Academic literature on the topic 'Changements climatiques – Simulation, Méthodes de'
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Journal articles on the topic "Changements climatiques – Simulation, Méthodes de"
Lubes-Niel, H., J. M. Masson, J. E. Paturel, and E. Servat. "Variabilité climatique et statistiques. Etude par simulation de la puissance et de la robustesse de quelques tests utilisés pour vérifier l'homogénéité de chroniques." Revue des sciences de l'eau 11, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 383–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705313ar.
Full textRequena-Ruiz, Ignacio, Thomas Leduc, and Daniel Siret. "Une méthodologie d’analyse des dispositifs de rafraîchissement estival basée sur la métrologie climatique mobile." Climatologie 20 (2023): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/climat/202320008.
Full textAndrieu, Nadine, Eduardo Chia, and Eric Vall. "Recherche et innovations dans les exploitations de polyculture-élevage d’Afrique de l’Ouest Quelles méthodes pour évaluer les produits de la recherche ? Conclusion générale." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 64, no. 1-4 (January 1, 2011): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10121.
Full textSaint-Laurent, D., and L. Lavoie. "Les différentes approches méthodologiques de reconstitution des paléo-inondations : une revue de la littérature." Revue des sciences de l'eau 17, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 91–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705524ar.
Full textDEGUENONVO, Tonankpon Aymar Guy, Thierry Dèhouégnon HOUEHANOU, Rodrigue IDOHOU, Gérard Nounagnon GOUWAKINNOU, and Armand K. NATTA. "Le cèdre des zones sèches (Pseudocedrela kotschyi) : état des connaissances et perspectives sur sa biologie de conservation (revue systématique)." Annales de l’Université de Parakou - Série Sciences Naturelles et Agronomie 13, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.56109/aup-sna.v13i1.125.
Full textPetitjean, Théo, Valérie Bonnardot, Cyril Tissot, Thomas Chassaing, and Hervé Quénol. "Représentations spatiales du potentiel de maturité des cépages Chardonnay et Chenin en régions Bretagne et Pays de la Loire (1976-2100)." Climatologie 21 (2023): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/climat/202321002.
Full textRoyer, Jean-François, Daniel Cariolle, Fabrice Chauvin, Michel Déqué, Hervé Douville, Rong-Ming Hu, Serge Planton, et al. "Simulation des changements climatiques au cours du XXIe siècle incluant l'ozone stratosphérique." Comptes Rendus Geoscience 334, no. 3 (January 2002): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1631-0713(02)01728-5.
Full textFouqueray, Timothée. "Nouveaux défis, nouvelles approches : <i>Foster Forest</i>, un jeu sérieux pour simuler et stimuler l’adaptation aux changements climatiques." Revue forestière française 73, no. 6 (October 27, 2022): 649–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/revforfr.2021.7205.
Full textHamidi, Bouchra, and Brahim Bourkhiss. "La rentabilité de la production d’oignons au Maroc face à un choc de production et une augmentation des coûts de production." SHS Web of Conferences 175 (2023): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202317501011.
Full textGhaleb, Bassam, and Christophe Falguères. "Apport des méthodes basées sur le déséquilibre radioactif ( 238 U- 234 U- 230 Th- 226 Ra- 210 Pb) aux études des variations et changements climatiques." L'Anthropologie 121, no. 1-2 (May 2017): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2017.03.008.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Changements climatiques – Simulation, Méthodes de"
Chavaillaz, Yann. "La vitesse du changement climatique et ses implications sur la perception des générations futures." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV021.
Full textIn most climate studies, climate change is approached by focusing on the evolution between a fixed current baseline and a future period, emphasizing stronger warming as we move further over the 21st century. Under climate conditions that are continuously evolving, human and natural systems might have to constantly adapt to a changing climate. This thesis proposes an alternative approach to climate projections. Here, I consider and analyze indicators of the pace of changes relative to temperature, precipitation and vegetation in order to be relevant for both urban and rural populations. An ensemble of CMIP5 simulations from 18 climate models is selected. The pace is represented by differences between two subsequent 20-year periods. Considering the pace of change would be beneficial for climate impacts and adaptation analyses.The models predict that the warming rate strongly increases without any mitigation policies (RCP8.5 scenario). It is twice as high by the end of the century compared to the current period, and even three times higher in some regions. Significant shifts in temperature distributions between two subsequent 20-year periods are projected to involve almost half of all land surfaces and most tropical areas by 2060 onwards (i.e. at least four times as many regions than currently). In these regions, an extremely warm year with a return period of about 50 years would become quite common only 20 years later. The fraction of the world population exposed to such shifts might reach about 60% (6 billion people, i.e. seven times more than currently). Low mitigation measures (RCP6.0) allow the warming rate to be kept at current values, and reduce the fraction of the world population exposed to significant shifts of temperature distributions by one third.Under RCP8.5, rainfall moistening and drying rates both increase by 30-40% above current levels. As we move further over the century, their patterns become geographically stationary and the trends become persistent. The stabilization of the geographical rate patterns that occurs despite the acceleration of global warming can be physically explained: it results from the increasing contribution of thermodynamic processes compared to dynamic processes in the control of precipitation change. The combination of intensification and increasing persistence of precipitation rate patterns may affect the way human societies and ecosystems adapt to climate change, especially in the Mediterranean basin, Central America, South Asia and the Arctic. Such an evolution in precipitation has already become noticeable over the last few decades, but it could be reversed if strong mitigation policies were quickly implemented (RCP2.6).Changes in vegetation could be visual landmarks of climate change. In mid- and high-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, the phenology of grass and trees follows the warming rate. Without any mitigation policies, the start of spring occurs earlier, and its duration is extended faster as we move over the century. The vegetation cover becomes denser, regardless of the selected pathway, in proportion to the temperature rise. The seasonal cycle of mid-latitude crops also depends on the temperature, and the seasonal cycle of tropical crops directly follows the features of the wet season. In all other latitudes, no robust evolution of the seasonal cycle is projected. The pace of change of vegetation cover since 1880 already doubled before 1950, mainly due to a strong change in land use. This pace is then projected to be stable over the entire 21st century if the vegetation dynamically interacts with the climate system in the models. This corresponds to a reduction of land-use change and to the acceleration of changes of vegetation cover under climate change
Bourgeois, Timothée. "Effets des perturbations anthropiques sur la biogéochimie dans l'océan côtier à l'échelle globale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV015.
Full textThe coastal ocean suffers from the convergence of multiple anthropogenic stressors with climate change at the forefront. Combined stresses from global warming, ocean acidification, eutrophication and deoxygenation threaten coastal ecosystems and thus their services that humans rely on. Unfortunately, the coastal ocean's large spatiotemporal heterogeneity limits our understanding of the biogeochemical processes involved and their responses to anthropogenic perturbations. The current database of coastal observations remains insufficient, and global biogeochemical ocean models have long been inadequate to the study of the global coastal ocean. Indeed, the spatial resolution of these models has been too coarse to resolve key small-scale coastal processes. However, continual improvements in computational resources now allow global simulations to be made with sufficiently high model resolution that begins to be suitable for coastal ocean studies. In this thesis, we propose to study the evolution of the coastal ocean biogeochemistry at the global scale over recent decades using higher resolution versions of the global physical-biogeochemical model NEMO-PISCES. After evaluating of the global representation of the coastal biogeochemistry in this ocean model, we estimate the current role of the coastal ocean in the ocean uptake of anthropogenic carbon and we study the impact of the anthropogenically driven changes in riverine inputs on the coastal biogeochemistry. From simulations made at 3 different spatial resolutions (200 km, 50 km, 25 km), we esteem that the 50-km model grid offers the best compromise between quality of results and computational cost. The upgrade to 25 km does not appear to provide significant improvement in model skill of simulating coastal biogeochemical fields. After evaluating the model, we provide an estimate of the coastal-ocean sink of anthropogenic carbon, the first study to do so with a global 3-D model. In our simulation, the coastal zone absorbs only 4.5% of the anthropogenic carbon taken up by the global ocean during 1993-2012, less than the 7.5% proportion of coastal-to-global-ocean surface areas. Coastal uptake is weakened due to a bottleneck in offshore transport, which is inadequate to reduce the mean anthropogenic carbon concentration of coastal waters to the average level found in the open-ocean mixed layer. Finally, the anthropogenic perturbation in riverine delivery of nutrients to the ocean has limited impact on the coastal carbon cycle when integrated across all coastal regions, but locally it can induce sharp biogeochemical contrasts. For example, the North Sea shows minor biogeochemical changes following the moderate local trend in nutrient riverine inputs, which is in dramatic contrast to the East China Sea where extensive deoxygenation and acidification are driven by sharp increases in riverine nutrient inputs
Royer-Gaspard, Paul. "De la robustesse des modèles hydrologiques face à des conditions climatiques variables." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS466.
Full textAmong the many challenges that climate change poses, the ability of hydrological models to adequately perform over a large range of climatic conditions is key its impacts on the regime of rivers. However, modern hydrological models still lack of robustness. The causes are yet uncertain and may be manifold: (calibration, measurement errors, model structure). This thesis aims at identifying solutions for model improvement by a series of diagnoses conducted on a large catchment set. After a study of the types of climatic changes challenging model robustness the most, we set up a comparison of different calibration methods. It revealed that the choice of the optimized objective function had a significant impact on model robustness. The way potential evaporation is computed also influences model robustness, although our comparison of a few potential evaporation models show rather heterogeneous results across the catchment set. A method specifically designed to diagnose structural weaknesses impacting model robustness, based on an analysis of performance trade-offs in a multi-objective framework, was then proposed and applied to the GR4J model. A couple of major structural deficiencies was identified. These deficiencies likely prevent the model from providing robust simulations in different streamflow ranges simultaneously. An attempt to modify the structure of GR4J yielded to an encouraging yet modest improvement of its performance. Despite the light enhancement of hydrological model robustness achieved in this work, it may pave the way to further advances toward model structural development
Dreveton-Le, Goff Christine. "Etude de l'équilibre climatique du modèle Arpège." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30101.
Full textDantec-Nédélec, Sarah. "Evaluation multi-échelle des bilans d'énergie et d'eau du modèle ORCHIDEE sur la Sibérie et leur réponse à l'évolution du climat." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV009.
Full textThe natural evolution of the climate, disturbed since the industrial revolutions, is strongly marked in the high latitudes especially in Siberia where a temperature anomaly of +0.8°C has been observed since the 2000s against an average anomaly of + 0.4°C for The mid-latitudes. Siberia is covered by permafrost, giving it particularities, especially for the hydrological regimes of rivers. Climatic projections predicting up to +5°C warming by 2100, it is essential to evaluate their impacts. Physical-based numerical modeling is an interesting tool to answer these questions. Thus, in order to evaluate the hydrological response to climate change in Siberia we worked on the multi-scale evaluation of energy and water balances with the ORCHIDEE model. This model was adapted to the characteristics of cold environments, with an improvement of the representation of the snow, a consideration of the freezing of the soil water and a map of vegetation more representative of the Siberian vegetation. An evaluation in forced mode i.e. without coupling with the atmosphere was carried out initially. Thus, we evaluated ORCHIDEE at the present time (1979-2009) at the site scale, concentrating on the soil moisture and soil temperature data available. A sensitivity analysis of the model allowed to identify the most influential parameters on the balance of energy and water in the soil. Their on-site calibration allowed to show that the ORCHIDEE model is able to correctly simulate the vertical transfers of heat and water and the resulting water and soil temperature contents. We then extended the evaluation to the Siberian region by comparing simulation results with remote sensing data, allowing an evaluation over a substantial time series and over a large area. We collected a large number of observations such as albedo data, water equivalent for snow ..., on which we compared the simulation results. This work allowed to show that the model simulates satisfactorily the energy and water balance in Siberia, but also to highlight the importance of the choice of climatic forcing. Thus, the use of a second climatic forcing enabled to show the importance of rain/snow partitioning and the possible underestimation of precipitation in forcing. The validated model was then used to carry out impact studies, using 2 climatic forcings on the future time (2005 to 2099) under scenario of emission of greenhouse gases RCP8.5. Thus, we were able to evaluate the variability related to forcing and the impact of climate change on the variables of energy and water balance. A boundary around latitude 60°N has been defined in the analysis of future precipitation and chosen to orient our analysis in two zones on either side of the boundary. We analyzed the seasonal cycles of the surface variables allowing us to highlight the impacts of global warming in relation to the increase in the air temperature and their spatial differences. We have shown that the melting of the snowpack is earlier in the South and generates a temporal advance of the spring flood peak for the Lena and the Amur. On the Ob and Yenisei, changes have also been shown (a decrease in flow over time for the Ob and an increase for the Yenisei, without any change in temporal phasing), which could lead to socio-economic impacts Important for local populations. This study also allowed us to show that the new climatic conditions are more favorable to vegetation. We also showed the coherence of the two climate projections studied
Fouqueray, Timothée. "Adaptations aux incertitudes climatiques de long terme : trajectoires socio-écologiques de la gestion forestière française." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA029.
Full textAdapting forest management to climate change (CC) is a key issue, as forests are crucial for mitigation policies and the provision of many ecosystem services (ES). Understanding the magnitude of the progress made in this respect can help shape further adaptation developments and avoid the putative maladaptive side effects of forest management evolutions. Here, I aim to bridge the knowledge gap of adaptation implementation in French forests.Chapter 1: Based on semi-structured interviews with foresters, my findings highlight unprecedented aspects of adaptations: (i) a focus on productive ES at the expense of other essential services such as water supply or natural habitats; (ii) adaptations rely on technical changes in forest management and do not deal with climate impacts through organizational or economic tools; and (iii) envisaging ecological processes through adaptations is instrumental and limited to small spatial and temporal scales. My results also extend the existing body of knowledge to the framework of forest management: (i) CC is not the main driver of forestry changes; (ii) extreme events are windows of opportunity to stimulate adaptive changes; and (iii) proactive adaptation to unexperienced hazards is very weak.Chapter 2: Assessment of the diversity of research projects in the forest sciences focusing on CC. I categorized projects according to discipline and main focus, using data from the online description of French public calls for proposals and from selected projects. Since 1997, mitigation research has gradually given way to adaptation. Despite pledges for the inclusion of social sciences, research rarely draws on the social sciences and focuses on ES of economic interest. Biomass production is paramount, being addressed either directly or through projects on tree species of industrial interest. Hence, instead of a diverse search for adaptation strategies, climate research is geared toward a few ES. Without denying the need for timber and biofuel production, I encourage public funders to complement current calls for proposals with more diverse approaches beneficial for both biomass production and other ES.Chapter 3: I study how multiple mechanisms for the mitigation of CC have been developed, drawing on a combination of reducing and offsetting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. While mechanisms are mandatory for certain economic sectors, some business that are not required to mitigate their GHG emissions would nevertheless like to do so. I examine two study cases in France to analyze how public and private foresters seized this opportunity to obtain complementary funding from such companies for forestry operations. I focus on offset contracts issued by associations linking public sector forestry agencies, forest landowners, and offset funders. Carbon mitigation was a reason shared by all contractors to commit to the agreement, although it concealed multifarious motivations. Hence, I argue that voluntary offset contracts act like a Trojan horse by enabling foresters to dialogue with entities that would otherwise not be interested in supporting forest management. Regional embedding was crucial to overcoming the mitigation challenges.Chapter 4: To gain insight on how can socio-economic adaptive tools complement technical evolutions of forestry, I designed Foster Forest, a participatory simulation of forest management. It combines a role-playing game, an agent-based model, and a scenario of CC with high uncertainties. Drawing from multiple applications in French regions, I show that climate change is not a short-term matter of concern for private and public foresters. I analyze the emergence of socio-economic changes (mainly payment for carbon storage) in the provision of ES, and participants’ negotiations to spontaneously change the simulation rules. I also highlight how collective adaptive action was steered by stakeholders with a public interest role
Loubier, Jean-Christophe. "Perception et simulation des effets du changement climatique sur l'économie du ski et la biodiversité (Savoie et Haute-Savoie)." Grenoble 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004GRE10055.
Full textMartin, Éric. "Modélisation de la climatologie nivale des Alpes françaises. Application des techniques de régionalisation à l'étude de l'impact d'un changement climatique sur l'enneigement." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30262.
Full textLoubier, Jean-Christophe. "Perception et simulation des effets du changement climatique sur l'économie du ski et la biodiversité." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006990.
Full textBotsyun, Svetlana. "Modélisation de l'impact de l'évolution tectonique himalayennes et tibétaines sur le climat et les isotopes stable de l'oxygène au Cénozoïque." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV006.
Full textThe timing and rate of surface elevations of the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau remain controversial and their impact on Asian climate and the onset of monsoon systems in this area is highly debated. Stable oxygen paleoaltimetry is considered to be a very efficient and widely applied technique, but has limitations from two sides: 1) the link between stable oxygen composition of precipitation and climate is not well established, 2) Cenozoic climate over Asia is poorly reconstructed. With a purpose of filling the gap in our knowledge of climate variability over Asia during the Cenozoic, we use the isotope-enabled atmospheric general circulation model LMDZ-iso to understand the links between the growth of mountains, associated climate changes and δ18O in paleo-precipitation. Our results show a significant influence of the Paratethys retreat, the latitudinal displacement of India and the height of the Tibetan Plateau on Asian hydrological cycle. For the purpose of understanding where and how the climatic changes linked with the growth of mountains affect δ18O in precipitation, we develop a theoretical expression for the precipitation composition based on the Rayleigh distillation and show that only 40% of sampled sites for paleoaltimetry depict signal attributed to topography changes. We conclude that the Himalayas may have attained their current elevation later than expected. Realistic Cenozoic boundary conditions allow us reconstructing δ18O in paleoprecipitation for several periods during the Cenozoic (for 55 Ma, 42 Ma, 30 Ma and 15 Ma). The focus has been put on the Eocene (42 Ma), since paleoelevation reconstructions are particularly controversial for this time. We show that Eocene precipitation δ18O is rather insensitive to topographic height in Asia. However, carbonate δ18O still records paleo-elevation because the fractionation between calcite and water is sensitive to temperature, which partly depends on altitude. Comparison of simulated Eocene δ18O patterns with data from the carbonate archives suggest that the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau did not reach present-day (> 3000 m) elevations during the Eocene
Books on the topic "Changements climatiques – Simulation, Méthodes de"
(Canada), Northern Forestry Centre, ed. Assessing potential biophysical and socioeconomic impacts of climate change on forest-based communities: A methodological case study. Edmonton: Northern Forestry Centre, 2008.
Find full textVisualizing climate change: A guide to visual communication of climate change and developing local solutions. Washington, DC: Earthscan, 2011.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Changements climatiques – Simulation, Méthodes de"
Djindjian, François. "Les méthodes de reconstitution des paléoclimats." In Les sociétés humaines face aux changements climatiques: Volume 1, 25–79. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/jj.15136036.8.
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