
Traditionally, the supplier (e.g., manufacturer) has been more powerful, and, hence,
the existing literature in the area emphasizes supplier-driven contracts. However, in
some current markets, such as the grocery channel, the bargaining power has shifted
to the buyer (e.g., retailer). For example, in the United States, large retailers, such
as Wal-Mart, exert tremendous market power over their suppliers. Also, with the
advent of the Internet, buyers have gained access to much more information about
multiple potential suppliers. Hence, this dissertation takes into account the recent
trends in power shifting between suppliers and buyers, and it attempts to provide a
comparison of optimal supply contract designs in supplier- versus buyer-driven chan-
nels. This research is unique in that we explore the impact of both power shifting
and information asymmetry while designing optimal supply chain contracts under
supply uncertainty and competition. Placing an emphasis on the cases of stochastic
and/or price-sensitive demand, we work on several novel problems in stochastic mod-
eling, nonlinear and dynamic optimization, and game theory. Hence, this research
has roots in applied probability, optimization, inventory theory, game theory, and eco-
nomics. The goal is to advance our practical knowledge of designing implementable
contracts because such knowledge is crucial for optimizing supply chain performance in the real world. This dissertation provides insights about
* the individual and joint impacts of the power structure and information asym-
metry on supply chain performance,
* the value of information for contract design in supplier- versus buyer-driven
channels,
* the impact of supply uncertainty and supplier competition on contract design
in supplier- versus buyer-driven channels.
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Bautista, Romeo O. Ward Carl R. "Analysis of contract management processes at Fleet & Industrial Supply Centers (FISC) worldwide." Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/MBAPR/2009/Jun/09Jun%5FBautista%5FMBA.pdf.
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"Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration from the Naval Postgraduate School, June 2009."Advisor(s): Rendon, Rene G. ; Yoder, Cory. "June 2009." "MBA professional report"--Cover. Description based on title screen as viewed on July 13, 2009. Author(s) subject terms: FISC, Contracting, Contract Management Maturity Model, COMFISCS, NAVSUP Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-89). Also available in print.
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Ng, Chi-wai Vincent. "Managing power, conflict and change : an analytical model for construction contract procurement /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36845334.
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Broome, Jonathan Charles. "The effect of the new engineering contract on the management of change." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.492731.
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Ng, Chi-wai Vincent, and 伍志偉. "Managing power, conflict and change: an analytical model for construction contract procurement." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45015594.
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Lenoble, Quentin. "Etude psychophysique des systèmes visuels magnocellulaire et parvocellulaire dans le vieillissement normal et proposition de réhabilitation des déficits : une approche en neuropsychologie cognitive." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR21829/document.
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Cette thèse avait pour principal objectif d’étudier la dissociation du système magnocellulaire et parvocellulaire en testant l’évolution de ces systèmes dans le vieillissement normal et la réhabilitation à l’aide de lunettes à filtre jaune. Pour cela deux paradigmes expérimentaux dont les caractéristiques des stimuli permettaient de biaiser le traitement visuel vers l’un ou l’autre des deux systèmes et dont les tâches impliquaient un niveau de traitement cognitif plus ou moins élaboré ont été utilisés. A l’aide d’une tâche de discrimination de luminance, les travaux ont mis en évidence l’apparition d’un déficit parvocellulaire massif dans le vieillissement ainsi qu’un déficit magnocellulaire de moindre ampleur au début du vieillissement mais qui s’accentuait rapidement au-delà de 75 ans. Dans une tâche de catégorisation d’objets, la présence du déficit magnocellulaire avec l’âge et le grand âge a été corroborée mais aucune répercussion du déficit parvocellulaire mis en évidence à un niveau de traitement plus précoce n’a été observée dans cette tâche. Concernant la réhabilitation, seul le groupe de participants très âgé (>75 ans) a vu ses performances améliorées par le filtre jaune dans la condition impliquant spécifiquement le système magnocellulaire à l’épreuve de discrimination de luminance. Dans l’épreuve de catégorisation, les deux groupes de participants âgés et très âgés ont montré une diminution significative de leur temps de réponse avec le filtre jaune accompagnée d’une amélioration de la précision de catégorisation pour le groupe très âgé, spécifiquement dans la condition mettant en jeu le système magnocellulaire.L’ensemble des résultats confirment donc la dissociation neuropsychologique entre système magnocellulaire et parvocellulaire : ils peuvent être sollicités de façon privilégiée chez l’adulte jeune en faisant varier à la fois plusieurs caractéristiques de la stimulation et la tâche ; ils ne vieillissent pas au même rythme et l’un d’entre eux peut être spécifiquement réhabilitéThe thesis aimed at studying the dissociation between the magnocellular and the parvocellular system by testing their evolution in normal aging and their rehabilitation with yellow filter glasses. Two experimental paradigms whose specific stimuli characteristics and task allow to bias visual processing toward one or the other system and which involved a low or an elaborated cognitive processing were used.In a luminance discrimination task, the results showed a massive parvocellular and a lower magnocellular deficit at the beginning of aging, but the magnocellular deficit increased rapidly beyond 75 years old. In an object categorization task, the presence of magnocellular deficit with age and very old age was corroborated but there was no parvocellular deficit suggesting that the parvocellular deficit found at earlier stage of processing had no consequence for higher-level processes.Regarding rehabilitation, yellow filter improved sensitivity in the discrimination of luminance specifically in the condition involving the magnocellular system and for the very old group of participants (> 75 years old) only. In the categorization task, yellow filter significantly decreased response time specifically in the condition isolating the magnocellular system for both old groups and increased the accuracy for the very-old group.Taken together, the results confirm the dissociation between the magnocellular and parvocellular systems. Magnocellular system undergoes age-related changes at later stage of ageing than parvocellular system and it could be rehabilitated with yellow filter
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Van, Ruitenbeek D. S. "Psychological contracts in transition : a longitudinal study of psychological contracts during a period of transformational organisational change." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488366.
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The aim of the research presented in this thesis was to explore the impact of transformational organisational change on the psychological contracts of a group of 101 managers working in a single UK public sector organisation. The research comprised a three stage, longitudinal study, undertaken over a period of two years. The research findings suggested that the group of public sector managers in the sample shared a" core psychological contract", which was still essentially relational in nature and stable over time. No significant differences were found in the type of psychological contracts held by different categories of employee. The fulfilment of the "core psychological contract" was found to be positively associated with self-rated performance, appraisal ratings, job satisfaction and affective and normative commitment, and negatively associated with continuance commitment and intention to quit. This relationship between contract fulfilment and work- related attitudes and behaviours was found to be relatively stable over time. Psychological contract fulfilment was found to positively predict job satisfaction, organisational commitment and appraisal ratings. Job satisfaction was found to positively predict self-rated performance and affective commitment and normative commitment. Job satisfaction was also found to negatively predict intention to quit scores. This suggests that psychological contract fulfilment may have a more direct relationship with work related attitudes than with work related behaviours. The research findings suggest that transformational organisational change has significantly threatened the key elements of the "core psychological contract" however. The managers in the sample reported a high level of dissatisfaction with the "current deaf', as they perceive a significant "mismatch" in "wants" and "offers" in the current psychological contract between the organisation and its employees. Fifty nine percent of the sample, reported examples of psychological contract violation. Those reporting contract violation report lower appraisal ratings and job satisfaction, and affective and normative commitment scores and higher continuance commitment and intention to quit scores than those not reporting violations. The, longitudinal research findings suggest a clear causal relationship between the experience of contract violation, a decline in perceived contract fulfilment and a higher intention to quit. They also suggest that if contract violation is repeated over time, this may lead to a further deterioration in performance, job satisfaction and commitment and a significantly higher intention to quit. If no further violations are experienced however, performance, job satisfaction and organisational commitment appear to begin to recover. The research findings suggest that it may be possible for the organisation to negotiate a `new deaf' (a more realistic psychological contract) with its employees. This will involve "re-balancing" the contract to achieve better balance between the "wants" and offers" of each party. The research findings suggest that the process of agreeing and implementing the "new deaf' will involve the full commitment and involvement of Top management, HRM staff, line managers and employees if it is to be successful.
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Manuel, Joslyn. "Change, restructuring and transformation of Metro District Health Service." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4505.
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Magister Psychologiae - MPsychThe phenomenon of change has been the subject of debate for decades. Whether the change was planned or as the result of a catastrophic event, change affects nations, people, businesses, the economy and the environment. Typical changes in businesses are mergers, restructuring, transformations and retrenchments. Consequently, to this contentious phenomenon, change has been the subject of research by social scientists, behavioural theorists and analysts. Their collective endeavours have provided the world with a wealth of scientific knowledge. The Metro District Health Services in the Western Cape have undergone major restructuring and transformation. It is with this premise the question is posed, are change agents, leaders, and employees sufficiently empowered to mitigate the challenges and appease the expectations associated with restructuring, transformation and change?Supporting and contextualizing the study to the existing body of knowledge, previous research is reflected upon in an attempt to add value to future change initiatives. The reflections include different perspectives of change management, the multifaceted and evolutionary nature of change. The theoretical framework underpinnings of organisational development and transformation were also explored. One point of departure was to establish what is needed to ensure organisational success and describes activities, action plans and strategies, which modifies the organisational structures. The suggested methodologies, dimensions, variables influencing or enabling transformation formed the baseline for this study, with the emphasis placed on models of change, communication, theories of success formulae for organisational change, competencies of change agents, behaviour and attitudes of all stakeholders. Circumventing the purpose and contextualizing the baseline for this research, the survivor syndrome was explored and the dimensions of different change elements offered value to this study. The intent of the restructuring and transformation initiative, was to strengthen the Metro District Health Services by decentralizing Primary Health Care Services. Selected employees were tasked as change agents to facilitate the process and were simultaneously directly impacted by the process. The objective of this study is to explore and understand the effects of change on selected employees functioning at different levels within the Metro District Health Services during restructuring and transformation of the provisioning of healthcare services. In determining the effects the variables explored were their attitude towards change, their commitment to the organisation, the barriers and challenges encountered with the implementation of the process.The selected participants were part of an intensive restructuring and transformation process. The sample chosen from the population of 350 employees at the regional office of the Metro District Health Service and was representative of the greater population. The sample includes selected managers and employees at different hierarchal levels ranging from salary levels five to fourteen. Ensuring representativeness the different departments were used as strata and within each department a random sampling method was used to select respondents. Support was provided to explain that stratified sampling is a procedure of selecting a probability sample where a heterogeneous population is first divided into subgroups (known as strata) on the sampling frame, and simple random samples are drawn from each stratum. The research methodology was a combination of qualitative and quantitative research design. A questionnaire was distributed consisting of three sections, Section A Biographical Information, Section B Structured Interview (10 participants), Senior Managers were approached to conduct the structured face to face interviews asking open ended questions and Section C Survey Questionnaire was completed by the rest of the sample group by indicating on a likert scale their agreement or disagreement with the statements. The questionnaires have been demonstrated to be psychometrically sound in that their reliability and validity have been reported on and supported in previous studies. The analysis of the raw data involved statistical computations using Statistical Package for Social Science called Moonstats© and Thematic Content Analysis for the interpretation of the qualitative data. The limitations of the study are discussed as well as recommendations for future change initiatives and future research projects on the subject.
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Witte, Scott. "The Structure of Major League Baseball Contracts: A Proposed Change." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/790.
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Major League Baseball has developed into an extremely lucrative business, and players are earning more money now than ever. However, the structure of their player contracts may not be built in the most effective way. It’s possible that there are a number of variables that are not being maximized with regards to player performance and psychological well-being. This study aims to measure the benefits and negative outcomes of the current system, as well as propose an alternative structure for player contracts. This study predicts that player performance is not being maximized and will propose specific changes for an alternative contract structure. Analysis of player statistics as well review of previous research will be done. Overall, this study found that there is possible room for improvement with regards to the current contract structure in Major League Baseball. Evidence seems to indicate that player performance and team performance should theoretically be able to be improved upon.
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Cordero-Salas, Paula. "Essays in Contract Design under Incomplete Enforcement: Theory and Experiments." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306500896.
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Sharpe, Annette. "Organisation change and the psychological contract : the rhetoric of employability, the potential reality of reciprocal brutalism." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/4084.
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Baldursson, Eirikur. "The elusive frontier : on the emergence and change of a science-society contract /." Göteborg : Göteborg university, Department of theory of science and research, 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb369720162.
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Erikson, Gustaf. "Contract farming and organic rice production in Laos : a transformation analysis." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-15657.
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As in many least developed countries the farmers in Laos are heavily dependent on subsistence based agriculture production for their livelihood. A key for increased welfare for the rural population inLaosis to increase their profits of small scale farmers and generate a higher income per capita. One possible way to increase the profits and income for smallholder farmers may be to convert in to organic rice production for the export market, since the international market for organic rice is growing, consumers are prepared to pay a premium prise for organic products and conditions for organic rice production are favourable in Laos. Organic rice farming has grown in Laos during the last decade as greater volumes of organic rice are produced and exported. Organic rice is mainly produced by smallholders in donor projects or by contract farmers supplying contract farming companies. In this thesis I try to determine the causes behind this structural transformation by incorporating evolutionary economic theory (Schumpeter, 1911; Dahmén, 1950 and Marmefelt, 1998) which focuses on entrepreneurial innovations and creditors as the basis for changes in the economy. By performing a Dahménian transformation analysis of the transition from conventional- to organic rice production within the development block around rice production in Laos, I try to determine the transformation pressure causing the transformation to take place. Emphasis is in particular given to the role of contract farming in this process. I investigate to what extent the contract farming firm can be regarded as a Schumpeterian banker, a concept introduced by Marmefelt (1998), that can coordinate the development block around rice production by providing credits to the entrepreneurs within the development block. The analysis shows that two types of transformation pressures are likely to have caused the farmers to convert to organic rice production. First of all it is likely that the relatively higher price paid for organic rice (42 percent higher than conventional rice) has convinced farmers to make the transition. This type of transformation pressure can be seen as a market pull type, as it originates from an increased demand in the international market, which in turn increases the relative price for the product. The analysis further shows that a production method innovation had taken place by the introduction of new inputs, made available by the contract farming firm. This has led to an increased productivity which, combined with the premium price, generated higher profits for the organic contract farmers. The production method innovation can be seen as a market push type of transformation pressure originating from the supply side. In this thesis I argue that it is unlikely that the transformation would have occurred without the involvement of the contract farming firm. On their own, farmers did neither have the means to grow the organic rice, nor the proper market channels to process and sell the organic rice on the international market. I argue that the contract farming firm’s ability to facilitate price signal information from the international market to farmers, provide access to the new market thru market links, and provide credits for new inputs as well as technical assistance essentially made the transition to organic rice possible. However the analysis also shows that the contract farming firm had a limited ability to fulfil its role as a coordinator in the evolvement of the organic rice production, in terms of a Schumpeterian banker, because of limited abilities to solve bottlenecks in the value chain. The reason for this is mainly limited financial resources to finance complementary investments in other parts of the development block.
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Karjalainen, Petra, and Jonna Tyynelä. "Downsizing Survivors and their Post-Era Behavior." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-30342.
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The interest towards managing structural change successfully through downsizing activities has increased as a result of globalization and the recent economic, technological and demographic changes occurring across Europe. As a result of downsizing activities companies often break a Psychological Contract that an employee has established with the organization when starting the employment contract. This results in employees experiencing negative feelings, lack of motivation, inability to re-motivate oneself after the downsizings and uncertainty about one’s future within the organization. If an employee is unable to rebuild the psychological contract, one might decide to resign from the organization as a consequence. Since employees are companies most valuable asset for companies and the key asset to remain competitive, companies should focus on preventing the violation of the psychological contract. The purpose of this study is to understand why some downsizing survivors decide to voluntarily resign during the post-downsizing era. A collective case study was conducted in a form of interviews from two cases. The results from the primary and secondary data illustrated that employees who are unable to rebuild the psychological contract are more likely to voluntarily resign.
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Patrignani, Jeffery Orazio. "Impact of Federal Acquisition Regulation Change on Contractor Misconduct." ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/161.
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The Project on Government Oversight listed 632 reported acts of government contractor misconduct since 2007 that resulted in settlements or fines totaling $41.95 billion in the government contracting industry. Government contracting officials changed the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) in 2009 to reduce acts of misconduct. The purpose of this causal-comparative study was to discover if the change to the FAR in 2009 significantly reduced the rate of reported contractor misconduct and to investigate the impact of the change on government contractor ethics business processes. Deterrence theory guided this study of how the change to the FAR in 2009 impacted the rate of reported government contractor misconduct (dependent variable) and government contractor ethics business processes (dependent variable). Data were collected on the top 100 government contractors over 2 separate 3-year time periods (independent variable), 2006 through 2008 and 2010 through 2012, before and after the change to the FAR. Data extracted from official government databases and government oversight organizations included annual contract awards (n = 600), contractor misconduct reports (n = 600), and contractor ethics business process records (n = 600). A Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks test resulted in 2 findings. First, the rate of reported government contractor misconduct was not significantly reduced by the change to the FAR in 2009, z = -0.949, p = .34, r = -.072. Second, government contractor ethics business processes were significantly impacted by the change to the FAR in 2009, z = -12.263, p < .001, r = -.763. This study may contribute to positive social change by informing federal contracting authorities and corporate executives that implementing ethics business processes did not reduce misconduct. These findings call for further action to improve corporate ethical behavior.
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Brulé, Antoine. "L'interposition des tiers dans le contrat." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020020.
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Antinomique semble être l’expression la plus adaptée pour traduire les relations qu’entretiennent les notions de tiers et de contrat. Toutefois, cette approche doit être dépassée puisque le droit objectif offre aux tiers diverses techniques juridiques leur permettant d’intégrer le contrat. La thématique de l’entremise des tiers dans le contrat trouve sa traduction la plus aboutie dans la figure du changement de contractant. Néanmoins, elle est dépendante de diverses opérations juridiques à trois personnes. En effet, chacune de ces techniques prétend constituer le nœud juridique de la figure du changement de contractant. Toutefois, il ne s’agit pas de rechercher l’existence d’un mécanisme original de remplacement de contractant à la formation du contrat et/ou à l’exécution de celui-ci. En effet, cette contribution vise à proposer un nouveau fondement à ces opérations. Or, la notion d’interposition possède en elle la capacité de subsumer l’ensemble de ces techniques. Puisant ses sources au sein du droit financier, elle traduit juridiquement le phénomène d’intégration des tiers dans la relation contractuelle et plus précisément la figure du changement de contractant. Cette contribution a donc pour vocation de faire accéder la notion d’interposition au rang de qualification autonome. Pour cela, il est nécessaire d’en dégager les contours ainsi que les caractéristiques pour se pencher ensuite sur son régime juridiqueAntinomic seems to be the most appropriate expression for translating the relations between the notions of third parties and contracts. However, this approach must be overcome since the objective right offers third parties various legal techniques enabling them to integrate the contract. The subject of third party intervention in the contract finds its most successful translation in the figure of the change of contracting party. However, it is dependent on various legal operations to three people. Each of these techniques claims to constitute the legal node of the figure of the change of contracting party. However, it is not a question of seeking the existence of an original mechanism for replacing the contractor in the formation of the contract and / or in the execution of the contract. This contribution aims to propose a new basis for these operations. Now, the notion of interposition has the capacity to subsume all these techniques. Drawing its sources from financial law, it legally translates the phenomenon of integration of third parties into the contractual relationship and more precisely the figure of change of contracting party. This contribution is therefore intended to make the notion of interposition accessible to the rank of autonomous qualification. To do this, it is necessary to identify the contours and the characteristics of the system and then examine its legal regime
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Mamish, Abdallah. "Effet d'un changement curriculaire sur les pratiques enseignantes : le cas de l'école primaire en Syrie illustré en mathématiques et en sciences expérimentales." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0156.
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La recherche porte sur une problématique spécifique à un système éducatif qui évolue. Notre orientation dans cette thèse est plutôt didactique, son objectif est d’étudier les effets réels de la mise en place d’un nouveau type d’enseignement sur les pratiques enseignantes ; notamment les effets sur les interactions élève/enseignant et la participation des élèves. La réponse à la question de recherche a nécessité une étude descriptive et analytique auprès des enseignants pour préciser le degré d’application des instructions officielles, quels types de contrat didactique instaurés et qui fait quoi par rapport au savoir (la topogenèse). Une enquête a aussi été menée auprès des parents d’élèves pour connaître leurs points de vue sur ce changement. Ce travail a privilégié deux approches : mixte (qualitative et quantitative) et clinique. L’analyse des résultats issue de cette thèse nous montre que les enseignants interrogés déclarent s’engager dans les changements impliqués dans la réforme malgré des difficultés liées à leur formation, à l’organisation des salles et au temps imparti. L’analyse didactique révèle un impact sur l’interaction élève/enseignant (cours dialogué) mais la place des élèves dans la construction du savoir reste marginale : la position topogénétique de l’enseignant est dominante et les situations a-didactiques qui permettent aux élèves de construire leurs savoirs par eux-mêmes sont le plus souvent absentes. Les parents ont un point de vue généralement positif malgré quelques réserves. Notre travail ouvre des perspectives sur les effets du changement sur les résultats des élèves et sur l’amélioration de formation des enseignants en SyrieThe research focuses on a specific problematic to an evolving education system. Our orientation in this thesis is rather didactic; its objective is to study the effects of a new way of teaching on the teaching practices; including effects on student / teacher interactions and student participation. The answer to the research question required a descriptive and analytical study of the teachers to clarify the degree of application of the official instructions, what types of didactic contract established and “who does what” in relation to knowledge (topogenesis). A survey was also conducted with parents to get their point of view on this change. This research has used two approaches: mixed (qualitative and quantitative) and clinical. The results analysis of this thesis show that the interviewed teachers integrate the curriculum change despite difficulties related to their training, the classroom arrangement and the time allotted. The didactic analysis reveals an impact on the student / teacher interaction (oral lesson) but the place of the pupils in the construction of the knowledge remains marginal: the topogenetic position of the teacher is dominant and the adidactical situations which allow the pupils to build their knowledge by themselves are most often absent. Parents have a generally positive point of view despite some reservations. Our work opens perspectives on the effects of change on student achievement and on improving teacher training in Syria
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Karan, Boris. "Changes of financial system in the context of financial crisis." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-359881.
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In this paper, we analyse the relation between financial system and financial crises. Our goal is to find how, on the one hand, changes in the financial system affect the prospects for financial crises and, on the other hand, how the occurrence of financial crises shape the core elements of the financial system. We start by defining the financial crisis from three different perspectives. After it, we present the comprehensive history of financial crises that will allow us to continue by drawing some common patterns that are universal. Universal patterns in crises give us the ground for contemplating on some universal policy responses where we again follow different approaches. Taking into account the specifics of modern times and using the young and promising economy based on the blockchain, we are asking the question is this time different?. Analysis of initial development steps in the digital, trustless world gives us the basis for drawing parallels with the reality and the history. Our results suggest that there are many similarities throughout history and between the real and digital world. Instead of providing an exact answer on the question is this time different we conclude that there is a present strong feeling of Deja vu.
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Nkanyani, Rindzani. "The effects of change in political leadership on the psychological contract in the metropolitan municipality." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/64903.
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City of Johannesburg (CoJ) has undergone a political leadership change in the past year. The study aimed to understand the level of authentic leadership and psychological contract, their relationship, and the influence of job embeddedness on these relationships at CoJ as perceived by employees. To conduct this investigation, a cross-sectional, descriptive, quantitative research was employed. Of the 501 sample targeted, there were 110 responses of which 93 were utilised for the final data analysis after data preparation. The analysis was conducted using IBM. SPSS version 24 of which there were five key principal findings: Setting-based number of authentic leadership dimensions; indifferent views on the level of authentic leadership; transitional psychological contract not evident; the significant relationship between authentic leadership and relational psychological contract; and how job embeddedness moderate the relationship between authentic leadership and relational psychological contract.
Based on these findings, the study concluded that employees perceive low authentic leadership on the new administration, high level of authentic leadership should lead to a relational psychological contract and that job embeddedness moderates the relationship between authentic leadership and psychological contract. These findings should be viewed within the context of the limitation of the study, which was: There was small sample size in the study; not all targeted entities could be reached to be included in the investigation, and some of those that were reached had challenges with IT restrictions into the survey platform.
Based on the conclusion of the study, the key recommendation of management for CoJ were continuous ALQ self-assessment, Johari window, management of the psychological contract. For academia were to conduct the study with face-to-face interviews (qualitative studies) to get an in-depth knowledge of authentic leadership and psychological contract, and the drivers of the current state at CoJ. Furthermore, it is recommended that a comparative study is conducted across South African metropolitans comparing the three scenarios to ascertain the influence and magnitude of change on authentic leadership, psychological contract for same political leadership, different political leadership with same policy (same party) and different political leadership with different strategy (different party).Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
km2018
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
Unrestricted
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Viaud, Agnes. "Contrat et imprevision : approche comparée." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2072.
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L’imprévision est un thème à la frontière entre liberté contractuelle et justice contractuelle. Cependant, un nouveau regard peut être porté sur cette institution du droit des contrats grâce à la théorie des contrats relationnels développée par Ian R. Macneil ou encore à travers le contrat-coopération théorisé par Suzanne Lequette. Ces théories invitent à prendre en considération la valeur intrinsèque du lien contractuel et l’incomplétude du contrat. L’imprévision fait donc partie intégrante des contrats relationnels de par leur nature. La vocation première des contrats relationnels est de perdurer, obligeant les contractants à des normes de coopération et de flexibilité. Sous couvert de bonne foi, la relationnalité serait le fondement des changements de circonstances. Une étude comparative du régime des changements de circonstances apporte certaines précisions. Il semble exister deux approches des changements de circonstances, l’une restreinte aux modifications économiques et l’autre étendue, basée sur l’objectif ou le fondement contractuel. Une approche étendue de l’imprévision semble nécessaire dans les contrats relationnels. Enfin, les effets des changements de circonstances devraient donner priorité au maintien de la relation et à la norme de coopération en imposant une renégociation puis en permettant une adaptation judiciaire des termes de l’engagement. La résiliation, contraire à la nature des contrats relationnels, ne devrait intervenir qu’exceptionnellementHardship is a topic at the border between contractual freedom and contractual justice. However, a new glance can be carried on this institution of contract law through the theory of relational contracts developed by Ian R. Macneil or the contrat-cooperation theorised by Suzanne Lequette. This theory invites to take into account the intrinsic value of the contractual link and the incompleteness of the contract. Imprévision thus forms integral part of the relational contracts from their nature. The primary purpose of the relational contrat is to continue, forcing the contractors to standards of cooperation and flexibility. According to good faith, the relationnality would be the foundation of changed of circumstances. A comparative study of the regime of changed of circumstances makes certain clarifications. There appear two approches of the changed of circumstances, one restricted based on economic modifications, and the second wide one, based on the purpose or foundation of the contract. Finally, the effects of the changed of circumstances should give priority to maintain the relation and the norm of cooperation by imposing renegotiation then by allowing judicial adaptation of the terms of the contract. Termination, contrary to the nature of relational contracts, should intervene only exceptionally
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Iyer, Gopalkrishnan R. "The role pf contracts, informal agreements and coalitions in assuring downstream coordination /." This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-172149/.
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Alghamdi, Khalid. "Changement de circonstances et effets sur les contrats commerciaux internationaux : étude comparative." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D021.
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Pacta sunt servanda.Il fut un temps, où la règle qui dominait le champ contractuel était, «Conventio omnis intelligitur rebus sic stantibus». Selon cette maxime, les dispositions d'un contrat ne restaient applicables que si les circonstances essentielles ayant justifié sa conclusion demeuraient en l'état. Désormais, selon l’article 1103 du Code civil, les contrats légalement formés tiennent lieu de loi à ceux qui les ont faits («pacta sunt servanda»). Ce principe est à double tranchant puisqu’il s’applique à la fois aux parties et aux juges, notamment lorsqu’un changement de circonstances s’opère comme dans le cas de l’imprévision. Celle-ci est un changement imprévu dans l’équilibre contractuel rendant l’exécution du contrat beaucoup plus onéreuse que ce qui était initialement prévu. Son corollaire américain pourrait être trouvé dans la notion d’impracticability. Celle-ci permet à un contrat d’être déchargé de ses obligations si, suite à sa conclusion, un événement imprévisible survient et rend son exécution impossible, ou beaucoup plus onéreuse que ce qui avait été prévu. Quel est l’effet, aujourd’hui, d’un changement de circonstances sur la force obligatoire du contrat en droit français et en droits internationaux? Le discours de la méthode.Le droit comparé aide à l’évolution juridique. Il est important, de comprendre la vision d’autres systèmes, afin de conforter ou, au contraire, d’infirmer une opinion sur son droit national. Pour Édouard Lambert, comparatiste français, cela permet d’obtenir des solutions plus justes. Mais surtout, cela permet d’avoir une approche critique de son propre droit et de s’ouvrir à d’autres réponses juridiques. Cela est particulièrement vrai concernant l’imprévision qui, pendant longtemps, a été rejetée par le système juridique français.Le système de la common law, quant à lui, l’avait déjà intégré. Le sujet de l’imprévision est particulièrement intéressant du fait de son histoire.Celui-ci n’a jamais cessé de faire controverse, et ce, même après l’adoption de l’ordonnance du 10 février 2016. La difficulté ici sera de départir de son ethnocentrisme juridique, et de ne pas tomber dans le piège de la traduction. Il faudra prendre garde à ne pas chercher l’équivalent absolu de l’imprévision dans la notion d’impracticability.Dans cette étude, nous avons passé en revue les circonstances changeantes dans les contrats commerciaux internationaux. Nous avons examiné les lois internationales, en particulier dans certains pays du Printemps arabe. Nous avons essayé d'analyser le problème juridique et de trouver des solutionsPacta sunt servanda, is a basic principle of civil law, canon law, and international law, in its most common sense, the principle refers to private contracts, stressing that contained clauses are law between the parties, and implies that no fulfillment of respective obligations is a breach of the pact.This principle is double-edged since it applies to both parties and judges, particularly when a change of circumstances occurs as in the case of unforeseen circumstances.This is an unforeseen change in the contractual balance making the execution of the contract much more expensive than originally planned. His American corollary could be found in the notion of impracticability.This allows a contract to be discharged from its obligations if following its conclusion an unforeseeable event occurs and makes its execution impossible or much more expensive than expected.What is the effect today of a change in circumstances on the binding force of the contract in French law and in international law?In this study we will analyze the circumstances that effect in the contracts of international business, including the hardship and the force majeure also we will talk about the French law and international laws including the laws in the Arabic spring countries, we will analyze that and find out the solutions for it
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Shan, Bin. "The role of psychological contract breach in determining Chinese civil servants' behavioural responses to organizational change." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2012. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/6174/.
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In order to cope with the challenges brought about by increasing global competition and rapid technological development, organizational change has become the norm. Organizational change has a profound effect on employment relationships, with a particular area of concern being any breaches of the psychological contracts (PCB) and the negative behaviours that result from these. In extant literature concerns the impact of organizational change on employment relationship, however, the perceived obligations that exist in the employment relationship have received less attention. In addition, little research has been undertaken in a Chinese government context, thus, the current study investigated the role such breaches play in determining the behavioural responses of Chinese civil servants to organizational change. The conceptual framework is formed by strategic, structural, process-oriented and people-oriented change, in relation to the psychological contracted breaches associated with the transactional, relational and balanced elements. Finally, with respect to the employees' behavioural responses, the concepts Exit, Voice, Loyalty and Neglect (EVLN) behaviours were used. A positivist approach of "testing-out" was adopted, whereby a specifically-designed questionnaire was used to collect data from 486 civil servants working for the Chinese government. Mutual expectations of both parties in the employment relationship were explored. Analysis involved traditional statistical techniques and included an assessment of biographical data. In certain areas, the outcomes supported Western findings on how, following change, a breach of the psychological contract can impact on employee behaviour. However, variations with previous studies were also found, which were related to the traditional Chinese cultural dimension, Confucius thought and the social phenomena surrounding the post 1980's generation. The discussion resulted in a new conceptual model of PCB being presented, which applies specifically to the cultural context of Chinese civil servants. The study advanced knowledge in a number of ways. Theoretical contributions were made to the psychological contract and particularly the breaches brought about by the change process. Contributions were also made in extending knowledge in the area of employee behaviours, particularly those of Exit, Voice, Loyalty and Neglect. Finally, in investigating the various concepts in the culturally specific environment of China, a contribution was made to public management, international HRM and the general area of culture. Practical contributions were made through recommendations for improvement, with further areas for research also being added.
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Vicol, Mark Russell. "Potatoes, Peasants and Livelihoods: A Critical Exploration of Contract Farming and Agrarian Change in Maharashtra, India." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/14899.
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The spread of contract farming in rural India in recent years has provoked a polarised and often ideological debate in the literature. The dominant, micro-economic view of contract farming positions it as a ‘win-win’ for rural development, benefitting both agribusiness and small farmers. Critical observers, on the other hand, emphasise the exploitative effects on rural households, viewing contract farming as ‘win-lose’. The critical weakness of both these approaches, however, is a failure to ground interpretations of contract farming schemes in the broader agrarian contexts in which they appear. Little is known about how different households in different contexts come to engage, or not, with contract farming, and what this might mean for future livelihood pathways in spaces where contract farming operates. This thesis punctures these debates through a critical exploration of potato contract farming, rural livelihoods and agrarian change in three villages in Satara district, Maharashtra. The primary research question for this study is: how is potato contract farming incorporated into rural spaces in India, and what does this mean for patterns of advantage and disadvantage? In addressing this question, I make three core contributions. First, mainstream presumptions that contract farming engages with a homogenous, undifferentiated livelihood landscape need to be recast. In Satara, I find that patterns of agrarian differentiation are not characterised by ongoing dynamic processes of agriculture-led differentiation into classes of capitalist farmers and rural labour, as is imagined by a classical understanding of agrarian transition. Rather, the agrarian structure in my study sites is characterised by a diverse group of ‘middle farmers’, or petty commodity producers, who often struggle to reproduce themselves through a combination of on and off-farm activities. Second, I argue that firms use contract farming as an institutional solution to the procurement challenges associated with traditional agricultural markets in India. In Satara, the spread of potato contract farming is symptomatic of changing governance structures in modern agricultural value chains. My third key argument is that patterns of social and economic differentiation arising from contract farming must be understood as co-produced at the intersection of these existing livelihood landscapes and the dynamics of contract schemes. In Satara, this intersection results in a complex mosaic of winners and losers amongst rural households, meaning that contract farming cannot be easily generalised as ‘all good’ or ‘all bad’. Importantly, I argue that potato contract farming is a ‘middle farmer’ activity. However, while many middle farmers accrue some benefits, these are unevenly distributed and truncated by the powerful position of the contract firm. As a result, I argue that for most households, contract farming does not represent a viable accumulation pathway. In fact, contract farming is just one activity among many in a crowded livelihood landscape where accumulation through agriculture is increasingly difficult. Finally, rather than leading to dynamic patterns of accumulation from below, contract farming reproduces an agrarian structure of petty commodity producers who lack access to alternative livelihood opportunities. In fact, sites of accumulation and differentiation have moved off the farm, where better-off households ignore contract farming and increase their advantage through highvalue non-farm activities. This suggests that agrarian change in Satara district is intimately connected to processes of livelihood diversification and agrarian questions of labour. These findings provide an important counter-note to current hegemonic understandings of contract farming as a ‘win-win’ solution for rural development, emphasising the importance of situating the impacts of such schemes within the livelihood landscapes in which they operate.
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Randall, Julian. "Enforced change at work, the reconstruction of basic assumptions and its influence on attribution, self-sufficiency and the psychological contract." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/12899.
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The theoretical underpinning of Human Resource Management assumes the existence of individual motivation, which can be manipulated or managed in a way that enables organisational objectives to be achieved with the compliance and commitment of the individual worker. However, the increasing incidence of mergers, takeovers and reengineering has imposed on the individuals caught up in it change and challenge, which leaves even those retaining their employment doubtful of the benefits of HRM proclaimed by employers. Job insecurity has been well researched by those who wish to examine how enforced change affects the survivors both within the organisation and those who move on to alternative employment elsewhere. Charting the change undergone by individuals suffering such enforced change at work has traditionally involved attempts to measure the antecedents of change and correlating it to the consequences of the change. In this way the effects of imposed change on individuals can be linked to organisational consequences like intention to leave or job satisfaction. The present research allows individuals to reflect on their own confirmed and disconfirmed expectancies following the experience of enforced change at work. It allows them to examine what assumptions they had about their employer's behaviour during enforced change and how far they have accepted or rejected the legitimacy of that behaviour. For each of them this has involved interpreting events occurring during enforced change. Such interpretation may reinforce the meaning of work and its inherent value or threaten continued belief in the value of employers' promises of employment and career development. Identifying expectancies enables the researcher to examine the different responses to questions of attribution, self-sufficiency and the traditional elements of loyalty and trust together with the individual's assessment of how he or she would respond to a repeat of such enforced change. The conclusions of the present research indicate that individuals who maintain traditional beliefs of loyalty and trust are more likely to experience alienation than those who evince an independence who seek to use working experience to gain more knowledge and skill and so increase their own employability. The future dependence of employers on traditional promises of career development and life long learning would seem to have been circumscribed by the many individuals whose experience of enforced change has convinced them they need to take ownership of their own destiny in which different employers will play but a fleeting part.
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Puchala, Naomi Margaret. "The formation of, and change in, the psychological contracts of graduates entering the Queensland public sector." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/39340/1/Naomi_Puchala_Thesis.pdf.
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The workplace is evolving and the predicted impact of demographic changes (Salt, 2009; Taylor, 2005) has seen organisations focus on strategic workforce planning. As part of this, many organisations have established or expanded formalised graduate programs to attract graduates and transition them effectively into organisations (McDermott, Mangan, & O'Connor, 2005; Terjesen, Freeman, & Vinnicombe, 2007). The workplace context is also argued to be changing because of the divergence in preferences and priorities across the different generations in the workplace - a topic which is prolific in the popular culture media but is yet to be fully developed in the academic literature (Jorgenson, 2003). The public sector recruits large numbers of graduates and maintains well established graduate programs. Like the workplace context, the public sector is seen to be undergoing a transition to more closely align its practices and processes with that of the private sector (Haynes & Melville Jones, 1999; N. Preston, 1995). Consequently, questions have been raised as to how new workforce entrants see the public sector and its associated attractiveness as an employment option. This research draws together these issues and reviews the formation of, and change in, the psychological contracts of graduates across ten Queensland public sector graduate programs. To understand the employment relationship, the theories of psychological contract and public service motivation are utilised. Specifically, this research focuses on graduates' and managers' expectations over time, the organisational perspective of the employment relationship and how ideology influences graduates' psychological contract. A longitudinal mixed method design, involving individual interviews and surveys, is employed along with significant researcher-practitioner collaboration throughout the research process. A number of important qualitative and quantitative findings arose from this study and there was strong triangulation between results from the two methods. Prior to starting with the organisation, graduates found it difficult to articulate their expectations; however, organisational experience rapidly brought these to the fore. Of the expectations that became salient, most centred on their relationship with their supervisor. Without experience and quality information on which to base their expectations, graduates tended to over-rely on sectoral stereotypes which negatively impacted their psychological contracts. Socialisation only limited affected graduates' psychological contracts and public service motivation. The graduate survey, measured thrice throughout the first 12 months of the graduate program, revealed that the psychological contract and public service motivation results followed a similar trajectory of beginning at mediocre levels, declining between times one and two and increasing between times two and three (although this is not back to original levels). Graduates attributed these to a number of sectoral, organisational, team, supervisory and individual factors. On a theoretical level, this research provides support for the notion of ideology within the psychological contract although it raises some important questions about how it is conceptualised. Additionally, support is given for the manager to be seen as the primary organisational counterpart to the employee in future theoretical and practical work. The research also argues to extend current notions of time within the psychological contract as this seems to be the most divergent and combustible issue across the generations in terms of how the workplace is perceived. A number of practical implications also transpire from the study and the collaborative foundation was highly successful. It is anticipated that this research will make a meaningful contribution to both the theory and practice of the employment relationship with particular regard to graduates entering the public sector.
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Queta, Jorge Lopes. "Da falta de autenticidade do sistema político guineense inaugurado no século XX ao dever da metamorfose mediante um restaurado Contrato Social Da (re)mitificação da nação forjada na luta." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/17797.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciência PolíticaA circunstância do momento fundacional não outorgou a transmutação do estado tradicional para a sociedade política mediante a conjugação dos Contratos Sociais dos distintos Proto-sistemas políticos que consentissem a emergência de uma Comunidade política assente na ética Ubuntu. A República guineense constitui transcendência singular da contingência histórica que emergiu sem alma nem rumo. Consequentemente, sem consentir o metamorfismo que acautelasse a multiplicidade das Vontades particulares e articulasse os distintos Contratos Sociais, como determinar uma ordenação política adversa ao paradigma filosófico-político africano? Por conseguinte, em que molde consubstanciar a reunião da multiplicidade de lealdades que represente, adequadamente, a ideal vocação do desígnio e que provoque a mutação autêntica da Comunidade imaginada em Comunidade de significações partilhadas? Porque, entenda-se, a desvalorização da congregação dos distintos Contratos Sociais e a nãoincorporação da ética Ubuntu, lograrão revelar a falta de Autenticidade do sistema político guineense e obstarão à materialização da vocação para a realização do ideal República. Neste enquadramento hermético, considerando a deterioração da razão do devir Comunidade política subsequente da decadência moral e degenerescência política, evidenciase o facto de a substanciação da República ideal para a nação forjada na luta comportar limitações morfológicas superáveis exceto mediante a metamorfose política que ajuíze a ética Ubuntu.
The circumstance of the foundational moment did not consent the transmutation of the traditional state designed for the political society, meaning, the conjugation of the Social Contracts of the dissimilar political proto-systems that would allow the advent of a Political Community based on the appropriate the Ubuntu Ethics. The Guiné-Bissau Republic constitutes singular transcendence of the historical contingency that surfaced without soul. Consequently, without consenting the transformation that implies the multiplicity of the different Convinced Wills which would articulate the diverse Social Contracts, how to determine a political assembling averse to the African political-philosophical paradigm? Consequently, how would it be possibly to consubstantiate the assembly of the multiplicity of loyalties that would epitomize, appropriately, the vocative ideal of the purpose and would provoke the authentic transformation of the Imagined Community in a Common Significations Community? Since, the understanding that the depreciation of the congregation of the miscellaneous Social Contracts and the not incorporation of the Ubuntu Ethics, will reveal the lack of Authenticity of the Political System and, as well, will oppose to the consubstantiation of the vocation for the realization of an ideally Republic. In this hermetic framing, acknowledging the deteriorated reason of being Political Community, subsequent of the moral decadence and pollical degeneration, one shows up that the consubstantiation of the ideal Republic for the nation forged in the struggle holds morphological limitations surmountable except by political metamorphosis that incorporate the Ubuntu Ethics.
N/A
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Garlitz, Richard P. "Academic Ambassadors in the Middle East: The University Contract Program in Turkey and Iran, 1950-1970." Ohio : Ohio University, 2008. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1224727953.
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